WO2018081177A1 - Luminaire comprenant des diodes électroluminescentes et ayant une forme non linéaire - Google Patents

Luminaire comprenant des diodes électroluminescentes et ayant une forme non linéaire Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018081177A1
WO2018081177A1 PCT/US2017/058157 US2017058157W WO2018081177A1 WO 2018081177 A1 WO2018081177 A1 WO 2018081177A1 US 2017058157 W US2017058157 W US 2017058157W WO 2018081177 A1 WO2018081177 A1 WO 2018081177A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
luminaire
cavity
geometric solid
geometric
light
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2017/058157
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
John N. Magno
Gene C. Koch
Christopher Magno
Original Assignee
Ameritech Llc
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Publication date
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Publication of WO2018081177A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018081177A1/fr

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F21V5/00—Refractors for light sources
    • F21V5/04—Refractors for light sources of lens shape
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F21V13/00—Producing particular characteristics or distribution of the light emitted by means of a combination of elements specified in two or more of main groups F21V1/00 - F21V11/00
    • F21V13/02—Combinations of only two kinds of elements
    • F21V13/04—Combinations of only two kinds of elements the elements being reflectors and refractors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F21V7/00—Reflectors for light sources
    • F21V7/04—Optical design
    • F21V7/06—Optical design with parabolic curvature
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/02—Diffusing elements; Afocal elements
    • G02B5/0273—Diffusing elements; Afocal elements characterized by the use
    • G02B5/0278—Diffusing elements; Afocal elements characterized by the use used in transmission
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO THE FORM OR THE KIND OF THE LIGHT SOURCES OR OF THE COLOUR OF THE LIGHT EMITTED
    • F21Y2103/00—Elongate light sources, e.g. fluorescent tubes
    • F21Y2103/30—Elongate light sources, e.g. fluorescent tubes curved
    • F21Y2103/33—Elongate light sources, e.g. fluorescent tubes curved annular
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO THE FORM OR THE KIND OF THE LIGHT SOURCES OR OF THE COLOUR OF THE LIGHT EMITTED
    • F21Y2115/00—Light-generating elements of semiconductor light sources
    • F21Y2115/10—Light-emitting diodes [LED]

Definitions

  • This application discloses an invention which is related, generally and in various aspects, to a luminaire which includes light emitting diodes.
  • LEDs Light emitting diodes
  • LEDs are an energy efficient, highly reliable technology that is finding considerable utility in replacing fluorescent lamps in many lighting applications.
  • An issue with LEDs that limits their utility is that they are point sources as opposed to continuous sources of light. This creates unacceptable glare or poor aesthetics in many lighting applications.
  • Prior to the invention disclosed herein there was no known luminaire which could efficiently convert the point source illumination from LEDs into a light output distribution similar to that of area source lamps. That is to say, there was not a known LED-based luminaire which has an even distribution of luminance across its luminous surface and whose form factor is similar to that of ceiling lamps.
  • FIG. 1 is a plan view of a luminaire according to various aspects
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a cross-section of the luminaire of FIG. 1 according to various aspects
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a cross-section of a geometric solid of the luminaire of FIG. 1 according to various aspects
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a plan view of another luminaire according to various aspects
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a cross-section of the luminaire of FIG. 4 according to various aspects
  • FIG. 6 illustrates a cross-section of a geometric solid of the luminaire of
  • FIG. 4 according to various aspects
  • FIG. 7 illustrates a plan view of yet another luminaire according to various aspects
  • FIG. 8 illustrates a cross-section of the luminaire of FIG. 7 according to various aspects
  • FIG. 9 illustrates a cross-section of a geometric solid of the luminaire of FIG. 7 according to various aspects
  • FIG. 10 illustrates a plan view of yet another luminaire according to various aspects
  • FIG. 1 1 illustrates a cross-section of the luminaire of FIG. 10 according to various aspects
  • FIG. 12 illustrates a cross-section of a geometric solid of the luminaire of FIG. 10 according to various aspects
  • FIG. 13 illustrates a plan view of yet another luminaire according to various aspects
  • FIG. 14 illustrates a cross-section of the luminaire of FIG. 13 according to various aspects
  • FIG. 15 illustrates a cross-section of a geometric solid of the luminaire of FIG. 13 according to various aspects
  • FIG. 16 illustrates a toroid-shaped cavity of the luminaire of FIG. 13 according to various aspects
  • FIG. 17 illustrates a cross-section of yet another luminaire according to various aspects
  • FIG. 18 illustrates a cross-section of the luminaire of FIG. 17 according to various aspects
  • FIG. 19 illustrates a cross-section of a geometric solid of the luminaire of FIG. 17 according to various aspects
  • FIG. 20 illustrates a cross-section of a cavity of the luminaire of FIG. 17 according to various aspects
  • FIG. 21 illustrates a cross-section of yet another luminaire according to various aspects
  • FIG. 22 illustrates a cross-section of yet another luminaire according to various aspects
  • FIG. 23 illustrates a cross-section of yet another luminaire according to various aspects
  • FIG. 24 illustrates a cross-section of yet another luminaire according to various aspects
  • FIG. 25 illustrates a cross-section of yet another luminaire according to various aspects
  • FIG. 26 illustrates a cross-section of a geometric solid of the luminaire of FIG. 25 according to various aspects
  • FIG. 27 illustrates a cross-section of yet another luminaire according to various aspects.
  • FIG. 28 illustrates a cross-section of a geometric solid of the luminaire of FIG. 27 according to various aspects.
  • aspects of the luminaire disclosed herein are illustrative in nature and are not meant to limit the scope or application thereof.
  • the terms and expressions employed herein have been chosen for the purpose of describing the aspects for the convenience of the reader and are not meant to limit the scope thereof.
  • any one or more of the disclosed aspects, expressions of aspects, and/or examples thereof can be combined with any one or more of the other disclosed aspects, expressions of aspects, and/or examples thereof, without limitation.
  • FIG. 1 is a plan view of a luminaire 100 according to various aspects and FIG. 2 is a cross-section of the luminaire 100 along the axis AA' according to various aspects.
  • the luminaire 100 has a non-linear (e.g., circular) shape.
  • the phrase "non-linear shape" means not arranged in a straight line.
  • the luminaire 100 includes a substrate 102, a geometric solid 104, a cavity 106, and one or more discrete sources of light 108. Although four discrete sources of light 108 are shown in FIG. 1, it will be appreciated that the luminaire 100 may include any number of discrete sources of light 108 (e.g., more than four, less than four, etc.).
  • the luminaire 100 also includes a diffuse reflector 202 and may also include a diffuse reflector 208.
  • the substrate 102 may include any suitable material.
  • the substrate 102 is a printed circuit board.
  • the geometric solid 104 is formed from a transparent/optically clear light transmissive material such as, for example, a transparent/optically clear plastic material (e.g., acrylite M30 available from Evonik Cyro LLC, Parsippany, NJ) or a transparent/optically clear glass material.
  • a transparent/optically clear plastic material e.g., acrylite M30 available from Evonik Cyro LLC, Parsippany, NJ
  • the geometric solid 104 may be injection molded from a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) such as, for example, Optix CA-41 produced by Plaskolite, Inc.; Columbus, Ohio.
  • PMMA polymethyl methacrylate
  • the geometric solid 104 may be cast from a clear casting compound such as CR-39 produced by PPG Industries, Pittsburgh, PA. According to yet other aspects, the geometric solid 104 may also be machined from solid clear plastic such as PMMA followed by solvent polishing. For purposes of simplicity, as used hereinafter, the term transparent is meant to include optically clear.
  • a geometric plane figure 302 is bounded by a straight vertical line segment 308, a straight horizontal line segment 304, a straight line segment 306 connecting line segments 304 and 308, and a curved line segment 310.
  • the geometric plane figure 302 is rotated one complete revolution (360 degrees) about a vertical axis BB' that contains the vertical line segment 308. It will be appreciated that the vertical axis BB' is normal to a surface of the substrate 102 (i.e., the surface of the substrate on which the discrete light sources are positioned as shown in FIG. 2). The result is a series/plurality of surfaces that bound the geometric solid 104.
  • This solid has a flat surface 210 in the horizontal plane that is in the shape of an annulus.
  • the geometrical solid 104 also has a curved surface 204 that connects to flat annular-shaped surface 210 along its outer periphery.
