WO2018171132A1 - 一种龟裂碱土的改良方法 - Google Patents

一种龟裂碱土的改良方法 Download PDF

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WO2018171132A1
WO2018171132A1 PCT/CN2017/101757 CN2017101757W WO2018171132A1 WO 2018171132 A1 WO2018171132 A1 WO 2018171132A1 CN 2017101757 W CN2017101757 W CN 2017101757W WO 2018171132 A1 WO2018171132 A1 WO 2018171132A1
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soil
land
salt
irrigation
cracked
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PCT/CN2017/101757
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French (fr)
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孙兆军
王旭
王正
焦炳忠
韩磊
王芳
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宁夏大学
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
    • A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
    • A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture

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  • the invention belongs to the field of improvement of saline-alkali land, and particularly relates to a modified method for cracking alkaline soil, and the main salt of the land is divided into saline-alkali land of Na 2 CO 3 and NaHCO 3 .
  • the improvement of cracked alkaline soil is a complex and long-term systematic project, which is difficult to control and seriously affects the sustainable development of local agriculture.
  • the cracked alkali in the Yinbei area of Ningxia is mainly clay, mainly composed of clay.
  • the physical properties of the structure are poor. After the water is dissolved, the soil pores are blocked, the water permeability is poor, the salt is difficult to be quickly rinsed, and the salt is Na 2 CO 3 and NaHCO 3 .
  • the characteristic feature is that the soil is tight, shrinking and compacting when dry, swelled when wet, and not easy to see through.
  • the terrain is flat and adjacent to the Yellow River. The soil is deep and the development potential is huge.
  • the invention is directed to a saline-alkali land which is mainly composed of clay, has poor structure, poor physical properties, and uses Na 2 CO 3 and NaHCO 3 as main salts, and adopts the method of “excavating open trench irrigation and discharging salt and alkali” to carry out land improvement.
  • a saline-alkali land which is mainly composed of clay, has poor structure, poor physical properties, and uses Na 2 CO 3 and NaHCO 3 as main salts, and adopts the method of “excavating open trench irrigation and discharging salt and alkali” to carry out land improvement.
  • the present invention proposes an improved method for cracking alkaline earth, and the specific implementation steps and schemes are as follows:
  • step 5 After the land treated by step 4) is dried, plant a salt-tolerant plant;
  • irrigation should be carried out according to the needs. After the irrigation, the horses should be drained to ensure that no water can be accumulated in the field. After the precipitation and irrigation, the knots will be broken in time. After the plants are matured, the land will be turned over again.
  • the land needs to be leveled, and the height difference is not more than 5 cm.
  • the modifier in the step 1 is a mixture of desulfurized gypsum, furfural residue, yellow sand, and organic fertilizer.
  • the fertilizer in the step 1 is a mixture of an organic fertilizer and an inorganic fertilizer, and the organic fertilizer is a farmyard manure.
  • the drain in the step 2 has a slope at the junction with the land.
  • the dark groove in the step 3 has a depth of 100 cm to 120 cm and a width of 25 cm to 40 cm.
  • the gravel layer laid in the step 3) has a thickness of 30 cm to 40 cm, and the layer thickness of the laid straw is 35 cm to 45 cm.
  • step 4 it is necessary to squat in the land and divide the land into a plurality of small areas with an area of 1 to 2 mu.
  • the irrigation quota is 4300 m 3 /hm 2 to 4800 m 3 /hm 2 , and the irrigation is divided into three times.
  • the first irrigation amount is 1/2 of the quota, and after 24 hours, the water in each region is drained.
  • the second irrigation, the amount of irrigation is 1/3 of the quota, after 48 hours, after the water in each region is drained, the third irrigation is carried out, and the amount of irrigation is the remaining quota.
  • step 6 the depth of the land is again deep-turned from 30 cm to 40 cm, and after sun-dipping, the sun is dried for a period of time, and if it is rained, it is timely honed.
  • the distance between each other is 4 m to 8 m.
  • the method of the invention integrates the soil physical and chemical improvement method, the irrigation and salt discharging method, the crop cultivation method, and applies the modifier and the fertilizer in the soil to adjust the physical and chemical properties of the soil, improve the soil structure, and cooperate with the irrigation of steps 2 to 7.
  • Salt-discharging measures can effectively provide ion exchange conditions, accelerate the migration of soil salinity, and facilitate the leaching of soil salinity.
  • the combination of planting salt-tolerant crops in steps 5 to 6 can effectively improve soil physical structure and improve permeability and soil salinity.
