Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
  • H04L9/001—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols using chaotic signals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
  • A61B5/0002—Remote monitoring of patients using telemetry, e.g. transmission of vital signals via a communication network
  • A61B5/0004—Remote monitoring of patients using telemetry, e.g. transmission of vital signals via a communication network characterised by the type of physiological signal transmitted
  • A61B5/0013—Medical image data
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
  • A61B5/05—Detecting, measuring or recording for diagnosis by means of electric currents or magnetic fields; Measuring using microwaves or radio waves
  • A61B5/055—Detecting, measuring or recording for diagnosis by means of electric currents or magnetic fields; Measuring using microwaves or radio waves involving electronic [EMR] or nuclear [NMR] magnetic resonance, e.g. magnetic resonance imaging
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
  • G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
  • G01R33/20—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance
  • G01R33/28—Details of apparatus provided for in groups G01R33/44 - G01R33/64
  • G01R33/32—Excitation or detection systems, e.g. using radio frequency signals
  • G01R33/36—Electrical details, e.g. matching or coupling of the coil to the receiver
  • G01R33/3692—Electrical details, e.g. matching or coupling of the coil to the receiver involving signal transmission without using electrically conductive connections, e.g. wireless communication or optical communication of the MR signal or an auxiliary signal other than the MR signal
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
  • G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
  • G01R33/20—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance
  • G01R33/44—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance using nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR]
  • G01R33/48—NMR imaging systems
  • G01R33/54—Signal processing systems, e.g. using pulse sequences ; Generation or control of pulse sequences; Operator console
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
  • G16H—HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE HANDLING OR PROCESSING OF MEDICAL OR HEALTHCARE DATA
  • G16H30/00—ICT specially adapted for the handling or processing of medical images
  • G16H30/20—ICT specially adapted for the handling or processing of medical images for handling medical images, e.g. DICOM, HL7 or PACS
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
  • H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
  • H04L1/0056—Systems characterized by the type of code used
  • H04L1/0061—Error detection codes
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
  • H04L27/001—Modulated-carrier systems using chaotic signals
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
  • H04L27/32—Carrier systems characterised by combinations of two or more of the types covered by groups H04L27/02, H04L27/10, H04L27/18 or H04L27/26
  • H04L27/34—Amplitude- and phase-modulated carrier systems, e.g. quadrature-amplitude modulated carrier systems
  • H04L27/36—Modulator circuits; Transmitter circuits
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
  • H04L63/04—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for providing a confidential data exchange among entities communicating through data packet networks
  • H04L63/0428—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for providing a confidential data exchange among entities communicating through data packet networks wherein the data content is protected, e.g. by encrypting or encapsulating the payload
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
  • H04L67/01—Protocols
  • H04L67/12—Protocols specially adapted for proprietary or special-purpose networking environments, e.g. medical networks, sensor networks, networks in vehicles or remote metering networks
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
  • H04L9/14—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols using a plurality of keys or algorithms
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
  • H04L9/30—Public key, i.e. encryption algorithm being computationally infeasible to invert or user's encryption keys not requiring secrecy
  • H04L9/304—Public key, i.e. encryption algorithm being computationally infeasible to invert or user's encryption keys not requiring secrecy based on error correction codes, e.g. McEliece
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W12/00—Security arrangements; Authentication; Protecting privacy or anonymity
  • H04W12/04—Key management, e.g. using generic bootstrapping architecture [GBA]
  • H04W12/041—Key generation or derivation
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L2209/00—Additional information or applications relating to cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communication H04L9/00
  • H04L2209/88—Medical equipments
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W12/00—Security arrangements; Authentication; Protecting privacy or anonymity
  • H04W12/04—Key management, e.g. using generic bootstrapping architecture [GBA]
  • H04W12/043—Key management, e.g. using generic bootstrapping architecture [GBA] using a trusted network node as an anchor
  • H04W12/0431—Key distribution or pre-distribution; Key agreement

Definitions

• the wireless transmissions need to be both reliable and secure, and should not result in unnecessary processing delays. For example, undetectable errors in data resulting from wireless transmissions might affect a diagnosis or treatment for a subject being imaged by a magnetic resonance imaging system. Additionally, security of data should not be unnecessarily compromised simply due to the use of wireless transmissions.