  • the curved surface 204 also has a cusp at point 314. Rotation of the line segment 306 about the vertical axis BB' creates a conical surface 206 with its apex at a point 316.
  • the conical surface 206 of the geometrical solid 104 bounds a surface of a cavity 106.
  • the cavity 106 is defined by the geometric solid 104 and either the substrate 102 or the diffuse reflector 202. According to various aspects, the cavity 106 is filled with air.
  • the cavity 106 is filled with another optically clear material.
  • the cross-sectional shape of the cavity 106 may be adjusted by introducing curvature or more curvature in its "sides/faces" or otherwise changing the cross-section shape of the cavity 106 so as to optimize the uniformity of light output by the luminaire 100 and/or to satisfy a desired distribution of light.
  • the discrete sources of light 108 are positioned on the substrate 102 and may be any suitable type of discrete sources of light 108.
  • the discrete sources of light 108 may be any suitable type of light emitting diodes.
  • the discrete sources of light 108 will hereinafter be described in the context of light emitting diodes. However, it will be appreciated that the discrete sources of light 108 may be other than light emitting diodes.
  • the light emitting diodes 108 are adhered to the substrate 102, and any suitable adhesive or metallic solder may be utilized to adhere the light emitting diodes 108 to the substrate 102.
  • the diffuse reflector 202 covers the flat surface 210 and a portion of the curved surface 204 of geometric solid 104.
  • the diffuse reflector 202 may extend along the substrate 102 providing a second enclosing surface to the conical-shaped cavity 106.
  • the diffuse reflector 202 may be fabricated by applying a white reflective coating material solution such as White Reflective Coating 83-890 available from Edmonds Optics, Inc.; Barrington, NJ on a portion of the curved surface 204 and all of the flat surface 210.
  • the diffuse reflector 202 may be fabricated by adhering an adhesive-backed white reflective film such as White Optics Film F-16A available from White Optics, LLC; New Castle, DE on the
  • the diffuse reflector 208 may be located at the apex of the conical-shaped cavity 106.
  • the diffuse reflector 208 may be similar or identical to the diffuse reflector 202.
  • Light reflected from the diffuse reflector 202 passes back through the geometric solid 104, encounters the curved surface 204 and at least partially passes into the surroundings. It can be seen that light emitted from the light emitting diodes 108 can undergo several partial reflections at surfaces within the luminaire 100 and as a result, if the reflective surfaces in the luminaire 100 are properly shaped and have the proper orientation one to the other, light can be induced to exit the luminaire 100 in a uniform or other desired spatial distribution over a desired distribution of angles.
  • the shape of the geometrical solid 104 may be altered so long as the surface 206, or its equivalent, intercepts all or nearly all of the light emitted by the light emitting diodes 108 and partially reflects and partially transmits light from the light emitting diodes 108 or their equivalents, and the geometrical solid that is an altered version of the geometric solid 104 has a shape that is defined by rotation of a geometric plane figure about the vertical axis BB', and further, there is a diffuse reflector on a surface or surfaces of the geometric solid 104 that perform a similar function as does the diffuse reflector 202.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a plan view of another luminaire 400 according to various aspects
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the luminaire 400 along the axis CC according to various aspects.
  • the luminaire 400 has a non-linear (e.g., circular) shape.
  • the luminaire 400 includes a substrate 402, a geometric solid 404, a cavity 406 and one or more light emitting diodes 408. Although four light emitting diodes 408 are shown in FIG. 4, it will be appreciated that the luminaire 400 may include any number of light emitting diodes 408 (e.g., more than four, less than four, etc.).
  • the luminaire 400 also includes a diffuse reflector 502.
  • the substrate 402, the cavity 406, the light emitting diodes 408 and the diffuse reflector 502 may be similar or identical to the substrate 102, the cavity 106, the light emitting diodes 108 and the diffuse reflector 202.
  • the luminaire 400 is similar to the luminaire 100 but is different in that the shape of the geometric solid 404 is different from the shape of the geometric solid 104, and the luminaire 400 does not include an optional diffuse reflector similar to the diffuse reflector 208 located at the apex of conical cavity 106 in the luminaire 100.
  • the shape of the geometric solid 404 can be explained by recourse to FIG. 6.
  • a geometric plane figure 602 is bounded by a straight vertical line segment 608 (shown in the enlarged inset), a curved line segment 604, a straight line segment connecting line segments 604 and 608 labelled 606, and a straight line segment connecting line segments 604 and 608 labelled 610.
  • the geometric plane figure 602 is rotated one complete revolution (360 degrees) about a vertical axis DD' that contains a vertical line segment 608. It will be appreciated that the vertical axis DD' is normal to a surface of the substrate 402 (i.e., the surface of the substrate on which the discrete light sources are positioned as shown in FIG. 5). The result is a series/plurality of surfaces that bound the geometric solid 404.
  • the process of generating the shape of the geometric solid 404 is similar to that of the geometric solid 104 with the exceptions that the line segment 604 is curved while the corresponding line segment 304 is straight, the line segment 610 is straight while the corresponding line segment 310 is curved, none of the line segments of the geometric solid 404 are horizontal, and the line segment 608 is a good deal shorter than the line segment 308.
  • the cone-shaped surface 504 and the curved surface 508 connect to each other along the circular periphery 410 of the geometric solid 404. Rotation of the line segment 606 about the axis DD' creates a conical surface 506 with its apex at a point 510.
  • the conical surface 506 of the geometrical solid 404 bounds a surface of the cavity 406.
  • the geometric solid 404 may be similar to the geometric solid 104.
  • the geometric solid 404 may be formed of a solid transparent material such as plastic or glass
  • the geometric solid 404 may be injection molded from polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) such as, for example, Optix CA-41 produced by Plaskolite, Inc., Columbus, Ohio
  • the geometric solid 404 may be cast from a clear casting compound such as CR-39 produced by PPG Industries, Pittsburgh, PA or the geometric solid 404 may be machined from solid clear plastic such as PMMA followed by solvent polishing.
  • PMMA polymethyl methacrylate
  • the cavity 406 is defined by the geometric solid 404 and either the substrate 402 or the diffuse reflector 502. According to various aspects, the cavity 406 is filled with air. According to other aspects, the cavity 406 is filled with another optically clear material. As shown in FIG. 5, the cavity 406 has a triangular-shaped cross-section, where the conical surface 506 shown at the "left” of FIG. 5 and the conical surface 506 shown at the "right” of FIG. 5 meet at the "top” or apex of the triangular-shaped cross- section of the cavity 406.
  • the "top" or apex of the triangular-shaped cross-section of the cavity 406 refers to the vertice opposite the light emitting diode 408 shown in FIG. 5.
  • the cross-sectional shape of the cavity 406 may be adjusted by introducing curvature or more curvature in its "sides/faces” or otherwise changing the cross-section shape of the cavity 406 so as to optimize the uniformity of light output by the luminaire 400 and/or to satisfy a desired distribution of light.
  • the interior angle of the triangular-shaped cross-section of the cavity 406 at the apex is ninety degrees or less, and in some aspects is substantially less than ninety degrees.
  • the interior angle of the triangular-shaped cross- section of the cavity 406 at the apex can range from 1.0 degree to 90.0 degrees, or any sub-range subsumed therein, such as, for example, from 1.0 degree to 30.0 degrees, from 10.0 degrees to 50.0 degrees, from 20.0 degrees to 70.0 degrees, from 30.0 degrees to 75.0 degrees, from 40.0 degrees to 85.0 degrees, from 50.0 degrees to 90.0 degrees, etc.
  • any numerical range recited in this specification describes all sub-ranges of the same numerical precision (i.e., having the same number of specified digits) subsumed within the recited range.
  • a recited range of "1.0 degree to 90.0 degrees” describes all sub-ranges between (and including) the recited minimum value of 1.0 degree and the recited maximum value of 90.0 degrees, such as, for example, "34.8 degrees to 78.6 degrees” even if the range of "34.8 degrees to 78.6 degrees” is not expressly recited in the text of the specification.
  • the arrangement of such means operates to reduce the etendue or angular disorder of the emitted light to a greater extent than is required to meet the light distribution requirements of the luminaire. This reduction incurs an unnecessary energy penalty, requiring more energy into the luminaire to produce the desired light distribution from the luminaire.