  • the invention needs to level the land before step 1, and the height difference does not exceed 5 cm. Before step 4, it is necessary to squat in the land and divide the land into a plurality of small areas with an area of 1 to 2 mu. In order to ensure uniform irrigation, it is effective to avoid local salt accumulation in the soil;
  • step 3 a ditch is opened, and gravel, straw and soil are sequentially filled into the ditch until it is flush with the horizontal plane of the land.
  • the ditch has the advantages of low cost, long-term effect, no occupation of the tillage layer, and is advantageous for mechanized operation. And the effect of controlling the groundwater level can accelerate the infiltration of gravity water in the soil to remove the stagnant water in the soil, which is beneficial to the soil salt discharge and the desalination effect is remarkable.
  • the backfill material of the ditch is better than the soil water permeability, such as straw, firewood, coarse sand mixture, etc., but the problem of clogging is difficult to solve. Gravel as a backfill material can effectively solve the problem of clogging and is effective for a long time.
  • the soil near the gravel ditch is more hydrodynamic, the water movement is faster, the soil salinity is accelerated, the desalination effect is remarkable, the dark ditch is 100cm ⁇ 120cm deep, and the salt of 1m soil can be discharged into the soil;
  • the cracked alkaline soil modified by the method of the invention has a seedling preservation rate of more than 70% in the current year.
  • the following three examples are experimental saline-alkali land selected in Yinbei area of Ningxia.
  • the soil characteristics are: pH between 8.74 and 9.8, alkalinity between 18.56% and 24.5%, and total alkalinity at 0.45. -0.74cmol/kg, the total salt is between 2.8-4.2g/kg, the salt type is mainly Na+, including Na 2 CO 3 , NaHCO 3 , etc., the soil texture is sticky and the water permeability is poor.
  • the annual average groundwater depth is about 1.4m, and the mineralization degree is ⁇ 3g/L, which belongs to moderate alkaline soil.
  • the following example uses three treatments, two factors: modifier and dark trench spacing, randomly arranged field trials, where the dark trench spacing is set at 3 levels: 4m, 6m, 8m, 3 for each treatment. repeat.
  • the height difference is not more than 5cm, applying modifiers and fertilizers on the surface of the land, and deepening the land to make the improver, fertilizer and soil mix thoroughly.
  • the composition and dosage of the modifier are desulfurization. Gypsum 28t/hm 2 , furfural residue 7.5t/hm 2 , organic fertilizer 35t/hm 2 , sheep manure or cow dung 50m 3 /hm 2 , yellow sand 100m 3 /hm 2 , wherein the depth of deep turning is 20cm;
  • the land is divided into small areas of 1 mu, of which the height is 50cm, then the land is evenly filled with water, washed with salt and alkali, and the irrigation quota is 4500m 3 /hm 2 , which is divided into three irrigations. After the first irrigation for 24 hours, the water is drained in each area and then watered for the second time. After 48 hours, the water is drained in each area and then watered for the third time.
  • step 5 After the land treated by step 4) is dried, the oil sunflower plant is planted;
  • Irrigation is carried out once in the plant nursery and flowering seasons. After the irrigation, the horses are drained to ensure that no water can be accumulated in the field. After the precipitation and irrigation, the knots are broken in time. After the plants are matured, the land is deeply turned over again, and the deep excavation is 30-40 cm. After sun-cultivation, carry out drying for a period of time, in preparation for replanting in the coming year;
  • the dark trench spacing in step 3 of the first embodiment is adjusted to 6 m, and the other implementation contents are consistent with the implementation one.
  • the dark trench spacing in step 3 of the first embodiment is adjusted to 8 m, and the other implementation contents are consistent with the implementation one.
  • Table 1 shows the results of saline-alkali land improvement for three examples using different undercut spacing.
  • Table 2 shows the results of saline-alkali land improvement at different distances from the ditch in the three examples.
  • the test results show that the soil water pH, alkalinity and total salt decrease with the water and salt control measures combined with the gravel drainage.
  • the soil near the gravel ditch is more hydrodynamic, the water movement is faster, and the salt washing effect is more obvious. It can be seen from the improvement effect and engineering input that the dark trench spacing is 6m.
  • the present invention provides an improved method of cracking alkaline earth. Integrating land physical and chemical improvement method, irrigation and salt removal method, crop cultivation method, applying soil amendments and fertilizers to adjust soil physical and chemical properties, improving soil structure, and supporting irrigation salt washing measures to effectively provide ion exchange conditions and accelerate soil salinity.
