Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
  • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
  • G06T19/00—Manipulating 3D models or images for computer graphics
  • G06T19/006—Mixed reality
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
  • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
  • G06T19/00—Manipulating 3D models or images for computer graphics
  • G06T19/20—Editing of 3D images, e.g. changing shapes or colours, aligning objects or positioning parts
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
  • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
  • G06T2219/00—Indexing scheme for manipulating 3D models or images for computer graphics
  • G06T2219/20—Indexing scheme for editing of 3D models
  • G06T2219/2016—Rotation, translation, scaling
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
  • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
  • G06T2219/00—Indexing scheme for manipulating 3D models or images for computer graphics
  • G06T2219/20—Indexing scheme for editing of 3D models
  • G06T2219/2021—Shape modification

Definitions

• the invention relates to the domain of Mixed Reality (MR), in which a computer-generated (CG) content is not just overlaid on the top of a view of the real world, but really interacts with the real-world environment, so that digital and physical realities seamlessly blend together.
• MR Mixed Reality
• CG computer-generated
• Augmented Reality (AR) applications refer to a live view of a real-world environment whose elements are augmented by CG content, such as video or graphics.
• CG content such as video or graphics.
• the CG content further interacts with the real-world environment.
• the visual CG content is inserted in the real-world view at a given position.
• This position is generally either defined relatively to a predefined visual 2D/3D pattern (for e.g. industrial applications), pre-determined by spatial coordinates (e.g. outdoor location-based applications) or screen coordinates (e.g. Google Glass applications), or manually chosen by a user (e.g. interactive applications).
• virtual scenes may contain prepared animated content. This extends from an animation based on a single plane and a reduced occupancy volume (e.g. a character hopping on site or a dancer spinning around) to a complex scenario-built animation based on different planes involving several characters and/or objects with possible interactions and complex trajectories (e.g. a character walks on a plane from an initial position to a second position where he grabs an object, then he changes his direction to go hide the object behind another one, then he changes his direction again and suddenly falls into a hole).
• a reduced occupancy volume e.g. a character hopping on site or a dancer spinning around
• a complex scenario-built animation based on different planes involving several characters and/or objects with possible interactions and complex trajectories (e.g. a character walks on a plane from an initial position to a second position where he grabs an object, then he changes his direction to go hide the object behind another one, then he changes his direction again and suddenly falls into
• the plane the character walks on could be a real planar surface that should be large enough and with enough free place, e.g. a table, the occluding object could be a real one on the table, the hole could correspond to the border of the table, etc. It is based on this kind of strong assumption and constraints on the geometry of the real environment and presence or absence of real elements that the animated CG content is created by an artist. However, it turns problematic to render efficiently such a complex MR animation if the real environment is not controlled.
• a horizontal place may be much smaller or much larger than expected, a horizontal plane may have many objects on it so that not enough free place is left to perform the animation without geometric aberrations like missing occlusions. This situation may further lead to questioning the semantic of the animation itself.
• a known solution consists in adapting the virtual animation to the real environment. This can be made in two steps: upstream when preparing the virtual animated content, by parameterizing the animation; and in a later preprocessing step, by scanning the real environment and analyzing its layout, so as to compute optimal location, orientation and scale to be applied to the virtual content.
• augmented reality content is adapted to changes in real world space geometry of a local environment. More precisely, a device can identify a physical change in the real world space geometry based on a mapped real world space geometry, and modify a virtual object in response to that physical change. Such a modification can relate to a size, a shape, a location, or a behavior of the virtual object.
• a horizontal plane may be missing for making a virtual character walk on, or a real object may hide a virtual object grabbed by the character.
• a purpose of the present disclosure is to enable advantageously a flexible adaptation of MR scenarios to a large range of real situations, without requiring significantly additional storage or computing resources.
• a number of scenarios with various constraints can thus be executed in real-time on the ground of the real environment.
• an object of the present disclosure is notably a device for generating at least one dynamic virtual content to be superimposed to a representation of a real 3D scene, the dynamic virtual content(s) complying with at least one scenario defined before a runtime of the scenario(s) and involving at least one real-world constraint.