  • Light redirecting and distribution means that do not subtend a full 180 degrees over the light sources present an angularly restrictive pupil for light entering the redirecting and distribution means commensurately reducing etendue at a cost in energy.
  • the triangular cross-section of the cavity 406 into which light is emitted subtends an angle of at least 160 degrees over the light emitting diodes 408 in the plane of the triangular cross-section, and in some aspects subtends an angle of at least 180 degrees over the light emitting diodes 408 in the plane of the triangular cross-section.
  • FIG. 20 for an example showing a cavity which redirects light emitted from a light source and subtends an angle of at least 180 degrees.
  • the diffuse reflector 502 covers the curved surface 508 of the geometric solid 404.
  • the diffuse reflector 502 may extend along the substrate 402 providing a second enclosing surface to the conical cavity 406.
  • the diffuse reflector 502 may be similar or identical to the diffuse reflector 202.
  • the diffuse reflector 502 may be fabricated by applying a white reflective coating material solution such as White Reflective Coating 83-890 available from Edmonds Optics, Inc.; Barrington, NJ on the curved surface 508 or the diffuse reflector 502 may be fabricated by adhering an adhesive-backed white reflective film such as White Optics Film F-16A available from White Optics, LLC; New Castle, DE on the curved surface 508.
  • Light reflected from the diffuse reflector 502 passes back through the geometric solid 404, encounters the cone-shaped surface 504 and at least partially passes into the surroundings. It can be seen that light emitted from the light emitting diodes 408 can undergo several partial reflections at surfaces within the luminaire 400 and as a result, if the reflective surfaces in the luminaire 400 are properly shaped and have the proper orientation one to the other, light can be induced to exit the luminaire 400 in a uniform or other desired spatial distribution over a desired distribution of angles.
  • At least one of the line segments 304 and 310 that bound the plane figure 302 used to define the geometric solid 104 and at least one of the line segments 604 and 610 that bound the plane figure 602 used to define the geometric solid 404 is a straight line segment. This need not be the case.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates a plan view of another luminaire 700 according to various aspects and FIG. 8 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the luminaire 800 along the axis EE' according to various aspects.
  • the luminaire 700 has a non-linear (e.g., circular) shape.
  • the luminaire 700 includes a substrate 702, a geometric solid 704, a cavity 706 and one or more light emitting diodes 708. Although four light emitting diodes 708 are shown in FIG. 7, it will be appreciated that the luminaire 700 may include any number of light emitting diodes 708 (e.g., more than four, less than four, etc.).
  • the luminaire 400 also includes a diffuse reflector 802.
  • the substrate 702, the cavity 706, the light emitting diodes 708 and the diffuse reflector 802 may be similar or identical to the substrate 402, the cavity 406, the light emitting diodes 408 and the diffuse reflector 502.
  • the luminaire 700 is similar to the luminaire 400 but is different in that the shape of the geometric solid 704 is different from the shape of the geometric solid 404.
  • the cone-shaped surface 504 of the luminaire 400 where the cone-shaped surface 504 is "straight" or at a given cross-section of the luminaire 400, the cone-shaped surface 704 of the luminaire 700 is "curved” at a given cross-section of the luminaire 700.
  • the shape of the geometric solid 704 can be explained by recourse to FIG. 9.
  • a geometric plane figure 902 is bounded by a straight vertical line segment 908, a curved line segment 904, a curved line segment 910 connecting line segments 904 and 908, and a straight line segment 906 connecting line segments 904 and 908.
  • the geometric plane figure 902 is rotated one complete revolution (360 degrees) about a vertical axis FF' that contains the vertical line segment 908. It will be appreciated that the vertical axis FF' is normal to a surface of the substrate 702 (i.e., the surface of the substrate on which the discrete light sources are positioned as shown in FIG. 8). The result is a series/plurality of surfaces that bound the geometric solid 704.
  • the process of generating the shape of the geometric solid 704 is similar to that of the geometric solid 404 with the exception that the line segment 910 is curved while corresponding line segment 610 is straight.
  • the curved surface 804 and the curved surface 808 connect to each other along the circular periphery 710 of the geometric solid 704. Rotation of the line segment 906 about the axis FF' creates a conical surface 906 with its apex at a point 810.
  • the conical surface 906 of the geometrical solid 704 bounds a surface of the cavity 706.
  • the geometric solid 704 may be similar to the geometric solid 404.
  • the geometric solid 704 may be formed of a solid transparent material such as plastic or glass, the geometric solid 704 may be injection molded from polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) such as, for example, Optix CA-41 produced by Plaskolite, Inc., Columbus, Ohio, the geometric solid 704 may be cast from a clear casting compound such as CR-39 produced by PPG Industries, Pittsburgh, PA or the geometric solid 704 may be machined from solid clear plastic such as PMMA followed by solvent polishing. Aside from the change in the curvature of surface 804, the luminaire 700 functions in the same manner as the luminaires 100, 400.
  • PMMA polymethyl methacrylate
  • the cavity 706 is defined by the geometric solid 704 and either the substrate 702 or the diffuse reflector 802. According to various aspects, the cavity 706 is filled with air. According to other aspects, the cavity 706 is filled with another optically clear material.
  • the cross-sectional shape of the cavity 706 may be adjusted by introducing curvature or more curvature in its "sides/faces" or otherwise changing the cross-section shape of the cavity 706 so as to optimize the uniformity of light output by the luminaire 700 and/or to satisfy a desired distribution of light.
  • the light emitting diodes 708 may be similar or identical to the light emitting diodes 408.
  • the diffuse reflector 802 covers the curved surface 808 of the geometric solid 704.
  • the diffuse reflector 802 may extend along the substrate 702 providing a second enclosing surface to the conical cavity 706.
  • the diffuse reflector 802 may be similar or identical to the diffuse reflector 502.
  • the diffuse reflector 802 may be fabricated by applying a white reflective coating material solution such as White Reflective Coating 83-890 available from Edmonds Optics, Inc.; Barrington, NJ on the curved surface 808 or the diffuse reflector 802 may be fabricated by adhering an adhesive-backed white reflective film such as White Optics Film F-16A available from White Optics, LLC; New Castle, DE on the curved surface 808.
  • a white reflective coating material solution such as White Reflective Coating 83-890 available from Edmonds Optics, Inc.; Barrington, NJ on the curved surface 808
  • the diffuse reflector 802 may be fabricated by adhering an adhesive-backed white reflective film such as White Optics Film F-16A available from White Optics
  • FIG. 10 illustrates a plan view of another luminaire 1000 according to various aspects and FIG. 11 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the luminaire 1000 along the axis GG' according to various aspects.
  • the luminaire 1000 has a non-linear (e.g., circular) shape.
  • the luminaire 1000 includes a substrate 1002, a geometric solid 1004, a cavity 1006 and one or more light emitting diodes 1008.
  • the luminaire 1000 may include any number of light emitting diodes 1008 (e.g., more than four, less than four, etc.). As shown in FIG. 11, the luminaire 1000 also includes a diffuse reflector 1102.
  • the substrate 1002, the cavity 1006, the light emitting diodes 1008 and the diffuse reflector 1102 may be similar or identical to the substrate 702, the cavity 706, the light emitting diodes 708 and the diffuse reflector 802.
  • the luminaire 1000 is similar to the luminaire 700 but is different in that the shape of the geometric solid 1004 is different from the shape of the geometric solid 704.
  • the shape of the geometric solid 1004 can be explained by recourse to FIG. 12.
  • a geometric plane figure 1202 is bounded by a straight vertical line segment 1208, a curved line segment 1204, a straight line segment 1210 and a curved line segment 1212 connecting the line segments 1204 and 1208, and a straight line segment 1206 connecting the line segments 1204 and 1208.
  • the geometric plane figure 1202 is rotated one complete revolution (360 degrees) about a vertical axis HH' that contains the vertical line segment 1208.
  • the vertical axis HH' is normal to a surface of the substrate 1002 (i.e., the surface of the substrate on which the discrete light sources are positioned as shown in FIG. 11).
  • the result is a series/plurality of surfaces that bound the geometric solid 1004.
  • the process of generating the shape of geometric solid 1004 is similar to that of the geometric solid 404 with the exception that the plane figure 1202 is bound by five line segments.
