WO2018117908A1

WO2018117908A1 - Capacitive electrical machine with internal compression cells

Info

Publication number: WO2018117908A1
Application number: PCT/RU2017/000943
Authority: WO
Inventors: Евгений Анатольевич ОБЖИРОВ
Original assignee: Евгений Анатольевич ОБЖИРОВ
Priority date: 2016-12-23
Filing date: 2017-12-18
Publication date: 2018-06-28
Also published as: RU2672099C2; RU2016150955A; RU2016150955A3

Abstract

A capacitive electrical machine with internal compression cells relates to the broad class of transformers for converting electrical energy into mechanical energy and vice versa by means of the electrostatic forces of Coulomb attraction between opposite charges. Capacitive electrical machines can be used in industry and engineering as electric motors and generators in a very broad range of fields. In the proposed invention, an increase in the specific power of a capacitive electrical machine is achieved in that a large number of thin electrodes can be used simultaneously and synchronously in the capacitive electrical machine, said electrodes being disposed as close as possible to one another, thus making it possible to obtain very high total surface area values for the simultaneously interacting electrodes per unit volume of the capacitive electrical machine. This is made possible by the use in the claimed capacitive electrical machine of special internal compression cells which contract in a direction distinct from the direction of movement of the electrodes inside the cells, as a result of which the electrodes are in a state of natural tension when in operation, which helps to prevent elastic deformation and electrode sticking which seriously restricts the lower limits for the thickness of the materials used. The thickness of the electrodes which can be used in the claimed capacitive electrical machine is restricted only by the limits of foil and thin polymer film production; the claimed capacitive electrical machine makes it possible to use ultra-thin films having a thickness of less than a micron and being made, for example, of graphene or other ultra-thin composite materials.

Description

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Capacitive electric machine with internal compression cells.

Capacitive electric machines (EMEs) with internal compression cells belong to a wide class of transducers designed to convert electrical energy into mechanical and reverse transformations and acting due to the electrostatic forces of Coulomb attraction between electric charges of opposite signs placed on specially designed electrodes called contact pair of electrodes.

Industrial applicability.

The EMEs claimed in the present invention can be used in industry and technology as motors and actuators that convert electrical energy into mechanical energy, for example, in robotics, in actuators of electric locks and other locking devices, and in many other areas of technology. Also, EMEs can be used as a inverse converter of mechanical energy into electrical energy; in this quality, EMEs can be used both as a generator of electric current pulses of both high voltage and any other value necessary for household and industrial electrical engineering. In particular, the declared electrostatic micromotors and microgenerators can be used wherever piezoelectric transducers are used now, including as voltage-controlled relays, as micromotors in servos and in many other devices.

Current state of the art.

The first electrostatic converters appeared long before the discovery of the principle of electromagnetic induction. A wide class of electrical machines operating on the principles of electrostatics is known, which contain at least one pair of electrodes designed to accumulate electric charges of the opposite sign, through which the electrodes interact with each other. This interaction of the electrodes is more convenient and it is easier to describe through the dynamics of their capacitive characteristics, since any pair of electrodes can be considered as an electric capacitor of variable capacitance (KPE), the capacitance of which depends on the geometry of the electrodes, their relative position and the dielectric characteristics of the medium located between the electrodes. A change in any of these factors leads to a change in capacitance, a change in the capacitance of charged electrodes leads to a change in the potential difference between the electrodes and the electric energy of the KPI, and can be produced in many mechanical ways. It is this rigid connection of the mechanical characteristics of the device with its electrical capacitance and with the electrical voltage that underlies the energy conversion in this type of electrical machines, therefore they are often called capacitive, although other names may occur.

In addition, there are numerous electric machines that also operate due to electrostatic forces, but which cannot be described as KPIs. For example, the Van de Graaff generator is known, in which a dielectric tape is used, which is the rotor of the generator, and its variation is the pelletron.

A wide class of piezoelectric machines based on the direct and inverse piezoelectric effect is also known. In many ways, these devices can be considered as analogues of electrostatic capacitive converters, since their work is based on the same principle of tight connection of geometric characteristics and potential difference of opposing surfaces of piezoceramic work elements. Piezoelectric micromotors, sometimes called ultrasonic, are widely used. In many respects, for example, in specific power and energy efficiency, these devices are already successfully competing with and surpassing electromagnetic electric machines. For example, they are widely used in camera lens control systems. The disadvantages of these machines include expensive production technology and a relatively small resource of work, as well as technological problems when trying to increase the size and power of the device.

For capacitive converters, described as KPIs, it is common that their capacity periodically varies from a maximum value of C _max to a minimum value of C _m j _n and vice versa. When the EME operates in the generator mode, the CPE electrodes in the C _max position are charged with some initial excitation charges, then the CPE capacitance is reduced to C _m j _n , as a result of which the charge energy and the potential difference created by them increase, which is the purpose of generation. When operating in the engine mode, a potential difference is applied to the KPE electrodes in the position C _m j _n , under the action of electrostatic forces, the KPE switches to the C _max position, while doing mechanical work.

In the general case, the force and power of such a converter is the greater, the more they differ in magnitude of C _max and C _m , _n , and they are also directly proportional to the square of the applied voltage. Since C _{min is} technically easy to reduce to almost zero, the efficiency and power of the EME will be the greater, the more C _max . Increasing this EME value is one of the main tasks for increasing the power and other power characteristics of EMEs, which is the ultimate goal of the solutions claimed in the present invention. Among EMEs, one can distinguish a wide class of machines called electrostatic planar actuators, which are variable capacitors (KPIs), built on the basis of a conventional flat capacitor, consisting of two flat electrodes superimposed on top of each other through a dielectric layer separating the conductive parts of the electrodes. Let the contact surface area of the electrodes S, the thickness of the dielectric layer d, its dielectric constant e _d . The capacitance of such a capacitor is C = eoe _d S / d, where e ₀ is the electric constant equal to 8.85'10 ^{"| 2} (f / m). There are often descriptions of EMEs in which the dielectric layer is an air gap. Due to poor electrical strength and low dielectric constant of air, such devices have very low power and efficiency.

Changing the capacitance of a flat capacitor is possible by several mechanical methods, one of which is to change the distance between the plates d, on this principle the work of an electrostatic planar actuator (EPA) is constructed, which in English terminology is often called Comb drive. EPA consists of two plane-parallel electrodes, we will call them a contact pair of electrodes placed parallel to each other at a variable distance. Sometimes one of the plates is suspended above the second on a spring. The change in the capacity of such a device occurs by changing the distance between the plates in the direction perpendicular to the plates, this method is well known and is the general level of technology. EPA and similar devices are, apparently, the closest analogues of the claimed invention. It is also possible to change the capacitance of a flat capacitor by parallel shifting one plate relative to another, in this case the area of mutual contact of the plates S changes, we will call such and similar devices - EMEs with a shift.

