WO2018111320A1

WO2018111320A1 - Station (sta) and methods to spoof legacy devices

Info

Publication number: WO2018111320A1
Application number: PCT/US2017/024598
Authority: WO
Inventors: Claudio Da Silva; Michael Genossar; Carlos Cordeiro
Original assignee: Intel IP Corporation
Priority date: 2016-12-12
Filing date: 2017-03-28
Publication date: 2018-06-21

Abstract

Embodiments of a station (STA) and methods to spoof legacy devices are generally described herein. The STA may transmit an enhanced directional multi-gigabit (EDMG) control mode physical layer convergence procedure protocol data unit (PPDU) that includes EDMG data. The STA may determine an EDMG PPDU duration based at least partly on an EDMG data length. The STA may determine, based at least partly on a predetermined legacy relationship between a legacy PPDU duration, a legacy data length and a legacy training length: a spoof value of the legacy data length and a spoof value of the legacy training length, for which a corresponding legacy PPDU duration is greater than or equal to the EDMG PPDU duration. The STA may include the spoof values in a legacy header (L-Header) of the EDMG control mode PPDU.

Description

STATION (ST A) AND METHODS TO SPOOF LEGACY DEVICES

PRIORITY CLAIM

[0001] This application claims priority to United States Provisional

Patent Application Serial No. 62/432,998, filed December 12, 2016, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] Embodiments pertain to wireless communications. Some embodiments relate to wireless local area networks (WLANs) and Wi-Fi networks including networks operating in accordance with the IEEE 802.11 family of standards. Some embodiments relate to millimeter wave (mmWave) communication, including m.mWave communication in accordance with IEEE 802.11 ad, IEEE 802.11 ay and/or Fifth Generation (5G) networks. Some embodiments relate to device operation in the presence of legacy de vices. Some embodiments rela te to spoofing of legacy devices. Some embodiments relate to enhanced directional multi-gigabit (EDMG) operation in the presence of directional multi-gigabit (DMG) devices.

BACKGROUND

[0003] In some cases, mobile devices may operate in accordance with contention based access operation. Accordingly, a mobile device may experience interference from other mobile devices, which may degrade performance. For instance, a second device may begin a transmissi n while a first device is still in the process of transmission. The transmissions may therefore interfere with each other, in some cases. Accordingly, there is a general need for methods and systems to enable co-existence of devices in these and other scenarios.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0004] FIG. 1 illustrates a wireless network in accordance with some embodiments;

[0005] FIG. 2 illustrates an example machine in accordance with some embodiments;

[0006] FIG. 3 illustrates a station (STA) in accordance with some embodiments and an access point (AP) rn accordance with some embodiments,

[0007] FIG. 4 is a. block diagram of a radio architecture in accordance with some embodiments;

j000S| FIG. 5 illustrates a front-end module circuitry for use in the radio architecture of FIG. 4 in accordance with some embodiments;

[0009] FIG. 6 illustrates a radio IC circuitry for use in the radio architecture of FIG. 4 in accordance with some embodiments;

[0010] FIG. 7 illustrates a baseband processing circuitry for use in the radio architecture of FIG. 4 in accordance with some embodiments,

[0011] FIG. 8 illustrates the operatio of a method of communication in accordance with some embodiments; and

[0012] FIG. 9 illustrates an example enhanced directional multi-gigabit

(EDMG) control mode physical layer convergence procedure (PLCP) protocol data unit (PPDU) and an example directional multi-gigabit (DMG) PPDU in accordance with some embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0013] The following description and the drawings sufficiently illustrate specific embodiments to enable those skilled in the art to practice them. Other embodiments may incorporate stmctural, logical, electrical, process, and other changes. Portions and features of some embodiments may be included in, or substituted for, those of other embodiments. Embodiments set forth in the claims encompass all available equivalents of those claims.

[0014] FIG. 1 illustrates a wireless network m accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, the network 100 may be a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) or a Wi-Fi network, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect. It should be noted that embodiments are not limited to the number or type of components shown in the example network 100.

Embodiments are also not limited by the example network 100 in terms of the arrangement of the components or the connectivity between components as shown. In addition, some embodiments may include additional components.

[0015] The example network 100 may include one or more access points

(APs) 102 and one or more stations (STAs) 103, In some embodiments, the AP 102 may be arranged to operate in accordance with one or more IEEE 802.11 standards. These embodiments are not limiting, however, as other base station components, which may or may not be arranged to operate in accordance with a standard, may be used in some embodiments. As an example, an Evolved Node- B (eNB) arranged to operate in accordance with one or more Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standards, including but not limited to 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) standards, may be used in some cases. In some embodiments, the STAs 103 may be arranged to operate in accordance with one or more IEEE 802.11 standards. These embodiments are not limiting, however, as other mobile devices, portable devices and/or other devices, which may or may not be arranged to operate in accordance with a standard, may be used in some embodiments. As an example, a User Equipment (UE) arranged to operate in accordance with one or more Third Generation Partnership Project (3 GPP) standards, including but not limited to 3G.PP LIE standards, may be used in some cases.

[0016 J in some embodiments, the STAs 103 may be configured to communicate with the AP 102 and/or with other S TAs 103. As shown in the example network 100 in FIG. 1, STA #1 may communicate with the AP 102 over the wireless link 105 and STA #2 may communicate with the AP 102 over the wireless link 110. in some embodiments, direct communication between STAs 103 may be possible, such as over the wireless link 115 between STA #1 and S TA #2. ^'These embodiments are not limiting, however, as the direction communication between STAs 103 may not necessarily be possible in some embodiments.

[0017] In some embodiments, the communication between the AP 102 and the STAs 103 and/or the communication between the STAs 103 may be performed in accordance with one or more standards, such as an 802.11 standard (including legacy 802. 11 standards), a 3GPP standard (including 3 GPP LTE standards) and/or other standards. These embodiments are not limiting, however, as other communication techniques and/or protocols, which may or may be included in a standard, may be used for the communication between the AP 102 and the STAs 103 and/or the communication between the STAs 103, in some embodiments.

[0018| Embodiments are not limited to communication as part of a network. In some embodiments, communication between two or more STAs 103 may not necessarily involve a network. In some cases, at least a portion of the communication may include direct communication between the STAs 103.

[0019] It should also be noted that the AP 102 may operate as an STA 103, in some embodiments. Some techniques, operations and/or methods may be described herein in terms of communication between two STAs 103. but such descriptions are not limiting. Some or all of those techniques, operations and/or methods may be applicable to scenarios in which an STA 103 and an AP 102 communicate. In addition, some techniques, operations and/or methods may be described herein in terms of communication between an STA 103 and an AP 102. but such descriptions are not limiting. Some or all of those techniques, operations and/or methods may be applicable to scenarios in which two or more STAs 1 03 communicate.

[00201 in accordance with some embodiments, a first STA 103 (such as STA it I) may transmit one or more enhanced directional multi-gigabit (EDiVIG) control mode physical layer convergence procedure (PLCP) protocol data uni s (PPDUs). A second STA 103 may receive the EDMG control mode PPDTJs from the first STA 103. These embodiments will be described in more detail below.

[0021] it should be noted that the STAs 103, the AP ! 02, mobile devices, base stations and/or other devices may be configured to operate in various frequency bands, including but not limited to millimeter wave (mmWave), ultra high frequency (UHF), microwave and/or other frequency bands. In some embodiments, beamforming, directional transmission, directional reception and'or a combination thereof may be used as part of such operation. In some cases, such techniques may be beneficial to overcome path loss. A path loss experienced by operation in mmWave frequency bands may be significantly higher than a path loss experienced by operation in other frequency bands, in some cases. For instance, traditional wireless systems may operate in the UHF and microwave frequency bands, in some cases.

10022 ! in some embodiments, the STAs 103, AP 102, other mobile devices, other base stations and/or other devices may be configured to perform operations related to contention based communication. As an example, the communication between the STAs 103 and/or AP 1 02 and/ or the communication between the STAs 103 may be performed in accordance with contention based techniques. In such cases, the STAs 103 and/or AP 102 may be arranged to contend for a. wireless medium (e.g. , during a contention period) to receive exclusive control of the medium, for a transmission period. For instance, the transmission period may include a transmission opportunity (TXOP), which may be included in an 802.1 1 standard and/or other standard.

[0023] It should be noted that embodiments are not limited to usage of contention based techniques, however, as some communication (such as that betw een mobile devices and^'or communication between a mobile device and a base station) may be performed in accordance with schedule based techniques. Some embodiments may include a combination of contention based techniques and schedule based techniques.

[002 J in some embodiments, the communication between mobile devices and/or between a mobile device and a base station may be performed in accordance with single carrier techniques. As an example, a protocol data unit (PDU) and'or other frame(s) may be modulated on a single earner frequency in accordance with a. single earner modulation (SCM) technique.

[0025] In some embodiments, the communication between mobile devices and/or between a mobile device and a base station may be performed in accordance with any suitable multi le-access techniques and/or multiplexing techniques. Accordingly, one or more of orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), code- division multiple access (CDMA), time-division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiplexing (FDMA), space-division multiple access (SOMA), multiple-input multiple-output (ΜΓΜΌ), multi-user (MIT) multiple- input multiple-output (ΜΪΜΟ) (ML^;-M1M0) and/or other techniques may be employed in some embodiments.

[0026] In some embodiments, channels used for communication between

STAs 1 03 and/or APs 102 may he 2.16 GHz, 4.32 GHz, 6.48 GHz, 8.72 GHz and'or other suitable value. In some embodiments, channels used for communication between STAs 103 and/or APs 102 may be configurable to use one of 20 MHz. 40MHz. or 80MHz. contiguous bandwidths or an 80+80MHz (ΙόΟΜΗζ) non-contiguous bandwidth. In some embodiments, a 32.0 MHz channel width may be used. In some embodiments, subchannel bandwidths less than 20 MHz may also be used. In these embodiments, each channel or subchannel may be configured for transmitting a number of spatial streams, in some embodiments. The values given above may be part of an 802.11 standard, in some cases, although embodiments are not limited as such. For instance, a 2.16 GHz. channel may be used in accordance with an 802.1 l ad standard, and any of 2.16, 4.32, 6.48 or 8.72 GHz may be used in accordance with a channel bonding technique of an 802.1 l ay standard. These embodiments are not limiting, however, as other suitable bandwidths may be used in some embodiments. In addition, embodiments are not limited to channel types or channel sizes that are included in a standard.

[0027| As used herein, the term "circuitry" may refer to. be pail of, or include an Application Specific integrated Circuit (ASIC), an electronic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group), and/or memory (shared, dedicated, or group) that execute one or more software or firmware programs, a combinational logic circuit and/or other suitable hardware components that provide t described functionality. In some embodiments, the circuitry may be implemented n. or functions associated with the circuitry may be implemented by, one or more software or firmware modules. In some embodiments, circuitry may include logic, at least partially operable in hardware. Embodiments described herein may be implemented into a system using any suitably configured hardware and/or software.

100281 FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of an example machine in accordance with some embodiments. The machine 200 is an example machine upon which any one or more of the techniques and/or methodologies discussed herein may be performed, in alternative embodiments, the machine 2.00 may operate as a standalone device or may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networked deployment, the machine 200 may operate in the capacity of a server machine, a client machine, or both in server-client network environments, in an example, the machine 200 may act as a peer machine in peer-to-peer (P2P) (or other distributed) network environment. The machine 200 may be an AF 102, STA 103, User Equipment (UE), Evolved Node-B (eNB), mobile device, base station, personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile telephone, a smart phone, a web appliance, a network router, switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executing instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine. Further, while only a single machine is illustrated, the term ^"machine" shall also be taken to include any collection of machines that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, such as cloud computing, software as a service (SaaS), other computer cluster configurations.

[0029] Examples as described herein, may include, or may operate on, logic or a number of components, modules, or mechanisms. Modules are tangible entities (e.g., hardware) capable of performing specified operations and may be configured or arranged in a certain manner. In an example, circuits may be arranged (e.g., internally or with respect to external entities such as other circuits) in a specified manner as a module. In an example, the whole or part of one or more computer systems (e.g., a standalone, client or server computer system) or one or more hardware processors may be configured by firmware or software (e.g., instructions, an application portion, or an application) as a module that operates to perform specified operations. In an example, the software may reside on a machine readable medium In an example, the software, when executed by the underlying hardware of the module, causes the hardware to perform the specified operations.

0030J Accordingly, the term "module^"' is understood to encompass a tangible entity, be that an entity that is physically constructed, specifically configured (e.g., hardwired), or temporarily (e.g.. transitorily) configured (e.g., programmed) to operate in a specified manner or to perform part or ail of any operation described herein. Considering examples in which modules are temporarily configured, each of the modules need not be instantiated at any one moment in time. For example, where the modules comprise a general-purpose hardware processor configured using software, the general-purpose hardware processor may be configured as respective different modules at different times. Software may accordingly configure a hardware processor, for example, to constitute a particular module at one instance of time and to constitute a different module at a different instance of time.

[0031] The machine (e.g., computer system) 200 may include a hardware processor 202 (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), a hardware processor core, or any combination thereof), a main memory 204 and a static memory 206, some or ail of which may communicate with each other via an interlink (e.g., bus) 208. The machine 200 may further include a display unit 210, an alphanumeric input device 212 (e.g., a keyboard), and a user interface (TJI) navigation device 214 (e.g., a mouse). In an example, the display unit 210, input device 212 and Ui navigation device 214 may be a touch screen display. The machine 200 may additionally include a storage devi e (e.g., drive unit) 216, a signal generation device 218 (e.g., a speaker), a network interface device 220, and one or more sensors 221, such as a global positioning system (GPS) sensor, compass, accelerometer, or other sensor. The machine 200 may include an output controller 228, such as a serial (e.g., universal serial bus (USB), parallel, or other wired or wireless (e.g., infrared (III), near field communication (NFC), etc.) connection to communicate or control one or more peripheral devices (e.g. , a printer, card reader, etc. ).

