WO2018143985A1 - Appareil, procédé et système pour conversion chimique ou biologique distribuée en numérique en informations numériques à l'aide de fréquences radio - Google Patents

Appareil, procédé et système pour conversion chimique ou biologique distribuée en numérique en informations numériques à l'aide de fréquences radio Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018143985A1
WO2018143985A1 PCT/US2017/016104 US2017016104W WO2018143985A1 WO 2018143985 A1 WO2018143985 A1 WO 2018143985A1 US 2017016104 W US2017016104 W US 2017016104W WO 2018143985 A1 WO2018143985 A1 WO 2018143985A1
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Prior art keywords
colony
resonator
chemical
dielectric
dielectric medium
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PCT/US2017/016104
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English (en)
Inventor
John William HODGES Jr.
Marc Edward RIPPEN
Original Assignee
Hodges John William Jr
Rippen Marc Edward
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Application filed by Hodges John William Jr, Rippen Marc Edward filed Critical Hodges John William Jr
Priority to PCT/US2017/016104 priority Critical patent/WO2018143985A1/fr
Publication of WO2018143985A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018143985A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/0004—Gaseous mixtures, e.g. polluted air
    • G01N33/0009—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment
    • G01N33/0073—Control unit therefor
    • G01N33/0075—Control unit therefor for multiple spatially distributed sensors, e.g. for environmental monitoring
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/02—Food

Definitions

  • Embodiments relate to temperature, chemical and biological sensing RFID tags. Every day, millions of tons of perishable goods are produced, transported, stored or distributed worldwide. These products are considered perishable because the internal biological and chemical processes continue within perishable goods after harvesting or manufacture. These products can be food items, such as, but not limited to, fruit, vegetables, flowers, fish, meat and dairy products or medical products like drugs, blood, vaccines, organs, plasma and tissues. Some chemicals and electronic components are also sensitive. All of these products can have their properties or quality change rapidly when faced with inadequate environmental conditions during transport or storage.
  • Waste begins in the field or factory and needs to be managed from harvest or manufacturing through to delivery to the retail store. Every year in the U.S., there are approximately 7.59 million truckloads of perishable goods carried on 182 million pallets in 4.37 billion boxes with values up to $85,000 per pallet. This is a very large logistics problem spanning the U.S., Canada and Mexico and margins are razor thin in the shipping industry.
  • FIG. 2 is presentative of the issues that are encountered with RFID technology.
  • Carton and item level tagging is desired because it allows much higher granularity of the Chemical and Biological measurements (e.g. it allows measurement at the individual package level rather than the pallet level in current devices.
  • Current RFID solutions providers are driving the current market push.
  • current RFID Technology has reached a technological plateau. This is not for lack of trying. This is demonstrated by the introduction of semi-active or battery operated passive (“BOP") temperature logging RFID tags as a stopgap.
  • a feature of the inventive concept is that it allows much higher granularity of the Chemical and Biological measurements (e.g. it allows measurement at the individual Package level rather than the Pallet or Truck Load level in current devices.
  • a further problem with both the Active and "Semi-passive" temperature sensing RFID tags is they can only infer the amount biological and chemical decay based on historical data logs. It is obvious direct biological and chemical measurement of the decay process is preferable to any estimate based on temperature history.
  • Temperature logging is inferior in every respect because it can only estimate based on historical data. Historical data for each product is simply not available so existing devices are currently expending R&D capital to build the required data sets.
  • the present invention provides a set of two apparatus for sensing the
  • a system comprises at least one resonator located within a first electrical dielectric medium where a product is located, the product emits at least one chemical as the product ages, and transmitter located at a dielectric boundary of said first electrical dielectric medium to provide communications to an external analyzer of data emitted by the at least one resonator and to provide electrical energy to the resonator by way of radio waves.
  • FIG. 1 Shows an illustrative diagram of the current state of the art
  • FIG.2 shows an illustrative diagram of an embodiment of a system
  • FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of a resonator
  • FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of the resonator
  • FIG. 5 shows an embodiment of the resonator from another view
  • [0055] 6 shows a block diagram of Part B of the system
  • FIG. 7 shows an embodiment of a system used with a pallet of product
  • FIG. 8 shows an illustrative diagram of RF radiation patterns inside a pallet
  • FIG. 9 shows a flowchart of an embodiment of a method
  • FIG. 10 shows a flowchart of an embodiment of another method
  • FIG. 11 shows a graphical illustration of the method in FIG. 10
  • FIG. 12 shows a flowchart of an embodiment of a third method
  • FIG. 13 shows a block diagram of a Hidden Markov Model
  • FIG. 14 shows a graphical representation of temperature versus mission time
  • FIG. 15 shows a graphical representation of metabolite versus mission time.
  • the key enabling technology linking these two areas is a conversion technology that converts chemical or biological information into electrical signals and providing the ability to collect and analyze essential data on the state of the chemical analyte, biomolecules and cells (chemical, physical, structural, functional) wirelessly.
  • An object of an embodiment of the invention is to provide a solution to food spoilage and waste by providing stakeholders with actionable data about the quality and condition of their product as it moves through the supply chain in order to better manage waste from the field or factory to the customer automatically and wirelessly.
  • a further object of an embodiment of the invention is to eliminate electrochemical batteries in contact with a fresh food product as these devices can contaminate the food product.
  • FIG.2 shows an illustrative diagram of an embodiment of a system.
  • the system 100 comprises a RFID tag system providing a set of two apparatus, a Part A and Part B for sensing a concentration of a chemical or biological analyte and the chemical or biological analyte temperature, communicating data derived thereof and a system acting as a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag, wherein the RFID tag is in direct contact with the analyte to be measured.
