WO2018184397A1 - 防砂井筒堵塞-解堵一体化评价实验模拟装置及方法 - Google Patents

防砂井筒堵塞-解堵一体化评价实验模拟装置及方法 Download PDF

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WO2018184397A1
WO2018184397A1 PCT/CN2017/114915 CN2017114915W WO2018184397A1 WO 2018184397 A1 WO2018184397 A1 WO 2018184397A1 CN 2017114915 W CN2017114915 W CN 2017114915W WO 2018184397 A1 WO2018184397 A1 WO 2018184397A1
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Prior art keywords
sand
plugging
simulated
unblocking
wellbore
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PCT/CN2017/114915
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English (en)
French (fr)
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廖华林
董林
牛继磊
董长银
马文昊
杨帅
徐玥
杨龑栋
王宏亮
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中国石油大学(华东)
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Publication of WO2018184397A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018184397A1/zh
Priority to US16/578,269 priority Critical patent/US10697277B2/en

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/08—Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface area of porous materials
    • G01N15/082—Investigating permeability by forcing a fluid through a sample
    • G01N15/0826—Investigating permeability by forcing a fluid through a sample and measuring fluid flow rate, i.e. permeation rate or pressure change
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/02—Subsoil filtering
    • E21B43/10—Setting of casings, screens, liners or the like in wells
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/12—Methods or apparatus for controlling the flow of the obtained fluid to or in wells
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B33/00—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells
    • E21B33/10—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells in the borehole
    • E21B33/13—Methods or devices for cementing, for plugging holes, crevices or the like
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/06—Measuring temperature or pressure
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
    • G06F30/20—Design optimisation, verification or simulation

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the technical field of oil and gas field development, and particularly relates to a device and a method for simulating an integrated evaluation of sand plugging and plugging prevention of a sand well.
  • sand production is one of the main problems encountered in the exploitation of loose sandstone reservoirs.
  • relevant personnel have invented a device capable of simulating the sand layer blocking process of the oil layer, which can simulate the actual bottom hole under different sand control modes.
  • Radial flow conditions and plugging processes for sand control wells in addition, a variety of formulations, devices and techniques for plugging have been developed, and solutions and techniques for removing certain specific plugging conditions under certain conditions have been identified. .
  • the present invention provides an apparatus and a method for simulating an integrated evaluation of a sand trapping block and a plugging prevention.
  • An anti-sand wellbore plug-and-blocking integrated evaluation experimental simulation device comprises a simulated wellbore system, a sand well prevention full block clogging simulation system, a sand control well partial well blockage simulation system and a plugging system;
  • the simulated wellbore system includes a simulated stratum set
  • the tube and the screen tube, the simulated formation casing and the screen tube are fixedly mounted on the support frame, and the screen tube is located at the inner center of the simulated formation casing, the axes of the two are coincident, and a gravel filling layer is formed between the simulated formation casing and the screen tube.
  • a top cover is disposed at a top end of the screen tube, and the top cover is connected to the simulated formation casing by a bolt, and the inside of the top cover is closed to form a cavity communicating with the screen tube;
  • the whole well blockage simulation system of the sand control well includes A plurality of simulated perforation holes, all of which are arranged on the simulated formation casing, and are arranged at intervals, and a second pressure sensor is arranged on the simulated perforation hole, and the simulated perforation hole passes through the second water inlet line.
  • the local well blockage simulation system includes a simulated formation sand-filling pipe.
  • One end of the simulated formation sand-filling pipe is fixed on the simulated formation casing and connected to the gravel filling layer, and the other end is connected to the second water tank through the third water inlet line.
  • a third working pump, a third pressure gauge, a third valve and a third flowmeter are disposed on the third inlet pipe line, and a plurality of third pressure sensors are axially mounted on the simulated formation sand filling pipe;
  • the unblocking system Including tubing and effluent lines, tubing It is arranged at the center of the screen tube, and a deblocking device, a centralizer and a filter are arranged on the oil pipe from bottom to top, and the oil pipe is connected to the first water tank through the first water inlet pipe, and the first work is arranged on the first water inlet pipe line.
  • the pump, the first valve, the first flow meter and the first pressure gauge, one end of the water outlet line communicates with the inner cavity of the top cover, the other end communicates with the third water tank, and the first pressure sensor is disposed on the water outlet line.
  • an assembly eye is attached to the upper end of the oil pipe.
  • a pressure regulating valve is further disposed on the water outlet line.
  • a screen cloth is disposed in the third water tank.
  • the simulated formation casing and the screen are both made of a transparent plexiglass material.
