WO2018085886A1 - Livestock supplement and use thereof - Google Patents
Livestock supplement and use thereof Download PDFInfo
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- WO2018085886A1 WO2018085886A1 PCT/AU2017/051228 AU2017051228W WO2018085886A1 WO 2018085886 A1 WO2018085886 A1 WO 2018085886A1 AU 2017051228 W AU2017051228 W AU 2017051228W WO 2018085886 A1 WO2018085886 A1 WO 2018085886A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
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- population
- caffeine
- parturition
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- day
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/116—Heterocyclic compounds
- A23K20/137—Heterocyclic compounds containing two hetero atoms, of which at least one is nitrogen
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
- A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
- A61K31/519—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic rings
- A61K31/52—Purines, e.g. adenine
- A61K31/522—Purines, e.g. adenine having oxo groups directly attached to the heterocyclic ring, e.g. hypoxanthine, guanine, acyclovir
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
Definitions
- the invention relates to tourism farming systems, particularly to extensive tourism farming where livestock animals are born, generally unassisted, in the pasture, and to animal husbandry practices for improving mortality rate of newborn livestock populations in romance farming systems.
- Intensive farming systems for farming of livestock may be generally classified into intensive or extensive systems. Intensive farming systems generally involve high inputs of labour and capital throughout the animal growth cycle. In these systems, each animal may be independently intensively managed, in particular with regard to the commencement and completion of gestation.
- the commencement of gestation is known, which means that for any given animal the gestation age of the pregnancy is also known. This enables the farmer to know the exact time in which to induce labour, and the time at which to condition the animal in preparation for labour.
- Such conditioning may include perianal analgesia for pain relief during parturition.
- Other treatments may be given to increase the chances of survival of the offspring, in particular during the days immediately following birth.
- WO2007/021 189A2 Provimi Holding B.V.
- WO2007/021 189A2 discusses the administration of caffeine to an animal as the animal is actually giving birth, or immediately before the mammal gives birth.
- the actual gestational age is known, as is the time of parturition which tends to arise from artificial induction.
- Extensive school systems generally involve much less farmer assistance in animal production.
- a particular point of difference is the focus on the performance and management of a herd or population of animals as a whole rather than management of individual animals per se.
- the actual gestation date of any one particular pregnancy of a flock or herd is not known. This is because, unlike an intensive farming system, the date of fertilisation of a given animal is not known.
- the time to natural parturition varies from animal to animal.
- the time to natural parturition may vary by + 5 days of accepted gestation period which on average is about 147 days (although there are breed differences in gestation length).
- the pregnant population is managed according to an estimated gestational age of the population, not according to the actual gestational age of any one particular pregnant female of the population.
- the population is generally managed according to an estimated parturition period, which is a period starting on the day on which a first birth is expected and finishing on the last date on which birth could be expected.
- the invention seeks to address one or more of the above mentioned problems or needs and in one embodiment provides a method for conditioning a near term livestock population to minimise the mortality rate of an offspring population derived therefrom including providing caffeine to a pregnant livestock population before, during and/or after an estimated day of commencement of the parturition period for the population, thereby conditioning the population to minimise the mortality rate in an offspring population.
- the gestational ages of each pregnancy of the population may be the same or different at the time of provision of caffeine. In one preferred embodiment, the gestational ages of at least one or some of the pregnancies of the population are different.
- the population is typically a near term population at the time of provision of caffeine.
- caffeine may be provided to a herd, flock or population of near term livestock to significantly decrease the mortality rate of a population of animals produced from the near term livestock.
- the invention provides a method for conditioning a near term livestock population to minimise the mortality rate of an offspring population derived therefrom including providing caffeine to a pregnant livestock population before, during and/or after an estimated day of commencement of the parturition period for the population, thereby conditioning the population to minimise the mortality rate in an offspring population derived therefrom.
- the invention provides a method for conditioning a near term livestock population to minimise the mortality rate of an offspring population derived therefrom.
- the method includes the following steps: - providing a near term livestock population;
- the gestational ages of each pregnancy may be known or the same because the pregnancies may have arisen from artificial insemination.
- the day of commencement of parturition for each pregnancy is not known.
- the steps of providing a near term livestock population and estimating the day of commencement of the parturition period for the population may be carried out at the same time, and by the same person or group people.