  • RFID radio frequency identification
  • Part A may comprise a temperature sensor and a chemical sensor. Part A may also be considered a resonator.
  • the sensors may be immersed in at least one of a liquid analyte, gaseous analyte or combination (chemical analyte) 115 thereof in an electrical dielectric medium of interest.
  • Non-limiting examples of the dielectric medium may comprise the produce, such as, but limited to, produce, a gas, such as, but not limited to oxygen, surrounding the product, and another resonator within the produce area, as disclosed further herein.
  • Part A may communicate, using radio waves, as a non-limiting example, to at least the Part B which may be located on a boundary of and/or perhaps, extending into the dielectric material at the boundary of the electrical dielectric mediums of interest
  • Part B may comprise, in general, transmitter. As explained further herein, the transmitter at least comprises radio system. Also shown is a computing device to perform analysis of information obtain from Part A. As is further shown, two dielectric material are provided. A first dielectric material is within a location where measurements are being taken. A second dielectric material is outside of the location where measurements are being taken. Thus, Part A is within the first dielectric material whereas Part B is within the second dielectric material. As further shown a plurality of resonators, or Part A are expected to be used. They may collectively be referred to as a colony. A single Part B is used with respect to a particular colony.
  • a liquid analyte or gaseous analyte 301 or combination (generally referred to as a chemical analyte 1 IS) is shown which is in an electrical dielectric medium of interest
  • a removable label 303 and a fixed label 304 are also disclosed, which are attachable to an outer cover or surface of the Part A.
  • a housing 301 provides a dielectric medium around the resonator 309. Though not shown, the housing also has at least one component to maintain alignment of the resonator under mechanical vibration 319, referred to as an anti-vibration support 319. More specifically, the resonator may be arranged where it has to maintain a certain position with respect to the produce. The components to maintain alignment are provided reduce vibrational effects, such as experienced during transport to misalign the resonator.
  • a mechanism 308 for delivering gaseous or a liquid analytes to the said area is provided.
  • the analytes includes chemicals that are naturally emitted from the product as a normal part of its chemical processes.
  • the chemical process is a non-reversible process as the process is due to time and age.
  • This mechanism may be holes within outer cover.
  • at least one antenna in the form of an electrically small magnetic dipole 302 is provided. Further shown is at least one first sensor comprising an area of a reversible chemoresistive surface VR
  • the potentiostatic measurement circuit 305 coupled to a potentiostatic measurement circuit 306.
  • a temperature sensor 306 is coupled to a temperature sensor 307 by way a two-to-one multiplexer 313 which provides for switching when commanded.
  • An analog to digital converter 312 is provided.
  • a clock recovery mechanism 314 is also provided.
  • the apparatus 300 may, possibly operate in a gaseous medium, or in a liquid medium isolated by a protective housing 309 creating an air space around the antenna 302.
  • the apparatus 300 may, possibly be protected from mechanical crushing forces by the protective housing creating an air space around the antenna 302.
  • the apparatus 300 may, possibly incorporate features that maintain optimum orientation from mechanical vibrational forces by a protective housing creating an air space around the antenna 302.
  • the circuit 330 may, possibly contain a silicon microchip and at least one sensor is configured to sense a specific analytes concentration or other such data deemed appropriate.
  • the antenna 302 which may be, but is not limited to, electrically small magnetic dipole antenna, may receive RF energy and to transmit the energy simultaneously wherein the signal is an electromagnetic radio frequency signal.
  • the first electrical dielectric medium of interest 301 has an electromagnetic wave number greater than or equal to three times said second dielectric medium of interest 302. Under this condition the step change in the dielectric causes the electromagnetic wave inside the first dielectric medium 301 to be reflected back into the first dielectric medium 301. It is important to note that this mechanism causes severe phase distortion of the electromagnetic signal and it is for this reason many of the features of the invention will be apparent to those art exist and are different than conventional radio practice.
  • Part A does not contain a battery or conventional oscillator circuit. Excluding these components provide for both lower costs and prevention of contamination of food products.
  • the sensor 330 is created using a chemoresistive surface 30S and senses a specific analytes concentration or other such data deemed appropriate.
  • Wireless operation is provided using a clock recovery circuit 314 which recovers clock information modulated on a RF signal, and also receives commands modulated on a RF signal from and only from apparatus Part B described below. On command this circuit acts on the combination of recovered clock information and commands to initiate and perform analog to digital conversion on a voltage signal generated from a potentiostatic measurement circuit 306 sensing a specific analytes concentration, temperature or other such data deemed appropriate.
  • the potentiostatic measurement circuit 306 may be replaced with a suitable galvanometric measurement circuit.
  • the digital output value from the A/D circuit 312 is digitally magnitude compared to a digital reference value temporarily stored in the temporary memory circuit 324, from the commands noted above and if the output of the digital magnitude comparator is logically TRUE the data from the circuit permanently holding digital data 325 is read out in a bitwise manner to said RF modulator structure or if logically FALSE no digital data is read out.
  • the above digital data stored in the memory 325 may provide for a unique identification code value, such as, but not limited to, 24 bits, encoded with code value that is a known orthogonal code or "gold" code at the time of manufacture. For security reasons, the size of the "gold" and the gearing ratio or modulo is variable providing an encryption mechanism where the encoding operation is accomplished using a logical Exclusive OR function though other functions can be used and is not reprogrammable in the field.