  • An anti-sand wellbore plug-and-blocking integrated evaluation experimental simulation method adopts the above device, and the specific steps are as follows:
  • a certain amount of sand is added to the clean water as the working fluid to simulate the blockage process of the sand control wellbore; if the whole process of the sand control wellbore is blocked, the second working pump is opened, so that the working fluid in the second water tank passes through the second The water pipeline enters the simulated wellbore system; if the partial control process of the sand control wellbore is simulated, the third working pump is opened, so that the working fluid in the second water tank enters the simulated wellbore system through the third inlet pipeline;
  • the simulated wellbore system is pressed by adjusting the confining pressure regulating valve to simulate the sand control well sections at different well depths, and the pressure value in the simulated wellbore system is obtained by the first pressure sensor.
  • different types of plugging of the sand control column are simulated by changing the size of the sand in the working fluid in the second tank and the size of the gravel packed in the gravel pack.
  • a stain is added to the plugging solution, and the plug is recorded by a high speed camera.
  • the process facilitates the evaluation of the late plugging effect.
  • the device of the invention can simulate the two processes of blocking and unblocking of the sand control well, and can simulate the whole well section and the partial blockage process under the two working conditions of only the lower screen sand control and the screen gravel filling sand control in the wellbore, Exploring the blocking mechanism and mode of sand control screen and gravel filling layer; it can also compare and analyze the plugging effect of various plugging devices in different stratum environments, so as to optimize the sand control wells suitable for different plugging characteristics.
  • the best solution and method for removing the plug by selecting transparent plexiglass as the material of the experimental device, the whole experimental process can be observed intuitively, and the clogging process of the sand control well and the plugging effect of different unblocking tools can be more fully understood.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic view showing the structure of an anti-sand wellbore plug-and-blocking integrated evaluation experimental simulation device
  • Figure 2 is a schematic diagram showing the experiment of simulating formation sand discharge screen gravel filling sand control well
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an experiment for simulating the process of plugging a blocked gravel packed sand control well
  • the anti-sand wellbore plug-and-blocking integrated evaluation experimental simulation device includes: simulated wellbore system, unblocking system, anti-sand well blockage simulation system and sand well local blockage simulation system.
  • the simulated wellbore system simulates the downhole working condition of the sand control well, and the simulated perforation hole 308 in the whole well section plugging simulation system of the sand control well and the simulated formation sand filling pipe 316 in the partial well blockage simulation system of the sand control well are connected in full size simulation.
  • the simulated formation casing 207 of the wellbore system simulates the plugging process of the sand control well by pumping the sand containing fluid into the full size simulated wellbore system.
  • Unblocking device 111 in the plugging system The oil pipe 108 is inserted into the full-scale simulated wellbore system to realize the simulation of the unblocking process; the unblocking effect of the unblocking device 111 can be analyzed and evaluated by relevant data measured by a pressure gauge, a flow meter, and the like.
  • the simulated wellbore system includes a support frame 208, a simulated formation casing 207, a screen 205, and a top cover 201.
  • the simulated formation casing 207 and the screen tube 205 are fixedly mounted on the support frame 208, and the screen tube 205 is located at the inner center of the simulated formation casing 207, and the axes thereof coincide.
  • the top cover 201 is a packing structure with a round hole at the top, and the top cover can seal the oil pipe 108, together with the centralizer 110 to keep the oil pipe 108 stable and to ensure that the upper end is isolated from the outside.
  • the top cover 201 is connected to the simulated formation sleeve 207 by bolts 204, and after the connection, the inside of the top cover is closed to form a cavity communicating with the screen tube 205, and the water outlet is connected to the top cover so that the liquid can only flow out from the water outlet.
  • simulating the clogging and unblocking process of the gravel pack sand control well it is necessary to fill the gravel pack 206 in the annulus of the simulated formation casing 207 and screen 205.
  • An oil pipe 108 is disposed at an axial center of the screen pipe 205.
  • the oil pipe 108 is connected to the unblocking device 111, the centralizer 110 and the filter 109 in order from bottom to top, and the upper end of the oil pipe 108 is connected with the assembly lifting ring 107, and when the unblocking operation is performed, The height of the unblocking device 111 is adjusted by assembling the lifting ring 107.
  • a simulated formation sand filling tube 316 and a plurality of simulated perforation holes 308 are disposed on the sidewall of the simulated formation casing 207.
  • a second pressure sensor 307 is disposed on each of the simulated perforation holes 308, the second pressure sensor 307 is used to measure the pressure, and the other end of the simulated perforation hole 308 is connected to the second water inlet line 305 on the second water inlet line 305.