[0032] The storage device 216 may include a machine readable medium

2.2.2. on which is stored one or more sets of data structures or instructions 224 (e.g., software) embodying or utilized by any one or more of the techniques or functions described herein. The instructions 224 may also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory 204, within static memory 206, or within the hardware processor 202 during execution thereof by the machine 200, In an example, one or any combination of the hardware processor 202, the main memory 204, the static memory 206, or the storage device 216 may constitute machine readabie media. In some embodiments, the machine readabie medium may be or may include a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium.

[0033J While the machine readable medium 222 is illustrated, as a single medium, the term "machine readable medium" may include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) configured to store the one or more instructions 224. The term "machine readable medium" may include any medium that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying instructions for execution by the machine 200 and that cause the machine 200 to perform any one or more of the techniques of the present disclosure, or that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying data structures used by or associated with such instructions. Non-limiting machine readable medium examples may include solid-state memories, and optical and magnetic media. Specific examples of machine readabie media may include: non-volatile memory, such as semiconductor memory devices (e.g., Electrically Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM), Electrically Erasable

Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM)) and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks: Random Access Memory (RAM); and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks, in some examples, machine readable media may include non-transitory machine readable media. In some examples, machine readable media may include machine readable media that is not a transitory propagating signal. j 00341 The instructions 224 may further be transmitted or received over a communications network 226 using a transmission medium via the network interface device 220 utilizing any one of a number of transfer protocols (e.g., frame relay, internet protocoi (IP), transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocoi (IJDP), hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), etc.). Example communication networks may include a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAIN), a packet data network (e.g., the Internet), mobile telephone networks (e.g., cellular networks). Plain Old Telephone (POTS) networks, and wireless data networks (e.g., Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.1 1 family of standards known as Wi-Fi®, IEEE 802.16 family of standards known as WiMax®), IEEE 802.15.4 family of standards, a Long Term Evolution (LTE) family of standards, a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) family of standards, peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, among others. In an example, the network interface device 220 may include one or more physical jacks (e.g., Ethernet, coaxial, or phone jacks) or one or more antennas to connect to the communications network 226. In an example, the network interface device 220 may include a plurality of antennas to wirelessly communicate using at least one of single-input multiple-output (SIMO), multiple-input multiple-output (Ml MO), or multiple-input single-output (MISO) techniques. In some examples, the network interface device 220 may wirelessly communicate using Multiple User MIMO techniques. The term "transmission medium'^" shall be taken to include any intangible medium that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying instructions for execution by the machine 200, and includes digital or analog communications signals or other intangible medium to facilitate communication of such software.

[0035] FIG. 3 illustrates a station (STA) in accordance with some embodiments and an access point (AP) in accordance with some embodiments. It should be noted that in some embodiments, an STA or other mobile device may include one or more components shown in any of FIG. 2, FIG. 3 (as in 300} or FIGs. 4-7. In some embodiments, the STA 300 may be suitable for use as an STA 103 as depicted in FIG. .1 , although the scope of embodiments is not limited m this respect. It should also be noted that in some embodiments, an AP or other base station may include one or more components shown in any of FIG. 2, FIG. 3 (as in 350) or FIGs. 4-7. in some embodiments , the AP 350 may be suitable for use as an AP 102 as depicted in FIG. 1, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect.

[0036] The STA 300 may include physical layer circuitry 302 and a transceiver 305, one or both of which may enable transmission and reception of signals to and from components such as the AP 102 (FIG. .1 ), other STAs or other devices using one or more antennas 301. As an example, the physical layer circuitry 302 may perform various encoding and decoding functions that may include formation of baseband signais lor transmission and decoding of received signals. As another example, the transceiver 305 may perform various transmission and reception functions such as conversion of signais between a baseband range and a Radio Frequency ( F) range. Accordingly, the physical layer circuitry 302 and the transceiver 30.5 may be separate components or may^¬ be part of a combined component, in addition, some of the described functionality related to transmission and reception of signals may be performed by a combination that may include one, any or all of the physical la er circuitry 302, the transceiver 305, and other components or layers. The STA 300 may also include medium access control (MAC) layer circuitry 304 for controlling access to the wireless medium. The STA 300 may also include processing circuitry 306 and memory 308 arranged to perform the operations described herein.

[0037 j The AP 350 may include physical layer circuitry 352 and a transcei ver 355, one or both of which may enable transmission and reception of signals to and from components such as the S TA 103 (FIG. 1 ), other APs or other devices using one or more antennas 351. As an example, the physical iayer circuitry 352 may perform various encoding and decoding functions that may include formation of baseband signals for transmission and decoding of received signals. As another example, the transceiver 355 may perform various transmission aid reception functions such as conversion of signais between a baseband range and a Radio Frequency (RF) range. Accordingly, the physical layer circuitry 352 and the transceiver 355 may be separate components or may be part of a combined component. In addition, some of the described functionality related to transmission and reception of signais may be performed by a combination thai may include one, any or all of the physical layer circuitry 352, the transce ver 355, and other components or layers. The AP 3.50 may also include medium access control (MAC) layer circuitiy 354 for controlling access to the wireless medium. The AP 350 may also include processing circuitiy 356 and memory⁷ 358 arranged to perform the operations described herein.

[0038] The antennas 301 , 351 , 230 may comprise one or more directional or omnidirectional antennas, including, for example, dipoie antennas, mottopole antennas, patch antennas, loop antennas, microstnp antennas or other types of antennas statable for transmission of RF signals, in some multiple-input multiple-output (ΜΓΜΌ) embodiments, the antennas 301 , 351 , 230 may be effectively separated to take advantage of spatial diversity and the different channel characteristics thai may result.

[0039] In some embodiments, the ST A 300 may be configured to communicate using OFDM and/or OFDM. A communication signals over a niulticarner communication channel, in some embodiments, the AP 350 may be configured to communicate using OFDM and/or OFDMA communication signals over a multicarrier communication channel. Accordingly, in some cases, the STA 300 and/or AP 350 may be configured to receive signals in accordance with specific communication standards, such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standards including IEEE 802.1 1 -2012, 802.1 In- 2009, 802. 1 l ac-2013 standards, 802.1 l ax standards (and/or proposed standards), 802. Hay standards (and/or proposed standards) and/or other, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect as they may also be suitable to transmit and/or receive communications in accordance with other techniques and standards. In some other embodiments, the AP 350 and/or the STA 300 may be configured to receive signals that were transmitted using one or more other modulation techniques such as spread spectrum modulation (e.g., direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) and/or frequency hopping code division multiple access (FH-CDMA)), time-division multiplexing (TDM) modulation, and/or frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) modulation, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect,

[ΘΘ4Θ] In some embodiments, the STA 300 and/or AP 350 may be a mobile device and may be a portable wireless communication device, such as a personal digital assistant (PDA), a laptop or portable computer with wireless communication capability, a web tablet, a wireless telephone, a smartphone. a wireless headset, a pager, an instant messaging device, a digital camera, an access point, a television, a wearable device such as a medical device (e.g., a heart rate monitor, a blood pressure monitor, etc.), or other device that may receive and/or transmit information wirelessly. in some embodiments, the STA 300 and/or AP 350 may be configured to operate in accordance with 802, 1 1 standards, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. Mobile devices or other devices in some embodiments may be configured to operate according to other protocols or standards, including other IEEE standards, Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standards or other standards. In some embodiments, the STA 300 and/or AP 350 may include one or more of a keyboard, a display, a non-volatile memory port, multiple antennas a graphics processor, an application processor, speakers, and other mobile devic elements. The display may be an LCD screen including a touch screen.

[0041] Although the STA 300 and the AP 350 are each illustrated as having several separate functional elements, one or more of the functional elements may be combined and may be implemented by combinations of software-configured elements, such as processing elements including digital signal processors (DSPs), and/or other hardware elements. For example, some elements may comprise one or more microprocessors, DSPs, field- programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), radio-frequency integrated circuits (RFICs) and combinations of various hardware and logic circuitry for performing at least the functions described herein. n some embodiments, the functional elements may refer to one or more processes operating on one or more processing elements.

[0042] Embodiments may be implemented in one or a combination of hardware, firmware and software. Embodiments may also be implemented as instructions stored on a computer-readable storage device, which may be read and executed by at least one processor to perform the operations described herein. A computer-readable storage device may include any non-transitory mechanism for storing information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). For example, a computer-readable storage device may include read- only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flash-memory devices, and other storage devices and media. Some embodiments may include one or more processors and may be configured with instructions stored on a computer-readable storage device.

[0043] It should be noted that in some embodiments, an apparatus of the

STA 300 may include various components of the STA 300 as shown in FIG. 3 and/or the example machine 200 as shown in FIG. 2 and/or various components shown in FiGs. 4-7. Accordingly, techniques and operations described herein that refer to the STA 300 (or 103) may be applicable to an apparatus of an STA, in some embodiments. It should also be noted that in some embodiments, an apparatus of the AP 350 may include various components of the AP 350 as shown in FIG. 3 and/or the example machine 200 as shown in FIG. 2 and/or various components shown in FiGs, 4-7, Accordingly, techniques and operations described herein that refer to the AP 350 (or 102) may be applicable to an apparatus of an AP, in some embodiments. In addition, an apparatus of a mobile device and/or base station may include one or more components shown in FiGs. 2-7, in some embodiments. Accordingly, techniques and operations described herein that refer to a mobile device and/or base station may be apphcable to an apparatus of a mobile device and/or base station, in some embodiments.

[0044J FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a radio architecture 400 in accordance with some embodiments. Radio architecture 400 may include radio front-end module (FEM) circuitry 404, radio IC circuitry 406 and baseband processing circuitry 408, Radio architecture 400 as shown includes both.

Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) functionality and Bluetooth (BT) functionality although embodiments are not so limited. In this disclosure, "WLAN" and "Wi-Fi^"' are used interchangeably.

[0045J it should be noted that the radio architecture 400 and components shown in FiGs. 5-7 support WLAN and BT, but embodiments are not limited to WLAN or BT. In some embodiments, two technologies supported by the radio architecture 400 may or may not include WLAN or BT. Other technologies may be supported. In some embodiments, WLAN and a second technology may be supported. In some embodiments, BT and a second technology may be supported. In some embodiments, two technologies other than VVLAN and BT may be supported. In addition, the radio architecture 400 may be extended to support more than two protocols, technologies and/or standards, in some embodiments. Embodiments are also not limited to the frequencies illustrated in FIGs. 4-7.

[0046] FEM circui try 404 may incl ude a WE AN or Wi-Fi FEM circui try

404a and. a Bluetooth (BT) FEM circuitry 404b. The WEA FEM circuitry 404a may include a receive signal path comprising circuitry configured to operate on WEAN RF signals received from one or more antennas 401, to amplify the received signals and to provide the amplified versions of the received signals to the WEAN radio IC circuitry 406a for further processing. The BT FEM circuitry 404b may include a receive signal path which may include circuitry configured to operate on BT RF signals received from one or more antennas 402, to amplify the received signals and to provide the amplified versions of the received signals to the BT radio IC circuitry 406b for further processing. FEM circuitry 404a may also include a transmit signal path which may include circuitry configured to amplify WEAN signals provided by the radio IC circuitry 406a for wireless transmission by one or more of the antennas 401. In addition, FEM circuitry 404b may also include a transmit signal path which may include circuitry configured to amplify BT signals provided by the radio IC circuitry 406b for wireless transmission by the one or more antennas. In the embodiment of FIG. 4, although FEM 404a and FEM 404b are shown as being distinct from one another, embodiments are not so limited, and include within their scope the use of an FEM (not shown) that includes a transmit path and/or a receive path for both WEAN and BT signals, or the use of one or more FEM circuitries where at least some of the FEM circuitries share transmit and/or receive signal paths for both WE AN and BT signals.

[0047J Radio IC circuitry 406 as shown may include WEAN radio IC circuitry 406a and BT radio IC circuitry' 406b. The WEAN radio IC circuitry 406a may include a receive signal path which may include circuitry⁷ to down- convert WEAN RF signals received from the FEM circuitry 404a and. provide baseband signals to WEAN baseband processing circuitry 408a. BT radio IC circuitry 406b may in turn include a receive signal path which may include circuitry to down-convert BT I F signals received from the FEM circuitry 404b and provide baseband signals to BT baseband processing circuitry 408b. WLAN radio IC circuitry 406a may also include a transmit signal path which may include circuitry to up-convert WLAN baseband signals provided by the WLAN baseband processing circuitry 408a and provide WLA RF output signals to the FEM circuitry 404a for subsequent wireless transmission by the one or more antennas 401. BT radio 1C circuitry 406b may also include a transmit signal path which may include circuitry to up-convert BT baseband signals provided by the BT baseband processing circuitry 408b and provide BT RF output signals to the FEM circuitry 404b for subsequent wireless transmission by the one or more antennas 401. In the embodiment of FIG. 4, although radio IC circuitries 406a and 406b are shown as being distinct from one another, embodiments are not so limited, and include within their scope the use of a radio IC circuitry (not shown) that includes a transmit signal path and/or a receive signal path for both WLAN and BT signals, or the use of one or more radio IC circuitries where at least some of the radio IC circuitries share transmit and/or receive signal paths for both WLAN and BT signals.