  • the curved surface 1108 of the geometric solid 1004 and the surface 1104 of the geometric solid 1004 (that has the shape of a frustum of a conical surface) connect to each other along the circular periphery 1010 of geometric solid 1004.
  • the surface 1104 connects to the surface 1112 along its circular inner periphery.
  • the geometric solid 1004 may be similar to the geometric solid 704.
  • the geometric solid 1004 may be formed of a solid transparent material such as plastic or glass
  • the geometric solid 1004 may be injection molded from polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) such as, for example, Optix CA-41 produced by Plaskolite, Inc., Columbus, Ohio
  • the geometric solid 1004 may be cast from a clear casting compound such as CR-39 produced by PPG Industries, Pittsburgh, PA or the geometric solid 1004 may be machined from solid clear plastic such as PMMA followed by solvent polishing.
  • PMMA polymethyl methacrylate
  • the luminaire 1000 functions in the same manner as the luminaires 100, 400, 700.
  • the cavity 1006 is defined by the geometric solid 1004 and either the substrate 1002 or the diffuse reflector 1102. According to various aspects, the cavity 1006 is filled with air. According to other aspects, the cavity 1006 is filled with another optically clear material.
  • the cross-sectional shape of the cavity 1006 may be adjusted by introducing curvature or more curvature in its "sides/faces" or otherwise changing the cross-section shape of the cavity 1006 so as to optimize the uniformity of light output by the luminaire 1000 and/or to satisfy a desired distribution of light.
  • the light emitting diodes 1008 may be similar or identical to the light emitting diodes 708.
  • the diffuse reflector 1102 covers the curved surface 1108 of the geometric solid 1004.
  • the diffuse reflector 1102 may extend along the substrate 1002 providing a second enclosing surface to the cavity 1006.
  • the diffuse reflector 1102 may be similar or identical to the diffuse reflector 802.
  • the diffuse reflector 1102 may be fabricated by applying a white reflective coating material solution such as White
  • Reflective Coating 83-890 available from Edmonds Optics, Inc.; Barrington, NJ on the curved surface 1108 or the diffuse reflector 1002 may be fabricated by adhering an adhesive-backed white reflective film such as White Optics Film F-16A available from White Optics, LLC; New Castle, DE on the curved surface 1108.
  • the luminaire 1000 functions in the same manner as the luminaires 100, 400, 700.
  • the shapes of the geometric solids 104, 404, 704, 1004 could be defined by rotation of a plane figure about a vertical axis.
  • the vertical axis contained a straight line that bounded the plane figure and ended up passing through the apex of a cone shaped cavity into which the light emitting diodes emit light.
  • the vertical axis used to define the shape of the geometric solid does not pass through the cavity into which the light emitting diodes emit light.
  • FIG. 13 illustrates a plan view of yet another luminaire 1300 according to various aspects and FIG.
  • the luminaire 1300 has a non-linear (e.g., circular) shape.
  • the luminaire 1300 includes a substrate 1302, a geometric solid 1304, a cavity 1306 and one or more light emitting diodes 1308.
  • the luminaire 1300 may include any number of light emitting diodes 1308 (e.g., more than twelve, less than twelve, etc.). As shown in FIG. 14, the luminaire 1300 also includes a diffuse reflector 1402 and a diffuse reflector 1418.
  • the substrate 1302 and the light emitting diodes 1308 may be similar or identical to the substrate 1002 and the light emitting diodes 1008.
  • the luminaire 1300 is similar to the luminaire 1000 but is different in that the shape of the geometric solid 1300 is different from the shape of the geometric solid 1000.
  • the shape of the geometric solid 1304 can be explained by recourse to FIG. 15.
  • a geometric plane figure 1502 is bounded by (1) the curved line segments 1504, 1512, 1516 (2) the straight line segments 1506, 1510, 1514 and (3) a vertical straight line segment 1508.
  • the geometric plane figure 1502 is rotated one complete revolution (360 degrees) about a vertical axis JJ' that contains the vertical line segment 1208. It will be appreciated that the vertical axis JJ' is normal to a surface of the substrate 1302 (i.e., the surface of the substrate on which the discrete light sources are positioned as shown in FIG. 14).
  • the result is a series/plurality of surfaces that bound the geometric solid 1304.
  • Rotation of the curved line segment 1504 about the axis JJ' yields a surface 1408 of the geometric solid 1304 and rotation of the straight line segment 1510 about the axis JJ' defines a surface 1404 that has the shape of a frustum of a cone-shaped surface.
  • the surface 1408 connects to the surface 1404 along the circular outer periphery 1310 of the geometric solid 1304.
  • Rotation of the curved line segment 1512 about the axis JJ' defines a surface 1412 of the geometric solid 1304 that connects to a surface 1404 along the circular inner periphery 1312 of the geometric solid 1304.
  • Rotation of the line segments 1506, 1514 about the axis JJ' defines the surfaces 1406, 1414 respectively. These surfaces both have the shape of frusta of cone-shaped surfaces and join together along circle 1314 to form two walls of a cavity 1306 that is in the shape of a toroid with a triangular cross-section as illustrated in FIG 16. Rotation of the curved line segment 1516 about the axis JJ' yields a surface 1416 that connects to a surface 1414 along the outer periphery of surface 1416 completing the enclosure of geometric solid 1304.
  • the geometric solid 1304 may be similar to the geometric solid 1004.
  • the geometric solid 1304 may be formed of a solid transparent material such as plastic or glass
  • the geometric solid 1304 may be injection molded from polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) such as, for example, Optix CA-41 produced by Plaskolite, Inc., Columbus, Ohio
  • PMMA polymethyl methacrylate
  • the geometric solid 1304 may be cast from a clear casting compound such as CR-39 produced by PPG Industries
  • the geometric solid 1304 may be machined from solid clear plastic such as PMMA followed by solvent polishing. Aside from the change in the shape of the geometric solid 1304, the luminaire 1300 functions in the same manner as the luminaires 100, 400, 700, 1000.
  • the cavity 1306 is similar to the cavity 1006 but is different in that the cavity 1306 has the shape of a toroid with a triangular cross-section as described in more detail hereinbelow.
  • the cavity 1306 is defined by the geometric solid 1304 and either the substrate 1302 or the diffuse reflector 1402. According to various aspects, the cavity 1306 is filled with air. According to other aspects, the cavity 1306 is filled with another optically clear material.
  • the cross-sectional shape of the cavity 1306 may be adjusted by introducing curvature or more curvature in its "sides/faces" or otherwise changing the cross-section shape of the cavity 1306 so as to optimize the uniformity of light output by the luminaire 1300 and/or to satisfy a desired distribution of light.
  • the light emitting diodes 1308 may be similar or identical to the light emitting diodes 1008. As shown in FIG. 13, the light emitting diodes 1308 are arranged as a ring of light emitting diodes 1308.
  • the diffuse reflector 1402 covers the curved surface 1408 of the geometric solid 1304.
  • the diffuse reflector 1402 may extend along the substrate 1302 providing a second enclosing surface to the cavity 1306, and joining diffuse reflector 1418.
  • the diffuse reflectors 1402, 1418 may be formed as a single diffuse reflector.
  • the diffuse reflector 1418 covers the curved surface 1416 of the geometric solid 1304.
  • the diffuse reflectors 1402, 1418 may be similar or identical to the diffuse reflector 1102.
  • the diffuse reflectors 1402, 1418 may be fabricated by applying a white reflective coating material solution such as White Reflective Coating 83-890 available from Edmonds Optics, Inc.; Barrington, NJ on the curved surfaces 1408, 1416 or the diffuse reflectors 1402, 1418 may be fabricated by adhering an adhesive- backed white reflective film such as White Optics Film F-16A available from White Optics, LLC; New Castle, DE on the curved surfaces 1408, 1416.
  • the luminaire 1300 functions in the same manner as the luminaires 100, 400, 700, 1000.
  • the shapes of the geometric solids 104, 404, 704, 1004 could be defined by rotation of a plane figure about a vertical axis.
  • the vertical axis contained a straight line that bounded the plane figure and ended up passing through either (1) the apex of a cone shaped cavity into which the light emitting diodes emit light or (2) the geometric plane figure.
  • the vertical axis used to define the shape of the geometric solid does not pass through the geometric plane figure at all.