  • Migration which is conducive to soil desalination, can effectively improve soil physical and chemical properties and structure, and improve permeability to facilitate soil leaching;
  • the particle dispersion causes the soil to swell and swell, the pores are blocked, the mud is not easy to permeate, the salt is difficult to be quickly rinsed, the soil shrinks and compacts when dry, and the technical problem of “slow salt transport speed under rinsing conditions” Conducive to the development and utilization of saline-alkali resources in China, it has significant economic, social and ecological benefits, and has good economic value and application prospects.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Soil Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Soil Working Implements (AREA)
  • Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
  • Fertilizers (AREA)

Abstract

一种龟裂碱土的改良方法，综合了土地理化改良法、灌溉排盐法、农作物耕种法，在土地中施入改良剂和肥料调理土壤理化性质，改善土壤结构，配合灌溉洗盐措施，有效提供离子交换条件、加速土壤盐分的迁移，利于土壤脱盐，配合种植耐盐碱作物可以有效改善土壤理化性质和结构，提高渗透性利于土壤盐分的淋洗；解决了龟裂碱土"灌水后土粒分散导致土壤吸水膨胀、孔隙淤闭，泥泞不易透水，盐分难以快速淋洗，土壤干时收缩板结、坚硬"，以及"淋洗条件下土壤盐分运移速度慢"的技术问题，有利于盐碱地资源开发利用，具有显著的经济、社会和生态效益。

Description

一种龟裂碱土的改良方法 技术领域
本发明属于盐碱土地的改良领域，尤其涉及一种龟裂碱土，且土地主要盐分为Na2CO3和NaHCO3的盐碱土地的改良方法。
背景技术
龟裂碱土的改良是复杂而长期的系统工程，治理难度大，严重影响当地农业可持续发展。宁夏银北地区龟裂碱土容重大，以粘土为主，结构不良物理性质差，灌水后土粒分散导致土壤孔隙淤闭，透水性差，盐分难以快速淋洗，盐分以Na2CO3和NaHCO3为主，显著特点是土壤紧实，干时收缩板结、坚硬，湿时吸水膨胀、泥泞不易透水。但该地区地势平坦，毗邻黄河，土层深厚，开发潜力巨大。近年来，国土资源部按照国务院决策部署，依据土地利用总体规划和《全国土地整治规划(2011—2015年)》等相关规划，大力推进农村土地整治，对东北、西北干旱、半干旱等盐碱地资源主要分布地区，结合实施吉林西部、宁夏中北部土地整治重大工程，运用开挖明沟排盐碱等传统技术，整治盐碱地100多万亩，工程建设区内盐碱地及盐渍化耕地得到了治理。
发明内容
本发明针对“以粘土为主，结构不良、物理性质差、以Na2CO3和NaHCO3为主要盐分”的盐碱土地，采用“开挖明沟灌溉排盐碱”的方法进行土地改良时，存在“灌水后土粒分散导致土壤吸水膨胀、孔隙淤闭，泥泞不易透水，盐分难以快速淋洗，土壤干时收缩板结、坚硬”，以及“淋洗条件下土壤盐分运移速度慢”等技术弊端，为了解决以上技术问题，本发明提出了一种龟裂碱土的改良方法，具体实施实施步骤及方案如下：
1.在土地表面施改良剂、肥料，并对土地进行深松深翻使改良剂、肥料和土壤充分混合；
2.在整块土地的一外侧开设排水沟；
3.在土地上垂直于排水沟的方向开设暗沟，并向暗沟内依次填充砾石、秸秆、土直至与土地水平面齐平；
4.对土地进行均匀灌水、洗盐压碱；
5.待经过步骤4)处理后的土地干燥后，种植耐盐碱植物；