• a link delay between local radio frequency coils (or Mobile Stations (MSTs)) and the magnetic resonance imaging systems (or Base Stations (BSTs)) should be kept as small as possible, even if this imposes a significant constraint on the amount of signal processing the transmission-reception (Tx-Rx) path can tolerate.
• MSTs Mobile Stations
• BSTs Base Stations
• FIG. 1 is a view of an encryption/decryption system for chaos coding based communications for MRI coils in accordance with a representative embodiment.
• FIG. 2 is a view of a communications system that includes both transmission and reception sections for chaos coding based communications for MRI coils in accordance with a representative embodiment.
• FIG. 3 is another view of a communications system for chaos coding based communications for MRI coils in accordance with a representative embodiment.
• FIG. 4 is a view of a transmission process for chaos coding based communications for MRI coils in accordance with a representative embodiment.
• FIG. 6 is a view of an MRI system for chaos coding based communications for MRI coils in accordance with a representative embodiment.
• chaos coding based communications for MRI coils includes a variety of combined features to ensure accuracy and safety for wireless communications, while still providing a fast processing capability.
• chaos coding is used herein by setting initial conditions which are mapped via chaos/chaotic maps to generate/output encryption keys. The initial conditions are based on operational parameters from an MRI system, so that the encryption keys will vary for each different operation of the MRI system. Thus, the setting the initial conditions and the actual encrypting may be considered separate processes as described herein.
• chaos coding employs the branch of mathematics known as chaos theory.
• Chaos theory involves the behavior of dynamical systems that are extremely sensitive to initial conditions. That is, in dynamical systems, small differences in initial conditions are correlated with widely divergent outcomes, even though the future behavior (outcomes) are determined entirely by the initial conditions.
• the mapping involved in chaos coding is the process by which an initial condition is input to a model of a dynamical system (a "chaotic map") to produce an outcome. This mapping may also be known as logistic mapping.
• the output of the model (chaotic map) is a different encryption key for each different initial condition input to the model.
• the encryption keys output from a chaotic map can be used in encrypting wireless communications including, for example, modulation symbols such as quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signals.
• QAM quadrature amplitude modulation
• a carrier signal is modified in accordance with symbols representing digital data being transmitted.
• QAM signals are thus embodied by the symbols, which in turn are representative of the underlying digital data.
• Real I and imaginary Q components of QAM signals are obtained by a form of mapping different than that described above for chaos coding. That is, the real I and imaginary Q components of QAM signals are obtained in a process known as constellation mapping.
• chaotic mapping can be used to obtain encryption keys based on initial conditions, and constellation mapping can be used to obtain the real I and imaginary Q components of QAM signals which can then be encrypted using the encryption keys.
• QAM is just an example of the forms of modulation that can be used in accordance with the teachings herein.
• FIG. 1 is a view of an encryption/decryption system for chaos coding based communications for MRI coils in accordance with a representative embodiment.
• encryption is performed by an encryption system 100
• decryption is performed by a decryption system 150.
• a first initial condition Co is input to a chaotic sequence A map 115.
• a second initial condition CO is input to a chaotic sequence B map 116.
• the chaotic sequence A map 115 and chaotic sequence B map 116 are each used to generate encryption keys as outputs.
• the output of chaotic sequence A map 115 is shown as Key A
• the output of chaotic sequence B map 116 is shown as Key B.
• encryption sequence keys (Key A and Key B) are composed by chaotic coded sequences.
• the first initial condition Co and second initial condition CO are assumed as inputs to the encryption system 100 and decryption system 150.
• the process of setting the first initial condition Co and second initial condition CO is described beginning for Figure 2.