As noted above, to increase the power of EMEs, it is necessary to increase the maximum capacity of EME C _max . In the above options, the position Сшх is achieved when the electrode plates are in the state of maximum tight contact with each other, therefore, the first technical task to increase the power of such EMEs is the manufacture of electrodes, the surfaces of which are as smooth and flat as possible. Any deterioration in the surface quality of interacting electrodes increases the number and size of air gaps between the surfaces of the electrodes in a state of abutting each other and, as a consequence, leads to a decrease in C _max, and eventually to a decrease in power Aimé. The proposed technical solution largely solves this problem, since it involves the use of flexible electrodes (film, tape or thin wire), the application of which on top of each other due to flexibility is close to ideal. Mechanical methods of surface treatment of the electrodes are either not able, in principle, to achieve the desired purity of processing, or are very expensive.

It should also be noted that in order for the types of EME described above to have a high specific power (power divided by the mass of EME), the electrodes should be as thin as possible, have the maximum possible contact surface and be located as close to each other as possible, which allows create a KPI with a very large contact area of interacting electrodes S per unit volume of EME. Actually it is possible to use electrically conductive and dielectric materials up to several microns thick, such materials (metal foil and polymer films) are produced by the industry in a wide assortment, respectively, the maximum distance between the electrodes can be reduced to hundreds or even tens of microns, which makes it possible to obtain really high specific power EMEs.

However, the use of such materials in electrostatic converters leads to a serious technical problem - the thinner the film, the lower the coefficient of elasticity of the film (ceteris paribus, it is directly proportional to the thickness of the film), and the greater the elastic deformations that occur in the films during their electrostatic interaction with a friend. Films adhere to each other under the influence of electrostatic forces, and when they are separated from each other during EME operation, strains (elastic stresses) arise in the films, leading to stretching of the films, and such stretching in thin films can be tens or hundreds of microns. And it is impossible to avoid such tension in any type of EME, where external forces are applied to the ends or individual parts of the electrodes, while other EME versions imply that the electrodes and the mechanical drive are a single unit, which in principle is not able to provide satisfactory compactness.

For a planar EME, this leads to the fact that the interacting films remain in a state of partial or even complete overlap of contact surfaces on each other in working positions, when there should not be such an overlap, in fact, such residual adhesion means that the achievable value of C _min will be close to the value of C _max. This makes it impossible for EMEs to work with electrodes made of thin films, or at least significantly reduces either the power and generated EME voltage (in generator mode), or the power and force transmitted to an external mechanical drive (in motor mode).

For shear EMEs, this leads to the fact that a friction force arises between the films adhered to each other, which either can completely block the movable parts of the EME and make the EME impossible, or significantly reduce the power and efficiency of the EME. Disclosure of the invention.

In the present invention, to increase the power and power characteristics of EMEs, it is proposed to use the same principle of movement of the electrodes of a contact pair towards each other under the influence of electrostatic attraction forces, but a design of a fundamentally different type is proposed. In the general statement of the problem, for converting electrical energy into mechanical energy and vice versa, it is necessary that the device moves (moves) any part of it under the influence of or against the electrostatic force. For example, the movement in the direction normal to the surface of the attracting electrodes, as in the case of a planar electrostatic actuator, or the sliding movement of one electrode relative to another in an EME with a shift. In the latter case, the distance between the contacting surfaces of the electrodes does not change.

In the present invention, to transfer motion and force to an external mechanical drive, it is proposed to use not the direct force and direct movement of the electrodes towards each other, but the tension force of these electrodes generated by their attraction to each other, and the movement of the parts of the EME along this tension force. For this, the electrodes of the contact pair of the EME must be flexible, and the EME, in addition to the electrodes, must contain special sufficiently solid (rigid) elements of the inner frame (EEC), placed on the surfaces of the electrodes of the contact pair so that the electrodes and the EEC data form some internal cavity with a closed inner surface formed by the contact surfaces of these electrodes and the EVC. We will call this cavity and the elements forming its inner surface a cell of internal compression (YaVS). Note that a closed inner surface does not mean that the internal cavity of the nuclear weapons complex must be closed on all sides, such a cavity can be open from two opposite ends, an example of such a figure can be any prism taken without both bases (only the sides).

In FIG. Figure 1 shows one of the options for such a nuclear explosive - vertical sections of the same YaVS in two extreme positions. The cell is formed by two flexible flat electrodes (3) and (2) (in Fig. 1, the planes of the electrodes are perpendicular to the section plane, the electrodes are made of conductive material coated on the inside for the cavity of the cell (4) with a uniform dielectric layer) and one EEC ( 1), made in the form of a rectangular parallelepiped, elongated in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the section, and having a square cross section (shown in sections). The ends of the electrodes from the side opposite to the EVC (1) are rigidly connected to each other along some electrode fastening strip parallel to the direction along which the EVK are stretched, to simplify this strip we will consider the line (the width of the fastening strip can and should be made as small as possible), which is a sectional view of FIG. 1 is projected to the point (5). This YaVS forms a capacitor of variable capacitance (KPI). In the upper figure in FIG. Figure 1 shows the position when the volume of the internal cavity of the nuclear power source (4) is maximum, the electrodes (3) and (2) are located at the maximum distance from each other (the plane of the electrodes form a certain angle), the KPI formed by this nuclear power source is in the position C _m j _n . In the bottom figure, the cell is in the Сшх position, when the electrodes (3) and (2) are as close as possible and closely adjoin each other (some fragments of the electrodes at the same time encircle the EVC), and the cell volume is zero, i.e., the cell is in a fully compressed state . It can be seen that the transition of the nuclear weapon from the upper uncompressed position to the lower compressed position is characterized by a change in the horizontal length (length) of the nuclear weapon by a certain value x (in the lower figure in Fig. 1 x reaches its maximum value). The capacity of the EME (i.e. CPE YaVS) will be a function of x - C (x).