• the device comprises:
• At least one processor configured for executing the scenario(s) at the runtime in presence of the real-world constraint(s) identified from the real-world information.
• the at least one processor is further configured for, when the at least one real-world constraint is not identified from the real-world information, carrying out before executing the scenario(s) a transformation of the representation of the real 3D scene to a virtually adapted 3D scene so that the virtually adapted 3D scene fulfils the constraint(s), and instead of executing the scenario(s) in the real 3D scene, executing the scenario(s) in the virtually adapted 3D scene replacing the real 3D scene.
• the device is thereby advantageously configured to act as if the obtained information on the virtually adapted 3D scene were information about the effective real 3D scene, leading to some kind of willful system misleading.
• the planned scenarios can advantageously be executed normally, subject to some preliminary virtual patches applied to the representation of the real world.
• MR scenarios may have been designed upstream without any precise knowledge of the environment, or for a large variety of different environments - e.g. for a TV set and a table on which the TV is positioned, without more precision.
• the adaptation is then advantageously effected locally at the run place, so as to make those scenarios operational.
• Such a representation is further meaning any kind of representation to a user, which may in particular be through transparent or translucent glasses (direct view), or by the intermediary of a camera capturing images of the real 3D scene, those images being visualized by a user on a screen (indirect view).
• a representation is further meaning any kind of representation to a user, which may in particular be through transparent or translucent glasses (direct view), or by the intermediary of a camera capturing images of the real 3D scene, those images being visualized by a user on a screen (indirect view).
• a scenario is defined as a CG content animation predesigned by a creator.
• the representation of the real 3D scene, as well as of the virtually adapted 3D scene, is preferably carried out in real time.
• the present device artificially introduces virtual modifications as if applied to the real world for satisfying virtual scenario constraints.
• the applied transformations actually remain in the field of the virtual world, they are introduced before a given scenario is executed, so as to meet constraints normally related to the real world.
• the transformation of the representation of the real 3D scene is carried out at a preliminary adjustment stage, before any scenario runtime.
• the transformation of that representation is carried out during the runtime of a former scenario, and anticipates one or more following scenario.
• different successive parts of a given scenario comprising two or more scenes may possibly be considered as distinct scenarios, insofar as each of those successive parts is associated with at least one respective real-world constraint.
• the passage of one part of a scenario to another part is triggered by a change in the real 3D scene (e.g. a real object is removed in the environment).
• a change in the real 3D scene e.g. a real object is removed in the environment.
• the scenario comprises similar features and real-world constraints in both parts, but where at least one of the constraints relies on specificities of the real 3D scene that are modified during the runtime.
• that change can be taken into account by meeting the concerned constraint(s) in the virtually adapted 3D scene through tricking the perception of the real 3D scene in the frame of the MR processing, as disclosed previously.
• the part of the scenario following the change is then itself considered as a "scenario".
• the real-world information captured in the real 3D scene comprises advantageously a point cloud or 3D model, obtained from scanning the environment.
• the at least one processor is advantageously configured for determining environment specificities, such as notably identifying objects present in the real 3D scene together with part or all of their type, position, size and shape, as well as free planar areas. It is also advantageously configured for analyzing MR application requirements (the real-world constraints, which can concern notably elements or free planar areas) and checking if the environment fulfills those requirements, even partially.
• the at least one processor is advantageously configured for updating an
• MR application to be executed or currently being executed, with the virtually adapted 3D scene replacing the real 3D scene.
• the at least one real-world constraint are at least two and are potentially interacting, and the at least one processor is further configured for carrying out the transformation jointly for those real-world constraints so that the virtually adapted 3D scene fulfils those constraints.
• the joint transformation is then iteratively effected, through several successive attempts directed to different items of transformation until the two or more constraints are met.
• the at least one real-world constraint are at least two, are potentially interacting and are ranked according to an importance order.
• the at least one processor is further configured for carrying out the transformation in priority for the constraint(s) having at least one highest priority rank and for executing the scenario at the runtime in the absence of at least one of the real- world constraints distinct from the real-world constraints having the highest priority rank(s).