[ΘΘ48] Baseband processing circuit}⁷ 408 may include a WLAN baseband processing circuitry 408a and a BT baseband processing circuitry 408b. The WLAN baseband processing circuitry 408a may include a memory, such as, for example, a set of RAM arrays in a Fast Fourier Transform or Inverse Fast Fourier Transform block (not shown) of the WL AN baseband processing circuitry 408a. Each of the WLAN baseband circuitry 408a and the BT baseband circuitry 408b may further include one or more processors and control logic to process the signals received from the corresponding WLAN or BT receive signal path of the radio IC circuitry 406, and to also generate

corresponding WLAN or BT baseband signals for the transmit signal path of the radio IC circuitry 406. Each of the baseband processing circuitries 408a and 408b may further include physical layer (PHY) and medium access control layer (MAC) circuitry, and may further interface with application processor 410 for generation and processing of the baseban d signals and for controlling operations of the radio IC circuitry 406. 1004 1 Referring still to FIG. 4, according to the shown embodiment,

WLAN-BT coexistence circuitry 413 may include logic providing an interface between the WLAN baseband circuitry 408a and the BT baseband circuitry 408b to enable use eases requiring WLAN and BT coexistence. In addition, a switch 403 may be provided between the WLAN FEM circuitry 404a and the BT FEM circuitry 404b to allow switching between the WLAN and BT radios according to application needs. In addition, although the antennas 401 are depicted as being respectively connected to the WLAN FEM circuitry 404a and the BT FEM circuitry 404b, embodiments include within their scope the sharing of one or more antennas as between the WLA and BT FEMs, or the provision of more than one antenna connected to each of FEM 404a or 404b.

[0050] In some embodiments, the front-end module circuitry 404, the radio IC circuitry 406, and baseband processing circuitry 408 may be provided on a single radio card, such as wireless radio card 402. In some other embodiments, the one or more antennas 401, the FEM circuitry 404 and the radio IC circuitry 406 may be provided on a. single radio card. In some other embodiments, the radio IC circuitry 406 and the baseband processing circuitry 408 may be provided on a single chip or integrated circuit (IC), such as IC 412.

[0051] In some embodiments, the wireless radio card 402 may include a WLAN radio card and may be configured for Wi-Fi comraunications, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some of these embodiments, the radio architecture 400 may be configured to receive and transmit orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) or orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) communication signals over a multicarrier communication channel The OFDM or OFDMA signals may comprise a plurality of orthogonal subcarriers.

[0052] In some of these multicarrier embodiments, radio architecture 400 may be part of a Wi-Fi communication station (STA) such as a wireless access point (AP), a base station or a mobile device including a Wi-Fi device. In some of these embodiments, radio architecture 400 may be configured to transmit and receive signals in accordance with specific communication standards and/or protocols, such as any of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standards including, 8G2, l ln-2009, IEEE 802, 11-2012, 802, l l n-2009, 802.1 lac, and/or 802.1 lax standards and/or proposed specifications for WLANs, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect. Radio architecture 400 may also be suitable to transmit and/or receive communications in accordance with other techniques and standards.

[0053] In some embodiments, the radio architecture 400 may be configured for high-efficiency (HE) Wi-Fi (HEW) communications in accordance with the IEEE 802.1 lax standard. In these embodiments, the radio architecture 400 may be configured to communicate in accordance with an OFDM A technique, although the scope of the embodiments i not limited in this respect,

[0054] In some other embodiments, the radio architecture 400 may be configured to transmit and receive signals transmitted using one or more other modulation techniques such as spread spectrum modulation (e.g., direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) and/or frequency hopping code division multiple access (FH-CDMA)), time-division multiplexing (TDM) modulation, and/or frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) modulation, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.

[0055] In some embodiments, as further shown in FIG. 4, the BT baseband circuitr ' 408b may be compliant with a Bluetooth (BT) connectivity standard such as Bluetooth, Bluetooth 4.0 or Bluetooth 5.0, or any other iteration of the Bluetooth Standard, in embodiments that include BT functionality as shown for example in Fig. 4, the radio architecture 400 may be configured to establish a BT synchronous connection oriented (SCO) link and or a BT low energy (BT LE) link. In some of the embodiments that include functionality, the radio architecture 400 may be configured to establish an extended SCO (eSCO) link for BT communications, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in tins respect. In some of these embodiments that include a BT functionality, the radio architecture may he configured to engage in a BT Asynchronous Connection-Less (ACL) communications, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some embodiments, as shown in FIG, 4, the functions of a BT radio card and WLAN radio card may be combined on a single wireless radio card, such as single wireless radio card 402, although embodiments are not so limited, and include within their scope discrete WLAN and BT radio cards.

[0056] In some embodiments, the radio-architecture 400 may include other radio cards, such as a cellular radio card configured for cellular (e.g., 3GPP such as LTE, LTE-Advanced or 5G communications).

[0057] In some IEEE 802.11 embodiments, the radio architecture 400 may be configured for communication over various channel bandwidths including bandwidths having center frequencies of about 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz. In some embodiments, the bandwidths may be about I MHz, 2 MHz, 2.5 MHz, 4 MHz, 5MHz, 8 MHz, 10 MHz, 16 MHz, 20 MHz, 40MHz, 80MHz (with contiguous bandwidths) or 80+80MHz (160MHz) (with non-contiguous bandwidtlis). In some embodiments, a 320 MHz channel bandwidth may be used. In some embodiments, the bandwidths may be about 2.1 6 GHz, 4.32 GHz, 6.48 GHz, 8.72 GHz and/or other suitable value. The scope of the embodiments is not limited with respect to the above center frequencies or bandwidths, however.

[0058] FIG. 5 illustrates FEM circuitry 500 in accordance with some embodiments. The FEM circuitry 500 is one example of circuitry that may be suitable for use as the WLAN and'or BT FEM circuitry 404a/404b (FIG. 4), although other circuitry configurations may also be suitable,

[0059] In some embodiments, the FEM circuitry 500 may include a

TX-'RX switch 502 to switch between transmit mode and receive mode operation. The FEM circuitry 500 may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of the FEM circuitry 500 may include a low-noise amplifier (LNA) 506 to amplify received RF signals 503 and provide the amplified received RF signals 507 as an output (e.g., to the radio IC circuitry 406 (FIG, 4)), The transmit signal path of the circuitry .500 may include a power amplifier (PA) to amplify input RF signals 509 (e.g., provided by the radio IC circuitry 406), and one or more filters 12, such as band-pass filters (BPFs), low-pass filters (EPFs) or other types of filters, to generate RF signals 515 for subsequent transmission (e.g.. by one or more of the antennas 40.1 (FIG, 4)). j 00601 in some dual-mode embodiments for Wi-Fi communication, the

FEM circuitry 500 may be configured to operate in either the 2.4 GHz frequency spectrum or the 5 GHz frequency spectrum, in these embodiments, the receive signal path of the FEM circuitry 500 may include a receive signal path duplexer 504 to separate the signals from each spectrum as well as provide a separate

LNA 506 for each spectrum as shown. In these embodiments, the transmit signal path of the FEM circuitry 500 may also include a power amplifier 10 and a filter 512, such as a BPF, a EPF or another type of filter for each frequency spectrum and a transmit signal path duplexer 514 to provide the signals of one of the different spectrums onto a single transmit path for subsequent transmission by the one or more of the antennas 401 (FIG. 4). In some embodiments, BT communications may utilize the 2.4 GHZ signal paths and may utilize the same FEM circuitry 500 as the one used for WLAN communications.

[0061J FIG. 6 illustrates radio IC circuitry 600 in accordance with some embodiments. The radio IC circuitry' 600 is one example of circuitry that may be suitable for use as the WLAN or BT radio IC circuitry 406a/406b (FIG. 4), although other circuitry configurations may also be suitable.

[0062] In some embodiments, the radio IC circuitry' 600 may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of the radio IC circuitry 600 may include at least mixer circuitry 602, such as, for example, down-conversion mixer circuitry, amplifier circuitry 606 and filter circuitry 608. The transmit signal path of the radio IC circuitry 600 may include at least filter circuitry 612 and mixer circuitry 614, such as, for example, up- con version mixer circuitry. Radio IC circuitry 600 may also include synthesizer circuitry 604 for synthesizing a frequency 605 for use by the mixer circuitry 602 and the mixer circuitry 614. The mixer circuitry 602 and/or 614 may each, according to some embodiments, be configured to provide direct conversion functionality. The latter type of circuitry presents a much simpler architecture as compared with standard super-heterodyne mixer circuitries, and any flicker noise brought about by the same may be alleviated for example through the use of

OFDM modulation. Fig. 6 illustrates only a simplified version of a radio IC circuitry, and may include, although not shown, embodiments where each of the depicted circuitries may include more than one component. For instance, mixer circuitry 620 and/or 614 may each include one or more mixers, and filter circuitries 608 and/or 612 may each include one or more filters, such as one or more BPFs and/or LPFs according to application needs. For example, when mixer circuitries are of the direct-conversion type, they may each include two or more mixers.

[0063] In some embodiments, mixer circuitry 602 may be configured to down-convert RF signals 507 received from the FEM circuitry 404 (FIG. 4) based on the synthesized f equency 605 provided by synthesizer circuitry 604. The ampli fier circuitry 606 may be configured to amplify the down-converted signals and the filter circuitry 608 may include a LPF configured to remove unwanted signals from the down-converted signals to generate output baseband signals 607. Output baseband signals 607 may be provided to the baseband processing circuitry 408 (FIG. 4) for further processing. In some embodiments, the output baseband signals 607 may be zero-frequency baseband signals, although this is not a requirement. In some embodiments, mixer Circuitry 602 may comprise passive mixers, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect,

[0064] In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 614 may be configured to up-convert input baseband signals 61 1 based on the synthesized frequency 605 provided by the synthesizer circuitry 604 to generate RF output signals 509 for the FEM circuitry 404. The baseband signals 61 1 may be provided by the baseband processing circuitry 408 and may be filtered by filter circuitry 612. The filter circuitry 612 may include a LPF or a BPF, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.

[ΘΘ65] In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 602 and the mixer circuitry 614 may each include two or more mixers and may be arranged for quadrature down-conversion and/or up-converston respectively with the help of synthesizer 604. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 602 and the mixer circuitry 614 may each include two or more mixers each configured for image rejection (e.g., Hartley image rejection). In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 602 and the mixer circuitry 614 may be arranged for direct down- conversion and/or direct up-conversion, respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 602. and the mixer circuitry 614 may be configured for superheterodyne operation, although this is not a, requirement.

[0066] Mixer circuitry 602 may comprise, according to one embodiment: quadrature passive mixers (e.g., for the in-phase (I) and quadrature phase (Q) paths). In such an embodiment, RF input signal 507 from Fig. 6 may be down- converted to provide I and Q baseband output signals to be sent to the baseband processor.

[0067| Quadrature passive mixers may be driven by zero and ninety degree time-varying LO switching signals provided by a quadrature circuitry which may be configured, to receive a LO frequency (to) from a local oscillator or a synthesizer, such as LO frequency 605 of synthesizer 604 (FIG. 6). In some embodiments, the LO frequency may be the earner frequency, while in other embodiments, the LO frequency may be a fraction of the carrier frequency (e.g., one-half the carrier frequency, one-third the carrier frequency), in some embodiments, the zero and ninety degree time-varying switching signals may be generated by the synthesizer, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect,

[0068] In some embodiments, the LO signals may differ in duty cycle

(the percentage of one period in which the LC) signal is high) and^'or offset (the difference between start points of the period). In some embodiments, the LO signals may have a 25% duty cycle and a 50% offset. In some embodiments, each branch of the mixer circuitry (e.g., the m-phase (I) and quadrature phase (Q) path) may operate at a 25% duty cycle, which may result in a significant reduction is power consumption,

[0069] The RF input signal 507 (FIG. 5} may comprise a balanced signal, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. The I and Q baseband output signals may be provided to low-nose amplifier, such as amplifier circuitry 606 (FIG, 6) or to filter circuitry 608 (FIG. 6).

[00701 In some embodiments, the output baseband signals 607 and the input baseband signals 611 may be analog baseband signals, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some alternate

embodiments, the output baseband signals 607 and the input baseband signals 611 may be digital baseband signals. In these alternate embodiments, the radio IC circuitry may include aiialog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuitry.

[0071] In some dual-mode embodiments, a separate radio IC circuitry may be provided for processing signals for each spectrum, or for other spectriuns not mentioned here, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.

[0072J In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry 604 may be a fractional -N synthesizer or a fractional N/ ÷l synthesizer, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect as other types of frequency synthesizers may be su table. For example, synthes zer circuitry 604 may be a delta-sigma synthesizer, a frequency multiplier, or a synthesizer comprising a phase-locked loop with a frequency divider. According to some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry 604 may include digital synthesizer circuitry. An advantage of using a digital synthesizer circuitry is that, although it may still include some analog components, its footprint may be scaled down much more than the footprint of an analog synthesizer circuitry. In some embodiments, frequency input into synthesizer circuity 604 may be provided by a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), although that is not a requirement. A divider control input may further be provided by either the baseband processing circuitry 408 (FIG. 4) or the application processor 410 (FIG. 4) depending on the desired output frequency 605, in some embodiments, a divider control input (e.g. , IN) may be determined from a look-up table (e.g., within a Wi-Fi card) based on a channel number and a channel center frequency as determined or indicated by the application processor 410.

[0073] In some embodiments, synthesizer circuitry 604 may be configured to generate a carrier frequency as the output frequency 605, while in other embodiments, the output frequency 605 may he a t action of the carrier frequency (e.g. , one-half the carrier frequency, one-third the carrier frequency). In some embodiments, the output frequency 605 may be a LO frequency (fi,o).

