WO2018073841A1

WO2018073841A1 - Decorative glass article with metallic shades

Info

Publication number: WO2018073841A1
Application number: PCT/IN2017/050484
Authority: WO
Inventors: Rajappa Tadepalli; Kuppan BALAIAH
Original assignee: Saint-Gobain Glass France
Priority date: 2016-10-20
Filing date: 2017-10-19
Publication date: 2018-04-26

Abstract

A decorative glass article (100) comprising a frosted glass substrate (102, 112) provided with a metal layer coating (108) and a protective layer coating (110) is disclosed. The decorative glass article (100) exhibits metallic shades and shows significantly high chemical and mechanical durability performance. A method (200) of making the decorative glass article (100) is also disclosed.

Description

DECORATIVE GLASS ARTICLE WITH METALLIC SHADES

Technical Field

The present disclosure relates in general to a decorative glass article and, in particular, to a decorative glass article exhibiting metallic shades on the side opposite to the frosted side of a frosted glass substrate provided with a metallic coating and a process for preparing the same.

Background

Glass articles having a metallic finish/effect are widely available in the market. Such products are prepared through conventional methods of silvering a glass substrate on its air side followed by coating a metallic paint composition over the silver layer. However all these conventionally prepared glass articles suffer from a common disadvantage of reduced durability performance. Color fading/ bleaching in high humidity conditions are also not uncommon. Also these products do not show any evidence of scratch resistance.

In addition to this, these products are heavily priced owing to the fact that the metallic paints used for the preparation are costlier in addition to the cost incurred by the mirroring process. Currently there are no known products that bring about this metallic finish/ effect to glass substrates without the use of metallic paints.

For reference, Chinese patent publication 104191893 discloses a light paint embossed glass decorative picture comprising a flat ultra-white glass arranged with an embossed pattern and a color pigment layer on the frontal surface of the white glass, a first gloss oil layer arranged on the color pigment layer, and a second gloss oil layer arranged on the first gloss oil layer. The back surface of the flat ultra-white glass is a frosted surface; and a gold powder layer or a silver powder layer is arranged on the frosted surface. The article produces a three dimensional decorative picture when the frontal surface is illuminated generating a light emitting effect. For reference, Chinese patent publication 102837549 discloses a frosted glass painting comprising a frosted glass provided with a protective layer over the paint layer applied on the frosted side of the glass.

Both the above cited references make use of a liquid paint composition to create a metallic effect to the decorative glass article and hence are not cost effective to manufacture. Also these references do not disclose any data on durability performances of the products in terms of mechanical and scratch resistance.

Hence, there exists a need for an improved and simple method for creating metallic shades on frosted glass articles which is highly durable without the use of any liquid paint composition.

Summary of the Disclosure

In one aspect of the present disclosure, a decorative glass article is provided. The decorative glass article comprises of a frosted glass substrate having a tin side and a frosted side, a metal coating layer on the frosted side of the frosted glass substrate and a protective layer disposed above the metal coating layer. The tin side of the frosted glass substrate exhibits a metallic shade.

In another aspect of the present disclosure, a method of making a decorative glass article is provided. The method includes providing a glass substrate having an air side and a tin side and converting the air side of the glass substrate into a frosted surface. The method further includes surface modification of the frosted glass substrate and coating a layer of metal on the frosted side of the frosted glass substrate. The method also includes providing a protective layer above the metal coating layer.

Other features and aspects of this disclosure will be apparent from the following description and the accompanying drawings.

Brief Description of the Drawings

Embodiments are illustrated by way of example and are not limited in the accompanying figures. FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic cross-sectional view of a decorative glass article, in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic cross-sectional view of a decorative glass article, in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure; and

FIG. 3 illustrates a flowchart for a method of making a decorative glass article, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

Skilled artisans appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help to improve understanding of embodiments of the invention.

Detailed Description

Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or the like parts. Embodiments disclosed herein are related to a decorative glass article 100.

Certain example embodiments of this disclosure relate to a decorative glass article 100. FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate a schematic cross-sectional view of a decorative glass article 100, according to two different embodiments of the present disclosure. The decorative glass article exhibits metallic shades without the use of any liquid paint compositions. Further the decorative glass article of the present disclosure is highly durable with high mechanical and humidity performance, and is cost effective to manufacture. Various embodiments of the decorative glass article 100 will be explained hereinafter.

The decorative glass article 100 of certain embodiments has a substrate 102 and certain other embodiments have a substrate 112. FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate decorative glass article 100 with a frosted clear glass substrate 102 and a frosted tinted glass substrate 112, respectively. FIG. 3 illustrates a flowchart for a method that may be used to manufacture the decorative glass article 100, in accordance with one example embodiment. Referring to FIG. 1, the decorative glass article 100 comprises of a frosted clear glass substrate 102 having a tin side 104 and a frosted side 106 opposite to the tin side 104. Referring to FIG. 2, the decorative glass article 100 comprises of a frosted tinted glass substrate 112 having a tin side 104 and a frosted side 106 opposite to the tin side 104. Alternatively, the glass substrate could also be an extra clear/ diamond glass substrate. The decorative glass article 100 also includes a metal coating layer 108 on the frosted side 106 of the frosted glass substrate 102 and 112. The decorative glass article 100 further includes a protective layer 110 above the metal coating layer 108.

The term "clear glass substrate" used herein may refer to glass substrates comprising iron in the range of about 600 to 1000 ppm. The term "extra clear/ diamond glass substrate" used herein may refer to glass substrates comprising less than 500 ppm of iron.