  • FIG. 17 illustrates a plan view of yet another luminaire 1700 according to various aspects and FIG. 18 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the luminaire 1700 along the axis KK' according to various aspects.
  • the luminaire 1700 has a non-linear (e.g., circular) shape.
  • the luminaire 1700 includes a substrate 1702, a geometric solid 1704, a cavity 1706 and one or more light emitting diodes 1708.
  • the luminaire 1700 may include any number of light emitting diodes 1708 (e.g., more than twelve, less than twelve, etc.).
  • the luminaire 1700 also includes a diffuse reflector 1802 and a diffuse reflector 1818.
  • the substrate 1702, the cavity 1706, the light emitting diodes 1708, the diffuse reflector 1802 and the diffuse reflector 1818 may be similar or identical to the substrate 1302, the cavity 1306, the light emitting diodes 1308, the diffuse reflector 1402 and the diffuse reflector 1418.
  • the luminaire 1700 is similar to the luminaire 1300 but is different in that the shape of the geometric solid 1700 is different from the shape of the geometric solid 1300.
  • the shape of the geometric solid 1704 can be explained by recourse to FIG. 19.
  • a geometric plane figure 1902 is bounded by the line segments 1904, 1906, 1908, 1910, 1912 and 1914.
  • the geometric plane figure 1902 is rotated one complete revolution (360 degrees) about a vertical axis LL' that does not intersect the plane figure 1902. It will be appreciated that the vertical axis LL' is normal to an "extended" surface of the substrate 1702 (i.e., the surface of the substrate on which the discrete light sources are positioned as shown in FIG. 18).
  • the result is a series/plurality of surfaces that bound the geometric solid 1704.
  • Rotation of the curved line segments 1904, 1912 about the axis LL' yields surfaces 1808, 1810 of the geometric solid 1704.
  • Rotation of the straight line segments 1910, 1914 about the axis LL' defines surfaces 1804, 1812 that each have the shape of a frustum of a cone-shaped surface.
  • the surfaces 1804, 1812 connect to each other along a circular inner periphery 1710 of the surface 1804 (or the circular outer periphery of the surface 1812).
  • the surface 1804 connects to the surface 1802 along a circular outer periphery 1712 of the geometric solid 1704.
  • the surface 1812 connects to the surface 1810 along a circular inner periphery 1714 of the geometric solid 1704. Rotation of the straight line segments 1906, 1908 about the axis LL' defines surfaces 1806, 1814 that each have the shape of a frustum of a cone-shaped surface. The surfaces 1806, 1814 join together along circle 1816 to form two walls of a cavity 1706 that is in the shape of a toroid with a triangular cross-section as illustrated in FIG. 16.
  • the geometric solid 1704 may be similar to the geometric solid 1304.
  • the geometric solid 1704 may be formed of a solid transparent material such as plastic or glass
  • the geometric solid 1704 may be injection molded from polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) such as, for example, Optix CA-41 produced by Plaskolite, Inc., Columbus, Ohio
  • PMMA polymethyl methacrylate
  • the geometric solid 1704 may be cast from a clear casting compound such as CR-39 produced by PPG Industries,
  • the geometric solid 1704 may be machined from solid clear plastic such as PMMA followed by solvent polishing. Aside from the change in the shape of the geometric solid 1704, the luminaire 1700 functions in the same manner as the luminaires 100, 400, 700, 1000, 1300.
  • the cavity 1706 is defined by the geometric solid 1704 and either the substrate 1702 or the diffuse reflector 1802 and/or the diffuse reflector 1818. According to various aspects, the cavity 1706 is filled with air. According to other aspects, the cavity 1706 is filled with another optically clear material.
  • the cavity 1706 has its apex along the circle 1816.
  • the surfaces 1806, 1808 connect to each other along a circular outer periphery 1716 of the surface 1806 (or along a circular inner periphery of the surface 1808).
  • the surfaces 1814, 1810 connect to each other along a circular inner periphery 1718 of the surface 1814 (or along a circular outer periphery of the surface 1810).
  • the light emitting diodes 1708 may be similar or identical to the light emitting diodes 1308.
  • the cross-sectional shape of the cavity 1706 may be adjusted by introducing curvature or more curvature in its "sides/faces" or otherwise changing the cross-section shape of the cavity 1706 so as to optimize the uniformity of light output by the luminaire 1700 and/or to satisfy a desired distribution of light.
  • the light emitting diodes 1308 are arranged as a ring of light emitting diodes 1708.
  • the diffuse reflector 1802 covers the curved surface 1808 of the geometric solid 1704.
  • the diffuse reflector 1802 may extend along the substrate 1702 providing a second enclosing surface to the cavity 1706, and joining diffuse reflector 1818.
  • the diffuse reflectors 1802, 1818 may be formed as a single diffuse reflector.
  • the diffuse reflector 1818 covers the curved surface 1810 of the geometric solid 1704.
  • the diffuse reflectors 1802, 1818 may be similar or identical to the diffuse reflectors 1402, 1418.
  • the diffuse reflectors 1802, 1818 may be fabricated by applying a white reflective coating material solution such as White
  • Reflective Coating 83-890 available from Edmonds Optics, Inc.; Barrington, NJ on the curved surfaces 1808, 1810 or the diffuse reflectors 1802, 1818 may be fabricated by adhering an adhesive-backed white reflective film such as White Optics Film F-16A available from White Optics, LLC; New Castle, DE on the curved surfaces 1808, 1810.
  • the luminaire 1700 functions in the same manner as the luminaires 100, 400, 700, 1000, 1300.
  • the luminaires include a transparent geometric solid and each of these geometric solids has a shape that is defined by rotation of a geometric plane figure about a vertical axis.
  • all the transparent geometric solids may be generally described mathematically as being bounded by a surface of revolution (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_of_revolution).
  • all the transparent geometric solids included in the above-described luminaires each have a surface or surfaces that define a cavity having a shape bounded by a surface of revolution.
  • this surface of revolution is a cone with a triangular cross-section while in luminaires 1300, 1700 it is a toroid with a triangular cross-section.
  • one or more discrete sources of light e.g., the light emitting diodes
  • emit light into the cavities in the transparent geometric solids The emitted light then strikes the surface(s) that the cavity shares with the geometric solid.
  • the light is partially transmitted through the surfaces and partially reflected back into the cavity. Nearly all of the light that is reflected back into the cavity then encounters for a second time the surface(s) (where it is partially transmitted and reflected) or it may be reflected from the optional diffuse reflector forming the remaining surface of the cavity.
  • the transparent geometric solid takes the form of two lobes partially separated from each other by the cavity in between.
  • the geometric solid acts as a light guide transmitting light from the cavity to its other surfaces. Some of the light from the cavity strikes "upward-facing" surfaces of the transparent geometric solid where a portion passes into the surrounding environment. However, a large portion of the light striking these upward facing surfaces is redirected by reflection inward to surfaces of the geometric solid backed by a diffuse reflector. The light then strikes the diffuse reflector upon which a large portion is reflected up and out of the geometric solid into the surrounding environment.
  • FIG. 20 illustrates a cross-section of the cavity 1706 of the luminaire 1700 according to various aspects.
  • the light emitting diode 1708 arranged in the cavity 1706 as shown, light emitted from the light emitting diode 1708 in the plane of the triangular cross-section shown in FIG. 20 will strike along the two "side" surfaces/faces of the cavity 1706, subtending an angle of at least 180 degrees over the light emitting diode 1708.
  • the cavity 1706 subtends an angle of at least 180 degrees to the "top" of the light emitting diode 1708 in the plane of the triangular cross-section.
  • the dotted line extending to the "left” and “right” at the “top” of the light emitting diode 1708 in FIG. 20 represents the 180 degrees over the light emitting diode 1708.
  • both the "left" surface/face and the “right” surface/face of the triangular cross-section of the cavity 1706 extends "down” past the dotted line in FIG. 20, it will be appreciated that the triangular cross-section of the cavity 1706 subtends an angle greater than 180 degrees over the light emitting diode 1708. For purposes of clarity, it will be appreciated that only some of the light “rays" and the paths they follow are shown in FIG. 20.