• the first initial condition Co and second initial condition CO can vary for each operation of an MRI system so that the encryption method varies for each transmission such that the MRI sequences are not fixed whereas the chaotic sequences keep their nature.
• the chaotic sequence A map 115 and chaotic sequence B map 116 may be implemented using a software program stored in a memory and executed by a processor. That is, the process for applying the chaotic sequence A map 115 and chaotic sequence B map 116 to initial conditions Co and CO may be performed by executing software instructions using a processor to generate the resultant encryption sequence keys (Key A and Key B).
• the label “I” designates the real component of a modulation symbols (e.g., a QAM symbol) used to carry magnetic resonance imaging information.
• the label “Q” designates the imaginary component of the modulation symbols (e.g., the QAM symbol) used to carry magnetic resonance imaging information.
• the magnetic resonance imaging information from which I and Q are derived is labeled as Input in Figure 1.
• the encryption mechanism starts with the constellation mapping that produces the I and Q values.
• the inputs I and Q can be derived from a modulator (e.g., a QAM modulator) as shown later for Figure 2, but such constellation mapping can be extended to any I and/or Q mapping encoding.
• the separated real I and imaginary Q are encrypted with Key A and Key B (a(i) and b(i)) respectively.
• the real component I is encrypted by encryption engine 120 using Key A.
• the imaginary component Q is encrypted by encryption engine 125 using key B.
• the output of encryption engine 120 is labeled "Encrypted I”
• the output of encryption engine 125 is labeled "Encrypted Q”.
• the encryption process described herein can be performed by multiplying I and Q parts of a symbol by the pair of encryption keys Key A and Key B (sequences a(i), b(i)) separately. This can be represented as:
• w represents the current symbol being transmitted and a(i), b(i) e ⁇ 1, -1 ⁇ are the elements of two different sequences. That is, a(i) and b(i) are generated by applying initial conditions to a chaotic map or chaotic maps.
• the modified chaotic mapping [2] below shows the chaos model defined by the following iterative formula:
• the real component I of the original symbol is derived from the decryption engine 170 when Key a(i) is input to decrypt encrypted I.
• the imaginary component Q of the original symbol is derived from the decryption engine 175 when Key b(i) is input to decrypt encrypted Q.
• the encryption system 100 can be provided at the PHY level of a communications link attached to, incorporated in, or otherwise integrated with a radio frequency coil.
• the link delay between such a radio frequency coil (or Mobile Station (MST)) and the overall MRI system (or Base Station (BST)) should be kept as small as possible for a variety of reasons.
• Providing the encryption system 100 at the PHY level provides for a lower level of signal processing insofar as error detection and correction can also be provided at the PHY level.
• the encrypting described above is based on chaotic sequences, by which transmitted modulation symbol (e.g., QAM symbol) real (I) and complex (Q) portions are encrypted separately. Chaotic sequences can be detected by authorized receivers under noisy environments, so security is increased and not compromised.
• the encryption and decryption key sequences for encryption and decryption are generated using chaotic mapping, and chaotic maps have properties (e.g., ergodicity) that allow for high sensitivity to initial conditions and control parameters that make the implementation complexity low.
• complete wireless MRI data transmissions i.e., data, data headers and control signals
• an MRI system 200 uses a variable sequence in a transmit stage to selectively deliver a Bl field to a subject via radio frequency (RF) coils.
• RF radio frequency
• the hydrogen atoms that are stimulated by the Bl field return to an original position (i.e., the position before the selective delivery of the Bl field) and emanate a weak radio frequency signal which can be picked up by the local coils (local radio frequency coils on or near the body of the subject) and used to produce images.
• the chaotic coded sequences described with respect to Figures 1 and 2 can be generated using, or determined by, unique MRI parameters.
• the unique MRI parameters may be a variety of parameters of an MRI transmission (TX) sequence, including the sequence itself, and/or a variety of parameters of a subject (patient) reception (RX) signal.
• the encryption method can vary for each transmission.