If electric charges are applied to the EME electrodes in position C _mjn , for example, by connecting the electrodes to a power supply with voltage U (in Fig. 1, the electrode (2) is positively charged and the electrode (3) is negative), the electrodes will begin to attract each other, bending towards each other and retracting into the nuclear magnetic resonator, enveloping and clasping the EVC (1), the point (5) of the nuclear explosives will move relative to the EVC (1) under the action of the sum of the tension forces of the electrodes, and the nuclear explosives under the action of these forces will move to the lower position C _tach . It is this change in the horizontal dimensions of the main nuclear forces x and the sum of the tension forces of the electrodes, directed along x, are the basis of the present invention. They are used to transmit or receive movement and energy from an external mechanical drive. This, the present invention is fundamentally different from the electrostatic planar actuator (EPA) and its variants, despite the presence in the present invention of electrodes converging with each other in the direction of the electrostatic proximity of the electrodes (as in EPA).

In FIG. Figure 2 shows yet another variant of EME with nuclear explosive, characterized in that it contains not one, but two EVCs (1), located symmetrically at the ends of the cell. The principle of operation of this cell is completely similar to the device in FIG. 1. When electric charges of the opposite sign are applied to the electrodes (3) and (2) from a power source with a voltage of U, the electrodes, being attracted to each other, bend and retract into the nuclear explosive complex, enveloping and wrapping around the EVC, simultaneously pulling and shifting one EVC relative to the other in the horizontal direction by x. Similarly, the capacity of a given compression cell is a function of C (x), the top figure shows the position of C _m j _n , and the bottom C _max . Thus, in the claimed invention in the EME there is a movement of oppositely charged electrodes towards each other, occurring inside the EME (inside the JWS), similar to the movement of the electrodes of the EPA, but this movement remains internal, although it is primary. It gives rise to a change in the volume of the nuclear weapon and a decrease in at least one of the linear dimensions of the cell in the direction perpendicular to the movement of the electrodes towards each other (secondary direction), which results in a secondary movement of the opposite ends of the nuclear weapon towards each other along this direction. This secondary direction may not be strictly perpendicular to the movement of each electrode towards each other (as, for example, in the nuclear magnetic field in Fig. 1), it is more correct to talk about the coincidence of the direction of the secondary movement to the direction of the vector sum of the unit vectors tangent to the contact surfaces of the electrodes, and to more in the general case, the secondary direction may not be exactly equal to it, but be close to this direction. But the secondary and primary directions of motion of the parts of the EME with YaVS in the claimed invention never coincide, which is ,

the most important distinguishing characteristic of the declared EME from EPA. The difference between the claimed invention and the EMA with a shift is also obvious, since the primary movement of the electrodes of the EMA with the JWS is not sliding and tangent (the electrodes move towards each other or vice versa) and the distance between the planes of the contact pair of electrodes of the EMA with the shift does not change, unlike the claimed device.

The examples of EMEs with YaVS (consisting of one YaVS each) indicated in the two previous paragraphs are described in the engine mode. Work in the generator mode consists in the reverse movement from the position C _max to C _m j _n (before this, the electrodes must be charged with the initial excitation charges). It should also be noted that the electrodes of the contact pair of the JWS may not be completely flexible, for the implementation of the claimed invention it is enough that they possess separate fragments made of flexible materials that would allow the electrodes to change their geometry and be drawn into the JWS.

These two examples far from exhaust all the options for the implementation of nuclear weapons. A key characteristic for such cells is the combination of a pair of flexible electrodes that can be pulled into the cell (including wires as electrodes), with rigid EVCs, which makes it possible to create a nuclear magnetic resonator that allows multiple compressive and expanding cells to move, applying external forces to the ends electrodes or to the EVC; Moreover, it is significant that the direction of change in the linear dimensions of the nuclear power source, which is directly used in the work of EME for energy conversion, does not coincide with the direction of the electrodes being drawn into the cell, and in most cases it is perpendicular to this direction or close to perpendicular.

In the general definition, EMEs with JWS can be described as follows: EMEs contain at least a pair of contact pair electrodes, each of which contains at least one fragment having the form of either a flexible tape, or a flexible film, or a flexible wire, called the flexible part of the electrode, and EME contains at least one extended rigid element, called an element of the inner frame (EVC), having the shape of either a rod, or wires, or another shape of an elongated object, and which is made of a dielectric material, or of a conductive mother ala, completely or partially coated with a layer of dielectric material; the flexible parts of the electrodes of the contact pair, together with one, or two, or a large number of EVCs, form at least one internal compression cell (ICV) containing a cavity, the inner surface of which is formed by the flexible parts of the electrodes of the contact pair and the EVC so that the flexible parts of the electrodes contact pairs could bend and move towards each other, while reducing the volume of the internal cavity and compressing the cell, including decreasing the length of the cell along at least one direction, called the direction with squeezing the cell, and therefore, this internal compression cell is an electric capacitor of variable capacity, the capacity of which depends on the degree of compression of the cell, and when the electrodes of the cell form a contact pair of electrodes of opposite signs, these electrodes are attracted to each other and their flexible parts bend into the cell in the direction to each other, including along the contact boundaries of the flexible parts of the electrodes with the EVC, which leads to a decrease in the volume of the internal cavity, compression of the cell and its reduction linear dimensions in a direction perpendicular to the direction of retraction of the electrodes into the cell (or in a direction close to that perpendicular direction). So, we emphasize once again that a feature of such an EME is that the compression and linear reduction in the size of the EME does not occur in the direction of attraction of the contact pair of electrodes to each other and the corresponding movement of the electrodes towards each other, but in the direction perpendicular to it (or close to perpendicular direction), and the force transmitted to the external drive from the EME is the vector sum of the tension forces of the electrodes directed tangentially to the planes of the surface of the contact pair of electrodes. By this, the present invention is fundamentally different from planar-type EMEs or electrode-shifted EMEs. In this case, the intrinsic tension of the electrodes arises as a result of the interaction of the electrostatic attraction forces of the electrodes and the reaction forces of the EVC, which arise as a counteraction to this electrostatic attraction.

It should also be noted that the presence of intrinsic tension of the electrodes during operation leads to several positive effects: stabilizes the shape of the electrodes and significantly reduces the value of the elastic deformations of the electrodes when separating one electrode of the contact pair from another, which allows you to successfully combat stray adhesion of thin electrodes, which means that you can use extremely thin electrodes and make internal compression cells extremely compact, which allows you to place more of them per unit volume of EME, repeatedly increasing the specific power of EME; in addition, the separation of the electrodes from each other and the reverse movement can occur in a strict sequence of separation of one sections of the electrodes after the other sections (the same for the reverse movement), allowing you to have stably repeated force and power of the EME in all phases of the EME.