• the at least one constraint includes a presence of at least one real-world object
• the at least one processor is configured for adding a virtual representation of the real-world object(s) in the virtually adapted 3D scene
• the at least one constraint relates to at least one dimension of at least one real-world object
• the at least one processor is configured for modifying a representation of the at least one dimension of the real-world object(s) in the virtually adapted 3D scene so that the at least one constraint on the dimension(s) is met;
• the at least one processor is configured for transforming in the virtually adapted 3D scene a virtual representation of at least one real-world object prejudicial to the at least one constraint, so that the at least one constraint is met;
• the at least one processor is configured for carrying out the transformation by at least one of removing, reducing and moving the real-world object(s) in the virtually adapted 3D scene;
• the at least one constraint concerns at least one real-world object and the at least one processor is configured for carrying out the transformation by at least one of moving, rotating, translating, scaling, duplicating the real-world object(s) so that the at least one constraint on the real-world object(s) is met.
• the at least one processor is further configured for inpainting the at least one area in the virtually adapted 3D scene.
• a perception of continuity can then be provided to a user even in case some irregularities are introduced by the virtual adaptations, e.g. by virtually removing a real object of the real 3D scene.
• the at least one processor is further configured for letting a user participate expressly in carrying out the transformation.
• the user can thereby complete automatic processes, which makes notably possible more user-friendly or customized scenario executions.
• the at least one input is also adapted to receive the scenario(s) and the device further comprises at least one output adapted to output at least part of a representation of the virtually adapted 3D scene for a user to visualize the scenario(s) in the virtually adapted 3D scene.
• the disclosure further pertains to an apparatus comprising a device according to the disclosure, that apparatus being a video receiver, a mobile phone, a tablet or an augmented reality head-mounted display system.
• Another object of the present disclosure is a device for generating at least one dynamic virtual content to be superimposed to a representation of a real 3D scene, the dynamic virtual content(s) complying with at least one scenario defined before a runtime of the scenario(s) and involving at least one real-world constraint.
• the device comprises:
• the means for executing are adapted for, when the at least one real-world constraint is not identified from the real-world information, carrying out before executing the scenario(s) a transformation of the representation of the real 3D scene to a virtually adapted 3D scene so that the virtually adapted 3D scene fulfils the constraint(s), and instead of executing the scenario(s) in the real 3D scene, executing the scenario(s) in the virtually adapted 3D scene replacing the real 3D scene.
• the disclosure also concerns a method for generating at least one dynamic virtual content to be superimposed to a representation of a real 3D scene, the at least one dynamic virtual content complying with at least one scenario defined before a runtime of the scenario(s) and involving at least one real-world constraint. That method comprises:
• the method further comprises, when the at least one real-world constraint is not identified from the real-world information, carrying out before executing the scenario(s) a transformation of the representation of the real 3D scene to a virtually adapted 3D scene so that the virtually adapted 3D scene fulfils the at least one constraint, and instead of executing the scenario(s) in the real 3D scene, executing the scenario(s) in the virtually adapted 3D scene replacing the real 3D scene.
• That method is advantageously executed by a device according to any of the implementation modes of the disclosure.
• the disclosure relates to a computer program for generating at least one dynamic virtual content, comprising software code adapted to perform a method compliant with any of the above execution modes when the program is executed by a processor.
• the present disclosure further pertains to a non-transitory program storage device, readable by a computer, tangibly embodying a program of instructions executable by the computer to perform a method for generating at least one dynamic virtual content compliant with the present disclosure.
• Such a non-transitory program storage device can be, without limitation, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. It is to be appreciated that the following, while providing more specific examples, is merely an illustrative and not exhaustive listing as readily appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a ROM (read-only memory), an EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM) or a Flash memory, a portable CD-ROM (Compact-Disc ROM).
• FIG. 1 is a block diagram representing schematically a device for generating dynamic virtual contents, compliant with the present disclosure
• figure 2 illustrates an example of a user's environment considered for exploiting the device of figure 1 ;
• FIG 3 is a flow chart showing successive mixed reality steps executed with the device of figure 1 ;
• - figure 4 diagrammatically shows a MR apparatus comprising the device represented on figure 1 .
• adapted and “configured” are used in the present disclosure as broadly encompassing initial configuration, later adaptation or complementation of the present device, or any combination thereof alike, whether effected through material or software means (including firmware).