  • the output from the digital data stored in the memory 325 is used to drive a modulator thus creating RF modulation in an amplitude-shift keying or off-on-keying modulated signal representing the encoded digital representation of the identification code value where the identification code value references the printed label and to transmits the modulated signal using the antenna
  • the antenna 302 may acts as an electromagnetic RF summing device combining each tags unique RF modulation with a plurality of other similarly uniquely encoded tags RF modulation in supposition or summing as a response signal in electromagnetic space.
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 shows an embodiment of the resonator.
  • the casing or cover 319 is shown.
  • the sensor 330 and circuit is located within the cover 319. It is held in place by a first component to ensure orientation and non-movement within the cover 319.
  • the components providing non-vibration support and orientation are also shown, though more clearly in FIG. 5. Also visible is the mechanism 308 for delivering, or allowing to pass, gaseous or a liquid analytes to the said area.
  • Part B apparatus In general, a transmitter located at a dielectric boundary of the first electrical dielectric medium to provide
  • Part B comprises an external radio system 401.
  • a first antenna tuned to radio frequencies of Part A in the form of a feed suitable for exciting an electrically dielectric resonant structure 402 is shown.
  • a second antenna tuned to the external radio systems frequencies 403.
  • An electrical battery 404, located outside of the housing of the product is shown.
  • a fixed label 405 is also provided.
  • a set of connections providing for the formation in the structure of layers of conducting material comprising a circuit is shown.
  • a circuit 406 may be for power management from the battery 406.
  • the overall circuit, or Part B also may comprise a permanent digital memory 407.
  • the overall circuit may comprising an alterable digital memory 408.
  • the overall circuit may comprise a digital processor 409,
  • Other components may include, but are not limited to a radio frequency power amplifier 410 connected to said first antenna tuned to radio frequencies of said apparatus first part connected to said feed suitable for exciting an electrically dielectric resonant structure, an impedance shifter circuit 411 to alter the impedance of the antenna tuned to radio frequencies of the Part A connected to the feed suitable for exciting an electrically dielectric resonant structure, a RF modulator 412 for off-on-keying, (OOK) or amplitude shift keying, (ASK) modulation acting as a transmitter for a reference value, command and clock.
  • a radio frequency power amplifier 410 connected to said first antenna tuned to radio frequencies of said apparatus first part connected to said feed suitable for exciting an electrically dielectric resonant structure
  • an impedance shifter circuit 411 to alter the impedance of the antenna tuned to radio frequencies of the Part A connected to the feed suitable for exciting an electrically dielectric
  • a RF Demodulator 413 may be provided to act as an envelope detector demodulator for off-on-keying, (OOK) or amplitude shift keying, (ASK) modulation acting as a receiver for encoded RF inductive coupling modulation in supposition or summing as a response signal from a plurality of said apparatus first part;
  • a permanent digital memory 414 comprising a transmitter and receiver tuned to the external radio systems frequencies may be provided.
  • An indicator light which may include an resonance adjustment circuit 801 and second electrically small antenna in the form of a magnetic dipole inductively coupled to the first electrically small antenna 802 may also be provided.
  • the Part B apparatus is located on the boundary of first electrical dielectric medium of interest 301 where this dielectric medium has an electromagnetic wave number greater than or equal to three times the second dielectric medium of interest 302. Additionally, there is no conductive surface at this boundary.
  • the Part B apparatus uses an antenna 402 as a feed. Mechanically this antenna slips in between individual boxes on a pallet in the preferred embodiment Antenna 402 takes the form of an electrically small magnetic dipole tuned to radio frequencies of the apparatus part A where this feed excites an electrically dielectric resonant structure formed by the conditions noted above.
  • This feed 402 is designed to be relocatable to accommodate differing pallet configurations with different dielectric properties.
  • the circuit structure comprises a radio frequency power amplifier connected to the first antenna 402 tuned to radio frequencies of the apparatus Part A exciting the electrically dielectric resonant structure.
  • This circuit comprising a radio frequency power amplifier 410, the resonant structure described above and plurality of antennas 302 and RF power harvesters 321 provides electrical power to the plurality of the Apparatus Part A.
  • the circuit combines a radio frequency transmitter acting as a modulator 412 for off-on-keying, (OOK) or amplitude shift keying, (ASK) modulation acting as a transmitter for a reference value, command and clock.
  • This circuit comprising the modulator 412, a radio frequency power amplifier 410, the resonant structure described above and plurality of antennas 302 and clock recovery circuits 314 provides reference values, control signals and clock signals to the plurality of the Part A.
  • a circuit comprising the radio frequency receiver 413 alternatively acts as an demodulator for off-on-keying, (OOK) or amplitude shift keying, (ASK) modulation acting as a receiver encoded RF modulation in supposition or summing as a response signal from a plurality of Part A.
  • OSK off-on-keying
  • ASK amplitude shift keying
  • the permanent digital memory 407, alterable digital memory 408 and digital processor 409 perform a mathematical despreading operation on received encoded RF modulation from 413 in supposition or summing as a response signal from all transmitting Part A.
  • the output of this despreading operation using the a priori stored identification values and encoding code is configured to place the results of the despreading operation combined with a bit weight established by the transmitted reference value into memory corresponding to address locations corresponding to priori stored identification values of the priori stored identification values.
  • the individual information is filtered and decimated using the digital processor whereby the digital representation of concentration of a chemical or biological analyte acting on the chemoresistive surface of each of Part A. Since the reference value and thus the bit weight can, perhaps, be varied in subsequent operations a complete image of the of concentration of a chemical or biological analyte can be obtained in the manner of a successive approximation converter and stored said in memory.
  • the second antenna 403 When the second antenna 403 is tuned to the external radio frequencies, it receives signals from the external radio system 401.