EVK YaVS can have rather arbitrary form. In FIG. 1 and 2 are extended bars having a square section. The cross section may be rectangular, have a triangular shape (Fig. 3) or have the shape of a circle (Fig. 4). In the latter case, an ordinary wire can be an element of the inner frame, which is a very promising solution from a technological point of view. In the general definition of an EVC, a nuclear weapon can be described as follows: rigid extended elements having the form of either a rod or wires or another shape of an elongated object and which are made of a dielectric material or of a conductive material completely or partially coated with a layer of dielectric material, including made in the form of long prisms that have a cross section in the shape of a quadrangle or triangle, or in the form of long cylinders that have a cross section in the form of a circle (or an ellipse in bschem case), or as elongated cylinder halves, which has a cross section in a semicircle or semi-ellipse.

In addition to the shape, the elements of the YaVS framework can differ in their dielectric and conductive characteristics, and in the latter case, in the methods of electrical connection with the electrodes of the contact pair. In FIG. 1 and 2 frame elements are completely composed of a dielectric. However, more promising options are when the elements of the core of the nuclear explosive contain conductive material, which allows the EVC to participate in electrostatic interaction and allows increase the strength and power of EME. There are many options for such a performance of the EVC, below we will consider several basic and most effective ones. In all of the options described below, it is understood that the EVCs are made of a conductive material that is fully or partially coated with a dielectric layer.

Firstly, the EVC may not have electrical contact with the electrodes of the contact pair, the charges on the surface of the EVC will be formed due to the effects of electrostatic induction and will enhance the retraction of the flexible parts of the electrodes inside the nuclear magnetic resonance, an example of such electromagnetic radiation with a magnetic resonance is shown in FIG. 4. and FIG. 5.

Secondly, the EVC may have electrical contact with one of the electrodes of the contact pair or may be part of one of the electrodes of the contact pair, while the opposite EVC, if present, should accordingly have electrical contact with the other electrode of the contact pair or be part of it ( Fig. 3 and Fig. 6).

Thirdly, the EVC can consist of two parts isolated from each other, one of which is part of one electrode of the contact pair or has electrical contact with it, and the second is part of the other electrode of the contact pair or has electrical contact with it (Fig. 7) ;

Fourth, the EVC or its individual parts may have the ability to separate its own connection to a source of electrical power or electrical load. In FIG. Figure 8 shows an example of such an EME containing two EVCs, each of which has two parts connected to opposite poles of the power source.

In FIG. Figures 5-8 show EME options in two positions: on the left - C _m ; _n , on the right - C _max . Each of these options has its advantages depending on the criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of EMEs, including taking into account the technological simplicity and cost of manufacturing EMEs.

The main criteria for evaluating EMEs with YaVS are: specific power, strength, uniformity of distribution of power load over the phases of EME operation, ease of manufacture and its cost. Of the EME options listed above, each may have advantages according to one or more of these criteria. In combination of these qualities, two devices are very promising, described below, consisting of many tape electrodes and EVCs made in the form of a wire or thread.

A multielectrode version of EME with YaVS with tapes and EVK on the basis of "internal" wires.

Figure 9 shows such a device (EME), at the top one EMF is shown, at the bottom there is an EME in which many such EMFs are combined, the figures are vertical sections, similar to all other figures. SNF in FIG. 9 is similar to the JWF in FIG. 1 (the EVC in Fig. 1 is a rectangular bar with a square cross section, and in Fig. 9 these are wires with a round cross section) and consists of two flexible tape electrodes made, for example, of thin foil coated with a layer of a thin dielectric polymer film, and one EVK made of metal wire, also covered with a thin layer of dielectric. A special insulating varnish can act as such a dielectric, that is, a varnished copper wire, widely used in transformer windings, can be used as an EVC. Two adjacent sufficiently long ribbon electrodes can form many of these nuclear power sources: between the electrodes placed in parallel (in Fig. 9 are placed horizontally) with the dielectric layers on the surface of the electrodes facing inward, at the same distance, many EVCs are placed parallel to each other (that is, the wires are placed inside "YaVS), each of which is a wire of the same cross section. EVCs are placed between the electrodes so that each EVC simultaneously touches both electrodes. Such a design is already the basis for a multi-electrode EME with a JWS - it is enough to take a lot of such pairs. In fact, each such pair constitutes a chain of nuclear weapons that are similar to the nuclear weapons in FIG. 2 (the square cross section of the EVC is replaced by a round one). If you combine many of these pairs, sequentially laying them on top of each other, you get a multi-electrode EME, while the upper electrode of the lower pair and the lower electrode of the upper pair (for any two adjacent pairs of electrodes) can be switched to the same pole of the power source or load, which makes it optional placing an insulating layer of a dielectric between them. However, such an EME will have a significant drawback - a strongly nonlinear dependence of the EME capacitance and the tension of the electrodes during electrostatic interaction on the horizontal EME length (which is inherent in all planar-type EMEs). For example, when operating in the engine mode in optimal options for selecting EME characteristics, the tension force produced by EME at the beginning and at the end of the working cycle of the reduction of nuclear weapons will differ from each other by at least one or two orders of magnitude, which is very inconvenient and requires special design solutions to smooth this effect. It is much simpler to use a natural constructive solution: in the middle between a pair of adjacent EVCs of each nuclear power source (for each pair of electrodes described in the previous two paragraphs), a pair of electrodes are fastened to each other (for example, glued together) so that each electrode bonding line thus formed is parallel EVC, and so that the result is a chain of nuclear explosives, each of which is formed by fragments of two electrodes located at a certain angle to each other, one EVC and one line of fastening of the electrodes. Each such nuclear explosive is obtained by mirroring two neighboring nuclear explosives. It is possible to superimpose another similar analogous chain of nuclear weapons (upper chain) on such a chain of nuclear weapons (lower chain), so that the contact lines of the upper electrode and the EVC of the lower chain of nuclear weapons are located exactly under the fastening lines of the two electrodes of the upper chain of the nuclear weapons; and the fastening lines of the electrodes of the lower chain were located exactly under the lines of contact of the lower electrode and the EVC of the upper chain of the nuclear power source. That is, the chains of nuclear weapons of two neighboring pairs are shifted relative to each other in the horizontal direction. It is this design that is presented below in FIG. 9. In such an EME, the electrodes of each nuclear power source will always have a line of contact with each other, due to which their mutual capacitance will depend on the horizontal cell length much more smoothly than in the nuclear power source, the electrodes of which are always parallel.