[0074J FIG. 7 illustrates a functional block diagram of baseband processing circuitry 700 i accordance with some embodiments. The baseband processing circuitry 700 is one example of circuitry that may be suitable for use as the baseband processing circuitry 408 (FIG 4), although other circuitry configurations may also be suitable. The baseband processing circuitry 700 may include a receive baseband processor (RX BBP) 702 for processing receive baseband signals 609 provided by the radio 1C circuitry 406 (FIG. 4) and a transmit baseband processor (TX BBP) 704 for generating transmit baseband signals 61 1 for the radio IC circuitry 406. The baseband processing circuitry 700 may also include control logic 706 for coordinating the operations of the baseband processing circuitry 700.

[0075 j in some embodiments (e.g., when analog baseband signals are exchanged between the baseband processing circuitry 700 and the radio IC circuitry 406), the baseband processing circuitry 700 may include ADC 710 to convert analog baseband signals received from the radio IC circuitry 406 to digital baseband signals for processing by the RX BBP 702, In these

embodiments, the baseband processing circuitry 700 may also include DAC 712 to convert digital baseband signals from the TX. BBP 704 to analog baseband signals.

[0076] In some embodiments that communicate OFDM signals or

OFDMA signals, such as through baseband processor 408a, the transmit baseband processor 704 may be configured to generate OFDM or OFDMA signals as appropriate for transmission by performing an inverse fast Fourier transform (TFFT). The receive baseband processor 702 may be configured to process received OFDM signals or OFDMA signals by performing an FFT. In some embodiments, the receive baseband processor 702 may be configured to detect the presence of an OFDM signal or OFDMA signal by performing an autocorrelation, to detect a preamble, such as a short preamble, and by performing a cross-correlation, to detect a long preamble. The preambles may be part of a predetermined frame structure for Wi-Fi communication.

[0077] Referring back to FIG. 4, in some embodiments, the antennas 401

(FIG, 4) may each comprise one or more directional or omnidirectional antennas, including, for example, dipoie antennas, monopole antennas, patch antennas, loop antennas, microstrip antennas or other types of antennas suitable for transmission of RF signals. In some multiple-input multiple-output (ΜΙ.ΜΌ) embodiments, the antennas may be effectively separated to take advantage of spatial diversity and the different channel characteristics that may result. Antennas 401 may each include a set of phased-array antennas, although embodiments are not so limited.

[0078] Although the radio-architecture 400 is illustrated as having several separate functional elements, one or more of the functional elements may be combined and inay be implemented by combinations of software-configured elements, such as processing elements including digital signal processors (DSPs), and/or other hardware elements. For example, some elements may comprise one or more microprocessors, DSPs, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), radio-frequency integrated circuits (RFiCs) and combinations of various hardware and logic circuitry for performing at least the functions described herein. In some embodiments, the functional elements may refer to one or more processes operating on one or more processing elements.

[0079] Embodiments may be implemented in one or a combination of hardware, firmware and software. Embodiments may also be implemented as instructions stored on a computer-readable storage device, which may be read and executed by at least one processor to perform the operations described herein. A computer-readable storage device may include any non-transitory mechanism for storing information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). For example, a computer-readable storage device may include readonly memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flash-memory devices, and other storage devices and media. Some embodiments inay include one or more processors and may be configured with instructions stored on a computer-readable storage device.

[0080] In accordance with some embodiments, the STA 103 may encode enhanced directional multi-gigabit (EDMG) data and EDMG training for inclusion in an EDMG control mode physical layer convergence procedure protocol data unit (PPDU). ^'The STA 103 may determine an EDMG PPDU duration based at least partly on an EDMG data length and an EDMG training length. The STA 103 may determine, based at least partly on a predetermined legacy relationship between a legacy PPDU duration, a legacy data length and a legacy training length: a spoof value of the legacy data length and a spoof value of the legacy training length, for which a corresponding legacy PPDU duration is greater than or equal to the EDMG PPDU duration. The STA 103 may store the spoof values in memory. The STA 103 may encode a legacy header (L-Header) to include the spoof values in predetermined positions for the legacy data length and the legacy training length. The STA 103 may generate, for transmission, the EDMCJ- control mode PPDU to mciude the L-Header, the EDMCJ data, and the EDMG training. These embodiments will be described in more detail below, [0081. J FIG. 8 illustrates the operation of a method of communication in accordance with some embodiments. It is important to note that embodiments of the method 800 may include additional or even fewer operations or processes in comparison to what is illustrated in. FIG, 8. In addition, embodiments of the method 800 are not necessarily limited to the chronological order that is shown in FIG. 8. in describing the method 800, reference may be made to FIGs. 1 -7 and 9, although it is understood tha the method 800 may be practiced with any other suitable systems, interfaces and components.

[0082 j in some embodiments, an STA 103 may perform one or more operations of the method 800, but embodiments are not limited to performance of the method 800 and/or operations of it by the STA 103. in some

embodiments, the AP 102 may perform one or more operations of the method 800 (and/or similar operations). Accordingly, although references may be made to performance of one or more operations of the method 800 by the STA 103 in descriptions herein, it is understood that the AP 102 may perform the same operation(s), similar operation(s) and'or reciprocal operation(s), in some embodiments.

[0083] In addition, the method 800 and other methods described herein may refer to STAs 103 or APs 102 operating in accordance with an 802.11 standard, protocol and/or specification and/or WLA standard, protocol and/or specification, in some cases. Embodiments of those methods are not limited to just those STAs 103 or APs .102 and. may also be practiced on other devices, such as a User Equipment (TJE), an Evolved ode-B (e^'NB) and/or other device. in addition, the method 800 and other methods described herein may be practiced by wireless devices configured to operate in other suitable types of wireless communication systems, including systems configured to operate according to various Third Generation Partnership Protocol (3GPP) standards, including but not limited to Long Term Evolution (LTE). The method 800 may also be practiced by an apparatus for an STA 103 and/or AP 102 and/or other device, in some embodiments,

[0084] It should also be noted that embodiments are not limited by references herein (such as in descriptions of the methods 800 and/or other descriptions herein) to transmission, reception and/or exchanging of elements such as frames, messages, requests, indicators, signals or other elements, in some embodiments, such an element may be generated, encoded or otherwise processed by processing circuitry (such as by a. baseband processor included in the processing circuitry) for transmission. The transmission may be performed by a transceiver or other component, in some cases. In some embodiments, such an element may be decoded, detected or otherwise processed by the processing circuitry (such as by the baseband processor). The element may be received by a. transceiver or other component, in some cases. In some embodiments, the processing circuitry and the transceiver may be included in a same apparatus. The scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect, however, as the transceiver may be separate from the apparatus that comprises the processing circuitry, in some embodiments.

[0085] At operation 805, the STA 103 may encode enhanced directional nmhi -gigabit (EDMG) data. In some embodime ts, the EDMG data may be encoded for inclusion in an EDMG control mode physical layer convergence procedure protocol data unit (PPDU ). in some embodiments, the EDMG data may be encoded for transmission, such as to another STA 103. The EDMG data may include any number of bits, bytes, octets and/or other unit of length. The EDMG data may include any number of codewords, including but not limited to low density parity check (LDPC) codewords.

[ΘΘ86] It should be noted that references may be made to an EDMG control mode PPDU in descriptions herein (including but not limited to descriptions of the method 800). These references are not limiting, however. In some embodiments, other PPDUs (including other types of EDMG PPDUs) may be used. Accordingly, operations of the method 800 (and/or other operations described herem) may use an EDMG PPDU. For instance, at operation 805, the EDMG data may be encoded for inclusion in an EDMG PPDU, in some embodiments. It should also be noted that embodiments are not limited to operations on PPDUs, as such operations may be performed on any suitable block, frame. PDU and/or other element, in some embodiments.

[0087] At operation 810, the STA 103 may encode EDMG training, in some embodiments, the EDMG training may be encoded for inclusion in the EDMG control mode PPDU. In some embodiments, the EDMG training may be encoded for transmission, such as to another STA 103. it should be noted that the EDMG control mode PPDU may not necessarily include EDMG training. In some embodiments, the EDMG control mode PPDU may be configurable to include or to not. include the EDMG training. For instance, the EDMG training may be optional, in some embodiments. Accordingly, some embodiments may not necessarily include operation 810.

[0088] The EDMG training may include any number of bits, bytes, octets and or other unit of length. In some embodiments, the EDMG training may include any number of training units, training sequences, training symbols and/or other elements. In a non-limiting example, a training unit may comprise a number of training sequences that, may be used for one or more purposes by another STA 103 (such as another STA 103 to which the EDMG control mode PPDU is transmitted), including but not limited to channel estimation, beam refinement, training of a transmit direction and/or received direction, signal-to- noise ratio (S R) estimation and/or other.

[008 S At operation 815, the STA 103 may determine an EDMG PPDU duration, in some embodiments, the EDMG PPDU duration may be a duration of time for transmission of the EDMG control mode PPDU. For instance, the EDMG PPDU duration may be a computed duration, an expected duration, an allotted duration and/or other duration for transmission of the EDMG control mode PPDU, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some embodiments, the STA 103 may determine a duration of an EDMG control mode PPDU that is to be transmitted.

|0090 hi some embodiments, the EDMG PPDU duration may be based at least partly on an EDMG data length and an EDMG training length. The

EDMG data length may be based on one or more factors, including but not limited to a number of bits, symbols, codewords and/or other elements of the EDMG daia; a duration of time of the EDMG data; and/or oilier factor(s). The EDMG training length may be based on one or more factors, including but not limited to a number of bits, symbols, codewords, training sequences, training units and/or other elements of the EDMG training; a duration of time of the EDMG training; and/or other factor(s).

[0091] It should be noted that the EDMG control mode PPDU may not necessarily include EDMG training, in some embodiments, the EDMG control mode PPDU may be configurable to include or to not include the EDMG training. For instance, the EDMG training may be optional, in some embodiments. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the EDMG PPDU duration may be based at least partly on an EDMG data length (for instance, if the EDMG training is not included in the EDMG control mode PPDU).

[0092] In some embodiments, the EDMG control mode PPDU may be configurable to include or to not include the EDMG training. If the E-D.MG control mode PPDU includes the EDMG training, the EDMG PPDU duration may be based at least partly on the EDMG data length and the EDMG training length, if the EDMG control mode PPDU does not include the EDMG training, the EDMG PPD U duration may be based at least partly on the EDMG data length.

[0093] FIG. 9 illustrates an example enhanced directional multi-gigabit

(EDMG) control mode physical layer convergence procedure (PLCP) protocol data unit (PPDU) and an example directional multi-gigabit (DMG) PPDU in accordance with some embodiments. It should be noted that the examples shown in FIG. 9 may illustrate some or all of the concepts and techniques described herein in some cases, but embodiments are not limited by the examples. For instance, embodiments are not limited by the name, number, type, size, ordering, arrangement and/or other aspects of the packets, headers, data fields, data portions, fields and other elements as shown in FIG. 9. Some embodiments may not necessarily include all elements shown in FIG. 9. Some embodiments may include one or more elements in addition to those shown in FIG. 9. Although some of the elements shown in the examples of FIG, 9 may be included in a standard, such as 802.11, 802.11 ay, WEAN and/or other, embodiments are not limited to usage of such elements that are included in standards.

[0094] Referring to FIG, 9, the example EDMG control mode PPDU 900 may be included in an 802.1 lay standard, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect. In this example, the EDMCJ control mode PPDU 900 includes a preamble 905, a legacy header (L-Header) 910, an EDMG Head r- A field 915, EDMG data 920, and EDMG training (TRN) 925. Embodiments are not limited to these fields and are also not limited to the order shown, in some embodiments, one or more of the fields 905-925 may not necessarily be included in an EDMG control mode PPDU, I some embodiments, one or more additional fields and'or elements may be included in an EDMG control mode PPDU.

[0095] In a non-limiting example, at operation 81 , the EDMG PPDU duration may be based at least partly on a length and/or duration of the EDMG data 920. The EDMG PPDU duration may be further based at least partly on a length and/or duration of the EDMG training 92.5. For instance, the EDMG PPDU duration may be (and/or may be based on) a sum of a duration of the EDMG data 92,0 and a duration of the EDMG training 92,5. It should be noted that the EDMG PPDU duration may refer to the fields that are to be transmitted after the EDMG Header-A 915, in some cases, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect. The EDMG PPDU duration may be further based on one or more of the preamble 905, L-header 910, EDMG Header-A field 915 and/or other field, in some embodiments.

[0096] Returning to the method 800, at operation 820, the STA 103 may determine a spoof value of a legacy data length and a spoof value of a legacy trainmg length. At operation 825, the STA 103 may store the spoof values in memory. At operation 830, the STA 103 may encode a legacy header (L- Header) to include the spoof values. At operation 835, the STA 103 may encode an EDMG control mode PPDU for transmission.

[0097J it should be noted that the spoof value of the legacy data length may be given in any suitable unit, including but not limited to a number of bits, bytes, octets and'or other unit of length, in addition, the spoof value of the legacy training length may be given in any smtable unit, including but not limited to a number of training sequences, training units, training symbols, bits, bytes, octets and/or other unit of length.

[0098] it should be noted that the two parameters of legacy data length and legacy training length may be used in descriptions herein (such as descriptions of operations 820-835). but embodiments are not limited to usage of these two parameters. In some embodiments, one or more operations, techniques and/or methods described herein may use one or more different parameters, similar parameters, additional parameters and/or alternate parameters. In a non-limiting example, more than two parameters may be used. In another non-limiting example, one or both of the iegacy data length and iegacy training length may be used. In another non-limiting example, one or both of the iegacy data length and legacy training length may be used, in addition to one or more other parameters. In another non-limiting example, the parameters that are used may not necessarily include the iegacy data length and may not necessarily include the legacy training length.