- the invention provides a method for conditioning a near term livestock population to minimise the mortality rate of an offspring population derived therefrom. The method includes the following steps:
- the gestational ages of each pregnancy is not known and are unlikely to be the same because the pregnancies arise from joining of males and females and the conception date is generally a function of the joining period.
- parturition is natural (as compared with induced)
- the day of commencement of parturition for each pregnancy is not known.
- the steps of providing a near term livestock population and estimating the day of commencement of the parturition period for the population may be carried out at the same time, and by the same person or group people
- the provision of the caffeine to the near term population, before, during and/or after the estimated day of commencement of the parturition period, treats or conditions the near term population so as to minimise the mortality rate in the offspring population delivered from the near term population.
- condition with respect to a livestock population generally refers to bringing the animals of the population to a desired state in which the mortality rate of the population of offspring delivered from them is minimised or improved. This may generally be achieved by treating or preparing the animals according to the methods of the invention described herein.
- near term with respect to a livestock population generally refers to a population of animals that are close to natural parturition.
- a near term ewe would be considered to have pregnancy with a gestational age of about 135 to 150 days, depending on breed.
- a near term cow would be considered to have pregnancy with a gestational age of about 260 to 300 days, depending on breed.
- a near term doe or nanny goat would be considered to have pregnancy with a gestational age of about 135 to 150 days, depending on breed.
- the actual parturition date of any one particular pregnancy of the population is not known.
- “mortality rate” (also known as “death rate”) generally refers to a measure of the number of deaths in a particular population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit of time. For example, the methods of the invention described herein may reduce the mortality rate of a population of newborn lambs over a period of 3 days from birth from 20% to 3%.
- offspring population or "progeny population” is a population of animals that are delivered from the near term population.
- natural parturition refers to birth without the administration to the pregnant animal of a substance to induce parturition, such as for example oxytocin. Natural parturition may occur in pasture and may be substantially unassisted by the farmer.
- parturition period' is a time period in which all animals of a given population have undergone natural parturition. Put in other words, it is the time from commencement of natural parturition in a population to the time to completion of natural parturition in the population.
- a “lambing period' is an example of a natural parturition period applying to sheep production. In other farming systems, a natural parturition period may be defined as a “calving period' and "kidding period' for cattle and goat production respectively.
- estimateated parturition period generally refers to a natural parturition period as an estimate because the period is calculated from an assumed time at which fertilisation of all animals of a population have occurred, the latter having regard to the duration of time when males are given opportunity to mate with females. In the case of artificially inseminated females, the time of natural parturition is still estimated due to expected variation between individuals in the time of parturition.
- estimate day of commencement of parturition period' refers to the first day on which natural parturition of an animal of the population is expected.
- estimated day of completion of parturition period' refers to the last day on which natural parturition of an animal of the population could be expected.
- a methylxanthine compound may be used instead of caffeine.
- methylxanthine compound generally refers to a compound having methylxanthine structure, i.e. having or being derived from the purine base xanthine, and being other than caffeine.
- methylxanthine compounds include theophylline, aminophylline, enprofylline, dyfylline, pentoxifylline, paraxanthine and theobromine.
- a methyl xanthine compound may or may not be administered together with caffeine.
- caffeine may be administered in the absence of a methylxanthine compound.
- the actual gestational age of each pregnancy of the population is not known.
- the actual gestational ages of at least some of the pregnancies of the population are different.
- the longest gestational age is about 1 to 56 days, preferably about 20 to 50 days longer than the shortest gestational age.
- the caffeine or methylxanthine compound may be provided to the near term population before the estimated day of commencement of the parturition period.
- the caffeine or methylxanthine compound is provided no more than 14 days, preferably no more than 7 days, preferably no more than 1 or 2 days, before the estimated day of commencement of the parturition period.
- the caffeine or methylxanthine compound is provided at least 14 days before the estimated day of commencement of the parturition period for the population.
- caffeine is provided before any of the animals in the population undergo natural parturition.
- the caffeine or methylxanthine compound may be provided to the near term population on the estimated day of commencement of the parturition period.
- a minor proportion of animals (less than 5%) may have undergone natural parturition.
- the caffeine or methylxanthine compound may be provided to the near term population on the 1 st day following the estimated day of commencement of the parturition period. In this embodiment up to 20% of animals of the population may have undergone natural parturition.