  • the cavity 1706 redirects the light emitted by the light emitting diode 1708 into the geometric solid 1704, which subsequently distributes the light to the outside environment as described hereinabove. It will be appreciated that with the configuration of the cavity 1706, the light emitting diode 1708 and the geometric solid 1704 of the luminaire 1700, there is essentially no decrease in etendue and consequent cost in energy associated with coupling the light emitted from the light emitting diode 1708 to the cavity 1706 and/or the geometric solid 1704 of the luminaire 1700. This applies equally to the luminaires 100, 400, 700, 1000 and 1300 as well.
  • the diffuse reflectors that back the transparent geometric solids are coated or bonded directly to those geometric solids.
  • the diffuse reflectors may be mounted external to and detached from the transparent geometric solid.
  • FIG. 21 illustrates a cross-section of yet another luminaire 2100 according to various aspects.
  • the luminaire 2100 includes a geometric solid 2104, a cavity 2106, one or more light emitting diodes 2108, a diffuse reflector 2114 and a mounting case 2102.
  • the luminaire 2100 luminaire is similar to the luminaire 400 in that the geometric solid 2104, the cavity 2106, and the light emitting diodes 2108 are similar or identical to the geometric solid 404, the cavity 406 and the light emitting diodes 408, but is different in that (1) the diffuse reflector 2114 is connected to, coated on or adhered to the mounting case 2102 and (2) there is an airgap 2116 between the diffuse reflector 2114 and the transparent geometric solid 2104.
  • the diffuse reflector 2114 is otherwise similar or identical to the diffuse reflector 502.
  • the mounting case 2102 performs a similar function to the substrate 402 in the luminaire 400 in that the light emitting diodes 2108 are mounted on the mounting case 2102 in a manner similar to the mounting of the light emitting diodes 408 on the substrate 402.
  • the vertical axis (no reference numeral but similar or identical to the vertical axis DD' shown in FIG. 6) which defines the geometric solid 2104 is normal to a surface of the mounting case 2102 (i.e., the surface of the mounting case on which the discrete light sources are positioned as shown in FIG. 21).
  • FIG. 22 illustrates a cross-section of yet another luminaire 2200 according to various aspects.
  • the luminaire 2200 includes a geometric solid 2204, a cavity 2206, one or more light emitting diodes 2208, a diffuse reflector 2220 and a mounting case 2202.
  • the luminaire 2200 luminaire is similar to the luminaire 1300 in that the geometric solid 2204, the cavity 2206, and the light emitting diodes 2208 are similar or identical to the geometric solid 1304, the cavity 1306 and the light emitting diodes 1308, but is different in that (1) the diffuse reflector 2220 performs the same function as diffuse reflectors 1402 and 1418 in the luminaire 1300 but is connected to, coated on or adhered to the mounting case 2202 and (2) there is an airgap 2216 between the diffuse reflector 2220 and the transparent geometric solid 2204.
  • the diffuse reflector 2220 is otherwise similar or identical to the diffuse reflectors 1402, 1418.
  • the mounting case 2202 performs a similar function to the substrate 1302 in the luminaire 1300 in that the light emitting diodes 2208 are mounted on the mounting case 2202 in a manner similar to the mounting of the light emitting diodes 1308 on the substrate 1302. It will be appreciated that the vertical axis (no reference numeral but similar or identical to the vertical axis JJ' shown in FIG. 15) which defines the geometric solid 2204 is normal to a surface of the mounting case 2202 (i.e., the surface of the mounting case on which the discrete light sources are positioned as shown in FIG. 22)
  • FIG. 23 illustrates a cross-section of yet another luminaire 2300 according to various aspects.
  • the luminaire 2300 includes a substrate 2302, a geometric solid 2304, a cavity 2306, one or more light emitting diodes 2308, a diffuse reflector 2310 and an anti-glare or light diffusing material 2320.
  • the luminaire 2300 is similar to the luminaire 700 in that the geometric solid 2304, the cavity 2306, the light emitting diodes 2308 and the diffuse reflector 2310 are similar or identical to the geometric solid 704, the cavity 706, the light emitting diodes 708 and the diffuse reflector 802, but is different in that the luminaire 2300 includes the anti-glare or light diffusing material 2320 which is optically connected to the curved surface 2312 of the geometric solid 2304.
  • the anti-glare material 2320 optically connected to the geometric solid 2304 operates to reduce the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 2300.
  • the anti-glare material 2320 forms part of an anti-glare coating (e.g., Vuegard 912AG available from Performance Coatings International Laboratories LLC, Bangor, PA) which is applied to the curved surface 2312 of the geometric solid 2304.
  • the anti-glare coating may be applied to the curved surface 2312 of the geometric solid 2304 by, for example, a spray coating process or a roller coating process.
  • the anti-glare material 2320 forms part of an anti-glare film (e.g., Optigraphix Light Diffuser Film DFPMHT available from Graphix Plastics, Cleveland, OH).
  • the anti-glare film can include an adhesive material which is utilized to affix the anti-glare film to the curved surface 2312 of the geometric solid 2304.
  • the curved surface 2312 of the geometric solid 2304 can be a treated surface 2312 which operates to reduce the amount of glare compared to aspects of the luminaire 2300 which do not include the anti-glare material 2320.
  • the curved surface 2312 of the geometric solid 2304 is configured to reduce glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 2300.
  • the curved surface 2312 may be treated by an abrasive blasting such as, for example, a bead blasting to alter the curved surface 2312 of the geometric solid 2304 in a manner (e.g., roughening the curved surface 2312 to break up hot spot images) which reduces the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 2300.
  • an abrasive blasting such as, for example, a bead blasting to alter the curved surface 2312 of the geometric solid 2304 in a manner (e.g., roughening the curved surface 2312 to break up hot spot images) which reduces the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 2300.
  • any of the above-described luminaires which include the anti-glare film may have the anti-glare film positioned external to but proximate the geometric solid so as to operate on light exiting the geometric solid.
  • FIG. 24 illustrates a cross-section of yet another luminaire 2400.
  • the luminaire 2400 includes a geometric solid 2404, a cavity 2406, one or more light emitting diodes 2408, a diffuse reflector 2114, an anti-glare or light diffusing material 2420 and a mounting case 2402.
  • the luminaire 2400 is similar to the luminaire 2100 in that the geometric solid 2404, the cavity 2406 and the one or more light emitting diodes 2408 are similar or identical to the geometric solid 2104, the cavity 2106 and the one or more light emitting diodes 2108, but is different in that the anti-glare material 2420 is connected to the "top" of the mounting case 2402 external to the geometric solid 2404.
  • the vertical axis (no reference numeral but similar or identical to the vertical axis DD' shown in FIG. 6) which defines the geometric solid 2404 is normal to a surface of the mounting case 2402 (i.e., the surface of the mounting case on which the discrete light sources are positioned as shown in FIG. 24)
  • the anti-glare material 2420 optically connected to the geometric solid 2404 operates to reduce the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 2400.
  • the anti-glare material 2420 forms part of an anti-glare coating (e.g., Vuegard 912AG available from Performance Coatings International Laboratories LLC, Bangor, PA) which is applied to the mounting case 2402.
  • the anti-glare coating may be applied to the mounting case 2402 by, for example, a spray coating process or a roller coating process.
  • the anti-glare material 2420 forms part of an anti-glare film (e.g., Optigraphix Light Diffuser Film DFPMHT available from Graphix Plastics, Cleveland, OH).
  • the anti-glare film can include an adhesive material which is utilized to affix the anti-glare film to the mounting case 2402.
  • the exterior surface 2412 of the geometric solid 2404 can be a treated exterior surface 2412 which operates to reduce the amount of glare compared to aspects of the luminaire 2400 which do not include the anti-glare material 2420.
  • the exterior surface 2412 of the geometric solid 2404 is configured to reduce glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 2400.
  • the exterior surface 2412 may be treated by an abrasive blasting such as, for example, a bead blasting to alter the exterior surface 2412 of the geometric solid 2404 in a manner (e.g., roughening the exterior surface 2412 to break up hot spot images) which reduces the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 2400.
  • an abrasive blasting such as, for example, a bead blasting to alter the exterior surface 2412 of the geometric solid 2404 in a manner (e.g., roughening the exterior surface 2412 to break up hot spot images) which reduces the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 2400.
  • FIG. 25 illustrates a cross-section of yet another luminaire 2500 according to various aspects.