[0099] The STA 103 may determine and/or use the spoof values for any suitable purpose(s). For instance, a legacy STA 103 that decodes the L-header may determine a legacy PPDU duration using one or more parameter values included in the L-header. The legacy STA 103 may defer, backoff and/or delay transmissions by a time duration that is greater than or equal to the determined iegacy PPDU duration, if a resulting legacy PPDU duration computed by the iegacy STA 103 (based on the spoof values) is greater than or equal to the EDMG PPDU duration, then the legacy STA 103 may defer transmissions by a time duration that is also greater than or equal to the EDMG PPDU duration. Accordingly, the legacy STA 103 may wait until the STA 103 transmission of the EDMG control mode PPDU has finished before the legacy STA 103 begins its own transmission. A benefit to the STA 103, legacy STA 103 and/or overall system operation may result in some cases.

j OOl Of In some embodiments, the usage of the spoofed values (such as inclusion in the L-Header) may cause legacy STAs 103 that detect the L-Header to compute a value of the legacy PPDU duration that is greater than or equal to the EDMG PPD U duration, in some embodiments, the usage of the spoofed values (such as inclusion in the L-Header) may cause legacy STAs 103 that detect the L-Header to defer transmissions by at least the EDMG PPDU duration, in some embodiments, the usage of the spoof values (such as inclusion in the L-H^'eader) may spoof a legacy STA 103 to compute a legacy PPDU duration that is greater than or equal to the duration of the EDMG control mode PPDU. in some embodiments, the usage of the spoof values (such as inclusion in the L-Header) may spoof a legacy STA 103 to defer transmissions by a time duration that is greater than or equal to the duration of the EDMG control mode PPDU.

[00101] Several non-limiting example techniques for determination of the spoof values are given below, but embodiments are not limited by these example techniques. Any suitable technique(s) may be used, in some embodiments, one or more similar techniques may be used. In some embodiments, a combination of one or more techniques, including but not limited to those given below; may be used.

[001021 in some embodiments, the spoof value of the legacy data length and th spoof value of the legacy training length may he determined based at least partly on a relationship (such, as a legacy relationship and/or other relationship) between a legacy PPDTJ duration, the legacy data length, and the legacy training length. Such a relationship may be predetermined, in some cases, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some embodiments, the determination of the spoof values may he based, on a computation (such as a legacy computation and/or other computation) of the legacy PPDU duration that may be based at least partly on the legacy data length and the legacy training length. Such a computation may be predetermined, in some cases, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect.

[00103] In some embodiments, the STA 103 may determine the spoof value of the legacy data length and the spoof value of the legacy training length, for which a corresponding legacy PPDU duration is greater than or equal to the EDMG PPDU duration. Accordingly, the corresponding legacy PPDU duration for the determined spoof values may be greater than or equal to the EDMG PPDU duration.

[00104] In some embodiments, the STA 103 may determine the spoof values that would spoof a legacy STA 103 that detects the L-Header in the channel resources io compute the legacy PPDU duration that is greater than or equal to the duration of the EDMG control mode PPDU, In some embodiments, the STA 103 may determine the spoof values that would cause a legacy STA 103 that detects the L-Header in the channel resources to compute the legacy PPDU duration that is greater than or equal to the duration of the EDMG control mode PPDU.

[00105J in some embodiments, the ST A 103 may determine the spoof values as values for which a difference between the corresponding legacy PPDU duration and the EDMG PPDU duration is less than or equal to a. predetermined threshold, it should be noted that the legacy PPDU duration may be greater than or equal to the EDMG PPDU duration and the difference may be a non-negative difference. In a non-iimiiing example, a threshold of 145.45 nanoseconds may be used, although embodiments are not limited to this value, and any suitable threshold may be used, in addition, the threshold may be included in an 802.1 lay standard, other 802.11 standard and/or other standard, although embodiments are not limited to values included in a standard. In some cases, the resulting difference between the corresponding legacy PPDU duration and the EDMG PPDU duration may be a minimum non-negative difference, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some cases, the resulting difference may be less than the predetermined threshold, but may not necessarily be a minimum non-negative difference. For instance, it may be possible that for one or more values of the EDMG PPDU duration, multiple combinations of spoof values may satisfy the criteria described above (legacy PPDU duration greater than the EDMG PPDU duration, and. the difference between the two durations less than the threshold), aid the particular combination selected may not necessarily result in a minimum difference.

[001.06] In some embodiments, the STA 103 may determine the spoof values to minimize a non-negative difference between the corresponding legacy PPDU duration and the EDMG PPDU duration. For instance, the STA 103 may determine the spoof values to minimize a difference between the corresponding legacy PPDU duration, and. the EDMG PPDU duration, in which the spoof values are restricted to values for which the corresponding legacy PPDU duration is greater than or equal to the EDMG PPDU duration. The STA 103 may restrict the spoof values to values for which the difference between the corresponding legacy PPDU duration and the EDMG PPDU duration is greater than or equal to zero.

[00107] In some embodiments, the STA 103 may determine, for a plurality of candidate pairs of spoof values of the legacy data length and the legacy training length, a plurality of PPDU duration differences between corresponding legacy PPDU durations and the EDMG PPDU duration. The STA 103 may select, as the spoof values, the candidate pair of spoof values for which the corresponding PPDU duration difference is a lowest non-negative value of the plurality of PPDU duration differences.

[00108] In some embodiments, the STA 103 may determine the spoof value of the legacy data length and the spoof value of the legacy training length based on a predetermined mapping of EDMG PPDU durations to pairs of spoof values of the legacy data length and the legacy training length. For instance, a table lookup may be used. The predetermined mapping may be determined by one or more of simulation, analysis, experimentation and/or other technique, in some cases. In some cases, for at least a particular EDMG PPDU duration, a corresponding pair of the spoof values of the predetermined mapping may be based on a minimization of a non-negative difference between the particular EDMG PPDU duration and a. corresponding legacy PPDU duration based on the correspo ing pair of the spoof values,

[0010 1 in some embodiments, the STA 103 may determine, based on a predetermined number of legacy symbols per legacy codeword, a first number of legacy data symbols for which a corresponding first duration is less than the EDMG PPDU duration. The first number of legacy data symbols may be restricted to an integer number of legacy codewords. The STA 103 may determine a second number of legacy data symbols of a corresponding second duration and/or a third number of legacy training sequences of a corresponding third duration for which a sum of the first, second, and third durations is greater than or equal to the EDMG PPDU duration. The STA 103 may determine the spoof value of the legacy data length based on a sum of the first and second numbers of legacy data symbols. The STA 103 may determine the spoof value of the legacy training length based on the third number. jOOllOI in some embodiments, the STA 103 may encode the L-Header to include the spoof values in predetermined positions for the legacy data length and the legacy training length. For instance, the legacy STA 103 may expect values for the legacy data length and the legacy training length to be included n those predetermined positions. The positions may be included in an IEEE 802. Had standard, IEEE 802, 1 l ay standard and/or other standard, in some embodiments, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect.

[001111 Referring to FIG. 9, the example DMG PPDU 950 may be included in an 802, 1 l ad standard, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect. The DMG PPDU 950 may be referred to as a legacy PPDU that may be decoded by a legacy STA 103, although such references are not limiting. In this example, the DMG PPDU 950 includes a preamble 955, a header 960, data 965, AGC 970, and training (TRN) 975. Embodiments are not limited to these fields and are also not limited to the order shown. In some embodiments, one or more of the fields 955-975 may not necessarily be included in a DMG PPDU. In some embodiments, one or more additional fields and/or elements may be included in a DMG PPDU.

[00112] In a non-limiting example, the L-Header (or at least one or more fields of it) may include value(s) that may be decoded by a legacy STA 103. For instance, the L-Header may include spoof values of the legacy data, length and the spoof value of the legacy training length at predetermined positions. The legacy STA 103 may attempt to decode the header 960 (which may by the L- Header when the STA 103 transmits the EDMG control mode PPDU), and may perform one or more operations (including but not limited to computation of the legacy PPDU duration) based on the spoof values. It should be noted that the legacy STA 103 may not know thai the values are spoof values, in some cases.

[00113] In some embodiments, the STA 103 may encode an EDMG Header- A. (such as 915) that indicates the EDMG data length, the EDMG training length and/or the EDMG PPD U duration. A format of the EDMG Header- A may be included in an IEEE 802, 1 lay standard and/or other standard, in some embodiments, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect. [001141 in some embodiments, the STA 103 may generate the EDMG control mode PPDU to include the L-Header, the EDMG data, and the EDMG training, in some embodiments, the ST A 03 may generate the EDMG control mode PPDU to further include the EDMG Header- A. In some embodiments, the STA 103 may encode a preamble, and may generate the EDMG control mode PPDU to include the preamble, the E -Header, the EDMG Header-A, the EDMG data, and the EDMG training.

[001151 At operation 840, the STA 103 may contend for access to channel resources. At operation 845, the STA 103 may transmit the EDMG control mode PPDU, In a non-limiting example, the STA 1 03 may contend for access to the channel resources for transmission of the EDMG control mode PPDU. The STA 103 may generate the EDMG control mode PPDU for transmission in the channel resources. Embodiments are not limited to contention based transmissions, however. Accordingly, in some embodiments, operation 840 may not necessarily be performed.

[00 16| The STA 103 may encode the L -Header to include the spoofed values. The STA 103 may encode the L-Header to include the spoofed values to cause legacy STAs 103 that detect the L-Header in the channel resources to compute the value of the legacy PPDU duration that is greater than or equal to the EDMG PPDU duration.

[0011? J in some embodiments, the ST A 103 may be arranged to operate in accordance with a wireless local area network (WL AN) protocol. The STA 103 may generate the EDMG control mode PPDU for transmission at a millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect. Any suitable frequency range may be used. The STA 103 may generate the EDMG control mode PPDU for transmission in accordance with single carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM), although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect. Other techniques (including but not limited to OFDM) may be used, in some embodiments.

[00118] In some embodiments, an apparatus of a STA 103 may comprise memory. The memory may be configurable to store the spoof values. The memory may store one or more other elements. The apparatus may use the stored spoof values and/or other elements for performance of one or more operations. In some embodiments, the apparatus of the STA 103 may include a transceiver to transmit the EDMG control mode PPDU. The transceiver may transmit and/or receive other frames, PPDUs and/or other elements. The apparatus may include processing circuitry, which may perform one or more operations (including but not limited to operation(s) of the method 800 and/or other methods described herein). The processing circuitry may include a baseband processor to encode the EDMG data, encode the EDMG training, determine t e EDMG PPDU duration, determine the spoof values, encode the L- Header, generate the EDMG control mode PPDU and/or to perform other operations.

[00119] A description of an algorithm that may he used for the determination of the spoof value of the legacy data length and the spoof value of the legacy training length is given below. Embodiments are not limited by this example. For instance, embodiments are not limited by the values, ordering of operations and/or other elements described. In some embodiments, the STA 103 may perform one or more of the operations described in the example below, but may not necessarily perform all operations, in some embodiments, an operation similar to an operati n described below may be used. In some embodiments, one or more additional operations may be used.

[0012-0] In some embodiments, a device (such as an STA 103, AP 102 and^'or other) may operate in license-exempt bands above 45 GHz.

Embodiments are not limited to license-exempt bands and are also not limited to frequency ranges above 45 GHz,

[00121] It should be noted that some material of one or more amendments from a Study Group for IEEE 802.1 l y may be relevant, in some embodiments, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect. Such amendments) may modify the PHY and/or MAC of other versions of IEEE 802.11 standard(s), in some cases.

[001221 It should be noted that a legacy STA 1 03 may be a DMG station, in some cases. For instance, in some descriptions herein, an STA 103 may operate m the presence (potentially) of one or more legacy ST As 103. Such operation may be simi lar to operation of an EDMG station in the presence of (potentially) one or more DMG stations, in some cases.

References to an EDMG station and DMG station are not limiting, however, as one or more operations, techniques and/or methods described herein may be applicable to scenarios in which any suitable types of ST As 103 operate.

[00123] To enable the co-existence of DMG (802.1 l ad) and EDMG

(802.1 l ay) stations, an EDMG control mode PPDU may (and/or shall) indicate in the I. -Header its total length/time duration. Such an indication may enable DMG stations to determine the packet's duration - even though they may not able to decode the payload - and back off their transmissions (based on the determined duration of the EDMG control mode PPDU),

Accordingly, in some cases, at least some interference may be avoided in comparison to a scenario in which the EDMG control mode PPDU does not indicate the length/ time duration in the L-header. In some embodiments, the EDMG stations may "spoof the duration of their transmitted control mode PPDU 5 for DMG stations that may receive them. It should be noted that DMG stations may be able to correctly process the preamble and L-Header of an EDMG control mode PPDU, in some cases, since the definition of these two fields may be identical to (or at least similar to and/or compatible with) the preamble and Header fields of a DMG PPDU, respectively. The DMG PPDUs may not be able to correctly process the EDMG-Header-A and data fields of an EDMG control mode PPDU.

[001241 in some embodiments, EDMG stations may determine, compute and/or calculate suitable parameter value(s) to be transmitted in the L-Header of EDMG control mode PPDUs. Inclusion of such parameter vahie(s) may enable DMG stations that receive them to back off their own transmissions by an appropriate period of time. In some cases, the back off may reduce potential interference.

[001.25] in some embodiments, a PPDU format adopted in 802.1 l ay for

802.11 stations operating in the license-exempt bands above 45 GHz (EDMG stations) may be different from that used by 802.1 lad stations (DMG stations).

[00126] In some embodiments, the L-Header of an EDMG control mode

PPDU may include at least two values that may indicate durations of two different PPDU fields, and consequently the total duration of the PPDU. A first value is a length (which may be a data length, in some embodiments), which may be a number of data octets in t PSDU. In a non-limiting example, a range of possible values may be 14-1023. although any suitable range may be used. Embodiments are not limited to usage of data octets to specify the length, however, as any suitable unit may be used, including but not limited to bits, b tes, codewords and/or other. Tn descriptions below, this field may be denoted by Length. A second value is a training Length (which may be denoted by N_TKN), which may be a length of a training field. In a non-liraiting example, a range of the training length may be 0-16, although any suitable range may be used.