  • the circuit comprises a transmitter and receiver circuit 413 the circuit comprising the permanent digital memory 407, alterable digital memory 408 and digital processor 409 receives an external command from 401 to transmit the set of information from memory corresponding to address locations corresponding to priori stored identification values of Apparatus Part A.
  • the visual indicator 414 can be triggered by either the external radio system 401 and receiver circuit 413 or digital processor 409 upon external or internal command.
  • FIG. 7 shows an embodiment of the system, comprising the apparatus, used with a pallet of produce.
  • a part of the sensor tag apparatus Part A is placed inside each carton, case or item as warranted as it is packed and placed on a pallet.
  • the chemical, biological and temperature sensors are in direct contact with the fresh food product and are constructed of materials compatible with fresh food products.
  • Part B is attached external to the cartons.
  • FIG. 8 shows an embodiment of the system with RF radiation patterns. As shown, Part B is in communication with the colony of a plurality of Part A's. The sensor tags, Part A's, measure various physical attributes of the produce.
  • FIG. 9 shows a flowchart of an embodiment of a method.
  • the method may be used for controlling, clocking and synchronizing a number of sensing RFID tags forming a colony inside an electrical dielectric medium of interest for the purpose of communicating data derived thereof acting as radio frequency identification (RFID) tag .
  • the method may comprise a plurality of first radio frequency identification (RFID) tag apparatus of part A as described herein as colony members with at least one of second radio frequency identification (RFID) tag apparatus of part B as described herein as a colony coordinator.
  • the colony consists of a plurality of first radio frequency identification (RFID) tag apparatus as colony members where the colony members are queried simultaneously and the response of the interrogated tags are collectively clock synchronized by at least one colony coordinator.
  • the colony members may be controlled by the colony coordinator so that control involves using a synchronization method based on switching on/off the electromagnetic RF field of the apparatus of claim a B acting a colony coordinator tag that powers the Colony member tags by interrupting the wireless power supply generated by electromagnetic RF field of the colony coordinator.
  • a synchronization method based on switching on/off the electromagnetic RF field of the apparatus of claim a B acting a colony coordinator tag that powers the Colony member tags by interrupting the wireless power supply generated by electromagnetic RF field of the colony coordinator.
  • a modulated start bit in a time slot followed by transmitting the subsequently bit stream in regular sized time slots.
  • the circuit logic in the colony members clock & reset circuit is tuned to interpret request orders sent from said colony coordinator device based on capacitor discharge behavior and voltage comparator device in the colony members.
  • Parallel to the circuit logic in the colony members clock & reset circuit is a circuit logic that detects the external clock synchronization request, an internal clock counter in said clock & reset circuit resets the bit index, and start increasing the count when the next intermission is registered so that the colony member tag acquires the actual bit position in the bit sequence in addition to the clock detection circuit a using a memory to preserve the bit index.
  • This memory storage device keeps the storage contents even if the colony tag is not powered for a short term.
  • the colony coordinator causes an intermission to signal the next time slot for transmission, there before increasing the bit index an additional memory buffer stores temporarily the current bit index and induces the bit transmission, there after increasing the bit index a delayed rewritten in the bit index buffer thereby providing the required delay for stabilized rewriting.
  • queries are made to the colony member tags simultaneously and the response of the interrogated colony member tags are collectively clock synchronized and data synchronized by the colony coordinator.
  • the colony coordinator issues commands to all colony members at the time, no individual addressing of colony members is required.
  • the colony coordinator commands issued to the Colony members are at a minimum, Measurement Type, (Temperature or Chemical or Biological measurement),
  • a third type of command Resonant Frequency Adjustment may, perhaps be issued.
  • the colony coordinator In the normal sequence of events, the colony coordinator energizes the RF Field thus supplying energy to the colony members using their internal energy harvesting circuit as described above. After a period of time, the colony members will become clock synchronized to the colony coordinator using the clock synchronization and reset circuit as described above. After a period of time, the colony coordinator issues a Measurement Type command, a
  • the clock signal generated by the colony coordinator is used to clock the Analog to Digital conversion process the colony coordinator. After a period of time the colony coordinator issues a Change of State command and the colony members are instructed to either start with data transmission or, to send the next bit of their binary information. If no further information from the colony members is needed the colony coordinator de-energizes the RF Field after a period of time placing the colony members into a de-energized ready to enter a reset state, or, in another embodiment, if further information from the colony members is needed the colony coordinator sends a Change of State command and the colony members are thus instructed to receive addition commands such as Measurement Type and Measurand Reference Value.
  • FIG 10 Another method in conjunction with the prior method for receiving sensor data from a number of sensing RFID tags forming a colony inside an electrical dielectric medium of interest for the purpose of communicating data derived thereof acting as radio frequency identification (RFID) tag is disclosed.
  • a plurality of first radio frequency identification (RFID) tag apparatus of part A as described above as colony members are provided.
  • At least one of second radio frequency identification (RFID) tag apparatus of part B as described above as colony coordinator is also provided. All colony members comprise a plurality of first radio frequency identification (RFID) tag apparatus as noted above response are synchronized into time slots at the current bit index using the method disclosed in FIG.
  • colony members transmit to the colony coordinator using for off-on-keying, (OOK) or amplitude shift keying, (ASK) modulation in supposition or summing as a response signal from a plurality of colony members to the colony coordinator.
  • the colony coordinator performs a mathematical despreading operation on said received encoded RF modulation in supposition or summing as a response signal from a plurality of colony members using both a priori stored identification values and encoding values wherein the following steps are repeated on the plurality of colony members.