6.在植物生长期内根据需要进行灌水，灌完立马排干，确保田间不能积水，降水和灌水后及时破除板结，植物成熟收获后，对土地再次进行深翻；
7.冬季再次进行灌水、压碱保墒，所述灌水量为80m3～100m3/亩。
进一步地，步骤1之前需要将土地平整，高低差不超过5cm。
进一步地，步骤1中的改良剂为脱硫石膏、糠醛渣、黄沙、有机肥的混合物。
进一步地，步骤1中的肥料为有机肥和无机肥的混合物，所述有机肥为农家肥。
进一步地，步骤2中的排水沟与土地连接处有坡度。
进一步地，步骤3中的暗沟，其深度为100cm～120cm，宽为25cm～40cm。
进一步地，步骤3)中铺设的砾石层厚为30cm～40cm，铺设的秸秆层厚为35cm～45cm。
进一步地，步骤4前，需要在土地内打高埂，将土地划分为多个面积为1～2亩的小区域。
进一步地，步骤4中灌水定额为4300m3/hm2～4800m3/hm2，共分三次灌水，第一次灌水量为定额的1/2，24小时后，待各区域水排干后进行第二次灌水，灌水量为定额的1/3，48小时后，待各区域水排干后进行第三次灌水，灌水量为剩余定额量。
进一步地，步骤6中，土地再次深翻的深度为30cm～40cm，深翻后进行晒垡一段时间，如遇降雨及时耙磨保墒。
进一步地，步骤3中的暗沟为多个，彼此间的间距为4m～8m。
本发明的技术效果在于：
1.本发明方法综合了土地理化改良法、灌溉排盐法、农作物耕种法，通过步骤1在土地中施入改良剂和肥料调理土壤理化性质，改善土壤结构，配合步骤2至步骤7的灌溉排盐措施，能够有效提供离子交换条件、加速土壤盐分的运移，利于土壤盐分的淋洗，步骤5至步骤6中配合种植耐盐碱作物可以有效改善土壤物理结构，提高渗透性利于土壤盐分淋洗；
2.本发明在步骤1之前需要将土地平整，高低差不超过5cm，在步骤4之前，需要在土地内打高埂，将土地划分为多个面积为1～2亩的小区域，都是为了确保均匀灌水，可有效避免土壤局部积盐；
3.步骤3中开设暗沟，且向暗沟中依次填充砾石、秸秆、土直至与土地水平面齐平，暗沟具有低成本、长效、不占用耕作层、有利于机械化作业的优点，具有排水洗盐和控制地下水位的功效，能加速土体中重力水的下渗排除土壤滞水，利于土体排盐，脱盐效果显著。暗沟回填的材料要比土壤透水性好，如秸秆、柴禾、粗砂混合物等，但淤堵问题难以解决，砾石作为回填材料可以有效解决淤堵问题而且长期有效。砾石暗沟附近的土壤水动力条件较强，水分运动较快，加速土壤盐分的运移，脱盐效果显著,暗沟深100cm～120cm，能将1米土体的盐分排出土体；
4.经过本发明方法改良过的龟裂碱土，种植当年的保苗率在70％以上。
具体实施方式
下方三个实施例，均是在宁夏银北地区选取的实验盐碱土地，土质特征为：pH值在8.74-9.8之间，碱化度在18.56％-24.5％之间，总碱度在0.45-0.74cmol/kg，全盐在2.8-4.2g/kg之间，盐分类型以Na+为主，包括Na2CO3、NaHCO3等，土壤质地黏重、透水性差。年平均地下水埋深1.4m左右，矿化度<3g/L，属于中度碱土。
一下实施例采用3个处理，两个因素：改良剂和暗沟间距，随机排列田间试验，其中暗沟间距设3个水平：4m、6m、8m，每个处理设3个 重复。
实施例一
具体实施步骤如下：
1.先对土地进行平整，高低相差不超过5cm，在土地表面施改良剂、肥料，并对土地进行深松深翻使改良剂、肥料和土壤充分混合，其中改良剂的成分及用量为脱硫石膏28t/hm2，糠醛渣7.5t/hm2，有机肥35t/hm2，羊粪或牛粪50m3/hm2，黄沙100m3/hm2，其中深翻的深度为20cm；
2.在整块土地的一外侧开设排水沟；
3.在土地上垂直于排水沟的方向开设深为100cm～120cm、宽为30cm的多条暗沟，并向暗沟内依次填充层厚30cm的砾石、层厚40cm的秸秆、土直至与土地水平面齐平，其中暗沟间的间距为4m；
4.在土地上打高埂，将土地划分为面积为1亩的小区域，其中埂高50cm，然后对土地均匀灌水、洗盐压碱，灌水定额为4500m3/hm2，共分三次灌水，第一次灌水24小时后，待各区域水排干后进行第二次灌水，48小时后，待各区域水排干后进行第三次灌水；
5.待经过步骤4)处理后的土地干燥后，种植油葵植物；
6.在植物育苗期和花期各灌水1次，灌完立马排干，确保田间不能积水，降水和灌水后及时破除板结，植物成熟收获后，对土地再次进行深翻，深挖30～40cm，翻耕后进行晒垡一段时间，以备来年再种植；
7.10月底至11月初再次进行灌水、压碱保墒，所述灌水量为80m3～100m3/亩。
实施例二
将实施例一步骤3中暗沟间距调整为6m，其他实施内容和实施一保持一致。
实施例三