  • the second flow meter 309, the second valve 306, the voltage regulator 304, the second pressure gauge 303 and the second working pump 302 are connected in turn, and the other port of the second water inlet pipe 305 is inserted into the liquid of the second water tank 301. .
  • the clogging process of the entire well section of the sand control well is simulated by pumping the sand containing liquid into the full size simulated wellbore system using the second working pump 302.
  • a plurality of third pressure sensors 315 are axially mounted on the simulated formation sand filling tube 316 for measuring pressure at different locations.
  • the other end of the simulated formation sand filling pipe 316 is connected to the third water inlet pipe 312, and the other end of the third water inlet pipe 312 is inserted into the liquid level of the second water tank 301 like the second water inlet pipe 305.
  • a third working pump 310, a third pressure gauge 311, a third valve 313, and a third flow meter 314 are also connected in sequence to the third water inlet line 312.
  • the third working pump 310 is used to extract the sand-containing liquid from the second water tank 301, and enter the simulated wellbore system through the third water inlet line 312 and the simulated formation sand filling tube 316 to simulate the local plugging process of the sand control well.
  • the plugging system includes, in addition to the oil pipe 108, the filter 109, the centralizer 110, and the unblocking device 111, the first working pump 102, the first valve 103, the first flow meter 104, and the first pressure gauge 105, etc.
  • the apparatus is sequentially connected to the first water inlet line 106, and both ends of the first water inlet line 106 lead to the first water tank 101 and the oil pipe 108, respectively.
  • the outlet line 4 is connected to the side wall of the top cover 201.
  • a first pressure sensor 202 for measuring pressure and a pressure regulating valve 203 for regulating pressure are connected on the outlet line 4.
  • the other end of the water outlet line 4 leads to a third water tank 6, in which a fine screen cloth 5 is placed for filtering the sand particles flowing out of the liquid.
  • Screen 205 and simulated formation casing 207 are mounted on support frame 208 such that the axes of screen 205 and simulated formation casing 207 coincide, i.e., screen 205 is at the center of simulated formation casing 207. If the clogging process of the sand control well under the sand control condition of the lower screen tube is simulated in the simulated wellbore, it is not necessary to fill the gravel between the simulated formation casing 207 and the screen 205; if the silt is filled with the gravel under the sand control condition, the clogging process of the sand control well is simulated. , it is necessary to fill the gravel between the simulated formation casing 207 and the screen 205, and FIG. 2 is a plugging process of the sand control well under the simulated screen gravel charging sand control condition.
  • Simulated perforation holes 308 and simulated formation sand filling tubes 316 are mounted on the side walls of the simulated formation casing 207, and other experimental devices are sequentially connected in accordance with the relative positions of the experimental devices in FIG.
  • fresh water is added to the second water tank 301 as a working fluid to simulate the liquid production condition without sanding, and the corresponding flow rate is recorded according to the display of each pressure gauge, pressure sensor and flow meter. Pressure value.
  • a certain amount of sand is added to the clean water as a working fluid to simulate the blockage process of the sand control wellbore.
  • the device can simulate the blockage process of the whole well section of the sand control wellbore, and can also simulate the partial blockage process of the sand control wellbore. If the whole well blockage process of the sand control wellbore is simulated, the second working pump 302 is opened, so that the working fluid in the second water tank 301 enters the simulated wellbore system through the second water inlet line 305. If the partial blockage process of the sand control wellbore is simulated, the third working pump 310 is turned on, so that the working fluid in the second water tank 301 enters the simulated wellbore system through the third water inlet line 312.
  • the regulating confining pressure regulating valve 203 can press the wellbore to simulate the sand control well sections at different well depths, and the pressure value in the wellbore can be obtained by the first pressure sensor 202.
  • the filter 109, the centralizer 110 and the unblocking device 111 are sequentially connected at one end of the oil pipe 108, the first water inlet pipe 106 is connected at the other end, and the first working pump 102 and the first flow meter are connected to the first water inlet pipe 106.
  • 104 and other devices, and the connected tubing 108 is placed in the simulated wellbore, in a centered state, as shown in FIG.
  • the first working pump 102 is opened, and the plugging liquid is introduced into the simulated wellbore through the first water inlet line 106 to be unblocked. If the partial blockage is unblocked, the unblocking device 111 needs to be lifted to the same height as the simulated formation sand filling pipe 316 by assembling the lifting ring 107; if the blockage of the whole well is blocked, the unblocking device 111 works while The oil pipe 108 is required to be lifted up and down at a certain speed by assembling the lifting ring 107.
  • a staining agent may be added to the plugging solution, and the plugging process is recorded by a high speed camera to facilitate the evaluation of the plugging effect at a later stage.