- the caffeine or methylxanthine compound is provided to the near term population on the estimated day of commencement of parturition and also after the estimated day of commencement of parturition. More preferably the caffeine or methylxanthine compound is provided to the near term population 1 or 2 days before the estimated day of commencement of parturition, also on the estimated day of commencement of parturition and also after the estimated day of commencement of parturition. In one embodiment the caffeine or methylxanthine compound is provided during the estimated parturition period. Preferably the caffeine or methylxanthine compound is provided during the parturition period for a period until at least 80% of the population has undergone natural parturition.
- the caffeine or methylxanthine compound is provided to the near term population daily, but could be given every 2 nd , 3 rd , 4 th , 5 th , 6 th or 7 th day, or once weekly, the latter particularly if the caffeine or methylxanthine compound is provided in a sustained release formulation adapted for the relevant timing of administration.
- caffeine or methylxanthine compound may also be given once only to each pregnant animal of the population, particularly where the estimated parturition period for the population is relatively short.
- the caffeine or methylxanthine compound is provided to an animal of the population to provide an amount of about 1 to 50 mg, preferably about 20 to 25 mg caffeine (or methylxanthine compound)/ kg animal of the population.
- the caffeine or methylxanthine compound is provided to the population in the form of a product selected from feed, feed additive, lick block, rumen bolus, drench or sustained release device or formulation.
- the product is adapted to provide caffeine or methylxanthine compound in a dose of less than 50mg/day.
- the livestock is sheep, cattle or goat, more preferably sheep.
- the invention provides a method for conditioning a near term ewe population to minimise the mortality rate of an offspring lamb population. The method includes the following steps:
- a method for conditioning a near term ewe population to minimise the mortality rate of an offspring lamb population includes the following steps:
- each pregnancy of the population has substantially the same gestational age, or the same gestational age, as other pregnancies in the population;
- the mortality rate of the offspring population is reduced by up to 50% of the mortality rate that would otherwise be observed in absence of caffeine administration according to the invention.
- the invention may in certain embodiments provide for a reduction in the mortality rate of the offspring population within 7 days from birth from 10 to 90%, preferably about 50%, or 60%, or 70% or 80%.
- that proportion can be reduced by up to 90%.
- caffeine -containing products or methylxanthine compound -containing products for consumption by, or for administration to a pregnant population of animals. These products may be formulated according to whether the population is estimated to have a short parturition period or a long parturition period.
- a short parturition period generally applies where the animals have been artificially inseminated on the same day.
- the variance in the date of natural parturition from animal to animal may be less than 7 days, for example 1 to 3 days.
- the product may be formulated as a sustained release formulation for once only administration (such as a bolus) to each animal, to provide a given daily dose of caffeine or methylxanthine compound to each animal for each day of the estimated parturition period. Examples of such products include sustained release capsules, pastes etc.
- the amount of caffeine or methylxanthine compound to be provided in such a formulation and the substrate for controlling release profile of the caffeine or methylxanthine compound can be determined by the skilled worker, having regard to the weight of the animal and the period over which release is required. For example, a slow release intra-ruminal device containing 30 grams of caffeine or methylxanthine compound, releasing 20mg/kg/day, would cover a 70kg pregnant ewe for 3 weeks. A longer parturition period generally applies where the animals have been naturally mated over a joining period which may be up to 8 weeks. In this embodiment the variance in the date of natural parturition from animal to animal may be up to 8 weeks.
- the product may be formulated as a formulation for consumption by the animal, preferably on a daily basis, to provide the animal with a given daily dose of caffeine or methylxanthine compound to each animal for each day of the estimated parturition period.
- examples of such products include a lick block, or a feed.
- caffeine or methylxanthine compound is provided in the form of a feed, it may be formulated as a premix formulation which is to be added to feed.
- a lick block or feed including caffeine or methylxanthine compound in an amount enabling a reduced mortality rate of an offspring population derived from a near term population when said block or feed is consumed by said near term population, said block or feed further including an agent for masking or reducing a caffeine or methylxanthine compound flavour or texture.
- the aim of this study was to evaluate whether feeding caffeine to ewes during the lambing period would increase lamb survival in a flock managed under normal commercial conditions.
- the design was a randomised block, using three paddocks as replicate blocks which were subdivided to provide paddocks for each treatment.