  • the luminaire 2500 is similar to the luminaire 400, but is different.
  • the luminaire 2500 includes a substrate 2502, a geometric solid 2504, a cavity 2506, one or more light emitting diodes 2508 and a diffuse reflector 2514.
  • FIG. 26 illustrates a cross-section of the geometric solid 2504 according to various aspects.
  • a geometric plane figure 2602 is bounded by the line segments 2604, 2606, 2608 and 2610. The geometric plane figure 2602 is rotated one complete revolution (360 degrees) about a vertical axis MM' that contains the vertical line segment 2608.
  • the vertical axis MM' is normal to a surface of the substrate 2502 (i.e., the surface of the substrate on which the discrete light sources are positioned as shown in FIG. 25).
  • the result is a series/plurality of surfaces that bound the geometric solid 2504.
  • the geometric plane figure 2602 differs from the geometric plane figure 602 because the line segment 2606 is curved while line segment 606 is straight.
  • the surface 2518 of the geometric solid 2504 is not cone-shaped like the surface 506 of the geometric solid 404. Instead it has the shape of an inverted toy top with a curved surface.
  • the cavity 2506 has two curved "side" surfaces/faces 2518 and has a more complex cross- section than a strictly triangular-shaped cross-section. Due to the differences in the "side" surfaces/faces between the cavity 2506 and the cavity 406, it will be appreciated that the distribution of light exiting the exterior surface 2512 of the geometric solid 2504 will be different from the distribution of light exiting the exterior surface 504 of the geometric solid 404. Otherwise, the luminaire 2500 functions in a manner similar to the luminaire 400.
  • the interior angle of the cross-section of the cavity 2506 at the "top" or apex 2516 is ninety degrees or less, and in some aspects is substantially less than ninety degrees.
  • the cross-section of the cavity 2506 into which light is emitted subtends an angle of at least 160 degrees over the light emitting diodes 2508 in the plane of the cross-section, and in some aspects subtends an angle of at least 180 degrees over the light emitting diodes 2508 in the plane of the cross-section.
  • the luminaire 2500 realizes an improved energy efficiency in comparison to know luminaires and the cross-sectional shape of the cavity 2506 may be adjusted by introducing more curvature in its walls or otherwise changing the shape of the cavity 2506 so as to optimize the uniformity of light output by the luminaire 2500 and/or to satisfy a desired distribution of light.
  • the luminaire 2500 includes an anti-glare material which is optically connected to the geometric solid 2504, operates to reduce the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 2500 and may be similar or identical to the antiglare material 2320.
  • the anti-glare material may form part of an anti-glare coating (e.g., Vuegard 912AG available from Performance Coatings International Laboratories LLC, Bangor, PA) which is applied to the exterior surface 2512 of the geometric solid 2504.
  • the anti-glare coating may be applied to the exterior surface 2512 of the geometric solid 2504 by, for example, a spray coating process or a roller coating process.
  • the anti-glare material forms part of an anti-glare film (e.g., Optigraphix Light Diffuser Film DFPMHT available from Graphix Plastics, Cleveland, OH).
  • the anti-glare film can include an adhesive material which is utilized to affix the anti-glare film to the exterior surface 2512 of the geometric solid 2504.
  • the exterior surface 2512 of the geometric solid 2504 can be a treated exterior surface 2512 which operates to reduce the amount of glare compared to aspects of the luminaire 2500 which do not include the anti-glare material.
  • the exterior surface 2512 of the geometric solid 2504 is configured to reduce glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 2500.
  • the exterior surface 2512 may be treated by an abrasive blasting such as, for example, a bead blasting to alter the exterior surface 2512 of the geometric solid 2504 in a manner (e.g., roughening the exterior surface 2512 to break up hot spot images) which reduces the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 2500.
  • an abrasive blasting such as, for example, a bead blasting to alter the exterior surface 2512 of the geometric solid 2504 in a manner (e.g., roughening the exterior surface 2512 to break up hot spot images) which reduces the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 2500.
  • FIG. 27 illustrates a cross-section of yet another luminaire 2700 according to various aspects.
  • the luminaire 2700 is similar to the luminaire 700, but is different.
  • the luminaire 2700 includes a substrate 2702, a geometric solid 2704, a cavity 2706, one or more light emitting diodes 2708 and a diffuse reflector 2714.
  • the substrate 2702, the light emitting diodes 2708 and the diffuse reflector 2714 may be similar or identical to the substrate 702, the light emitting diodes 708 and the diffuse reflector 802.
  • the geometric solid 2704 is similar to the geometric solid 704, they are different in shape and the cavity 2706 defined by the geometric solid 2700 has a cross-section other than a strictly triangular-shaped cross-section.
  • FIG. 28 illustrates a cross-section of the geometric solid 2704 according to various aspects.
  • a geometric plane figure 2802 is bounded by the line segments 2804, 2806, 2808, 2810 and 2812.
  • the geometric plane figure 2802 is rotated one complete revolution (360 degrees) about a vertical axis NN' that contains the vertical line segment 2808.
  • the vertical axis NN' is normal to a surface of the substrate 2702 (i.e., the surface of the substrate on which the discrete light sources are positioned as shown in FIG. 27.
  • the result is a series/plurality of surfaces that bound the geometric solid 2704.
  • the geometric plane figure 2802 differs from the geometric plane figure 902 because it is bound by an additional vertical, straight line segment 2812.
  • the side faces/surfaces 2718, 2720 of the cavity 2706 is not cone-shaped like the side face/surface 906 of the geometric solid 704.
  • the side face/surface 2718 of the cavity 2706 have a cone-shaped surface 2718 and the side face/surface 2720 of the cavity 2716 has a cylinder-shaped surface 2720.
  • cavity 2706 has the shape of a cone resting atop a cylinder. Except for this change and the resulting different distribution of light exiting the surface 2712 of the geometric solid 2704, the luminaire 2700 functions in a manner similar to the luminaire 700.
  • the interior angle of the cross-section of the cavity 2706 at the "top" or apex 2716 is ninety degrees or less, and in some aspects is substantially less than ninety degrees.
  • the cross-section of the cavity 2706 into which light is emitted subtends an angle of at least 160 degrees over the light emitting diodes 2708 in the plane of the cross-section, and in some aspects subtends an angle of at least 180 degrees over the light emitting diodes 2708 in the plane of the cross-section.
  • the luminaire 2700 realizes an improved energy efficiency in comparison to know luminaires and the cross-sectional shape of the cavity 2706 may be adjusted by introducing curvature or more curvature in its walls or otherwise changing the shape of the cavity 2706 so as to optimize the uniformity of light output by the luminaire 2700 and/or to satisfy a desired distribution of light.
  • the luminaire 2700 includes an anti-glare material which is optically connected to the geometric solid 2704, operates to reduce the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 2700 and may be similar or identical to the antiglare material 2320.
  • the anti-glare material may form part of an anti-glare coating (e.g., Vuegard 912AG available from Performance Coatings International Laboratories LLC, Bangor, PA) which is applied to the exterior surface 2712 of the geometric solid 2704.
  • the anti-glare coating may be applied to the exterior surface 2712 of the geometric solid 2704 by, for example, a spray coating process or a roller coating process.
  • the anti-glare material forms part of an anti-glare film (e.g., Optigraphix Light Diffuser Film DFPMHT available from Graphix Plastics, Cleveland, OH).
  • the anti-glare film can include an adhesive material which is utilized to affix the anti-glare film to the exterior surface 2712 of the geometric solid 2704.
  • the exterior surface 2712 of the geometric solid 2704 can be a treated exterior surface 2712 which operates to reduce the amount of glare compared to aspects of the luminaire 2700 which do not include the anti-glare material.
  • the exterior surface 2712 of the geometric solid 2704 is configured to reduce glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 2700.
  • the exterior surface 2712 may be treated by an abrasive blasting such as, for example, a bead blasting to alter the exterior surface 2712 of the geometric solid 2704 in a manner (e.g., roughening the exterior surface 2712 to break up hot spot images) which reduces the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 2700.
  • an abrasive blasting such as, for example, a bead blasting to alter the exterior surface 2712 of the geometric solid 2704 in a manner (e.g., roughening the exterior surface 2712 to break up hot spot images) which reduces the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 2700.