  • the colony coordinator calculates a probability that an individual colony member has responded indicating that a particular colony member senses a measurement value higher than the reference value transmitted by the colony coordinator during the operation of the FIG. 9 method described above as graphically illustrated in FIG. 9A, tags #1 to #n.
  • the colony coordinator places the results of the despreading operation into an individual memory location reserved for the specific a priori stored identification value for that specific colony member tags #1 to #n.
  • the colony coordinator calculates a combined with a bit weight established by the transmitted reference value from the FIG.
  • the colony coordinator performs filtering and decimation operations on the individual colony member combined bit weights in memory whereby the digital representation of said concentration of a chemical or biological analyte acting on the chemoresistive functionalized surface of each sensor or temperature of that specific colony member tags #1 to #n.
  • the colony coordinator may, perhaps vary the Reference Values using the FIG. 9 method described above to obtain in the manner of a successive approximation converter a variable resolution ensemble of the digital representation of the concentration of a chemical or biological analyte acting on said functionalized surface of each sensor or temperature of that specific colony member tags #1 to #n, wherein said ensemble is stored in memory as graphically illustrated in FIG. 11. B, C and D.
  • Tag #1 would read binary 1001
  • Tag #2 would read binary 0001
  • Tag # 3 would read binary XI 10
  • Tag #4 would read binary 1010 where X denotes an uncertain value.
  • FIGS. 9 and 10 query the colony of tags simultaneously and the digital representation of a concentration of a chemical or biological analyte acting on said chemoresistive functionalized surface of each sensor or temperature of the interrogated colony member tags are collectively obtained and providing the temperature, concentration of a chemical or biological analyte data physically inside each carton or item and relaying this data to external information processes inside an electrical dielectric medium of interest thus fulfilling the object of the invention.
  • the Third Method consists of two parts. A first part involves adjusting an overall resonance of the dielectric resonator by measuring the forward and the reflected RF power delivered by the power amplifier 410 of apparatus Part B connected to RF feed antenna 402 at a given radio frequency.
  • a current sample 180° out of phase with the actual current being detected is required.
  • voltage and current are sampled at the Resonant adjustment circuit 801 and antenna 802 electromagnetically coupled to the RF feed antenna 402 and summed to produce a signal that is detected with a diode to give a dc signal that is proportional to the square root of reflected power.
  • the method iteratively changes the electrical characteristics of the resonant adjustment circuit 801 until impedance matching is achieved within a margin of error wherein the voltage and current samples present nearly equal amplitudes at the summation point and are nearly exactly out of phase with each other within a tolerance, giving a very small or zero summation signal. This is also peak-detected to give a dc signal ' proportional to the square root of reflected power.
  • the actual load impedance at power amplifier 410 is the combination of its own impedance, the impedance of the RF feed antenna 402, the combination of the Resonant adjustment circuit 801 and antenna 802 and most importantly the combination of the dielectric resonator formed by the medium of interest and the plurality of RFID tag apparatus Part A located in the dielectric resonator formed by the medium of interest.
  • the first part of the method shown in FIG. 12 iterates until no changes in the ratio of the forward and the reflected RF is achieved.
  • a second step 1220 of the method 1200 provides for adjusting the overall resonance of the dielectric resonator by commanding all of RFID tag apparatus Part A to change the resonance created by the combination of the dielectric resonator formed by the medium of interest and the plurality of RFID tag apparatus Part A located in the dielectric resonator formed by the medium of interest using commands received to alter the impedance using a Resonance Adjustment Circuit 703 and antenna 702 electromagnetically coupled to the RF antenna 302 of the RFID tag apparatus Part A.
  • the second step 1220 iteratively changes the electrical characteristics of the resonant adjustment circuit 703 and antenna 702 electromagnetically coupled to antenna 302 using commands from RFID tag apparatus Part B until impedance matching is achieved by measuring the forward and the reflected RF power delivered by the power amplifier 410 of apparatus Part B connected to RF feed antenna 402 at a given radio frequency as described above in the first step 1210 of the method 1200 where by adjustments Resonant adjustment circuit 801 and antenna 802 are not made.
  • the actual load impedance at power amplifier 410 is the combination of its own impedance, the impedance of the RF feed antenna 402, the combination of the Resonant adjustment circuit 801 and antenna 802 and most importantly the combination of the dielectric resonator formed by the medium of interest and the plurality of RFID tag apparatus Part A located in the dielectric resonator formed by the medium of interest and the resonant adjustment circuit 703 and antenna 702
  • the second step 1220 iterates until no changes in the ratio of the forward and the reflected RF is achieved.
  • both steps 1210, 1220 maximizes the resonance of the dielectric resonator formed by the medium of interest to optimize the power transfer and communications to the plurality of RFID tag apparatus Part A located in the dielectric resonator formed by the medium of interest is achieved.
  • the system shown in FIG. 2 whereby may organize a great plurality of first radio frequency identification (RFID) tag apparatus of part A as described above as colony members as a subset of a plurality of second radio frequency identification (RFID) tag apparatus of part B as described above as colony coordinator as a set utilizing the method of FIG. 10 and the method of FIG. 11 each reporting chemical, biological and temperature information into a colony whereby said system decodes said chemical and biological information and processes said information from each individual colony members sensor tags is a member utilizing a known code sequence to form an electronic digital domain representation of said chemical, biological and temperature information.
  • RFID radio frequency identification
  • the system may comprise a plurality of first radio frequency identification (RFID) tag apparatus of part A as described above as colony members, and at least one of second radio frequency identification (RFID) tag apparatus.