  • the local permeability of the wellbore and the comprehensive permeability of the whole well can be calculated according to the recorded pressure and flow.
  • the local permeability of the wellbore can be based on the formula:
  • k i is the permeability of the i-th stage of the simulated formation sand filling pipe 316; Q is the flow rate of the sand filling pipe through the simulated formation; ⁇ is the viscosity of the fluid; ⁇ L i is the length of the i-th segment ;A is the cross-sectional area of the simulated formation sand filling pipe 316; ⁇ p i is the pressure difference between the two ends of the i-th segment.
  • the comprehensive permeability of the whole well can be based on the formula:
  • k sj is the comprehensive permeability of the whole section of the sand control wellbore at the jth time; q j is the flow rate at the jth time; ⁇ p j is the pressure difference between the inner and outer sides of the wellbore at the jth time; ⁇ is the viscosity of the test fluid; L s is the effective length of the test screen 205; D s is the inner diameter of the simulated formation casing 207; d s is the inner diameter of the test screen 205.
  • the plugging effect of a certain plugging device can be evaluated.
  • the unblocking effect under different working parameters can be analyzed and evaluated.
  • the gravel packed in the gravel pack 206 and the sand in the working fluid have the same size, and the pump pressure and flow rate of the working pump in the plugging and unblocking process are the same, and different types of unblocking devices or plugging processes are used to solve the solution. Blocking, according to the plugging effect, the best unblocking device or plugging process under certain conditions can be obtained.

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Abstract

一种防砂井筒堵塞-解堵一体化评价实验模拟装置，包括模拟井筒系统、防砂井全井段堵塞模拟系统、防砂井局部井段堵塞模拟系统和解堵系统；模拟井筒系统对防砂井的井下工况进行模拟，防砂井全井段堵塞模拟系统中的模拟射孔孔眼（308）和防砂井局部井段堵塞模拟系统中的模拟地层填砂管（316）接在模拟井筒系统的模拟地层套管（207）上，通过向模拟井筒系统中泵入含砂流体模拟防砂井的堵塞过程。解堵系统中的解堵装置（111）通过油管（108）下入模拟井筒系统中，实现对解堵过程的模拟；解堵装置（111）的解堵效果可以通过压力表、流量计等测量的相关数据进行分析评价。该装置能更充分地了解防砂井的堵塞过程以及不同解堵工具的解堵效果。