  • luminaires such as the luminaire 2500 and the luminaire 2700 may described as comprising a transparent geometric solid that is bounded by a surface of revolution, said transparent geometric solids having a surface or surfaces that, in part, bound cavities that are themselves in the shape of surfaces of revolution, said cavities each being bound by a substrate or a reflector coated or adhered to the top surface of said substrate, and by one or more surfaces that are surfaces of revolution, one of which surfaces forms an apex above said substrate or reflector (opposite a light emitting diode).
  • apex of the cavity in each of these transparent geometric solids may be described as forming an angle, in a cross-section in a plane containing the axis of revolution used to define the shape of the cavity, of 90° or less, and the surfaces of said cavity, minus the substrate or reflector surface, preferably subtend an angle, in said cross- sectional plane, greater than 160 degrees and most preferably 180 degrees or more over the light sources that emit light into said cavity.
  • luminaires such as the luminaire 1300 and the luminaire 1700 that comprise toroidal-shaped cavities may also be altered so as to comprise cavities that depart from a triangular cross-sectional shape so long as they have a cross-sectional shape prescription similar to that described in the paragraph immediately above.
  • the shape of all the surfaces that interact with light in the various aspects of the above-described luminaires can be optimized utilizing optical design software such as Light Tools available from Synopsys, Inc., Mountain View, CA.
  • optical design software such as Light Tools available from Synopsys, Inc., Mountain View, CA.
  • these surfaces may have curvatures not easily characterized as being based on conic sections or other well-known curve shapes.
  • the cross-section of the cavities described herein can be modified to improve the energy-efficiency of the luminaires, to improve the optical efficiency of the luminaires, to optimize the uniformity of light output by the luminaires and/or to satisfy a desired distribution of light.
  • the cross-sectional shape of the geometric solids described herein, especially the surfaces thereof from which light exits the luminaires can be modified to improve the energy-efficiency of the luminaires, to improve the optical efficiency of the luminaires, to optimize the uniformity of light output by the luminaires and/or to satisfy a desired distribution of light.
  • the number, shape and location of the reflectors and reflective surfaces described herein can be modified to improve the energy-efficiency of the luminaires, to improve the optical efficiency of the luminaires, to optimize the uniformity of light output by the luminaires and/or to satisfy a desired distribution of light.
  • the exact configuration of a given luminaire can be tailored to meet a desired energy-efficiency, a desired optical efficiency, a desired distribution of light and/or to optimize the uniformity of light output by the luminaire.
  • Example 1 - A luminaire comprises a geometric solid formed from an optically clear light transmissive material and bounded by a plurality of surfaces, a cavity bounded by the geometric solid, one or more discrete light sources positioned to emit light into the cavity, and a diffuse reflector positioned to reflect light exiting through one or more of the plurality of surfaces back into the geometric solid.
  • the plurality of surfaces are defined by rotation of a geometric plane figure about an axis normal to a surface on which the one or more discrete light sources are positioned on.
  • Example 2 The luminaire of Example 1, wherein the luminaire has a nonlinear shape.
  • Example 3 The luminaire of Examples 1 or 2, wherein at least one of the plurality of surfaces comprises a curved surface from which the light emitted by the one or more discrete light sources subsequently exits the geometric solid.
  • Example 4 The luminaire of Examples 1 or 2, wherein at least one of the plurality of surfaces comprises a flat surface from which the light emitted by the one or more discrete light sources subsequently exits the geometric solid.
  • Example 5 The luminaire of Examples 1 or 2, wherein at least one of the plurality of surfaces comprises a curved surface from which the light emitted by the one or more discrete light sources subsequently exits the geometric solid and at least another one of the plurality of surfaces comprises a flat surface from which the light emitted by the one or more discrete light sources subsequently exits the geometric solid.
  • Example 6 The luminaire of Examples 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, wherein the cavity comprises air.
  • Example 7 The luminaire of Examples 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, wherein the cavity comprises another optically clear light transmissive material.
  • Example 8 The luminaire of Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7, wherein the cavity comprises a cone-shaped cavity.
  • Example 9 The luminaire of Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7, wherein the cavity comprises a torroidal-shaped cavity.
  • Example 10 The luminaire of Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9, wherein a cross-section of the cavity comprises a triangular-shape.
  • Example 11 The luminaire of Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9, wherein a cross-section of the cavity comprises a non-triangular-shape.
  • Example 12 The luminaire of Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10 or 11, wherein a cross-section of the cavity comprises a curved surface.
  • Example 13 The luminaire of Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12, wherein at least one of the one or more discrete light sources comprises a light emitting diode.
  • Example 14 The luminaire of Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 or 13, wherein the one or more discrete light sources are arranged as a ring of discrete light sources.
  • Example 15 The luminaire of Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14, wherein the diffuse reflector is connected to the geometric solid.
  • Example 16 The luminaire of Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14, wherein the diffuse reflector is detached from the geometric solid.
  • Example 17 The luminaire of Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. 15 or 16, wherein the axis passes through the geometric solid.
  • Example 18 The luminaire of Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12,
  • Example 19 The luminaire of Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16, wherein the axis is external to the cavity and the geometric solid.
  • Example 20 The luminaire of Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 or 19, further comprising a second diffuse reflector, wherein the second diffuse reflector is positioned at an apex of the cavity.
  • Example 21 The luminaire of Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20, further comprising an anti-glare material optically connected to the geometric solid.
  • Example 22 The luminaire of Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,
  • Example 23 A luminaire is provided.
  • the luminaire comprises a geometric solid formed from an optically clear light transmissive material, wherein the geometric solid comprises a plurality of surfaces which are defined by rotation of a geometric plane figure about an axis normal to a surface of a substrate or a mounting case.
  • the luminaire also comprises a cavity partially surrounded by the geometric solid, a plurality of discrete light sources positioned to emit light into the cavity and a diffuse reflector positioned to reflect light exiting one or more of the plurality of surfaces back into the geometric solid.
  • Example 24 The luminaire of Example 23, wherein the luminaire has a non-linear shape.
  • Example 25 The luminaire of Examples 23 or 24, wherein the axis passes through at least one of the cavity and the geometric solid.
  • Example 26 The luminaire of Examples 23 or 24, wherein the axis is external to the cavity and the geometric solid.
  • Example 27 The luminaire of Examples 23, 24, 25 or 26, wherein the cavity comprises one of a cone-shaped cavity and a torroidal-shaped cavity.
  • Example 28 The luminaire of Examples 23, 24, 25, 26 or 27, wherein at least one of the plurality of discrete light sources comprises a light emitting diode.
  • Example 29 The luminaire of Examples 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 or 28, further comprising an anti-glare material optically connected to the geometric solid.
  • Example 30 - A luminaire comprises a geometric solid formed from an optically clear light transmissive material, a cavity partially surrounded by the geometric solid, means for emitting light into the cavity and means for reflecting light exiting the geometric solid back into the geometric solid, wherein the geometric solid comprises a plurality of surfaces which are defined by rotation of a geometric plane figure about an axis.
  • the various aspects of the luminaires have been described herein in connection with certain disclosed aspects, many modifications and variations to those aspects may be implemented.
  • the luminaires described herein are circular in shape, it will be appreciated that according to other aspects, the luminaires may have non-linear shapes other than circular (e.g., segmented circular, elliptical, parabolic, triangular and variations thereof).
  • other materials may be used.
  • a single component may be replaced by multiple components, and multiple components may be replaced by a single component, to perform a given function or functions.

Abstract

L'invention concerne un luminaire. Le luminaire comprend un solide géométrique formé à partir d'un matériau optiquement transparent transmettant la lumière et délimité par une pluralité de surfaces, une cavité délimitée par le solide géométrique, une ou plusieurs sources de lumière discrètes positionnées pour émettre de la lumière dans la cavité et un réflecteur diffusant positionné pour réfléchir la lumière sortant à travers une ou plusieurs de la pluralité de surfaces en retour dans le solide géométrique. La pluralité de surfaces sont définies par la rotation d'une figure de plan géométrique autour d'un axe perpendiculaire à une surface sur laquelle sont positionnées les une ou plusieurs sources de lumière discrètes.
PCT/US2017/058157 2016-10-24 2017-10-24 Luminaire comprenant des diodes électroluminescentes et ayant une forme non linéaire WO2018081177A1 (fr)

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