• processor The functions of the various elements shown in the figures may be provided through the use of dedicated hardware as well as hardware capable of executing software in association with appropriate software.
• the functions may be provided by a single dedicated processor, a single shared processor, or a plurality of individual processors, some of which may be shared.
• explicit use of the term "processor” should not be construed to refer exclusively to hardware capable of executing software, and refers in a general way to a processing device, which can for example include a computer, a microprocessor, an integrated circuit, or a programmable logic device (PLD).
• PLD programmable logic device
• the instructions and/or data enabling to perform associated and/or resulting functionalities may be stored on any processor-readable medium such as, e.g., an integrated circuit, a hard disk, a CD (Compact Disc), an optical disc such as a DVD (Digital Versatile Disc), a RAM (Random-Access Memory) or a ROM memory. Instructions may be notably stored in hardware, software, firmware or in any combination thereof.
• the device 1 is adapted to generate at least one dynamic virtual content to be superimposed to a representation of a real 3D scene and complying with at least one scenario, and is relevant to mixed reality (MR).
• MR mixed reality
• the device 1 is advantageously an apparatus, or a physical part of an apparatus, designed, configured and/or adapted for performing the mentioned functions and produce the mentioned effects or results.
• the device 1 is embodied as a set of apparatus or physical parts of apparatus, whether grouped in a same machine or in different, possibly remote, machines.
• modules are to be understood as functional entities rather than material, physically distinct, components. They can consequently be embodied either as grouped together in a same tangible and concrete component, or distributed into several such components. Also, each of those modules is possibly itself shared between at least two physical components. In addition, the modules are implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any mixed form thereof as well. They are preferably embodied within at least one processor of the device 1 .
• the device 1 comprises a module 1 1 for analyzing real-world information 22 retrieved e.g. from a camera capture of a real 3D scene, a module 12 for analyzing and checking requirements of an MR scenario (virtual application 23) with respect to the analyzed real-world information 22, a module 13 for proceeding with a related virtual adaptation applied to a representation of the real 3D scene, and a module 14 for executing the scenario as applied to a virtually adapted 3D scene resulting from that adaptation.
• the output of the module 13 can possibly return to the module 12, so that adaptations can be iteratively adjusted until a satisfying adaptation solution is found.
• Information can be entered and retrieved by a user via a user interface 20 interacting with the device 1 .
• the user interface 20 includes any means appropriate for entering or retrieving data, information or instructions, notably visual, tactile and/or audio capacities that can encompass any or several of the following means as well known by a person skilled in the art: a screen, a keyboard, a trackball, a touchpad, a touchscreen, a loudspeaker, a voice recognition system.
• the device 1 is also adapted to be provided with virtual tools 21 from storage resources 10, dedicated to carrying out the virtual adaptation to the MR scenario requirements.
• Those storage resources 10 can be available from any kind of appropriate storage means, which can be notably a RAM or an EEPROM (Electrically-Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) such as a Flash memory, possibly within an SSD (Solid-State Disk).
• EEPROM Electrically-Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
• Flash memory possibly within an SSD (Solid-State Disk).
• an MR application creator defines a scenario. He specifies notably real elements involved in the scenario and how virtual elements interact with them. Examples of successive scenario elements are as follows:
• - a second virtual stone impacts a real empty glass
• - a virtual animal has a pre-defined and non-modifiable animation that is located in a free planar area on the real table
• a virtual character walks on the ground in a free area, climbs a real table foot, walks on the real table and joins a virtual animal; its trajectory depends on free areas on the real table.
• the creator specifies some requirements about the real environment.
• Some examples of requirements for the previous scenario are listed below, the scene taking place indoor:
• Requirements can also impose a specific position or orientation. They can further be affected by a "constraint level”. Namely, some requirements are strongly constraining whilst others are less.
• a strongly constraining requirement consists in having a table with a size of 1 .20 m x 0.60 m, because if the table exists, it must have these exact dimensions to fulfill the requirement.
• a less constraining requirement consists in having a cube with a side of 0.10 m lying on the left of the table, because its precise location is not imposed.