- Lambing commenced the day after caffeine supplementation began, and is defined as day 1 of the lambing period. During the lambing period, the ewes were checked once daily each morning. Newborn lambs were identified to their mothers, ear- tagged, and their sex recorded. Assistance to deliver lambs was provided to ewes if necessary, and recorded. The day dead lambs were found was recorded, and these lambs removed from paddocks, weighed, and a post-mortem examination conducted (McFarlane 1965) to determine the cause of death, with lambs which had not breathed fully being classified as 'born dead'.
- Caffeine was fed to the supplemented treatment for 14 days from 15 July (the day before lambing commenced) to 28 July, as this was expected to achieve supplementation to approximately 80% of ewes on the day before lambing if the ewes were all naturally cycling at the start of joining.
- Caffeine (96.8% + 5% SD purity assayed by HPLC) was fed at a rate of 1 .6 g/ewe per day, based on a rate of 25 mg/kg liveweight (mean 63 kg) on 6 July, with an estimated rate of 20 mg/kg at term.
- the ewes were introduced to barley grain from 7 July.
- the caffeine was mixed into a molasses and water (3:1 ) solution, and this was mixed with barley grain (320 g/ewe per day) in a cement mixer.
- the same quantity of barley grain and molasses solution was mixed and fed to control ewes.
- the supplement was placed in 12.5 m troughs in each paddock to minimise wastage, and feed refusals were collected daily. Ewes without newborn lambs were encouraged to the feed troughs, if they did not come directly, to minimise the risk of individuals achieving excess intake of either caffeine (toxicity) or barley (acidosis).
- the quantity of live pasture available was estimated on 7 July 2016 prior to the lambing period.
- the visual estimation method of Haydock and Shaw (1975) was used, with 60 visual estimates taken in a diagonal transect across each paddock. The estimates were calibrated against 20 quadrats cut at ground level with electric clippers.
- Weather data (temperature, wind speed) was accessed from the Wagga Wagga airport meteorological station (number 072150) (www.bom.gov.au/climate), approximately 40 km south. Rainfall data was recorded manually on the experimental site.
- the ewes were heavier (P ⁇ 0.001 ) before lambing (62.7 ⁇ 1 .30 kg) compared with after the lambing period (60.7 ⁇ 1 .30).
- the mean condition score of ewes was also similar between treatments, but was higher (P ⁇ 0.001 ) pre-lambing (3.1 ⁇ 0.07) than post-lambing (3.0 ⁇ 0.07).
- the proportion of lambs dying to day 1 , day 3 or marking age was higher (P ⁇ 0.006) for twins compared with single-born lambs, but the interaction with either treatment or week of birth was not significant.
- the live weight of lambs at marking age varied (P ⁇ 0.001 ) between birth and rearing classes, and was heaviest in lambs born and reared as singles (14.9 ⁇ 0.63 kg), less in lambs born as twins but reared as singles (13.3 ⁇ 0.66 kg), and least in lambs born and reared as twins (10.7 ⁇ 0.62 kg).
- the similarity of mortality in both treatments in week 3 and later also indicates that there was no adverse effect on lamb survival of a 14 day supplementation period during late pregnancy.
- a single dose may give a different response than repeated dosing.
- the similarity of marking weights of surviving lambs, and the lack of impact on ewe weight and condition also indicate the safety of at least a 14 day period of supplementation. Further studies are needed over longer periods, if it is assumed that feeding throughout the whole lambing period may occur in order to supplement all ewes on the day of lambing.
- the cost-effectiveness of a longer period of supplementation will depend on the value of additional lambs, level of increase in survival, cost of feed carrier, and cost of caffeine.
- Caffeine is inexpensive in commercial bulk quantities, and the feeding technique would be highly profitable at current high sheep values if the same level of increase in survival as obtained in week one were obtained over 2 or 3 weeks of supplementation.
- Molasses was required in order to enhance palatability, as caffeine is bitter to the taste. Elimination or reduction of this bitterness, by chemical modification or some other means, would enhance palatability and reduce overall feed costs.
- Haydock KP Shaw NH (1975) The comparative yield method for estimating dry matter yield of pasture. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 15, 663-670.
- VSN International Genstat Reference Manual (Release 16). (VSN International: Hemel Hempstead, UK).
Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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NZ753824A NZ753824A (en) | 2016-11-09 | 2017-11-09 | Livestock supplement and use thereof |
AU2017358060A AU2017358060B2 (en) | 2016-11-09 | 2017-11-09 | Livestock supplement and use thereof |
AU2023204397A AU2023204397A1 (en) | 2016-11-09 | 2023-07-07 | Livestock supplement and use thereof |
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AU2016904569A AU2016904569A0 (en) | 2016-11-09 | Livestock supplement and use thereof | |
AU2016904569 | 2016-11-09 |
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WO2018085886A1 true WO2018085886A1 (en) | 2018-05-17 |
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PCT/AU2017/051228 WO2018085886A1 (en) | 2016-11-09 | 2017-11-09 | Livestock supplement and use thereof |
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AU (2) | AU2017358060B2 (en) |
NZ (1) | NZ753824A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2018085886A1 (en) |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3966927A (en) * | 1974-12-16 | 1976-06-29 | Binninger Clarence E | Methods for inducing parturition in cattle with certain intravenously-injected synthetic glucocorticoids |
US5082840A (en) * | 1987-03-10 | 1992-01-21 | Beecham Group P.L.C. | Morpholine compounds and treatment |
US6462051B1 (en) * | 2001-04-25 | 2002-10-08 | Ito En, Ltd. | Composition for reducing mental fatigue, composition for maintaining and enhancing concentration, and composition for maintaining and enhancing mental vigor |
WO2006117784A2 (en) * | 2005-05-02 | 2006-11-09 | Mileutis Ltd. | Pharmaceutical compositions comprising casein derived peptides and methods of use thereof |
WO2007021189A2 (en) * | 2005-08-15 | 2007-02-22 | Provimi Holding B.V. | Method of treating parturient placental mammals in order to reduce maternal and/or utirine exhaustion |
WO2014056029A1 (en) * | 2012-10-08 | 2014-04-17 | Rivalea (Australia) Pty Ltd | Animal feed supplement comprising ractopamine and caffeine |
-
2017
- 2017-11-09 AU AU2017358060A patent/AU2017358060B2/en active Active
- 2017-11-09 NZ NZ753824A patent/NZ753824A/en unknown
- 2017-11-09 WO PCT/AU2017/051228 patent/WO2018085886A1/en active Application Filing
-
2023
- 2023-07-07 AU AU2023204397A patent/AU2023204397A1/en active Pending
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3966927A (en) * | 1974-12-16 | 1976-06-29 | Binninger Clarence E | Methods for inducing parturition in cattle with certain intravenously-injected synthetic glucocorticoids |
US5082840A (en) * | 1987-03-10 | 1992-01-21 | Beecham Group P.L.C. | Morpholine compounds and treatment |
US6462051B1 (en) * | 2001-04-25 | 2002-10-08 | Ito En, Ltd. | Composition for reducing mental fatigue, composition for maintaining and enhancing concentration, and composition for maintaining and enhancing mental vigor |
WO2006117784A2 (en) * | 2005-05-02 | 2006-11-09 | Mileutis Ltd. | Pharmaceutical compositions comprising casein derived peptides and methods of use thereof |
WO2007021189A2 (en) * | 2005-08-15 | 2007-02-22 | Provimi Holding B.V. | Method of treating parturient placental mammals in order to reduce maternal and/or utirine exhaustion |
WO2014056029A1 (en) * | 2012-10-08 | 2014-04-17 | Rivalea (Australia) Pty Ltd | Animal feed supplement comprising ractopamine and caffeine |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
SUPERCHI, P ET AL.: "Effects of oral administration of caffeine on some physiological parameters and maternal behaviour of sows at farrowing", RESEARCH IN VETERINARY SCIENCE, vol. 105, April 2016 (2016-04-01), pages 121 - 123, XP029481105, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.01.023> * |
SUPERCHI, P ET AL.: "Effects of oral caffeine administration to sows with induced parturition on hypoxia in piglets", LIVESTOCK SCIENCE, vol. 157, no. 1, October 2013 (2013-10-01), pages 372 - 377, XP055482754, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2013.08.003> * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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NZ753824A (en) | 2022-08-26 |
AU2023204397A1 (en) | 2023-08-03 |
AU2017358060A1 (en) | 2019-06-13 |
AU2017358060B2 (en) | 2023-05-04 |
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