Description

防砂井筒堵塞-解堵一体化评价实验模拟装置及方法 技术领域
本发明属于油气田开发技术领域，具体地涉及一种防砂井筒堵塞-解堵一体化评价实验模拟装置及方法。
背景技术
目前，产层出砂是疏松砂岩油藏开采过程中面临的主要问题之一。相关人员为了最大限度地减小出砂对油气开采的影响进行了大量的研究，发明了能够对油层出砂堵塞防砂层过程进行模拟试验的装置，可以模拟出在不同防砂方式下，实际井底的径向流动状态及对防砂井的堵塞过程；此外，还研究出了多种用于解堵的配方、装置和技术，探明了在一定条件下适用于解除一些特定堵塞状况的方案和技术。
但是，需要指出的是，目前并没有专门的装置能够用于对不同类型的解堵装置和技术的解堵效果进行对比分析，对于防砂层不同的堵塞状况，无法判别各种解堵工具的解堵效果和其适用性，更没有能够将防砂井的堵塞和解堵过程结合起来进行实验的装置。
发明内容
基于上述技术问题，本发明提供一种防砂井筒堵塞-解堵一体化评价实验模拟装置及方法。
本发明所采用的技术解决方案是：
一种防砂井筒堵塞-解堵一体化评价实验模拟装置，包括模拟井筒系统、防砂井全井段堵塞模拟系统、防砂井局部井段堵塞模拟系统和解堵系统；所述模拟井筒系统包括模拟地层套管和筛管，模拟地层套管和筛管均固定安装在支撑架上，筛管位于模拟地层套管内部中心处，二者轴线重合，在模拟地层套管和筛管之间形成砾石充填层，在筛管的顶端设置有顶盖，所述顶盖通过螺栓与模拟地层套管连接，连接后顶盖内部封闭形成与筛管连通的空腔；所述防砂井全井段堵塞模拟系统包括多个模拟射孔孔眼，所有模拟射孔孔眼均设置在模拟地层套管上，且呈上下间隔分布，在模拟射孔孔眼上设置有第二压力传感器，模拟射孔孔眼通过第二进水管线连通第二水箱，在第二进水管线上设置有第二流量计、第二阀门、稳压装置、第二压力表和第二工作泵；所述防砂井局部井段堵塞模拟系统包括模拟地层填砂管，模拟地层填砂管的一端固定在模拟地层套管上，并与砾石充填层连通，另一端通过第三进水管线连通第二水箱，在第三进水管线上设置有第三工作泵、第三压力表、第三阀门和第三流量计，在模拟地层填砂管上沿轴向安装多个第三压力传感器；所述解堵系统包括油管和出水管线，油管 设置在筛管的中心，在油管上从下至上依次设置有解堵装置、扶正器和过滤器，油管通过第一进水管线连通第一水箱，在第一进水管线上设置有第一工作泵、第一阀门、第一流量计和第一压力表，所述出水管线的一端连通顶盖内部空腔，另一端连通第三水箱，在出水管线上设置有第一压力传感器。
优选的，在油管的上端连接有装配吊环。
优选的，在出水管线上还设置有围压调节阀。
优选的，在第三水箱中设置有筛布。
优选的，所述模拟地层套管和筛管均是由透明有机玻璃材料制成的。
一种防砂井筒堵塞-解堵一体化评价实验模拟方法，采用上述的装置，具体步骤如下：
a在连接好实验装置后，先在第二水箱中加入清水作为工作液，模拟在不出砂状况下的产液状况，根据各压力表、压力传感器和流量计的显示，记录相应的流量和压力数值；
b随后，在清水中加入一定量的砂粒作为工作液，模拟防砂井筒的堵塞过程；若模拟防砂井筒全井段堵塞过程，打开第二工作泵，使第二水箱内的工作液经第二进水管线进入模拟井筒系统中；若模拟防砂井筒局部堵塞过程，打开第三工作泵，使第二水箱内的工作液经第三进水管线进入模拟井筒系统中；
c打开第一工作泵，使第一水箱中的解堵液经第一进水管线进入模拟井筒系统中，进行解堵；若对局部堵塞进行解堵，则需要通过装配吊环将解堵装置上提至与模拟地层填砂管同一高度；若对全井段堵塞进行解堵，在解堵装置工作的同时需通过装配吊环以一定速度上下提放油管；
d在实验过程中，记录不同时刻不同位置的压力和流经各处的流量，参照相关公式，根据记录的压力和流量计算出井筒局部渗透率和全井段综合渗透率；
e对比堵塞前、堵塞后和解堵后相应的渗透率数值，并结合对实验过程的观察评价某一种解堵装置的解堵效果；在进行全井段解堵实验时，通过改变油管上下移动的速度、第一工作泵的工作压力和排量，分析评价不同工作参数下的解堵效果；在相同的实验条件下，应用不同类型的解堵装置或解堵工艺进行解堵，根据解堵效果得出在一定条件下最佳的解堵装置或解堵工艺。
优选的，在实验过程中，通过调节围压调节阀门以对模拟井筒系统进行憋压，进而模拟不同井深处的防砂井段，模拟井筒系统内的压力值通过第一压力传感器获得。
优选的，上述步骤中，通过改变第二水箱内工作液中砂粒尺寸和砾石充填层内充填砾石的尺寸，模拟出防砂管柱不同的堵塞类型。