• initial conditions can also vary based on e.g., environment or subject (patient) information so that, every data transmission has a different and unique encryption key.
• the encryption described herein has very low probability of being compromised since the initial conditions are only known a priori to the system, and unique keys are not transmitted over the air since they are known and generated or determined by parameters of the MRI system 200.
• the communications link 201 receives the initial conditions Co and CO as well as the input data of the magnetic resonance imaging information.
• a modulator e.g., QAM modulator
• Mapper maps the input magnetic resonance imaging information to a modulation symbol (e.g., a QAM symbol).
• the modulation symbol is then divided into a real component I and an imaginary component Q, which are subsequently separately subject to encryption by encryption engines 220 and 225 respectively.
• the first initial condition Co is used by chaotic sequence A map 215 to generate encryption Key A.
• Encryption Key A in turn is used to encrypt the real component of the modulation symbol (e.g., QAM symbol) I.
• the second initial condition CO is used by chaotic sequence B map 216 to generate encryption Key B.
• Encryption Key B in turn is used to encrypt the imaginary component of the modulation symbol (e.g., QAM symbol) Q.
• the encrypted I and encrypted Q are then combined, for example, via parallel to serial conversion, or via, for example, inverse fast fourier transform (IFFT) processing in transmitter 240 and put onto a communication line 299, which may be a wireless communications system comprising one or more wireless channels.
• IFFT inverse fast fourier transform
• these communications links 201, 299 may be in the same room or in the same building.
• communications link 201 may be attached to, or even built into, one of the local coils that receives the weak radio frequency signals from the body of the subject.
• Communications link 299 may be attached to a wall of a room that includes the MRI system 200, and then feeds the magnetic resonance imaging information to a computer for processing.
• the communications links 201, 299 may avoid any need for cabling between the local coil and the MRI system 200, such that the local coils can be made portable, exchangeable, interchangeable etc.
• Each different MRI radio frequency sequence will result in a different set of initial conditions Co and CO being output from the cross correlator 305.
• the initial conditions are entered into chaotic sequence A map 315 and chaotic sequence B map 316 respectively, to generate encryption Key A and encryption Key B respectively as output.
• cross-correlation is a known measure of determining similarity of two series as a function of the difference between the two.
• cross-correlation can be applied to multiple different series of different parameters to identify the best correlation(s).
• cross-correlation can be performed using software instructions stored in a memory and executed by a processor.
• a signal from the MRI local coil is received.
• the signal from the MRI local coil is the information from the subject of the MRI session.
• a time stamp is applied to mark the time at which the signal is received from the MRI local coil.
• the time stamps at S415 and S416 may be correlated to each other, such as to identify any offset.
• the MRI radio frequency sequence parameters are cross -correlated to identify a peak (i.e., best) match among multiple parameters.
• the peak match among the cross-correlated MRI radio frequency sequence parameters is used to determine the initial conditions Co and CO.
• the output of S420 is the initial conditions Co and CO.
• the signal received form the MRI local coil is digitized, and at S431 the digitized received signal is packetized.
• the packetized received signal is subject to mapping (e.g., QAM mapping), and separated and streamed as a complex (I + jQ) set of information for encryption.
• mapping e.g., QAM mapping
• the output of S432 is the stream of separated real (I) and imaginary (Q) signals S(t)i and S(t) Q .
• FIG. 5 is a view of a reception process for chaos coding based communications for MRI coils in accordance with a representative embodiment.
• the encrypted stream transmitted wirelessly at S460 is received, such as by a communications link 299 at S501.
• a discrete fourier transformation (DFT) is performed.
• the DFT in Figure 5 is exemplary, as the actual process at S510 is the inverse of the linear process performed at S450, and the linear process performed at S450 does not have to be a transformation let alone an IFFT.
• the streams are decrypted after being separated, such as by demultiplexing. The result of the decryption is the stream of separated real (I) and imaginary (Q) signals S(t)i and S( Q.
• the signals S(t)i and S( Q are then demodulated at S560.