[00127] in some embodiments, a method, process, and/or algorithm of defining values for the data and training fields in the L-Header of an EDMG control mode PPDTJ based on its total duration may be used. Such a method, process anaVor algorithm may enable a DMG station to know a total duration of the EDMG control mode PPDU, in some cases. Such a method, process and/or algor hm may be referred to as spoofing, in some cases.

[00128] in some embodiments, a spoofing algorithm for EDMG control mode PPDUs may be used. A duration of an EDMG control mode PPDU, denoted by ΊΧΠΜΕ, may be as follows - [00129] TXT!ME = T_Preamt)le + T_First ÷ 32T (8 X LL + 168 X

O ^~ 1)) + _rRN x N_rRN

[00130] in the above. T_Preami)le may be a time duration of the preamble (STF and CEF). T_First may be a time duration of a first LDPC codeword (which includes the L-Header) including parity bits, and may be as follows - [00131] 7V_{: >} ,_; - 11 x 8 x 32T_C + 168 x 32 x T_c - HI 7;.

[001321 ^β addition, LL = Length - 6. N_cw is the total number of LDPC codewords, and may be as follows -

[00133] N_cw = 1 + [8 x ϋ/168] = 1 + [LL/ 21}

[00134] in addition, T_TRN is the time duration of the AGC and TRN fields per Trainin Length field unit. The time duration of the AGC and TR fields when the Training Field length is equal to Ν_ΤίίΝ may be 4 x 5 x 64 x T_c x N_T!iN - 1280 x T_c x N_rRN (AGC) and (9 x 128 + 4 x 5 x 1280) x T_c x N_TRN ^■■^■■■ 3712 x ϊ^'. x N_TRN (T N), respectively, which results in a total of 4992 x T_C x N_RRN . It should be noted thai 4992 x T_C is the duration of the training field (including AGC) when N_TRN ~ 1. In addition, mTXTIME— TXTIME— p_reambie — T_First may be defined, and may be as follows - [00135] mTXTIME = 256 x T_c x {LL + 21 [LL/21]) + 4992 x T_c x j00136| it should be noted that mTXTIME may not necessarily increase linearly with an increase in Length (or, correspondingly, LL). For instance, mTXTIME may have jumps/discontinuities when LL is equal to 22, 43, 64 ... and 1009.

[00137] A non-limiting example algorithm for determination of values of

Length and NTW is presented below. In some cases, the values of Length and Nmx may be determined to result in the smallest valid DMG PPDU possible that is larger or equal to the EDMG PPDIJ duration (TXTME). Denoting TXTIME by Tbas and Length and . VYitv by and respectively, the algorithm is as follows. It should be noted that one or more operations may be modified, changed, replaced and/or excluded in some embodiments. In addition, some embodiments may include additional operation(s).

[00138] The algorithm may be referred to without limitation as -

, AW] = BASE ALGORITHM (Tba e).

[00139] An input may be Thos . Outputs may he Length (Lbase) and Training length (Nbase).

[00140] In an operation, the STA 103 may determine . LLo, the largest .LL value that leads to a total packet length that is smaller or equal to mTXTIME in the set LL₀ ^ {!.. 22, 43, 64— 1009} when the training length is equal to 0. This may be performed as -

[00142] in another operation, the STA 103 may calculate a duration Do of a PPDU with LLo bytes and NT N = 0 as follows - [001431 D₀ = 256 x T_C x (LL₀ + 21 x [^|) [001441 in another operation, the STA 103 may calculate the error that would result HmTXTB/fE = 7 was spoofed by using a packet with modified length LLo. This error may be denoted by Eo, and may be as follows - [00145] ¾ = T_base - D₀

[00146] The STA 103 may determine /,.*^ md Nbase as follows (it should be noted that 4992 x T_c is the duration of the training field (including AGC) when N_TRN = 1) -

[00147] a) if E_Q < 4992 x T_E, N_BASE - 0 and L_BASE - [¾/(256 x T_c)] + LL₀

[00148] b) if 4992 x T_t. < B₀ < 9984 x T_C, N_BASE = 1 and i_to4._e = f (¾ - 4992 x 7^/(256 x T_c )^'\ + LL_Q

[00149] c) if 9984 x T_c≤ E₀ < 10752 x 7'_c, iV_i7iJ._.St, = 2 and L_fease = |^'(ί¾Ό - 9984 x ¾/(256 x 7^" _c) ] - LL_Q

[00150] In some embodiments, the BASE ALGORITHM may 1 ) Fmd the largest Length in the set { 1, 22, 43, 64 -·- 1009} that leads to a PPDU with duration that is smaller or equal to Tbase , and 2) add an appropriate number of data bytes and TRN-Ijnits so that the total PPDU duration becomes as small as possible but with duration that is greater or equal to Thme. in (2), a maximum increase in Length is 20 (which is the largest increase in Lengih that would not lead to ajump/discontinuity in the PPDU length). Also, recall that 4992 x T_C is the duration of a TRN-Unit when NTM ^~- 1 .

[00151] In some embodiments, a spoofing algorithm may use the BASE ALGORITHM when m.TXTlME < 2046 x 256 x T_c = 297. βμε (which corresponds to approximately 86.8% of the maximum PPDU duration) and its maximum error is equal to 256 x 7^ = 145,45ns. When ν ΓΚΎΙΜΕ >

297.6μ.?, one or more differences may result. An example spoofing algorithm, for the complete range of ΤΧΊΊΜΕ follows -

[00152] [Lsp of , NspooA --- S POOF ING ALGORITHM (ΤΧΊΊΜΕ)

[00153] An input may be TXTiME, outputs may be Lengih Lspooj) and Training length (Nspoof) to be signaled in the L-Header.

[00154| In an operation, the STA 103 may, given TXTIME, calculate mTXTlME. [001551 In another operation, the STA 103 may, ίΐ mTXTIME≤ 2046 x 256 x T_c = 297.6/is, call [L , N\ = BASE ALGORlTHM(2 i2ME), and may determine Lspoof--- L and N_sp0 f --N. It should be noted that the thresliold is equal to the duration of a PPDU with LL = 1017 and N_rRN = 0.

[00156] In another operation, the STA 103 may, if 297.6/./.,v <

mTXTlME < 23 19 x 256 x T_c - 337.31 us, call [L , N --- BASE

ALGOPJTHM(IX/Z:Vi£^'— 14 X 4992 X T_c). The STA 103 may determine L spoof 1. d Nspcof ^~-^~-^~-N + 14. it should be noted that the upper threshold is equal to the duration of a PPDIJ with l = 1017 and N_TRN = 14, and is equal to (2046 x 256 x T_c) -1- ( 14 x 4992 x T_c) - 23 19 x 256 x T_c. 39.71. us - 14 X 4992 x 7_C is the duration of 14 TRN-Units (phis AGC fields). At the end of this region, we have X = 1017 and N_TRN = 14.

[00157 J n another operation, the STA 103 may, if 337,3 Ιμ < mTXTIME≤ 2328 x 256 x i, = 338.62ys, call [L , N\ - LONG PPDU ALGOMYBM rXTlME , 1 ). The STA 103 may determine Lspoof= Lt₀»_g and Ns oof = Niong. It should be noted that the upper threshold is equal to the duration of a PPDU with /./ = 1008 and N_TRN = 16, and s equal to (2016 x 256 x T_c) ·!- (16 x 4992 x T_c) - 2328 x 256 x T_c. This region corresponds to the last portion of the seeond~to4ast "data block" <: / /. from 988 to 1008) with 16 TRN- Units (and AGC fields).

[00158J in another operation, the STA 103 may determine, if 338,62/^.5 < mTXTIME≤ (2038 x 256 x T_c) + (IS x 4992 x T_c) = 338.98/is, =

15. It should be noted that all (or at least some) of the input values in this region are mapped into the same Length and Training length values. The Length and Training length values used for spoofing correspond to the smallest PPDU duration that is greater or equal to die entire values in the range. The values used are LL ------ 1009 and N_rRN ------ 15.

[00159] In another operation, the STA 103 may, if 338.98_fu.9 < mTXTIME < (2046 x 256 x T_c) + (15 X 4992 x. T_c) - 340.15 Λ\ call [L , N = LO G PPDU ALGOMTHM(TXTIME , 2). The STA 103 may determine Lspoof- L and Ν_ψ0ο/ Ν. it should be noted that the upper threshold is equal to the duration of a PPDU with LL = 1017 and N_7RN = 15, and is equal to (2046 x 256 x T_c) + (15 x 4992 x T_c) - 340.15,«<,\ This region corresponds to the last portion of the last "data block^"' {LL from 1009 to 1017) with 15 TRN- TJmts (and AGC fields).

[001.60] in another operation, the ST A 103 may, if

<

mTXTIME≤ (2038 x 256 x T_c ^") + (16 x 4992 x T_c) = 341.82j s, detennine Lspouf = 1009 and A¾¾¾/= 16, It should be noted that all (or at least some) of the mput values in this region may be mapped into the same Length and Training length values. The Length and Training length values used for spoofing correspond to the smallest PPDU duration thai is greater or equal to the entire values m the range. The values used are LI ^::: 1009 and N_TRN ^:::: 16.

[00161] In another operation, the STA 103 may, if 341.82_fu.9 <

mTXTIME < (2046 x 256 x T_c) + (16 x 4992 x T_c) - 342.98μ$, call [I , N = LO G PPDU ALGORITHM(2A7£ViE , 3). The STA 103 may determine Lspo f ~ L and

it should be noted that the upper threshold is equal to the duration of a PPDU with LL = 1017 and N_7RN = 16, and is equal to

(2046 x 256 x T_c) + (16 X 4992 x T_c) - 342.98 .? . This region corresponds to the last portion of the last "data block" ; / /. from 1009 to 1017) with 16 TRN- Units (and AGC fields).

[00162 The algorithm LONG PPDU ALGORITHM (an algorithm which maps the input time value into the closest Length value for a given number of TRN-Umts (and AGC fields) that is greater than the mput) may be denoted as [Lio„_g , N ng) LONG PPDU ALGORITHM {T mg . Nam), and may be as follows -

[00163| if A = 1 " N_long— 16 - d l_long—

Ρ·^ -(1996Χ2₅6 Τ_Ε)-(16,4992 Χ¾1

1 256x7c I

[00164 if A === 2 - N_long - 15 and L_long - j to_ng-(2033x2S6xr_c)-(lSx4992xr_c)|

\ 256xT_c I

[00165] if Aw = 3 N_!ong - 16 and L_long =

[00166] it should be noted that a spoofing error obtained using the above method/operations may be less than 145.45ns in almost the complete range. Two ranges of values in this example (338.62,as < mTXTlME≤ 338.98/is and

340,15/1,5 < rnTXTIME < 341,82/is) may experience larger spoofing errors. This is because there may not necessarily be any combinations of length and Training length that result in a PPDU with duration in these two ranges,

[001671 in some embodiments, the STA 103 may determine, based on a predetermined number of legacy symbols per legacy codeword, a first number of legacy data symbols for which a corresponding first duration is less than the EDMG PPDU duration. The first number of legacy data symbols may be restricted to an integer number of legacy codewords. The STA 103 may determine a second number of legacy data symbols of a corresponding second duration and/or a third number of legacy training sequences of a corresponding third duration for which a sum of the first, second, and third durations is greater than or equal to the EDMG PPDU duration. The STA 103 may determine the spoof value of the legacy data length based on a sum of the first and second numbers of legacy data symbols. The STA 103 may determine the spoof value of the legacy training length based on the third number.

[00168] in some embodiments, the STA 103 may determine, as part of a base algorithm, the first, second, and third numbers with the EDMG PPDU duration as input. If the EDMG PPDU duration is less than or equal to a first threshold that is equal to a product of 2046, 256 and a predetermined chip duration, the STA 103 may determine the first, second, and third numbers with the EDMG PPD U duration as the input; determine the spoof value of the legacy data length as the sum of the first and second numbers: and determine the spoof value of the legacy training length as the third number. If the EDMG PPDU duration is greater than the first threshold and is less than or equal to a second threshold that is equal to a product of 2319, 256 and the predetermined chip duration, the STA 103 may : determine the first, second, and third numbers with an input equal to a. difference between the EDMG PPDU duration and a product of 14, 4992, and the predetermined chip duration; determine the spoof value of the legacy data length as the sum of the first and second numbers; and determine the spoof value of the legacy training length as a sum of the third number and 14. Additional ranges may also be used, in such ranges, different inputs (which may or may not be based on the EDMG PPDU duration) may be used. Spoof values may be based at least partly on the first, second, and third numbers described above, nd may be based at least paratly on one or more other numbers/factors.

[001 9] In some embodiments, the ST A 1 03 may determine the first number as a sum of one and a product of 21 and a floor term, the floor term equal to a floor operation applied to a difference between: a first term equal to the EDMG PPDU duration divided by 10752 divided by the predetermined symbol period, and a second term equal to 11 divided by 21 .

|00170| in some embodiments, the chip duration may be equal to 0.57 nanoseconds and/or a. reciprocal of 1760 MHz. This example value of the chip duration may be included in an 802, 1 lay standard, another 802. i I standard and/or other standard. Embodiments are not limited to values of the chip duration that are included in a standard.

[001.71] In some embodiments, the spoof values (for at least some values of the EDMG PPDU duration) may be determined, in accordance with the following operations, it should be noted that the durations, terms, values and/or other elements described in the operations may not necessarily he computed explicitly. For instance, some implementations may perform, same (or similar) operations and/or may produce same (or similar) results using techniques that may be different than those described below.