优选的，在进行解堵实验的过程中，在解堵液中加入染色剂，并用高速摄影仪记录解堵 过程以便于后期解堵效果的评价。
本发明的有益技术效果是：
利用本发明装置能够对防砂井的堵塞和解堵两个过程进行模拟实验，可以对井筒内仅下筛管防砂和筛管砾石充填防砂这两种工况下全井段和局部堵塞过程进行模拟，探索防砂筛管和砾石充填层的堵塞机理和方式；还可以对不同地层环境下，各种解堵装置的解堵效果进行对比分析评价，从而优选出适合于具有不同堵塞特征的防砂井的最佳解堵装置和方法；通过选取透明有机玻璃作为实验装置的材料，使得整个实验过程都可以进行直观的观察，能够更充分地了解防砂井的堵塞过程以及不同解堵工具的解堵效果，结合实验所测得的相关数据，使解堵工具的选取更加合理。此外，通过改变油管上下移动的速度、工作泵的压力、排量等因素，还可以分析评价不同解堵方式与工作参数对解堵效果的影响，能够更好的指导油田现场对防砂井的解堵工作。
附图说明
下面结合附图与具体实施方式对本发明作进一步说明：
图1为防砂井筒堵塞-解堵一体化评价实验模拟装置结构示意图；
图2为模拟地层出砂堵塞筛管砾石充填防砂井过程实验示意图；
图3为模拟对已堵塞的筛管砾石充填防砂井进行解堵过程实验示意图；
图中：101、第一水箱，102、第一工作泵，103、第一阀门，104、第一流量计，105、第一压力表，106、第一进水管线，107、装配吊环，108、油管，109、过滤器，110、扶正器，111、解堵装置，201、顶盖，202、第一压力传感器，203、围压调节阀门，204、螺栓，205、筛管，206、砾石充填层，207、模拟地层套管，208、支撑架，301、第二水箱，302、第二工作泵，303、第二压力表，304、稳压装置，305、第二进水管线，306、第二阀门，307、第二压力传感器，308、模拟射孔孔眼，309、第二流量计，310、第三工作泵，311、第三压力表，312、第三进水管线，313、第三阀门，314、第三流量计，315、第三压力传感器，316、模拟地层填砂管，4、出水管线，5、微细筛布，6、第三水箱。
具体实施方式
如图1所示，防砂井筒堵塞-解堵一体化评价实验模拟装置，包括：模拟井筒系统、解堵系统、防砂井全井段堵塞模拟系统和防砂井局部井段堵塞模拟系统。模拟井筒系统对防砂井的井下工况进行模拟，防砂井全井段堵塞模拟系统中的模拟射孔孔眼308和防砂井局部井段堵塞模拟系统中的模拟地层填砂管316接在全尺寸模拟井筒系统的模拟地层套管207上，通过向全尺寸模拟井筒系统中泵入含砂流体模拟防砂井的堵塞过程。解堵系统中的解堵装置111 通过油管108下入全尺寸模拟井筒系统中，实现对解堵过程的模拟；解堵装置111的解堵效果可以通过压力表、流量计等测量的相关数据进行分析评价。
模拟井筒系统，包括：支撑架208、模拟地层套管207、筛管205和顶盖201。其中，模拟地层套管207和筛管205固定安装在支撑架208上，筛管205位于模拟地层套管207内部中心处，二者轴线重合。顶盖201为顶部带有圆孔的封隔结构，顶盖能够封固油管108，和扶正器110一起使油管108保持平稳并且保证上端内部和外部隔离开。顶盖201通过螺栓204与模拟地层套管207连接，且连接后顶盖内部封闭形成与筛管205连通的空腔，在顶盖上连接出水口，使液体只能从出水口流出。模拟砾石充填防砂井的堵塞和解堵过程时，需要在模拟地层套管207和筛管205的环空中填入砾石充填层206。
在筛管205的轴心设有油管108，油管108上从下至上依次连接着解堵装置111、扶正器110和过滤器109，油管108的上端连接装配吊环107，在进行解堵操作时，通过装配吊环107调整解堵装置111的高度。
模拟地层套管207侧壁上设置模拟地层填砂管316和多个模拟射孔孔眼308。每个模拟射孔孔眼308上设置第二压力传感器307，第二压力传感器307用于测量压力，模拟射孔孔眼308的另一端连接着第二进水管线305，在第二进水管线305上依次连接着第二流量计309、第二阀门306，稳压装置304、第二压力表303和第二工作泵302，第二进水管线的305另一端口插入到第二水箱301的液体中。通过使用第二工作泵302向全尺寸模拟井筒系统中泵入含砂液体模拟防砂井全井段的堵塞过程。
模拟地层填砂管316上沿轴向安装多个第三压力传感器315，用来测量不同位置处的压力。模拟地层填砂管316的另一端连接着第三进水管线312，第三进水管312的另一端同第二进水管线305一样插入第二水箱301的液面下。在第三进水管线312上还依次连接着第三工作泵310、第三压力表311、第三阀门313和第三流量计314。使用第三工作泵310从第二水箱301内抽取含砂液体，经第三进水管线312和模拟地层填砂管316进入模拟井筒系统中，实现对防砂井局部堵塞过程的模拟。