• the original signal with the magnetic resonance imaging information from the MRI local coil is obtained at S590.
• the magnetic resonance imaging information from the MRI local coil can be securely transmitted in a local environment and used by a computer for processing.
• FIG. 6 is a view of an MRI system for chaos coding based communications for MRI coils in accordance with a representative embodiment.
• a magnetic resonance imaging system 600 includes outer magnet(s) 605, body coil(s) 606, field gradient coil(s) 610, and radio frequency coil(s) 607.
• RF surface coil(s) 620 are provided in the imaging zone 608, i.e., on or about the body of the subject.
• the RF surface coils 620 are local coils to which communications units such as communications links 201 are attached, embedded, integrated etc. Communications units
• FIG. 7 is another view of an MRI system for chaos coding based communications for MRI coils in accordance with a representative embodiment.
• a magnet housing 705 is designated with a hatch pattern as an outer structure of a magnetic resonance imaging system 700.
• a body coil housing 706 is immediately interior to the magnet housing 705.
• a field gradient coil housing 710 is immediately interior to the body coil housing 706.
• a radio frequency (RF) coil housing 707 is immediately interior to the field gradient coil housing 710.
• a control housing 720 is provided on the magnet housing 705 to house, e.g., external circuitry such as a transceiver.
• the control housing 720 may house, for example, a communications unit such as communications link 299.
• radio frequency coils 720 are body coils placed on the body of the subject (patient) who is subjected to the magnetic resonance imaging scan.
• the radio frequency signals are emitted from the magnetic resonance imaging system 700 to excite the hydrogen atoms, and the hydrogen atoms emanate a weak radio frequency signal.
• two computers included with the magnetic resonance imaging system 700 include the reconstructor computer 390 and the host computer 780.
• the host computer 780 interfaces with an operator of the magnetic resonance imaging system 700 to control the magnetic resonance imaging system 700 and to collect the images.
• the reconstructor computer 790 is a "background" computer that acts as a gatekeeper for data flow.
• the reconstructor computer 790 does not interact with the operator.
• data may also be taken offline so that analysis may be performed on a, for example desktop, computer using software that may be proprietary to the manufacturer of the magnetic resonance imaging system 700.
• Figure 8 shows a general computer system that may partially or fully be used to implement the reconstructor computer 790 and host computer 780, as well as any other computer or computing device that performs part or all of methods described herein.
• FIG. 8 is a view of an exemplary general computer system that includes a set of instructions for chaos coding based communications for MRI coils in accordance with a representative embodiment of the present disclosure.
• Figure 8 is an illustrative embodiment of a general computer system, on which a method of chaos coding based communications for MRI coils can be implemented, and which is shown and is designated 800.
• the computer system 800 can include a set of instructions that can be executed to cause the computer system 800 to perform any one or more of the methods or computer based functions disclosed herein.
• the computer system 800 may operate as a standalone device or may be connected, for example, using a network 801, to other computer systems or peripheral devices.
• the computer system 800 may operate in the capacity of a server or as a client user computer in a server-client user network environment, or as a peer computer system in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment.
• the computer system 800 can also be implemented as or incorporated into various devices, such as a stationary computer, a mobile computer, a communications link, a reconstructor computer, a host computer, or any other machine capable of executing a set of instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine.
• the computer system 800 can be incorporated as or in a device that in turn is in an integrated system that includes additional devices.
• the term "system” shall also be taken to include any collection of systems or sub- systems that individually or jointly execute a set, or multiple sets, of instructions to perform one or more computer functions.
• a processor for a computer system 800 may be a general -purpose processor or may be part of an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC).
• a processor for a computer system 800 may also be a microprocessor, a microcomputer, a processor chip, a controller, a microcontroller, a digital signal processor (DSP), a state machine, or a programmable logic device.
• a processor for a computer system 800 may also be a logical circuit, including a programmable gate array (PGA) such as a field programmable gate array (FPGA), or another type of circuit that includes discrete gate and/or transistor logic.