[001.72] The following operations may be part of a base algorithm, in some embodiments. A first intermediate duration (such as mTXTIME) may be equal to a difference between the EDMG PPDU duration and a summation of a preamble duration and a predetermined first codeword duration. A first length number (such as LLO) may be equal to a summation of one and. a product of 21 and a result of a floor operation applied to a first term that is equal to a difference between a second term and a quotient of 1 1 and 21. The second term may be equal to the first intermediate duration divided by 10752 and further divided by a predetermined chip duration (such as 1/1760 MHz and/or 0.57 nanoseconds). A second intermediate duration (such as DO) may be equal to a product of 256 and the chip duration and a summation of the first length number and a third term, wherein the third term, is equal to a product of 21 and a result of a ceiling operation applied to a quotient of the first length number and 21. An error term (such as EO) may be equal to a difference between the first intermediate duration (rnTXTIME) and the second intermediate duration (DO), [00173] if the error term is less than a product of 4992 and the chip duration: the spoof value of the legacy training length may be determined as zero and the spoof valise of the legacy data length may he determined as a summation of the first length number and a result of a. ceiling operation applied to the error term divided by 256 and further divided by the chip duration, if the error term is greater than or equal to the product of 4992 and the chip duration and is less than a product of 9984 and the chip duration: the spoof value of the legacy training length may be determined as one and the spoof value of the legacy data length may be determined as a summation of the first length number and a result of a ceiling operation applied to a fourth term. The fourth term may be equal to a quotient of a . fifth term and a sixth term, the fifth term may be equal to a difference between the error term and the product of 4992 and the chip duration, and the sixth term may be equal to a product of 256 and the chip duration. If the error term is greater than or equal to the product of 9884 and the chip duration and is less than a product of 10752 and the chip duration: the spoof value of the legacy training length may be determined as two and the spoof value of the legacy data length may be determined as a summation of the first length number and a result of a ceiling operation applied to a seventh term. The seventh term may be equal to a quotient of an eighth term and a ninth term. ^'The eighth term may be equal to a difference between the error term and the product of 9884 and the chip duration, and the ninth term may be equal to a product of 256 and the chip duration.

[00174] The spoof values may be based on the first intermediate duration, the first length number, the second intermediate duration, and the error term tor values of the EDMG PPDU duration in a range that includes at l ast, values between zero and a product of 2046, .256 and the chip duration. For other values of the EDMG PPDU duration, the base algorithm and/or other techniques described herein (such as usage of the base algorithm with modified inputs and/or outputs, usage of the long PPDU algorithm and/or other(s)) may be used.

[00175] In Example 1, an apparatus of a station (STA) may comprise memory. The apparatus may further comprise processing circuitry. The processing circuitry may be configured to encode enhanced directional multi- gigabit (EDMG) data for inclusion in an EDMG control mode physical layer convergence procedure protocol data unit (PPDU). The processing circuitry may be further configured to determine an EDMG PPDU duration based at least partly on an EDMG data length. The processing circuitry may be further configured to determine, based at least partly on a predetermined legacy- relationship between a legacy PPDU duration, a legacy data length and a legacy training length: a spoof value of the legacy data length and a spoof value of the legacy training length, for which a corresponding legacy PPDU duration is greater than or equal to the EDMG PPDU duration. The processing circuitry may be further configured to store the spoof values in the memory. The processing circuitry may be further configured to encode a legacy header (L- Header) to include the spoof values in predetermined positions for the legacy data length and the legacy training length. The processing circuitry may be further configured to generate, for transmission, the EDMG control mode PPDU to include the L-Header and the EDMG data,

[00176] In Example 2, the subject matter of Example 1. wherein the processing circuitry may be further configured to encode the L-Header to include the spoofed alues to cause legacy STAs that detect the L-Header to compute, in accordance with the legacy relationship, a value of the legacy PPDU duration that is greater than or equal to the EDMG PPDU duration.

[00177] in Example 3, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1-2, wherein the processing circuitry may be further configured to contend for access to channel resources. The processing circuitry may be further configured to generate the EDMG control mode PPDU for transmission in the channel resources. The processing circuitry may be further configured to encode the L-Header to include the spoofed values to cause legacy STAs that detect the L-Header in the channel resources to compute a value of the legacy PPDU duration that is greater thai or equal to the EDMG PPDU duration.

[001 8 in Example 4, the subject matter of one or any combination of

Examples 1-3, wherein the processing circuitry may be further configured to encode the L-Header to include the spoofed values to cause legacy STAs that detect the L-Header to defer transmissions by at least the EDMG PPDU duration.

[00179] In Example 5, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1-4, wherein the processing circuitry may be further configured to determine the spoof valises as values for which a difference between the corresponding legacy PPDU duration and the EDMG PPDU duration is less than or equal to a predetermined threshold.

[001801 in Example 6, the subject matter of one or any combination of

Examples 1-5, wherein the processing circuitry may be further configured to, as part of the determination of the spoofed values: determine, based on a predetermined number of legacy symbols per legacy codeword, a first number of legacy data symbols for which a corresponding first duration is less than the EDMG PPDU duration, wherein the first, number of legacy data symbols is restricted to an integer number of legacy codewords; determine a. second number of legacy data symbols of a corresponding second duration and/or a third number of legacy training sequences of a correspondin third duration for which a sum of the first, second, and third durations is greater than or equal to the EDMG PPDU duration; determine the spoof value of the legacy data length based on a sum of the first and second numbers of legacy data symbols: and determine the spoof value of the legacy training length based on the third number.

[001.81 J in Example 7, the subject matter of one or any combination of

Examples 1-6, wherein the processing circuitry may be further configured to determine the spoof values for at least some values of the EDMG PPDU duration based on a first intermediate duration equal to a difference between the EDMG PPDU duration and a summation of a preamble duration and a predetermined first codeword duration. The processing circuitry may be further configured to determine the spoof values for at least some values of the EDMG PPDU duration based, on a first length number equal to a summation of one and a product of 21 and a result of a floor operation applied to a first term wherein: the first term is equal to a difference between a second term and a quotient of 1 1 and 21 , the second term is equal to the first intermediate duration divided by 10752 and further divided by a predetermined chip duration. The processing circuitry may^¬ be further configured to determine the spoof values for at least some values of the EDMG PPDU duration based on a second intermediate duration equal to a product of 256 and the chip duration and a summation of the first length number and a third term, wherein the third term is equal to a product of 21 and a result of a ceiling operation applied to a quotient of the first length number and 21. The processing circuitry may be further configured to determine the spoof values for at least some values of the EDMG PPDU duration based on an error term equal to a difference between the first intermediate duration and the second intermediate duration.

00iS2| In Example 8, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1-7, wherein the processing circuitry may be further configured to determine the spoof values based on: if the error term is less thai a product of 4992 and the chip duration: the spoof value of the legacy training length is determined as zero and the spoof value of the legacy data, length is determined as a summation of the first length number and a result of a ceiling operation applied to the error term divided by 256 and further divided by the chip duration. The processing circuitry may be further configured to determine the spoof values based on: if the error term is greater than or equal to the product of 4992 and the chip duration aid is less than a product of 9984 and the chip duration: the spoof value of the legacy training length is determined as one and the spoof value of the legacy data length is determined as a summation of the first length number and a result of a ceiling operation applied to a fourth term, the fourth term equal to a quotient of a fifth term and a sixth term, the fifth term equal to a difference between the error term and the product of 4992 and the chip duration, the sixth term equal to a product of 256 and the chip duration. The processing circuitry may be further configured to determine the spoof values based on: if the error term is greater than or equal to the product of 9884 and the chip duration and is less than a product of 10752 and the chip duration: the spoof value of the legacy training length is determined as two and the spoof value of the legacy data length is determined as a summation of the first length number and a result of a ceiling operation applied to a seventh term, the seventh term equal to a quotient of an eighth term and a ninth term, the eighth term equal to a difference between the error term and the product of 9884 and the chip duration, the ninth term equal to a product of 256 and the chip duration. [00183 j in Example 9, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1-8, wherein the processing circuitry may be further configured to determine the spoof values based on the first intermediate duration, the first length number, the second intermediate duration, and the error term for values of the EDMG PPDU duration in a range that includes at least valiies between zero and a product of 2046, 256 and the chip duration.

[00184] in Example 10, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1-9, wherein the processing circuitry may be further configured to determine the spoof value of the legacy data length and the spoof value of the legacy training length based on a predetermined mapping of EDMG PPDU durations to pairs of spoof values of the legacy data length and the legacy tra nmg length.

[001S5] In Example 11, the subject matter of one or any combination of

Examples 1 -10, wherein the EDMG control mode PPDU may be configurable to include EDMG training. The processing circuitry may be further configured to, if the EDMG control mode PPDU is to include EDMG training: determine an EDMG PPDU duration based at least partly on the EDMG data length and an EDMG training length; and generate, for transmission, the EDMG control mode PPDU to further include the EDMG training.

[001S6] In Example 12, the subject matter of one or any combination of

Examples 1 -1 1 , wherein the processing circuitry may be further configured to encode an EDMG Header- A that indicates the EDMG data length or the EDMG PPDU duration. The processing circuitry may he further configured to generate the EDMG control mode PPDU to further include the DMG Header- A.

[ΘΘ187] In Example 13, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1 -12, wherein the processing circuitry may be further configured to encode a preamble. The processing circuitry may be further configured to generate the EDMG control mode PPDU to include the preamble, the L-Header, the EDMG Header- A, and the EDMG data.

[001881 In Example 14, the subject matter of one or any combination of

Examples 1-13, wherein the STA may be arranged to operate in accordance with a wireless local area network (WLAN) protocol. The processing circuitry may be further configured to generate the EDMG control mode PPDU for transmission at a millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency. The processing circuitry may be further configured to generate the EDMG control mode PPDU for transmission in accordance with single earner frequency division

multiplexing (SOFDM).

[00189] In Example 15, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1 -14, wherein the apparatus may further include a transceiver to transmit the EDMG control mode PPDU.

[001901 in Example 16, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1-15, wherein the processing circuitry may include a baseband processor to encode the EDMG data, determine the EDMG PPDU duration, determine the spoof values, encode the L-Header and/or generate the EDMG control mode PPDU.

[00191] In Example 17, a computer-readable storage medium may store instructions for execution by one or more processors to perform operations for communication by a station (STA). The operations may configure the one or more processors to determine a. duration of an enhanced directional multi-gigabit (EDMG) physical layer convergence procedure protocol data unit (PPDU) that is to be transmitted. The operations may further configure the one or more processors to determine, for inclusion in a legacy header (L-Header) of the EDMG PPDU, a spoof value of a legacy data length and a spoof value of a. legacy training length, wherein the spoof values would spoof a legacy STA to compute a legacy PPDU duration that is greater than or equal to the duration of the EDMG PPDU. The determination of the spoof values may be based on a predetermined legacy computation of the legacy PPDU duration that is based at least partly on the legacy data length and the legacy training length. The operations may further configure the one or more processors to encode the L- Heacier to include the spoof values of the legacy data length and a legacy- training length.

[001921 in Example 18, the subject matter of Example 17, wherein the EDMG PPDU may be configurable to include EDMG training. The operations may further configure the one or more processors to, if the EDMG PPDU is to include the EDMG training: encode EDMG data and the EDMG training for inclusion m the EDMG- PPDU: and determine the duration of the EDMG PPDU based at least partly on an EDMG data length and an EDMG training length. The operations ma further configure the one or more processors to, if the EDMG PPDU is not to include the EDMG training: encode the EDMG data for inclusion in the EDMG PPDU: and determine the duration of the EDMG PPDU based at least partly on the EDMG data length.

[00193] In Example 19, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 17-18, wherein the operations may further configure the one or more processors to encode an EDMG Header-A that indicates the EDMG data length. The operations may further configure the one or more processors to generate, for transmission, the EDMG PPDU to include the f . -Header the EDMG Header-A, the EDMG data, and the EDMG training.

[00194] in Example 20, the subject matter of one or any combination of

Examples 17-19, wherein the operations may further configure the one or more processors to encode the L-Header to include the spoof values in predetermined positions for the legacy data length and the legacy training length.

[00195] in Example 21 , the subject matter of one or any combination of

Examples 17-20, wherein the operations may further configure the one or more processors to determine the spoof values to minimize a non-negative difference between the corresponding legacy PPDU duration and the duration of the EDMCJ PPDU.

[00196] in Example 22, the subject matter of one or any combination of

Examples

the operations may further configure the one or more processors to restrict the spoof values to values for w hich the difference betw een the corresponding legacy PPDU durat on and the EDMG PPDU duration is greater than or equal to zero.

[00197] In Example 23, the subject matter of one or any combination of

Examples 17-22, wherein the operations may further configure the one or more processors to, as part of the determination of the spoof values: determine, for a plurality of candidate pairs of spoof values of the legacy data length and the legacy training length, a plurality of PPDU duration differences between corresponding legacy PPDU durations and the EDMG PPDU duration; and select, as the spoof values, the candidate pair of spoof values for which the corresponding PPDU duration difference is a lowest non-negative value of the plurality of PPDU duration differences.

[00198] In Example 24, a method of communication at a station (STA) may comprise encoding enhanced directional multi-gigabit (EDMG) data and EDMCJ training for inclusion in an EDMCJ physical layer convergence procediire protocol data unit (PPDU). The method may further comprise determining an EDMG PPDU duration based at least partly on an EDMG data length and an EDMG training length. The method may further comprise determining, based at least partly on a predetermined legacy relationship between a legacy PPDU duration, a legacy data length and a legacy training length: a spoof value of the legacy data length and a spoof value of the legacy training length, for which a corresponding legacy PPDU duration is greater than or equal to the EDMCJ PPDU duration. The method may further comprise encoding a legacy header (L- Header) to include the spoof values in predetermined positions for the legacy data length and the legacy training length. The method may further comprise generating, for transmission, the EDMG PPDU to include the L-Header, the EDMG data, and the EDMG training.