解堵系统除了包括上述的油管108、过滤器109、扶正器110和解堵装置111，还包括第一工作泵102、第一阀门103、第一流量计104和第一压力表105等装置，这些装置依次连接在第一进水管线106上，而第一进水管线106的两端分别通向第一水箱101和油管108。
出水管线4连接在顶盖201的侧壁上，在出水管线4上还连接着测量压力的第一压力传感器202和调节压力的围压调节阀门203。出水管线4的另一端通向第三水箱6，在第三水箱6中放置着微细筛布5，用来过滤流出液体中的砂粒。
防砂井筒堵塞过程模拟实验流程如下：
将筛管205和模拟地层套管207安装在支撑架208上，使筛管205和模拟地层套管207的轴线相重合，即筛管205处于模拟地层套管207的中心处。若模拟井筒内仅下筛管防砂工况下防砂井的堵塞过程则不需在模拟地层套管207和筛管205之间充填砾石；若模拟筛管砾石充填防砂工况下防砂井的堵塞过程，则需要在模拟地层套管207和筛管205之间充填砾石，图2为模拟筛管砾石充填防砂工况下防砂井的堵塞过程。
在模拟地层套管207的侧壁上安装模拟射孔孔眼308和模拟地层填砂管316，并按图2中各实验装置的相对位置依次连接其它实验装置。
在连接好实验装置后，先在第二水箱301中加入清水作为工作液，模拟在不出砂状况下的产液状况，根据各压力表、压力传感器和流量计的显示，记录相应的流量和压力数值。
随后，在清水中加入一定量的砂粒作为工作液，模拟防砂井筒的堵塞过程。本装置可模拟防砂井筒全井段堵塞过程，也可以模拟防砂井筒局部堵塞过程。若模拟防砂井筒全井段堵塞过程，打开第二工作泵302，使第二水箱301内的工作液经第二进水管线305进入模拟井筒系统中。若模拟防砂井筒局部堵塞过程，打开第三工作泵310，使第二水箱301内的工作液经第三进水管线312进入模拟井筒系统中。
在实验过程中，调节围压调节阀门203可对井筒进行憋压，进而模拟不同井深处的防砂井段，井筒内的压力值可通过第一压力传感器202获得。
通过改变第二水箱301内工作液中砂粒尺寸和砾石充填层206内充填砾石的尺寸，模拟出防砂管柱不同的堵塞类型。
已发生堵塞的防砂井筒的解堵实验流程如下：
在油管108的一端依次连接过滤器109、扶正器110和解堵装置111，在另外一端连接第一进水管线106，在第一进水管线106上连接好第一工作泵102和第一流量计104等装置，并将连接好的油管108放置在模拟井筒中，处于居中状态，如图3所示。
打开第一工作泵102，使解堵液经第一进水管线106进入模拟井筒中，进行解堵。若对局部堵塞进行解堵，则需要通过装配吊环107将解堵装置111上提至与模拟地层填砂管316同一高度；若对全井段堵塞进行解堵，在解堵装置111工作的同时需通过装配吊环107以一定速度上下提放油管108。
在进行解堵实验的过程中，可在解堵液中加入染色剂，并用高速摄影仪记录解堵过程以便于后期解堵效果的评价。
在实验过程中，记录不同时刻不同位置的压力和流经各处的流量，参照相关公式，根据记录的压力和流量可计算出井筒局部渗透率和全井段综合渗透率。井筒局部渗透率可根据公式：
Figure PCTCN2017114915-appb-000001
求得，式(1)中，ki为模拟地层填砂管316上第i段渗透率；Q为通过模拟地层填砂管的流量；μ为流体的粘度；ΔLi为第i段的长度；A为模拟地层填砂管316的横截面积；Δpi为第i段两端压差。
全井段综合渗透率可根据公式：
Figure PCTCN2017114915-appb-000002
求得，式(2)中，ksj为第j时刻防砂井筒全段综合渗透率；qj为第j时刻流量；Δpj为第j时刻井筒内外两侧压差；μ为试验流体粘度；Ls为试验筛管205的有效长度；Ds为模拟地层套管207内径；ds为试验筛管205内径。
对比堵塞前、堵塞后和解堵后相应的渗透率数值，并结合对实验过程的观察可评价某一种解堵装置的解堵效果。在进行全井段解堵实验时，通过改变油管108上下移动的速度、第一工作泵102的工作压力、排量等，可分析评价不同工作参数下的解堵效果。
在相同的实验条件下，即砾石充填层206的充填砾石和工作液中的砂粒尺寸相同，堵塞和解堵过程工作泵的泵压和流量相同，应用不同类型的解堵装置或解堵工艺进行解堵，根据解堵效果可得出在一定条件下最佳的解堵装置或解堵工艺。
上述方式中未述及的有关技术内容采取或借鉴已有技术即可实现。
需要说明的是，在本说明书的教导下，本领域技术人员所作出的任何等同替代方式，或明显变型方式，均应在本实用新型的保护范围之内。

Claims (9)