  • RFID radio frequency identification
  • a label reading device may be connected to a first mobile device apparatus, said device is connected to the internet
  • a computer is provided as an analysis element connected to the internet.
  • the system formats both the set and subsets of decoded chemical and biological information thereof for relay to a gateway element for either immediate or delayed retransmission to the computer analysis element.
  • the system contains a computer analysis element performing computations on said information to estimate the amount of Chemical and Biological analyte and temperature characteristics sensed by each individual member of each colony.
  • the system 100 may also organize an even greater plurality of sensor tags each reporting chemical, biological and temperature information into many colonies whereby said system obtains data from thousands of colony member tags thereby harvested by a plurality of colony coordinators and further the data from thousands of colonies whereby the system organizes groups of these colonies each reporting chemical, biological and temperature information into groups of colonies whereby the system decodes the temperature chemical and biological information and processes the information from each of the colony member sensor tags in a time correlated database to form an electronic digital domain representation of said chemical, biological and temperature information for further analysis, said system formats the time series database based on the interpreted chemical and biological information for relay back to a decision point thus creating actionable intelligence of decay at the carton and item level.
  • the application is toward shipping carton and item level tagging e.g., where a plurality of said cartons and perhaps, Items are equipped with colony members sensor tags apparatus of part A as described above incorporating a method described above combined with a single a single signal processing bridge apparatus of part B managing the colony as colony coordinator mounted on a shipping pallet whereby said bridge apparatus of part B decodes and converts said information from the members of the Colony to standard digital formats to both sense and relay said Chemical & Biological decay information at the shipping carton level back to a decision point thus creating actionable intelligence of decay at the carton and item level.
  • Embodiments disclosed herein are based on a Hidden Markov model (HMM) for the assessment of the deterioration of the product.
  • HMM is a statistical model in which the system being modeled is assumed to be a Markov process with unobserved (hidden) states.
  • Hidden Markov models (HMM) are based on the estimation of a transition matrix which states the probability that the assessment of a product changes from one category to another. They also include conditional probabilities that reflect random errors in the assessment
  • each individual produce has its own chemical state-space representation, a mathematical model of the physical system as a set of input, output and state variables related by first-order differential equations.
  • State Space refers to the space whose axes are the state variables.
  • the state of the berry as a chemical system can be represented as a vector within that space.
  • Input States are measurable values such as temperature and humidity and Output States are primarily volatile organic compounds (VOC's) and heat. State Variables are based on a rate of reaction, (this may be different than Respiratory Quotient (RQ) of the respiratory metabolism. This process of respiration involves combining 02 in the air with organic molecules in the tissue (usually a sugar) to form various VOC compounds and eventually C02 and water. Closely coupled but an independent state is the energy produced by the series of reactions making up respiration. This energy can be captured as high-energy bonds in compounds used by the cell in subsequent reactions, or it can be lost as heat. The energy and organic molecules produced during respiration are used by other metabolic processes to maintain the health of the commodity. (Heat produced during respiration is also known as "vital heat," and it contributes to the refrigeration load that must be considered in designing storage areas.)
  • each individual produce in a carton or another housing embodiment herein apply an assumption that closely located product (in a particular container) create an ensemble that is reasonably constant in geometry and mass so that individual product state-vector distributions create a Gaussian state-vector or ensemble state-vector for the product in the housing and, related ensembles of produce state- vector distributions create an ensemble state vector for a larger collection of packages, such as, but not limited to a pallet.
  • the distributions become closer to Gaussian, even if the initial ones are clearly non-Gaussian.
  • FIG. 12 is a graph illustrating temperature over a mission time. As shown, using embodiments disclosed herein, temperature is accurately tracked where drastic changes are able to be identified based on a time during a mission (transport time).
  • FIG. 13 is a graph showing metabolite data during a mission. Specific, metabolite is normalized to a length of one over a length of the mission. The mean temperature is also shown over the length of the mission.
  • the potentiostatic measurement circuit 306 can be replaced with a galvanometric measurement circuit
  • the battery 404 and second radio external radio system 413 and antenna 403 tuned to a second radio frequency can be replaced with a wired interface circuit to an external interface.
  • the inventive System, Method and apparatus will function as described above if bounded by an electrical conductor.
  • Dry-bulk is a term used to describe ocean going vessels that have 4-9 cargo holds into which coal, ore, metals, fertilizer, and grains can be directly poured into and easily discharged in bulk. These vessels are configured differently than general cargo (tween deck vessels), tanker, liquid bulk, and container ships.
  • the world dry-bulk fleet is comprised of various cargo size vessels. The larger ships, from Suezmax and up, are not typically used to carry grains and oil seeds. The focus of this embodiment will be on agricultural- type commodities such as grain and animal feedstuff's, but some of the principles will apply equally to other cargoes,
  • a plurality of the apparatus Part A as described above is placed inside in the material, for example wheat, as it is packed the hold of the bulk carrier.
  • a Bulk Carrier carrying wheat has a low dielectric permittivity, wheat, bounded by a good conductor, the steel structure of the ship that none the less can form a resonator possible to excite the resonators used in the colony members to both provide power and communicate with the colony coordinators, one per hold.
  • the feed 402 used in the apparatus Part B, colony coordinators as described above are used to excite a dielectric resonator formed by the wheat/steel hull combination per hold to reflect and distribute EM radiation inside the hold.
  • This embodiment can be used to detect condensation (ship's sweat) wetting of bulk cargoes which is essentially a surface phenomenon and rarely penetrates more than a few centimeters into a stow. It happens when the steelwork is cooled by external conditions leading to moisture deposition on the cold steel.