将实施例一步骤3中暗沟间距调整为8m，其他实施内容和实施一保持一致。
表1示意了采用不同暗沟间距的三个实施例的盐碱土地改良结果。
表2示意了三个实施例中距离暗沟不同距离处的盐碱土地改良结果。
表1
Figure PCTCN2017101757-appb-000001
表2
Figure PCTCN2017101757-appb-000002
试验结果表明，水盐调控措施配合砾石暗沟排盐条件下，土壤pH、碱化度、全盐都有所下降。在砾石暗沟附近的土壤水动力条件较强，水分运动较快，洗盐效果较明显。从改良效果和工程投入可以看出，暗沟间距6m效果最好。
以上实施例仅为本发明较佳的实施例，不能被认为用于限定本发明的保护范围，凡依据本发明所做的同等变化与改进等，均属于本发明保护的范畴。
工业实用性
本发明提供一种龟裂碱土的改良方法。综合了土地理化改良法、灌溉排盐法、农作物耕种法，在土地中施入改良剂和肥料调理土壤理化性质，改善土壤结构，配合灌溉洗盐措施，有效提供离子交换条件、加速土壤盐分的迁移，利于土壤脱盐，配合种植耐盐碱作物可以有效改善土壤理化性质和结构，提高渗透性利于土壤盐分的淋洗；解决了龟裂碱土“灌水后土 粒分散导致土壤吸水膨胀、孔隙淤闭，泥泞不易透水，盐分难以快速淋洗，土壤干时收缩板结、坚硬”，以及“淋洗条件下土壤盐分运移速度慢”的技术问题，本发明有利于我国盐碱地资源开发利用，具有显著的经济、社会和生态效益，具有较好的经济价值和应用前景。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种龟裂碱土的改良方法，其特征在于包括以下处理步骤：
    1)在土地表面施改良剂、肥料，并对土地进行深松深翻使改良剂、肥料和土壤充分混合；
    2)在整块土地的一外侧开设排水沟；
    3)在土地上垂直于排水沟的方向开设暗沟，并向暗沟内依次填充砾石、秸秆、土直至与土地水平面齐平；
    4)对土地进行均匀灌水、洗盐压碱；
    5)待经过步骤4)处理后的土地干燥后，种植耐盐碱植物；
    6)在植物生长期内根据需要进行灌水，灌完立马排干，确保田间不能积水，降水和灌水后及时破除板结，植物成熟收获后，对土地再次进行深翻；
    7)冬季再次进行灌水、压碱保墒，所述灌水量为80m3～100m3/亩。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的龟裂碱土的改良方法，其特征在于，所述步骤1)之前需要将土地平整，高低差不超过5cm。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的龟裂碱土的改良方法，其特征在于，所述步骤1)中的改良剂为脱硫石膏、糠醛渣、黄沙、有机肥的混合物。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的龟裂碱土的改良方法，其特征在于，所述步骤1)中的肥料为有机肥和无机肥的混合物，所述有机肥为农家肥。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的龟裂碱土的改良方法，其特征在于，所述步骤2)中的排水沟与土地连接处有坡度。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的龟裂碱土的改良方法，其特征在于，所述步骤3)中的暗沟，其深度为100cm～120cm，宽为25cm～40cm。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的龟裂碱土的改良方法，其特征在于，所述步骤3)中铺设的砾石层厚为30cm～40cm，铺设的秸秆层厚为35cm～45cm。
  8. 根据权利要求1所述的龟裂碱土的改良方法，其特征在于，所述 步骤4)前，需要在土地内打高埂，将土地划分为多个面积为1～2亩的小区域；
    所述步骤4)中灌水定额为4300m3/hm2～4800m3/hm2，共分三次灌水，第一次灌完24小时后，待各区域水排干后进行第二次灌水,48小时后，待各区域水排干后进行第三次灌水。
  9. 根据权利要求1所述的龟裂碱土的改良方法，其特征在于，所述步骤6)中，土地再次深翻的深度为30cm～40cm，深翻后进行晒垡一段时间，如遇降雨及时耙磨保墒。
  10. 根据权利要求1所述的龟裂碱土的改良方法，其特征在于，所述步骤3)中的暗沟为多个，彼此间的间距为4m～8m。
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