This is a general advantage of the CWS, similar to the CWS in FIG. 1 (YaVS-1, contains one EVK) from YaVS similar to YaVS in fig. 2 (YaVS-2, contains two EVK). By similar are meant JWS that differ only in the shape of the cross-section of the EVC from the JWS in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, in which the cross-sectional shape of the EVC square. Once again, we note that structurally the YaVS-1 chain is a derivative of the YaVS-2 chain and differs from it in that it additionally contains lines for attaching a pair of electrodes of the YaVS chain to each other, parallel to the EVC and passing between the EVC of the YaVS.

The EME described above can be made from the simplest materials: from a thin metal foil, one of the sides of which and all the ends are covered with a thin polymer dielectric film, and a thin wire. In the general case, coating the wire with varnish or a thin layer of a polymer film is not necessary, but it is desirable to increase the operating life of the EME. Instead of a wire, you can use a dielectric thread, but such a design will be inferior in efficiency to EME with wires. Wires can be isolated or connected to power or loads in a variety of ways, as described in previous sections. In addition, the EVCs (wires) can serve as elements that fasten the electrodes of the same nuclear power supply chain with each other, and also fasten the adjacent nuclear power supply chains and the entire EME structure to each other, for this it is enough to somehow fasten all the EVCs located vertically in one way or another one above the other (with the horizontal orientation of the chains of nuclear explosive and electromagnetic fields, as shown in Fig. 9).

A multi-electrode version of EME with YaVS with tapes and EVK on the basis of "external" wires or threads.

Another promising embodiment of a multi-electrode EME with JWS is shown in FIG. 10, all figures are vertical sections, similar to all other figures. SNF in FIG. 10 is similar to the JWF in FIG. 3 (the EVC in Fig. 3 is a prism with triangular bases and a section, and in Fig. 10 it is a half cylinder with a section in the form of a semicircle) and consists of two flexible tape electrodes made, for example, of thin foil coated with a layer of a thin dielectric polymer film and two EVCs made of any material in the form of a half-cylinder, and the electrodes completely cover the EVCs from the inside of the nuclear explosive device and are attached to the EVCs. Below in FIG. 10 shows the combination of such nuclear explosive devices into a single device. A pair of fairly long ribbon electrodes with a multitude of EVCs forms a chain of nuclear explosive devices (in Fig. 10 chains of nuclear weapons are placed horizontally). YaVS chains overlap each other so that the half cylinders of two adjacent chains overlap each other and form a complete cylinder. This design allows instead of two EVC half-cylinders to use cylindrical extended bodies, for example, filaments (it is also possible to use wires), which serve as an EVC at the same time with two different nuclear-explosive devices, which simplifies the manufacture of EMEs. Each JWS of such a device has two direct contact lines of interacting electrodes, in the C _min position (top figure in Fig. 10) these are the contact lines of the vertices of the electrodes placed on the cylinders with the horizontal parts of the paired electrodes. Such a design, similar to that described in the previous section of EMEs with a JWS, provides a smooth dependence of the mutual capacitance of the JWC electrodes on the horizontal cell length compared to the JWS, the electrodes of which are always parallel. Unlike EMEs with nuclear-powered devices based on the “internal” wires from the previous section, EMCs (wires or threads) are placed “outside” from the electrodes of the main nuclear devices forming the surface of the internal cavity of the nuclear-magnetic devices.

In the general case, such an EME can be described as follows: an EME consists of a plurality of nuclear power supply chains, each of which contains two flexible electrodes in the form of a tape or wire, located opposite each other, while the cell chains are folded into one device so that, with horizontal the orientation of the cell chains in any adjacent pair of cell chains, one of the cell chains is lower and the other upper in relation to each other, and each cell chain has one of the electrodes lower and the other upper relative to g other; and EME also contains many common EVCs, made in the form of a wire or thread, having a round or arbitrary cross section, located between the upper electrode of the lower cell chain and the lower electrode of the upper cell chain for any pair of adjacent cell chains, so that one common EMC is simultaneously an EVC for one SEM of the upper chain of cells and EVC for one SEM of the lower chain of cells; wherein each EMC EME of any cell chain is formed by two flexible electrode fragments and two electrode fragments superimposed on two EVCs, one of which is common with the nuclear magnetic resonance, belonging to the cell chain, which is the top in relation to the cell chain to which the considered JVS belongs, and the second EVC is common with the JVS, belonging to the cell chain, which is lower in relation to the cell chain to which the JVS belongs.

Like EME in FIG. 9, the EVCs (wires or threads) of this EME can serve as elements that fasten the electrodes of the same nuclear power supply chain with each other, and also fasten adjacent adjacent nuclear power supply chains and the entire EME structure, for this it is enough to fasten all the EVCs in one way or another located vertically one above the other (with horizontal orientation of the chains of nuclear weapons and electromagnetic fields, as shown in Fig. 10).

Additional embodiments of the invention.

Since it is essential that the movement of the electrodes of the EME claimed here, transmitted or received from an external mechanical drive, is translationally-returnable, the following additional technical solutions, described below, may be important for EME.

Firstly, an important additional solution for the declared EMEs is combining two or more EMEs in series with each other in one device so that the moving parts of one EME are kinematically connected with the moving parts of the previous or next EME. This combination allows you to increase the amplitude of the translational-backward movement of the EME transmitted or received from an external mechanical drive.

Secondly, an important additional solution for the declared EMEs is the combination of two or more EMEs in one device in which individual EMEs are kinematically coupled and operate either in turn, or in antiphase, or with a different phase shift relative to each other, that is, all combined EMEs have a kinematic connection with a common mechanical drive, and at any moment of the EME working cycle, the compression ratio of one of the EMEs differs from the compression ratio of the other EMEs. As a result, when one EME is in the C _max position, the other EME can be in the C _m j _n position, or a different position. This combination of EME allows for continuous operation of the device, and It also allows one to average the operating characteristics of EMEs, since the dependence of EME capacitance on the distance between interacting electrodes and the degree of EME compression is nonlinear.

Thirdly, an important additional solution may be the inclusion of an elastic return mechanism in the EME in order to return the EME to its original state for the start of the next working cycle. This return elastic mechanism must have such elastic force and energy stored during the active phase of the EME working cycle, when the necessary energy conversion takes place so as not to block this active phase, but be sufficient to return the EME to its original state at the beginning of the working cycle. The following technical solutions can serve the same purpose: an EME design such that the flexible parts of the EME electrodes are made of elastic materials such that the elastic forces arising from the bending of the flexible parts of the EME electrodes when they are attracted to each other during compression of the nuclear magnetic resonance and EME bending, there were less forces of electrostatic attraction of the EME electrodes at the beginning of the phase of their attraction to each other and compression of the EME, but were sufficient to return the nuclear power source and EME to the initial uncompressed state; or an EME design such that the EME electrodes are made of elastic materials or additionally contain an elastic material, such that the elastic forces arise when the nuclear-magnetic resonance and electromagnetic-electrons are in an uncompressed state, and these elastic forces tend to translate and fix the nuclear magnetic resonance and electromagnetic-electrons in a compressed state for operation EME in generator mode.