  • This moisture migration is a more complex phenomenon and is usually caused by temperature differences. Moisture tends to move from warmer cargo into cooler parts of the stow. Large movements of moisture only take place when there are large temperature differences affecting large areas. Usually moisture migration involves moisture being driven upwards in the stow by warm cargo.
  • cargo can become cooled by external conditions, and this may result in moisture migrating to that cooler cargo which then deteriorates. This only affects cargo at or very near the periphery of a stow.
  • moisture migration is caused when cargo becomes warmed. This can take place by heat transfer from an external source such as a bunker tank.
  • the amount of bulk cargo which can be damaged by an external heating source tends to be limited and restricted to that adjacent to the source, but there can be some spread of damage away from the immediate area by moisture migration. It is unusual, however, to see this spread far into the stow.
  • shippers will be able to understand exactly what the condition of the bulk cargo is during transit Using the system shippers can dynamically match bulk destination and distribution routing with relative shelf life expectancy to ensure delivered product freshness to make meaningful decisions about a particular ship load.
  • an object of the invention using a and moisture and temperature sensor to monitor and report the severity of moisture in bulk cargos such as grains utilizing the System combined with ships wireless reporting network, and possibly, algorithms for processing the signals being output by the sensors, Methods and Apparatus described above thus creating an RFID tag of the type described above used advantageously to make a moisture and temperature detecting solution to reduce Ocean Cargo Insurance Premiums is realized.
  • the method and apparatus described above can be read using mobile readers and the results linked back to a cloud based Anti-Counterfeiting Analyzer platform.
  • the cloud based Anti-Counterfeiting Analyzer platform compares the encrypted ID number that is referenced back to the specific tagging solution set and starting concentration or other such data deemed appropriates, the time and the temperature log to form an mathematical inverse estimate of the expected decay products based on the algorithm. If this estimate is in variance with measured data and a history the product will be flagged and these results communicated to the impact point in the supply chain for action.
  • the drug production plants are blind to the exact inert carrier tagging solutions and concentration or other such data deemed appropriates actually employed on a lot- by-lot basis eliminating production plant shrinkage.
  • the introduction point of an adulterant can be determined by reverse tracing the steps of supply chain.
  • the system has deliberate blind spots built in for security.
  • tags using the method and apparatus described above the will interact with a smart phone app though a common carrier onto the internet.
  • the interrogator or smart phone app are blind to what is being sensed.
  • the ID number, the raw sensed analyte and time stamp data will be transmitted over these links to a secure List Server that cross reference the ID number and forward the identity of the chemical and starting concentration or other such data deemed appropriate used in that tag to another secure Analyzing Server.
  • the List Server is also blind to what is being sensed.
  • the Analyzing Server applies the algorithm with the time stamp and actual identity of the chemical and starting concentration or other such data deemed appropriate to determine the tags current values that are compared to the tags supply chain history to authenticate the tag.
  • the Analyzing Server then forwards the status authentication status to an Authentication Server for action.
  • the Analyzing Server is blind to what action if any is performed by the Authentication Server.
  • the FDA is overhauling the food safety system, and companies impacted by the FSMA ruling will be forced to abide by these eventual new regulations. At this time, it is still unknown how soon shippers, drivers, carriers, and receivers of food products must comply. The FDA may seemingly be dragging its feet with regard to the proposed FSMA ruling, since it is immersed in a large undertaking. In spite of the fact that additional time is needed to initiate this enormous ruling, the department is fully intent on enforcing these sanitary and food safety rules in 2015 and early 2016. The FDA is already focusing inspections on companies that deal in food handling, storage, shipping, and sanitation. It will target certain processes within a facility that are most likely to be vulnerable, rather than targeting specific foods or hazards. From the FDA analysis: 1
  • the Intentional Adulteration Group was a 'subset' of the 14,000 companies impacted, and it was comprised of 4,624 companies. This number was calculated by conducting an impact analysis using economics based upon companies doing more than 10 million annually in sales. The analysis was taken using SIC codes and Dunn and Bradstreet reports.
  • an object of the invention advantageously using the utilizing the system, method and apparatus described above designed to target the specific food product itself using the temperature dependence of reaction rates and history to detect spoilage, creating an RFID tag of the type described above using advantageously RF technology, wherein several sensors (each carrying a selective area toward a different chemical species) combined into a wireless sensor grouped on an isolating housing and orientation provided with an appropriate wireless network, and possibly, circuitry and devices for processing the signals being output by the sensors is realized.
  • falsified medicines are a growing risk worldwide. Twenty-four percent of counterfeit products seized at EU borders are
  • Medications that may have been falsified must therefore be furnished with a security feature that can be used to check the authenticity of the medication at any time along the entire supply chain from when it leaves the production facility right through until it is dispensed to the end user. 750 million packages of prescription medications are dispensed every year in Germany alone.
  • the System Method and Apparatus described above has a unique identification number, may possibly, include a temperature-sensing element with temperature logging memory and a single measurand chemical sensor tailored to the specific gas employed.
  • the pharma packaging is designed to release the gas if the packaging is tampered with thereby becoming diluted with room air.
  • the method and apparatus described above can be read using RF readers to detect the introduction of room air. If room air is detected, the product will be flagged and these results communicated to the impact point in the supply chain for action.
  • the introduction point of tampering can be determined by reverse tracing the steps of supply chain.
  • This technology is automatic and is much more effective than a simple bar code in detecting theft, shrinkage, (reducing the amount of pharma in the package), replacement with counterfeits and adulteration.