• a processor for a computer system 800 may be a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), or both. Additionally, any processor described herein may include multiple processors, parallel processors, or both. Multiple processors may be included in, or coupled to, a single device or multiple devices.
• the computer system 800 includes a main memory 820 and a static memory 830 that can communicate with each other via a bus 808.
• Memories described herein are tangible storage mediums that can store data and executable instructions, and are non-transitory during the time instructions are stored therein.
• the term "non-transitory” is to be interpreted not as an eternal characteristic of a state, but as a characteristic of a state that will last for a period.
• the term “non-transitory” specifically disavows fleeting characteristics such as characteristics of a particular carrier wave or signal or other forms that exist only transitorily in any place at any time.
• a memory described herein is an article of manufacture and/or machine component.
• the computer system 800 may further include a video display unit 850, such as a liquid crystal display (LCD), an organic light emitting diode (OLED), a flat panel display, a solid-state display, or a cathode ray tube (CRT). Additionally, the computer system 800 may include an input device 860, such as a keyboard/virtual keyboard or touch- sensitive input screen or speech input with speech recognition, and a cursor control device 870, such as a mouse or touch- sensitive input screen or pad. The computer system 800 can also include a disk drive unit 880, a signal generation device 890, such as a speaker or remote control, and a network interface device 840.
• a signal generation device 890 such as a speaker or remote control
• a network interface device 840 such as a speaker or remote control
• the disk drive unit 880 may include a computer- readable medium 882 in which one or more sets of instructions 884, e.g. software, can be embedded. Sets of instructions 884 can be read from the computer-readable medium 882. Further, the instructions 884, when executed by a processor, can be used to perform one or more of the methods and processes as described herein. In an embodiment, the instructions 884 may reside completely, or at least partially, within the main memory 820, the static memory 830, and/or within the processor 810 during execution by the computer system 800.
• the instructions 884 may reside completely, or at least partially, within the main memory 820, the static memory 830, and/or within the processor 810 during execution by the computer system 800.
• the methods described herein may be implemented using a hardware computer system that executes software programs. Further, in an exemplary, non-limited embodiment, implementations can include distributed processing, component/object distributed processing, and parallel processing. Virtual computer system processing can be constructed to implement one or more of the methods or functionality as described herein, and a processor described herein may be used to support a virtual processing environment.
• the present disclosure contemplates a computer-readable medium 882 that includes instructions 884 or receives and executes instructions 884 responsive to a propagated signal; so that a device connected to a network 801 can communicate voice, video or data over the network 801. Further, the instructions 884 may be transmitted or received over the network 801 via the network interface device 840.
• chaos coding based communications for MRI coils enables error correction and prevention, secure wireless communications, and appropriate processing for the secure wireless communications.
• the chaos coding based communications for MRI coils can be implemented at the PHY OSI layer, rather than at a higher level such as the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer, to secure transmissions against information thefts.
• MAC Medium Access Control
• chaos coding based communications for MRI coils provides security and reliability, and can use a combination of, for example, forward error correction (FEC) and encryption blocks that meet latency requirements too. Accordingly, chaos coding based communications for MRI coils provides a secure system that still meets (any) delay requirements.
• the security of encryption can be used for both detection and prevention of non-authorized coils, as well as protection of the transfer of MRI data from hackers and noise. Secure transfers in the PHY layer reduce the signal processing power to perform such tasks while still meeting latency requirements.
• inventions of the disclosure may be referred to herein, individually and/or collectively, by the term "invention" merely for convenience and without intending to voluntarily limit the scope of this application to any particular invention or inventive concept.
• inventions may be referred to herein, individually and/or collectively, by the term "invention" merely for convenience and without intending to voluntarily limit the scope of this application to any particular invention or inventive concept.
• specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, it should be appreciated that any subsequent arrangement designed to achieve the same or similar purpose may be substituted for the specific embodiments shown.
• This disclosure is intended to cover any and all subsequent adaptations or variations of various embodiments. Combinations of the above embodiments, and other embodiments not specifically described herein, will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the description.