• the requirements are preferably sorted in a hierarchical way related to links between the requirements. Each requirement is thus allotted a hierarchical level, the hierarchical classification being done by the content creator within a content authoring stage.
• a next step consists in an environment scan and the determination of related specificities. It is directed to establishing an environment description by detecting and labeling the environment specificities such as notably the objects present in the environment (e.g. a table, a glass lying on the table, a plant) and the free planar areas.
• environment specificities such as notably the objects present in the environment (e.g. a table, a glass lying on the table, a plant) and the free planar areas.
• the user scans his environment, which can be achieved notably with a device equipped with a depth sensor such as a product commercialized under the name "Intel Real Sense", which provides a point cloud of the scanned scene.
• Some solutions enabling to retrieve environment characteristics from such a 3D mesh include those described in the articles "Mesh Based Semantic Modelling for Indoor and Outdoor Scenes", by Julien P. C. Valentin, Sunando Sengupta, Jonathan Warrel, AN Shahrokni and Philip H. S. Torr in CVPR 2013; and "A survey on Mesh Segmentation Techniques", by Ariel Shamir in Computer Graphics forum, vol. 27, 2008, n. 6, pp. 1539-1556.
• the module 1 1 for analyzing real-world information, in charge of this step, can either be embedded in the device used to scan the scene or run on a server.
• the present step consists in analyzing the various environment descriptions combined with the scenario requirements to determine the virtual environment that is possibly required. This virtual environment is unique for each user and is superimposed to the real environment, so as to offer to all users similar behavior and experience.
• That step comprises two parts: checking the scenario requirements that are fulfilled and the ones that are not (module 12) and determining, for each real environment, how to compensate each scenario requirement not fully fulfilled (module 13).
• 21 a free planar area on the table, having dimensions of 03 m x 0.2 m and centered on a table center;
• FIG. 2 An illustrative real environment is represented on Figure 2, on which a table 31 has a cube 32 lying on a left side and a vase 33 lying on the right side, while a plant 34 is positioned on the right of the table 31 . 5.4.1 Checking of scenario requirements
• the module 12 checks which scenario requirements are fulfilled and which are not, the total number of requirements being noted nbReq.
• the module 13 is then in charge of:
• the statusList has the following values:
• the module 13 completes the existing parts of the user (real) environment not fully fulfilling the requirement(s), with virtual elements. This adaptation is such that any environment eventually contains common specificities ensuring the MR application to be rendered in a similar way.
• the module 13 updates the MR application with the virtual environment enhancing the real one.
• the module 13 determines for each specific real environment, how to compensate each scenario requirement not fully fulfilled.
• the 3D model is too small, it can be up-scaled, and if it is too large, it can be down-scaled. In the latter case, the part of the real object "removed” or "missing" in the real environment is filled, which can be done by inpainting techniques such as developed for example in the article "High-Quality Real-Time Video Inpainting with PixMix", by Jan Herling and Wolfgang Broil in IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, Vol. 20, 2014, n. 6, pp. 866-879. If the required object is present in the real 3D scene but at the wrong position, it is advantageously either moved or duplicated/cloned. Then, if the applied solution consists in moving the object, the region of the real object that is no longer covered by the object is filled (which can be done by inpainting). Similar actions can be done if the object orientation is not correct.
• the user is asked to manually move and/or rotate the real object at the right position and/or orientation.
• the final location and/or orientation of the object is shown to the user by displaying a virtual object, the geometry of which is the same as the one of the real object.
• the user moves/rotates the representation of the real object until it is superimposed with the virtual object.
• Compensating a requirement not fully fulfilled may lead to the fact that another requirement is no longer fulfilled. For instance, by adding a missing glass on the table 31 ( Figure 2), the free area of the requirement 2 (a free planar area on the table of 0.3 m x 0.2 m) may disappear.
• this step tries to find a combination of modifications satisfying both objectives, while modifying the representation of a real element may induce modifying the representation of one or more (possibly many) others.
• the device 1 proceeds preferably as follows in an MR operation.
• specificities of the real 3D environment (those specificities being associated with respective, possibly identical, topics) are loaded (step 41 ) as well as a list of scenario requirements (step 42). It is checked whether all the requirements have been treated (step 431 ). If yes, the process is stopped (step 432). Otherwise, a next requirement is loaded, the corresponding statusList being initialized at False and the corresponding dataList to Empty (step 433).