  1. 一种防砂井筒堵塞-解堵一体化评价实验模拟装置，其特征在于：包括模拟井筒系统、防砂井全井段堵塞模拟系统、防砂井局部井段堵塞模拟系统和解堵系统；所述模拟井筒系统包括模拟地层套管和筛管，模拟地层套管和筛管均固定安装在支撑架上，筛管位于模拟地层套管内部中心处，二者轴线重合，在模拟地层套管和筛管之间形成砾石充填层，在筛管的顶端设置有顶盖，所述顶盖通过螺栓与模拟地层套管连接，连接后顶盖内部封闭形成与筛管连通的空腔；所述防砂井全井段堵塞模拟系统包括多个模拟射孔孔眼，所有模拟射孔孔眼均设置在模拟地层套管上，且呈上下间隔分布，在模拟射孔孔眼上设置有第二压力传感器，模拟射孔孔眼通过第二进水管线连通第二水箱，在第二进水管线上设置有第二流量计、第二阀门、稳压装置、第二压力表和第二工作泵；所述防砂井局部井段堵塞模拟系统包括模拟地层填砂管，模拟地层填砂管的一端固定在模拟地层套管上，并与砾石充填层连通，另一端通过第三进水管线连通第二水箱，在第三进水管线上设置有第三工作泵、第三压力表、第三阀门和第三流量计，在模拟地层填砂管上沿轴向安装多个第三压力传感器；所述解堵系统包括油管和出水管线，油管设置在筛管的中心，在油管上从下至上依次设置有解堵装置、扶正器和过滤器，油管通过第一进水管线连通第一水箱，在第一进水管线上设置有第一工作泵、第一阀门、第一流量计和第一压力表，所述出水管线的一端连通顶盖内部空腔，另一端连通第三水箱，在出水管线上设置有第一压力传感器。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的一种防砂井筒堵塞-解堵一体化评价实验模拟装置，其特征在于：在油管的上端连接有装配吊环。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的一种防砂井筒堵塞-解堵一体化评价实验模拟装置，其特征在于：在出水管线上还设置有围压调节阀。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的一种防砂井筒堵塞-解堵一体化评价实验模拟装置，其特征在于：在第三水箱中设置有筛布。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的一种防砂井筒堵塞-解堵一体化评价实验模拟装置，其特征在于：所述模拟地层套管和筛管均是由透明有机玻璃材料制成的。
  6. 一种防砂井筒堵塞-解堵一体化评价实验模拟方法，采用如权利要求1-5中任一权利要求所述的装置，其特征在于步骤如下：
    a在连接好实验装置后，先在第二水箱中加入清水作为工作液，模拟在不出砂状况下的产液状况，根据各压力表、压力传感器和流量计的显示，记录相应的流量和压力数值；
    b随后，在清水中加入一定量的砂粒作为工作液，模拟防砂井筒的堵塞过程；若模拟防砂井筒全井段堵塞过程，打开第二工作泵，使第二水箱内的工作液经第二进水管线进入模拟井筒系统中；若模拟防砂井筒局部堵塞过程，打开第三工作泵，使第二水箱内的工作液经第三进 水管线进入模拟井筒系统中；
    c打开第一工作泵，使第一水箱中的解堵液经第一进水管线进入模拟井筒系统中，进行解堵；若对局部堵塞进行解堵，则需要通过装配吊环将解堵装置上提至与模拟地层填砂管同一高度；若对全井段堵塞进行解堵，在解堵装置工作的同时需通过装配吊环以一定速度上下提放油管；
    d在实验过程中，记录不同时刻不同位置的压力和流经各处的流量，参照相关公式，根据记录的压力和流量计算出井筒局部渗透率和全井段综合渗透率；
    e对比堵塞前、堵塞后和解堵后相应的渗透率数值，并结合对实验过程的观察评价某一种解堵装置的解堵效果；在进行全井段解堵实验时，通过改变油管上下移动的速度、第一工作泵的工作压力和排量，分析评价不同工作参数下的解堵效果；在相同的实验条件下，应用不同类型的解堵装置或解堵工艺进行解堵，根据解堵效果得出在一定条件下最佳的解堵装置或解堵工艺。
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的一种防砂井筒堵塞-解堵一体化评价实验模拟方法，其特征在于：在实验过程中，通过调节围压调节阀门以对模拟井筒系统进行憋压，进而模拟不同井深处的防砂井段，模拟井筒系统内的压力值通过第一压力传感器获得。
  8. 根据权利要求6所述的一种防砂井筒堵塞-解堵一体化评价实验模拟方法，其特征在于：通过改变第二水箱内工作液中砂粒尺寸和砾石充填层内充填砾石的尺寸，模拟出防砂管柱不同的堵塞类型。
  9. 根据权利要求6所述的一种防砂井筒堵塞-解堵一体化评价实验模拟方法，其特征在于：在进行解堵实验的过程中，在解堵液中加入染色剂，并用高速摄影仪记录解堵过程以便于后期解堵效果的评价。
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