• a method for communicating magnetic resonance imaging information wirelessly includes detecting a magnetic resonance imaging system emission sequence.
• the method also includes identifying at least one parameter of the magnetic resonance imaging system emission sequence.
• the method also may include cross- correlating the at least one parameter identified.
• the method may further include determining, based on the at least one parameter, a first initial condition for a first chaotic coded sequence and a second initial condition for a second chaotic coded sequence.
• the method may moreover include obtaining, from a modulation symbol (e.g., a QAM symbol) mapped to magnetic resonance imaging information generated at a local coil responsive to the magnetic resonance imaging system emission sequence, a real component of the symbol and an imaginary component of the symbol.
• the real component of the symbol is encrypted based on the first initial condition.
• the imaginary component of the symbol is encrypted based on the second initial condition.
• the encrypted real component and imaginary component of the symbol used to communicate the magnetic resonance imaging information are wirelessly transmitted.
• the detecting may occur at the local coil that receives the weak radio frequency signal from the subject, but may also occur at a receiver of a communications link that is physically attached to, connected to, or otherwise integrated with the local coil.
• the encrypting is performed at a PHY layer of such a communications link dedicated to the local coil and used to wirelessly transmit the encrypted real component and imaginary component of the symbol used to communicate the magnetic resonance imaging information.
• At least one parameter of the magnetic resonance imaging system emission sequence that includes transmission parameters.
• At least one parameter of the magnetic resonance imaging system emission sequence that includes reception parameters of a signal received at the local coil and used to generate the magnetic resonance imaging information.
• the encrypting varies for each magnetic resonance imaging system emission sequence emitted by a magnetic resonance imaging system.
• the modulation symbol is mapped to the magnetic resonance imaging information via constellation mapping.
• the first initial condition is determined as a function of a first time stamp and a first correlation factor generated from the cross-correlating.
• the second initial condition is determined as a function of a second time stamp and a second correlation factor generated from the cross-correlating.
• the method also includes detecting that an unauthorized coil is incapable of communicating the magnetic resonance imaging data using the communications system.
• the method includes performing error correction at the PHY layer of the communications link.
• the first chaotic coded sequence and the second chaotic coded sequence are defined by the magnetic resonance imaging system such that encryption keys used for the encoding vary for each of a plurality of sessions of the magnetic resonance imaging system.
• the encryption subsystem includes a memory and a processor.
• the memory stores instructions.
• the processor executes the instructions.
• the instructions When executed by the processor, the instructions cause the processor to perform operations that include the identifying at least one parameter of the magnetic resonance imaging system emission sequence, the cross-correlating the at least one parameter identified, the determining, based on the at least one parameter, the first initial condition for a first chaotic coded sequence and the second initial condition for a second chaotic coded sequence, the encrypting, based on the first initial condition, the real component of the symbol used to communicate magnetic resonance imaging information, and the encrypting, based on the second initial condition, the imaginary component of the symbol used to communicate the magnetic resonance imaging information,
• the encrypting by the encryption subsystem is performed at a PHY layer of the communications apparatus, and the communications apparatus is dedicated to the local coil and used to wirelessly transmit the encrypted real component and imaginary component of the symbol used to communicate the magnetic resonance imaging information.
• error correction is performed at the PHY layer of the communications apparatus.
• the process may moreover include obtaining, from a modulation symbol (e.g., a QAM symbol) mapped to magnetic resonance imaging information generated at a local coil responsive to the magnetic resonance imaging system emission sequence, a real component of the symbol and an imaginary component of the symbol.
• a modulation symbol e.g., a QAM symbol
• a real component of a symbol used to communicate magnetic resonance imaging information is encrypted based on the first initial condition.
• An imaginary component of the symbol used to communicate the magnetic resonance imaging information is encrypted based on the second initial condition.
• the encrypted real component and imaginary component of the symbol used to communicate the magnetic resonance imaging information are wirelessly transmitted.

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