Fourthly, in order to suppress stray transient processes leading to unnecessary voltage and current fluctuations in the power supply circuit or EME load, and also to exclude currents reverse to the power supply or charging EME currents, it is useful to include an electric valve in the EME power circuit, for example , the diode, so as to exclude, or to minimize the current in the direction opposite to the current supply or charging EME. Otherwise, parasitic fluctuations in voltage and current will occur in the electric circuit of the power supply or the EME load, caused by transient dynamic processes, at least reducing the power and efficiency of the EME. Fifth, to reduce or completely prevent the adhesion of electrodes in C _max position, it is useful to additionally place release agent or coating on the electrode contact surface that has dielectric properties. This is necessary to reduce the effect of sticking of the electrodes during compression of the nuclear explosive.

In addition, the following technical solution is very useful for increasing the specific power of EMEs: EMEs are designed in such a way that they contain the main mechanical actuator EME and one or two mechanical actuators, called pushers, kinematically connected with EMEs in which translational-reverse motion in two directions is possible : in the main direction, the movement along which or occurs under the influence of the moving parts of the EME (that is, the ends or parts of the EME that move towards each other when the EMF EME is compressed along the main direction of this compression), or transmits the movement to the moving parts of the EME, and the movement in the lateral direction along which the end of the pusher moves towards the main drive of the EME, while two extreme positions of the end of the pusher are possible: the first position is when the pusher is pressed firmly against the main EME drive, or is in a state of a different kinematic connection with the main EME drive, and the second position, when the pusher has no contact and kinematic connection with the main EME drive; and in this case, the EME contains either one or two auxiliary EMEs with internal compression cells or contains another device that is designed to move the end of the pusher towards the main drive of the EME until the kinematic connection of the end of the pusher to the main drive and to reverse the end of the pusher to reach the absence of the above kinematic connection. Such a design is needed in order to convert the high-frequency translational-backward motion of EMEs with a nuclear-magnetic resonance with a small amplitude into a continuous translational or rotational motion. EME pushers “turn on” the kinematic connection of the EME main drive with an external mechanical device in position C _m j _n , voltage is applied, EME compresses and switches to C _max , transmitting its compression motion to the external mechanical device, then the pushers “turn off” the EME kinematic connection with the external mechanical device and the EME returns to its initial uncompressed position C _m j _n (for example, this is done by the return elastic mechanism or the pair EME working in antiphase), and everything repeats, while the external mechanical device can carry out continuous movement in one direction. This design is in many respects similar to those used for ultrasonic micromotors with piezoceramics.

The implementation of the invention and the achieved technical results.

As already described above, the claimed invention can be used in two modes - generator mode and engine mode. In the first case, electric excitation charges are applied to the EME electrodes and the EME is transferred to the C _max position with the most compressed nuclear power sources, and this position can be transferred due to the intrinsic forces of the electrostatic interaction of the EME electrodes, as well as using a mechanical drive, elastic mechanisms, another EME and in many other ways. Then, the EMEs are transferred to the C _min position with the maximum volume of the nuclear power source by applying an external force, as a result of which the energy of the charges and the potential difference at the electrodes increase many times and EMEs are included in the electric load circuit. These are the goals of generation - the mechanical energy from an external device that transfers EME from the position C _max to C _m j _{n is} converted to an increase in electrical energy on the electrodes of the EME. There can be many specific options for supplying excitation charges to the EME and subsequent supplying the potential difference to the load circuit. In the engine mode, the EME operates in the reverse order: in the C _min position, the EME electrodes (and possibly on the EVC, if provided) are supplied with the potential difference from the power source, the JWS are compressed under the influence of electrostatic interaction forces and switches to the C _max position, including along one of the directions, the length of the EME is reduced, and this movement of the opposite parts of the EME towards each other along the direction of reduction of the EMC and the reduction of the length of the EME is transmitted to an external mechanical device (drive), and the EME is converted t electric power supply energy into mechanical energy. Achievable technical results of technical solutions claimed in the present invention are to increase the power and specific power and power characteristics of electrostatic electric machines - EME with internal compression cells. This is due to the fact that in the presented EMEs it is possible to use simultaneously and synchronously a large number of thin electrodes located as close as possible to each other, which makes it possible to obtain very large values of the total surface area of simultaneously interacting electrodes per unit volume of the EME. The main problem in such designs is the elastic deformation and stretching of ultrathin electrodes (several microns or tens of microns thick), leading to their adhesion, which seriously limits the lower thickness limits of the materials used. The claimed technical solutions allow you to successfully overcome these problems. The thickness of the electrodes that can be used in the declared EME is limited only by the technological capabilities of the production of foil and thin polymer films. Including in the declared EMEs, it becomes possible to use ultrafine films with a thickness of less than a micron, for example, from graphene or other ultrathin composite materials.

Description of the drawings.

For clarity, the present invention is illustrated in 10 figures. All the figures show YaVS or EME in vertical sections, the plane of the sections parallel to the sheets of paper on which the figures are depicted and pass in the middle of each presented device.

In FIG. Figure 1 shows a nuclear magnetic resonance device consisting of one EVC (1) having a square section, two flexible electrodes (2) and (3), which together form the internal cavity of the nuclear magnetic resonator (4), and the lines of fastening the electrodes to each other, which is projected into the figure point (5). The SJF is shown in two positions: in the uncompressed position with the maximum volume of the internal cavity C _m i _n (upper figure), and in the compressed position C _max (lower figure), also shows the change in the horizontal length of the SJ x when moving from one position to another. It is this change in the length of the JWS x that is used to operate the EME. In FIG. Figure 2 shows a nuclear-magnetic complex, consisting of two EVCs (1) having a square section, two flexible electrodes (2) and (3), which together form the internal cavity of the nuclear-magnetic complex (4). The SJF is shown in two positions: in the uncompressed position with the maximum volume of the internal cavity C _m j _n (upper figure), and in the compressed position C _max (lower figure), also shows the change in the horizontal length of the SJ x when moving from one position to another, which Used for EME operation.

In FIG. Figure 3 shows a nuclear-magnetic complex, consisting of two EVCs having a triangular cross-section, two flexible electrodes, including those covering the EVCs from the inside of the nuclear-magnetic explosive and forming the internal cavity of the nuclear magnetic resonance. YaVS is shown in position C _m j _n .