  • the tags can be made at a price point allowing disposable tags. Many current and costly detection processes could be refined or even discarded though the use of the invention at the point of impact to maintain product 'pedigrees' .
  • the physical wireless layer of the invention takes advantage of the fact that an Electromagnetic, (EM), wave incident on the surface of a dielectric material can either be reflected (i.e. reflected wave) or be transmitted into a material (i.e. transmitted wave).
  • EM Electromagnetic
  • the transmitted wave will be refracted or bent away from its original path. This effect is commonly observed in a glass of water using light, and is known as Snell's Law.
  • the refracted wave is gradually attenuated as it is converted to thermal energy, with exponent proportional to the imaginary components of the dielectric permittivity.
  • the key to the inventive concept is the recognition that a pallet of fresh food can be viewed as a composite RF material and formed into a lossy dielectric resonator rather than a single monolithic block.
  • Effective medium approximations or effective medium theory (sometimes abbreviated as EMA or EMT) which pertains to analytical or theoretical modeling that describes the macroscopic properties of composite materials.
  • Each of the plurality of sensor tag apparatus in the invention contains one of these resonators consisting of an inductive coil and a capacitor. Theoretically it is possible to design these resonators so that at a single frequency the food pallet composite is transparent to EM radiation. However, the invention uses these resonators to both harvest power from the RF feed and communicate with the RF feed circuit. Part of the invention is a method used to "tune" these circuits. Because all RF phase information is lost the inventive method also incorporates the limitation in the communication protocol.
  • a part of the sensor tag apparatus is placed inside each carton, case or item as warranted as it is packed and placed on a pallet.
  • the chemical, biological and temperature sensors are in direct contact with the fresh food product and are constructed of materials compatible with fresh food products as illustrated in FIG 3.
  • the housing of the sensor tag apparatus of the inventive concept functions to prevent mechanical crushing forces during shipping, provide a known dielectric in the reactive electromagnetic field of its antenna and maintain correct orientation of the antenna under mechanical vibrations typical of shipping.
  • the second apparatus in the invention incorporates an RF feed designed to limit such EM radiation leakage while distributing EM energy as uniformly as possible inside the pallet
  • This RF feed allows it to be easily relocated to the optimal feed point for a particular pallet configuration and food type.
  • the plurality of sensor tags apparatus can be thought of as a members of a colony where these sensor tags measure various physical entities as illustrated in FIG. 8.
  • colony members are connected wirelessly with a single processing function inside a battery operated apparatus acting as a colony coordinator equipped with the RF feed device.
  • At least one colony coordinator apparatus is required per pallet but any number can be used to achieve complete EM coverage of the pallet.
  • the colony member apparatus cannot function without a colony coordinator because they have no internal energy source.
  • the colony coordinator is also equipped with a second antenna used to relay stored sensor data from colony members to the internet cloud using high-speed standard RF signals on demand as illustrated in FIG 1.
  • the colony coordinator could query colony member tags individually using any of the well-established protocols. However, implementing these protocols is not feasible since the sensor tags apparatus need to be simple for low cost allowing
  • This communication protocol is specifically designed to match chemical processes rates of change.
  • CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
  • inventive method is designed to use no on tag arbitration in order to simplify the colony member tags apparatus for low costs allowing disposability.
  • the colony coordinator is programed with each colony member's ID number as part of a binding operation when the pallet is originally built up.
  • the colony member ID is used to create a code where the inverse of the received data it is an encrypted image of the ID number.
  • Only colony members with a sensed value exceeding a reference value transmitted by colony coordinator reply with the encoded ID number, not the measured value itself.
  • the RF signal from each colony member is summed in the RF channel with the other replying members. In the colony coordinator this sum is despread in a mathematical operation with a processor using the known colony member's ID number to produce a set of probabilities of which colony members are in fact replying.
  • This set of probabilities is correlated with the reference values so that a sensor bit weight can be assigned to the set of colony members under the control of the colony coordinator.
  • the sensed bit weight is stored in memory as a "virtual tag" per that colony members ID number.
  • the reference values can be changed in successive interrogation rounds in order to form a successive approximation analog to digital converter.
  • This technique works because the input data is very slow matching chemical processes. It has the advantages that the BER is excellent in AGWN & IN, is power efficient and has built-in encryption. The converter resolution is variable and the weighted ensemble is very accurate and also Coherent due to the a priori knowledge of the reference values, ID numbers and encoding values, as well as Stochastic due to the nature of the processes themselves.
  • the data obtained from thousands of colony member tags are harvested by the colony coordinators and further the data from thousands of Colonies where the System organizes groups of these Colonies each reporting chemical, biological and temperature information into groups of Colonies where the System decodes the temperature chemical and biological information and processes the information from each colony member in a time correlated database to form an electronic digital domain representation of chemical, biological and temperature information for further analysis.
  • the System also formats the time series database based on the interpreted chemical and biological information for relay back to a decision point thus creating actionable intelligence of decay at the carton and item level.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
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  • Arrangements For Transmission Of Measured Signals (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un système comprenant au moins un résonateur situé à l'intérieur d'un premier milieu électrique diélectrique dans lequel se trouve un produit, le produit produisant au moins un produit chimique quand le produit vieillit, et un émetteur situé à une limite diélectrique dudit premier milieu diélectrique électrique qui fournit des communications à un analyseur externe de données émises par l'au moins un résonateur et qui fournit de l'énergie électrique au résonateur au moyen d'ondes radio.
PCT/US2017/016104 2017-02-01 2017-02-01 Appareil, procédé et système pour conversion chimique ou biologique distribuée en numérique en informations numériques à l'aide de fréquences radio WO2018143985A1 (fr)

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