[00199] In Example 25, the subject matter of Example 24, wherein the method may further comprise encoding the L-Header to include the spoofed values to cause legacy STAs that detect the L-Header to defer transmissions by at least the EDMG PPDU duration.

[002001 in Example 26, an apparatus of a station (STA) may comprise means for determining a duration of an enhanced directional multi-gigabit (EDMG) physical layer convergence procedure protocol data unit (PPDU) that is to be transmitted. The apparatus may further comprise means for determining, for inclusion in a legacy header (L-Header) of the EDMCJ PPDU, a spoof value of a legacy data length and a spoof value of a legacy training length, wherein the spoof values would spoof a legacy S TA to compute a legacy PPDU duration that is greater than or equal to the duration of the EDMG PPD U . The determination of the spoof valiies may be based on a predetenmned legacy computation of the legacy PPDU duration that is based at least partly on the legacy data length and the legacy training length. The apparatus may further comprise means for encoding the L-Header to include the spoof values of the legacy data length and a. l gacy training length.

[00201] In Example 27, the subject matter of Example 26, wherein t e EDMG PPDU may be configurable to include EDMG training. The apparatus may further comprise means for, if the EDMG PPDU is to include the EDMG training: encoding EDMG data, and the EDMG training for inclusion in the EDMG PPDU; and determining the duration of the EDMG PPDU based at least partly on an EDMG data length and an EDMG training length. The apparatus may further comprise means for, if the EDMG PPDU is not to include the EDMG training: encoding the EDMG data for inclusion in the EDMG PPDU; and determining the duration of the EDMG PPDU based at least partly on the EDMG data length.

[00202] In Example 28, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 26-27, wherein the apparatus may further comprise means for encoding an EDMG Header- A that indicates the EDMG data length. The apparatus may further comprise means for generating, for transmission, the EDMG PPDU to include the L-Header, the EDMG Header- A, the EDMG data, and the EDMG training.

[00203] In Example 29, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 26-28, wherein the apparatus may further comprise means for encoding the L-Header to include the spoof values in predetermined positions for the legacy data length and the legacy training length.

[00204 J in Example 30, the subject matter of one or any combination of

Examples 26-29, wherein the apparatus may further comprise means for determining the spoof values to minimize a non-negative difference between the corresponding legacy PPDU duration and the duration of the EDMG PPDU.

[00205] In Example 31, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 26-30, wherein the apparatus may further comprise means for restricting the spoof values to values for which the difference between the corresponding legacy PPDU duration and the EDMG PPDU duration is greater than or equal to zero.

[00206] In Example 32, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 26-31, wherein the apparatus may further comprise means for. as part of the determination of the spoof values: determining, for a plurality of candidate pairs of spoof values of the legacy data length and the legacy training length, a plurality of PFDU duration differences between corresponding legacy PPDU durations and the EDMG PFDU duration; and selecting, as the spoof values, the candidate pair of spoof values for which the corresponding PPDU duration difference is a lowest non-negative value of the plurality of PPDU duration differences,

100207 The Abstract is provided to comply with 37 C.F.R. Section 1.72(b) requiring an abstract that will allow the reader to ascertain the nature and gist of the technical disclosure, it is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to limit or interpret the scope or meaning of the claims. The following claims are hereby incorporated into the detailed description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment.

Claims

CLAIMS What is claimed is:

1. An apparatus of a station (STA), the apparatus comprising: memory: and processing circuitry, configured to:

encode enhanced directional multi-gigabit (EDMG) data for inclusion in an EDMG control mode physical layer convergence procedure protocol data unit

(PPDU):

determine an EDMG PPDU duration based at least partly on an EDMG data length;

determine, based at least partly on a predetermined legacy relationship between a legacy PPDU duration, a legacy data length and a legacy training length; a spoof value of the legacy data length and a spoof value of the legacy training length, for which a corresponding legacy PPDU duration is greater than or equal to the EDMG PPDU duration;

store the spoof values in the memory;

encode a legacy header (L-Header) to include the spoof values in predetermined positions for the legacy data length and the legacy training length; and

generate, for transmission, the EDMG control mode PPDU to include the

L-Header and the EDMG data.

2. The apparatus according to claim 1 , the processing circuitry further configured to;

encode the L-Header to include the spoofed values to cause legacy STAs that detect the L-Header to compute, in accordance with the legacy relationship, a value of the legacy PPDU duration that is greater than or equal to the EDMG

PPDU duration.

3. The apparatus according to claim 2, the processing circuitry further configured to;

contend for access to channel resources; generate the EDMG control mode PPDU for transmission in the channel resources; and

encode the L-Header to include the spoofed values to cause legacy ST As that detect the L-Header in the channel resources to compute a value of the legacy PPDU duration that is greater than or equal to the EDMG PPDU duration.

4. The apparatus according to claim L the processing circuitry further configured to:

encode the L-Header to include the spoofed values to cause legacy ST As that detect the L-Header to defer transmissions by at least the EDMG PPDU duration.

5. The apparatus according to claim 1 , the processing circuitry further configured to:

determine the spoof values as values for which a difference between the corresponding legacy PPDU duration and the EDMG PPDU duration is less than or equal to a predetermined threshold.

6. The apparatus according to any of claims 3-5, the processing circuitry further configured to, as pari of the determination of the spoofed values:

determine, based on a predetermined number of legacy symbols per legacy codeword, a first number of legacy data symbols for which a

corresponding first duration is less than the EDMCJ PPDU duration, wherein the first number of legacy data symbols is restricted to an integer number of legacy codewords:

determine a second number of legacy data sy mbols of a corresponding second duration and/or a. third mber of legacy training sequences of a corresponding third duration for which a sum of the first, second, and third durations is greater than or equal to the EDMG PPDU duration;

determine the spoof value of the legacy data length based on a sum of the first and second numbers of legacy data symbols; and

determine the spoof value of the legacy training length based on the third n mber.

7. The apparatus according to claim 1 , the processing circuitry further configured to determine the spoof values for at least some values of the EDMG PPDU duration based on:

a first intermediate duration equal to a difference between the EDMG PPDU duration and a summation of a preamble duration and a predetermined first codeword duration.

a first length number equal to a summation of one and a product of 21 and a result of a floor operation applied to a first term, wherein:

the first term s equal to a difference between a second term and a quotient of 11 and 21,

the second term is equal to the first intermediate duration divided by 10752 and further divided by a predetermined chip duration.

a second intermediate duration equal to a product of 256 and the chip duration and a summation of the first length number and a third term, wherein the thi d term is equal to a product of 2 i and a result of a ceiling operation applied to a quotient of the first length number and 2.1 ,

an error term equal to a difference between the first intermediate duration and the second intermediate duration.

8. The apparatus according to claim 7, the processing circuitry further configured to determine the spoof values based on:

if the error term is less than a product of 4992 and the chip duration: the spoof value of the legacy training length is determined as zero and the spoof value of the legacy data length is detennined as a summation of the first length number and a result of a ceiling operation applied to the error term divided by 256 and further divided by the chip duration,

if the error term is greater than or equal to the product of 4992 and the chip duration and is less than a product of 9984 and the chip duration:

the spoof v alue of the legacy training length is determined as one and the spoof value of the legacy data length is determined as a summation of the first length number and a result of a ceiling operation applied to a fourth term, the fourth term equal to a quotient of a fifth term and a sixth term, the fifth term equal to a difference between the error term and the product of 4992 and t chip duration, the sixth term equal to a. product of 256 ami t chip duration, and

if the error term is greater than or equal to the product of 9884 and the chip duration and is less than a product of 10752 and the chip duration:

the spoof value of the legacy training length is determined as two and the spoof value of the legacy data length is determined as a summation of the first length number and a result of a ceiling operation applied to a seventh term, the seventh term equal to a quotient of an eighth term and a. ninth term, the eight term equal to a difference between the error term and the product of 9884 and the chip duration, the ninth term equal to a product of 256 and the chip duration.

9. The apparatus according to claim 7, the processing circuitry further configured to determine the spoof values based on the first intermediate duration, the first length number, the second intermediate duration, and the error term, for values of the EDMG ΡΡ.Οϋ duration in a range that includes at least values between zero and a product of 2.046, 256 and the chip duration.

10. The apparatus according to claim 1, the processing circuitry further configured to:

determine the spoof value of the legacy data length and the spoof value of the legacy training length based on a predetermined mapping of EDMG FP.DIj durations to pairs of spoof values of the legacy data length and. the legacy training length.

1 1. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein:

the EDMG control mode PPDU is configurable to include EDMG training,

the processing circmtry is further configured to, if the EDMG- control mode PPDU is to include EDMG training:

determine an EDMG PPDU duration based at least partly on the EDMG data length and an EDMG training length, and generate, for transmission, the EDMG control mode PPDU to further include the EDMG training.

12. The apparatus according to claim 1, the processing circuitry further configured to:

encode an EDMG Header-A that indicates the EDMG data length or the EDMG PPDU duration; and

generate the EDMG control mode PPDU to further include the EDMG Header-A.

13. The apparatus according to any of claims 10-12, the processing circuitry further configured to:

encode a preamble; and

generate the EDMG control mode PPDU to include the preamble, the L~ Header, the EDMG Header-A, and the EDMG data.

14. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein:

the STA is arranged to operate in accordance with a wireless local area network (WLAN) protocol,

the processing circuitry is further configured to generate the EDMG control mode PPDU for transmission at a millimeter wave (mrnWave) frequency, and

the processing circuitry is further configured to generate the EDMG control mode PPDU for transmission in accordance with single earner frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM).

.

15. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the apparatus further includes a transceiver to transmit the EDMG control mode PPDU,

16. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the processin circuitry includes a baseband processor to encode the EDMG data, determine the EDMG

PPDU duration, determine the spoof values, encode the L-Header and/or generate the EDMG control mode PPDU.

17, A com uter-readable storage medium that stores instructions for execution by one or more processors to perform operations for communication by a station (STA), the operations to configure the one or more processors to: determine a duration of an enhanced directional multi-gigabit (EDMG) physical layer convergence procedure protocol data unit (PPDIJ) that is to be transmitted;

determine, for inclusion in a legacy header (L-Header) of the EDMG PPDIJ, a. spoof value of a legacy data length and a spoof value of a legacy training length, wherein the spoof values would spoof a legacy STA to compute a legacy PPDU duration that is greater than or equal to the duration of the EDMG PPDU.

wherein the determination of the spoof values is based on a.

predetermined legacy computation of the legacy PPD U duration that is based at least partly on the legacy data length and the legacy training length; and

encode the L-Header to include the spoof values of the legacy data, length and a legacy training length.

18. The computer-readable storage medium according to claim 17, wherein:

the EDMG PPDU is configurable to include EDMG training, the operations are to further configure the one or more processors to, if the EDMG PPDU is to include the EDMG training:

encode EDMG data and the EDMG training for inclusion in the EDMG PPDU; and

determine the duration of the EDMG PPDU based at least partly on an EDMG data, length and an EDMG training length,

the operations are to further configure the one or more processors to, if the EDMG PPDU is not to include the EDMG training:

encode the EDMG data for inclusion in the EDMG PPDU, and determine the duration of the EDMG PPDU based at least partly on the EDMG data length.

19. The computer-readable storage medium according to claim 18, the operations to further configure the one or more processors to:

encode an EDMG Heade ~A that indicates the EDMG data length; and generate, for transmission, the EDMG PPDU to include the L-Header, the EDMG Header-A, the EDMG data, and the EDMG training.

20. The computer-readable storage medium, according to claim 17, the operations to further configure the one or more processors to encode the L- Header to include the spoof values in predetermined positions for the l gacy data length and the legacy training length.

21. The computer-readable storage medium according to claim 17. the operations to further configure the one or more processors to:

determine the spoof values to minimize a non-negative difference between the corresponding legacy PPDU duration and the duration of the EDMG PPDU.

22. The computer-readable storage medium according to claim 2.1, the operations to further configure the one or more processors to:

restrict the spoof values to values for which the difference between the corresponding legacy PPDU duration and the EDMG PPDU duration is greater than or equal to zero.

23. The computer-readable storage medium according to claim .17, the operations to further configure the one or more processors to, as part of the determination of the spoof values:

determine, for a. plurality of candidate pairs of spoof values of the legacy data length and the legacy training length, a pl rality of PPDU duration differences between corresponding legacy PPDU durations and the EDMG PPDU duration, and

select, as the spoof values, the candidate pair of spoof values for which the corresponding PPDU duration difference is a lowest non-negative value of the plurality of PPDU duration differences.

24, A method of communi cation at a station (STA), the method comprising:

encoding enlianced directional multi-gigabit (EDMG) data and EDMG trainmg for inclusion in an EDMG physical layer convergence procedure protocol data unit (PPDU);

determining an EDMG PPDU duration based at least partly on an EDMG data length and an EDMG training length;

determining, based at least partly on a predetermined legacy relationship between a legacy PPDU duration, a legacy data length and a legacy training length: a spoof value of the legacy data length and a spoof value of the legacy trainmg length, for which a corresponding legacy PPDU duration is greater than or equal to the EDMG PPDU duration:

encoding a legacy header (L-Header) to include the spoof values in predetermined positions for the legacy data length and the legacy trainmg length; and

generating, for transmission, the ^"EDMG PPDU to include the L-Header, the EDMG data, and the EDMG training.

25. The method according to claim 24, the method further comprising encoding the L-Header to include the spoofed values to cause legacy

STAs that detect the L-Header to defer transmissions by at least the EDMG

PPDU duration.