In FIG. Figure 4 presents a nuclear-explosive device, consisting of two EVCs having a circular cross-section, made in the form of a wire, and two flexible electrodes, which together form the internal cavity of the nuclear magnetic resonator. The charges on the electrodes induce charges on the EVC, which also participate in the general electrostatic interaction during compression of the nuclear magnetic resonance. YaVS is shown in position C _t ; _n .

In FIG. 5 presents the JWS, similar to the JWS in FIG. 2, characterized in that the EVCs are made of insulated conductive material. The charges on the electrodes induce charges on the EVC, which also participate in the general electrostatic interaction during compression of the nuclear magnetic resonance. YaVS is shown in position C _min (left) and C _max (right).

In FIG. 6 presents the JWS, similar to the JWS in FIG. 2, characterized in that the EVCs are made of conductive material and are part of the electrodes and also participate in the general electrostatic interaction during compression of the nuclear magnetic resonance. YaVS is shown in position C _m i _n (left) and C _max (right).

In FIG. 7 presents the JWS, similar to the JWS in FIG. 2, characterized in that the EVCs contain two parts made of conductive material, one of which has electrical contact with one of the electrodes, and the second part has electrical contact with the other electrode, as a result of these parts of the EVC also participate in the general electrostatic interaction during compression of nuclear weapons. YaVS is shown in position C _m j _n (left) and C _max (right).

In FIG. 8 presents the JWS, similar to the JWS in FIG. 2, characterized in that the EVCs contain two parts made of conductive material, each of which has its own connection to an electric power source, as a result, these parts of the EVC also participate in the general electrostatic interaction during compression of the nuclear explosive. YaVS is shown in position C _min (left) and C _max (right).

In FIG. Figure 9 shows one nuclear-explosive device (above), consisting of one EVC - a wire having a circular cross-section, two flexible electrodes and a line for attaching the electrodes to each other (similar to the nuclear magnetic resonator in Fig. 1). The following is a combination of such nuclear-explosive arrays into chains of nuclear-explosive arrays made of two long tape electrodes and a plurality of EVC wires located between them, and the combination of such chains of nuclear-explosive arrays into a single EME is shown. The chains of YaVS and EME are shown in horizontal orientation. The scale of the true nuclear warheads is approximately one and a half times higher than the scale of the nuclear warhead below.

In FIG. 10 shows one nuclear-explosive device (above), consisting of two EVCs - half-cylinders having a semicircle section, and two flexible electrodes, including those that encircle the EVC from the inside of the nuclear-explosive complex. The following is a combination of such nuclear-explosive devices in chains of nuclear-magnetic explosives made of two long tape electrodes and a set of common EVCs (one common EVC of circular cross section is actually a combination of two EVCs of adjacent chains with a semicircular cross-section each) - wires or threads located between the electrodes of adjacent chains, and shown the combination of such chains of nuclear weapons in a single EME. The chains of YaVS and EME are shown in horizontal orientation. The scale of the upper SJF is approximately one and a half times the scale of the SJL below.

Claims

CLAIM

ITEM 1. Capacitive electric machine with internal compression cells, consisting of at least one contact pair of electrodes intended for electrostatic interaction with each other, each of which is made of either a conductive material or a conductive material completely or partially coated with a layer of dielectric material, however, these electrodes are designed for electrostatic interaction with each other and have the ability to connect to an electric power source or an electric load th;

characterized in that each electrode of the contact pair contains at least one fragment having the form of either a flexible tape or a flexible film or a flexible wire, called the flexible part of the electrode, and the EME contains at least one extended rigid element called the element of the inner frame, having the form or a rod, or wire, or other form of an elongated object, and which is made of a dielectric material, or of a conductive material fully or partially covered with a layer of dielectric material; the flexible parts of the electrodes of the contact pair together with one, or two, or a large number of elements of the inner frame form at least one internal compression cell containing a cavity, the inner surface of which is formed by the flexible parts of the electrodes of the contact pair and the elements of the inner frame, so that the flexible parts of the electrodes of the contact pair could bend and move towards each other inside this cavity, while reducing the volume of the internal cavity and compressing the cell, including reducing the length the cell along at least one of the directions called the compression direction of the cell, which is either perpendicular, or close to perpendicular, or otherwise does not coincide with the direction or directions of retraction of the electrodes into the cell; and this internal compression cell is an electric capacitor of variable capacity, the capacity of which depends on the degree of compression of the cell and the length of the cell along the direction of compression.

ITEM 2. Capacitive electric machine with internal compression cells according to Clause 1, characterized in that the elements of the internal frame of the compression cells are parallel to each other and are made either in the form of extended prisms that have a cross section in the form of a quadrangle, triangle or other polygon, or in the form of extended cylinders that have a cross section in the form of a circle or an ellipse, or in the form of extended cylinder halves, which has cross section in the form of a semicircle or semi-ellipse.

ITEM 3. An electric capacitive machine with internal compression cells according to Clause 1, characterized in that the elements of the internal frame of the compression cells are made in such a way that each element of the internal frame has one of the following properties: or it does not have electrical contact with the electrodes of the contact pair; or has electrical contact with one of the electrodes of the contact pair; or may be part of one of the electrodes of the contact pair; or it may consist of two parts isolated from each other, one of which is part of or has electrical contact with one electrode of the contact pair, and the second is part of the other electrode of the contact pair or has electrical contact with it; or the frame element or its individual parts have the ability to separately connect to a source of electrical power and / or electrical load. ITEM 4. An electric capacitive machine with internal compression cells according to Clause 1, characterized in that it consists of many chains of internal compression cells, each of which contains two flexible electrodes having the shape of a tape or wire, located opposite each other, so that when horizontal placing a chain of cells, one of the electrodes is the top and the other bottom, and contains many elements of the inner frame, made in the form of a wire of round or arbitrary cross section and placed between the electrodes in parallel with each other gu at some distance from each other so that each inner frame member along its entire stretch touching both electrodes, and which together form a chain of internal compression cells, each of which is formed by two frame members and two flexible electrodes fragments; while the chains of internal compression cells are combined in such a way that, with the horizontal orientation of the cell chains, any pair of chains, one of which is the bottom, and the other upper one with respect to each other, had the following signs: lines or other contact areas of the upper electrode and the element of the inner frame of the lower chain of cells were located under the lines or other parts of the touch of the lower electrode and the element of the internal frame of the upper chain of cells.