• step 441 It is then checked whether all environment specificities have been treated (step 441 ). If yes, the process loops back to step 431 . Otherwise, a next environment specificity is loaded (step 451 ). It is then checked whether the specificity deals with the requirement topic (step 452). If no, the process looks back to step 441 . Otherwise, it is checked whether the specificity fulfills the considered requirement (step 453). If no, the corresponding statusList is set to False, the specificity is added into the corresponding dataList, and the process loops back to step 441 .
• the corresponding statusList is set to True, the specificity is added into the corresponding dataList, and the process loops back to step 441 .
• a particular apparatus 5, visible on Figure 4, is embodying the device 1 described above. It corresponds for example to a tablet, a smartphone, a head- mounted display (HMD), a games console - such as a specialized games console producing and displaying images live, or a laptop. That apparatus 5 is suited to augmented reality, whether for direct view (the user is typically viewing the real 3D scene through a glass) or for indirect view (the user is viewing the real 3D scene displayed on a screen). Both capacities can also be combined.
• the apparatus 5 comprises the following elements, connected to each other by a bus 55 of addresses and data that also transports a clock signal:
• microprocessor 51 or CPU
• a graphics card 52 comprising several Graphical Processor Units (or GPUs) 520 and a Graphical Random Access Memory (GRAM) 521 ;
• GPUs Graphical Processor Units
• GRAM Graphical Random Access Memory
• I/O devices 54 such as for example a keyboard, a mouse, a joystick, a webcam; other modes for introduction of commands such as for example vocal recognition are also possible;
• radiofrequency unit 59 a radiofrequency unit 59.
• the apparatus 5 also comprises a display device 53 of display screen type directly connected to the graphics card 52 to display synthesized images calculated and composed in the graphics card, for example live.
• a dedicated bus to connect the display device 53 to the graphics card 52 offers the advantage of having much greater data transmission bitrates and thus reducing the latency time for the displaying of images composed by the graphics card.
• a display device is external to apparatus 5 and is connected thereto by a cable or wirelessly for transmitting the display signals.
• the apparatus 5, for example through the graphics card 52 comprises an interface for transmission or connection adapted to transmit a display signal to an external display means such as for example an LCD or plasma screen or a video-projector.
• the RF unit 59 can be used for wireless transmissions.
• the display device 53 corresponds to a glass through which the user is seeing the real environment
• the apparatus 5 further comprises an optical projection system (not represented), which enables to project e.g. generated virtual images or contents on the glass.
• the registers represented for GRAM 521 can be arranged and constituted in any manner, and each of them does not necessarily correspond to adjacent memory locations and can be distributed otherwise (which covers notably the situation in which one register includes several smaller registers).
• the microprocessor 51 When switched-on, the microprocessor 51 loads and executes the instructions of the program contained in the RAM 57.
• the random access memory 57 comprises notably:
• parameters representative of the real 3D scene for example models of the object(s) of the scene and lighting parameters
• the algorithms implementing the steps of the method specific to the present disclosure and described above are stored in the memory GRAM 521 of the graphics card 52 associated with the apparatus 5 implementing those steps.
• the graphic processors 520 of graphics card 52 load those parameters into the GRAM 521 and execute the instructions of those algorithms in the form of microprograms of "shader" type using HLSL (High Level Shader Language) language or GLSL (OpenGL Shading Language) for example.
• HLSL High Level Shader Language
• GLSL OpenGL Shading Language
• the random access memory GRAM 521 comprises notably:
• At least some of the data pertaining to primitives are stored in the RAM 57 and processed by the microprocessor 51 .
• This variant however causes greater latency time in the composition of an image comprising a representation of the environment composed from microprograms contained in the GPUs 520 as the data must be transmitted from the graphics card to the random access memory 57 passing by the bus 55, for which the transmission capacities are generally inferior to those available in the graphics card for transmission of data from the GPUs 520 to the GRAM 521 and vice-versa.
• graphics card 52 is not mandatory, and can be replaced with simpler visualization implementations.
• the power supply 58 is external to the apparatus 1 .

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