ITEM 5. A capacitive electric machine with internal compression cells according to Clause 1, characterized in that it consists of many chains of internal compression cells, each of which contains two flexible electrodes having the form of a tape or wire, located opposite each other, so that when horizontal placing a chain of cells, one of the electrodes is upper and the other lower, and contains many elements of the inner frame, made in the form of a wire or thread of circular or arbitrary cross section and placed between the electrodes in parallel to each other at a certain distance from each other so that each element of the inner frame along its entire length touches both electrodes, while the electrodes have many sections of electrode attachment to each other, which are made in the form of strips or lines passing between adjacent elements of the inner frame and parallel to them, which together forms a chain of internal compression cells, each of which is formed by one element of the inner frame, one section of the electrodes attached to each other and two bends fragments of electrodes; at the same time, the chains of internal compression cells are combined in such a way that with a horizontal orientation of the cell chains, any pair of chains, one of which is the lower and the other upper with respect to each other, has the following signs: lines or other contact areas of the upper electrode and the inner frame element the lower chain of cells were located under the lines or other sections of the electrodes of the upper chain of cells to each other, and the lines or other sections of the electrodes of the lower chain were located under the lines of and other areas of contact of the lower electrode and the element of the inner frame of the upper chain of cells.

ITEM 6. Capacitive electric machine with internal compression cells according to Clause 1, characterized in that it consists of many chains of internal cells compressions, each of which contains two flexible electrodes in the form of a tape or wire, located opposite each other, while the cell chains are folded into one device so that when the cell chains are horizontally oriented in any adjacent pair of cell chains, one of the cell chains is the bottom and the other is upper in relation to each other, and in this case, each chain of cells, one of the electrodes is lower and the other upper in relation to each other; and the EME also contains many common elements of the inner frame, made in the form of a wire or thread, having a round or arbitrary cross-section, placed between the upper electrode of the lower chain of cells and the lower electrode of the upper chain of cells for any pair of adjacent cell chains, so that one common element of the inner frame is at the same time an element of the inner frame for one cell of internal compression of the upper chain of cells and an element of the inner frame for one cell of internal compression of the lower chain of cells; in this case, each cell of the internal compression of the EME of any chain of cells is formed by two flexible fragments of electrodes and two fragments of electrodes superimposed on two elements of the inner frame, one of which is common with the cell of internal compression belonging to the chain of cells, which is the top with respect to the chain of cells, to which the considered cell of internal compression belongs, and the second element of the internal frame is common with the cell of internal compression belonging to a chain of cells, which is neither it in relation to the chain of cells to which the cell belongs considered internal compression.

ITEM 7. Electric capacitive machine with internal compression cells according to any one of the software. 1 - 6, characterized in that the flexible parts of the EME electrodes are made of elastic materials such that the elastic forces arising from the bending of the flexible parts of the EME electrodes when they are pulled together by compression of the EME and preventing such bending are less than the electrostatic attraction of the EME electrodes at the beginning of the phase of their attraction to each other and EME compression, but they were also sufficient to return the cells of internal compression and EME to the initial uncompressed state.

ITEM 8. Capacitive electric machine with internal compression cells to any of the PP. 1 - 6, characterized in that the EME electrodes are made of elastic materials or additionally contain an elastic material, such that the elastic forces arise when the internal compression cells are in an uncompressed state, and these elastic forces tend to translate and fix the compression cells of the electrodes and EME for EME operation in generator mode.

ITEM 9. Capacitive electric machine with internal compression cells, according to any one of the software. 1 - 6, characterized in that it further comprises a spring-return mechanism kinematically connecting the external mechanical drive and the EME to each other so as to create an elastic force directed against the EME compression, the magnitude is not sufficient to stop this compression, but sufficient to return the EME to its original uncompressed state inside the EME duty cycle when the EME electrodes are not charged or weakly charged.

ITEM 10. Capacitive electric machine with internal compression cells according to any one of paragraphs. 1 - 6, characterized in that it consists of several EMEs with internal compression cells, combined in a single device sequentially one after another so that the moving parts of one EME are kinematically connected by the moving parts of the previous or next EME.

ITEM 1 1. Capacitive electric machine with internal compression cells according to any one of the software. 1 - 6, characterized in that it consists of two EMEs kinematically connected to each other, each of which works in antiphase with the other, that is, at the time when one EME is in a compressed state, the other EME is in its original uncompressed state, and compression of one EME leads to the transfer of another EME to the initial uncompressed state, which allows the EME electrodes to sequentially and repeatedly make translational-reverse movements.

ITEM 12. Electric capacitive machine with internal compression cells according to any one of the PP. 1 - 6, characterized in that it consists of several EMEs with internal compression cells combined in one device so that all EMEs have a kinematic connection with a common mechanical drive, and in any these EMEs are in different phases of their working cycle.

ITEM 13. Capacitive electric machine with internal compression cells according to any one of the PP. 1 - 6, characterized in that it further comprises at least one electric valve or rectifier included in the circuit for supplying electric power to the electrodes of the EME or included in the circuit of the electrical load so as to minimize or make impossible the current in the direction opposite to the current of the power source or load current.

ITEM 14. Electric capacitive machine with internal compression cells, according to any one of the software. 1 to 6, characterized in that at least one electrode on the contact surface further comprises a lubricant or release layer having dielectric properties.

ITEM 15. Capacitive electric machine with internal compression cells according to any one of the PP. 1 to 6, characterized in that it further comprises a main mechanical drive EME and one or two mechanical drives, called pushers, kinematically connected with EME, which can be moved in and out in two directions: in the main direction, the movement along which or occurs under the action of the moving parts of the EME, that is, the ends or parts of the EME that move towards each other during compression of the EMF EME along the main direction of this compression, or transfers motion to the moving parts of the EME, and movement to the side the direction along which the end of the pusher moves towards the main drive of the EME, while two extreme positions of the end of the pusher are possible: the first position when the pusher is either pressed firmly against the main drive of the EME, or is in a state of a different kinematic connection with the main drive of the EME, and the second position, when the pusher has no contact and kinematic connection with the main drive of the EME; and in this case, the EME contains either one or two auxiliary EMEs with internal compression cells and / or contains another device that is designed to move the end of the pusher towards the main drive of the EME until the kinematic connection of the end of the pusher to the main drive and to reverse the end of the pusher before reaching the absence of the above kinematic connection.

ITEM 16. An electric capacitive machine (EME) with internal compression cells according to Clause 15, characterized in that it consists of several EMEs with internal compression cells combined in one device so that all EMEs have a common main drive, and at any time These EMEs are in different phases of their working cycle.