The term "tinted glass substrate" used herein may refer to glass substrates comprising one or more colorants. Various embodiments of the tinted glass substrate 112 will be explained hereinafter. For instance, SGG PARSOL^® Green, SGG PARSOL^® Bronze, SGG PARSOL^® Grey and SGG PARSOL^® BLUE from Saint-Gobain are tinted glass products manufactured using colorants ranging from iron oxide, selenium oxide and/ or cobalt oxide. The example embodiments of the current disclosure are provided to assist in understanding the teachings disclosed herein and should not be interpreted as a limitation to the scope or applicability of the teachings. However, other tinted glass substrates may certainly be implemented using the various embodiment of this disclosure.

In one embodiment, the metal coating layer 108 may be one of silver, aluminium or copper. In one particular aspect of the embodiment, the metal coating layer 108 is silver nitrate. In one aspect of the embodiment, the metal coating layer 108 may have a thickness in a range of about 50 to 100 nm. In one particular aspect of the embodiment, the metal coating layer 108 may have a thickness of about 70 nm. In one other aspect of the embodiment, the metal coating layer 108 may have a concentration in the range of about 4 to 8 g/1. In one other aspect of the embodiment, the metal coating layer 108 may have an optimal deposition ranging between 700 to 1000 mg/ sq. m. In yet another aspect of the embodiment, the metal coating layer 108 is applied on the frosted side 106 of the frosted clear glass substrate 102 or frosted tinted glass substrate 112 using one or more methods involving spray coating or sputtering.

In one embodiment, the protective layer 110 may be a paint layer. In one aspect of the embodiment, the protective layer 110 may comprise a paint comprising resin selected form the group consisting of polyurethane, alkyde, acrylic, acrylique, phenolique, polyester, epoxydique or vinylique. In one other aspect of the embodiment, the protective layer 110 has a thickness of about 40 - 60 microns. In another aspect of the embodiment, the protective layer 110 has a viscosity of about 175 to 300 centipoise. In yet another aspect of the embodiment, the protective layer 110 is applied over the metal coating layer 108 using one or more methods involving screen printing, roller coating, curtain coating, digital printing, masking and spray painting, spray coating, or combinations thereof.

In one embodiment, the decorative glass article 100 as shown in FIG. 1 comprising a frosted clear glass substrate 102 and provided with a metal coating layer 108 and a protective layer 110 exhibits a metallic effect having a silver shade when viewed through the tin side 104 of the frosted clear glass substrate 102. For example, frosted clear glass substrates such as SGG PLANILUX and SGG DIAMANT^® show a metallic effect having a silver shade.

In one embodiment, the decorative glass article 100 as shown in

FIG. 2 comprising a frosted tinted glass substrate 112 and provided with a metal coating layer 108 and a protective layer 110 exhibits a metallic shade when viewed through the tin side 104 of the frosted tinted glass substrate 112. In one aspect of the embodiment, the metallic shade depends on the color of the tinted frosted glass substrate 112. For examples, frosted tinted glass substrates such as SGG PARSOL^® green shows a metallic effect having a green shade, SGG PARSOL^® bronze shows a metallic effect having a bronze shade, SGG PARSOL^® grey shows a metallic effect having a grey shade and SGG PARSOL^® blue shows a metallic effect having a blue shade.

Referring to FIG. 3, a flowchart for a method 200 of making a decorative glass article 100 is illustrated. In an embodiment, the decorative glass article 100 of FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 may be formed by implementing steps 210 to method 200 with other suitable tools without deviating from the scope of the present disclosure.

At step 210, the method 200 includes providing a glass substrate. In one embodiment, the glass substrate can be a clear glass substrate or an extra clear or diamond glass substrate. The clear glass substrate comprises of an air side and a tin side. In another embodiment, the glass substrate can be a tinted glass substrate, for example SGG PARSOL^® Green, SGG PARSOL^® Bronze, SGG PARSOL^® Grey and SGG PARSOL^® BLUE from Saint-Gobain. The tinted glass substrate also comprises of a tin side and an air side.

At step 220, the method 200 includes acid etching or sandblasting or grinding of the clear glass substrate or the tinted glass substrate to obtain a frosted clear glass substrate 102 or a frosted tinted glass substrate 112, respectively. The air side of the clear glass substrate or tinted glass substrate is frosted by chemical process including acid etching or mechanical process including sandblasting or grinding. The obtained frosted clear glass substrate 102 or a frosted tinted glass substrate 112 is washed with deionized water to remove excess chemicals and/ or glass dust present on the glass surface and then dried.

At step 230, the frosted clear glass substrate 102 or a frosted tinted glass substrate 112 is physically activated. In one embodiment, the physical activation is done by polishing with ceria powder or zirconium dioxide. In one embodiment, the frosted clear glass substrate 102 or a frosted tinted glass substrate 112 is polished using about 10-25 g/1 of ceria polish. The ceria powder solution having small micron sized abrasion particles is used to remove any surface contamination present on the frosted clear glass substrate 102 or a frosted tinted glass substrate 112. After polishing the frosted glass substrates with ceria polish, the glass surface is thoroughly washed with deionized water to remove any residual ceria particles present on the glass surface.

At step 240, the method 200 includes chemical activation of the frosted clear glass substrate 102 or a frosted tinted glass substrate 112. The clean and fresh surface of the frosted glass is coated with about 300-400 mg/1 of stannous chloride solution and about 25-35 mg/1 of palladium chloride solution. The chemical activation process provides wetting property to the glass surface and improves speed, deposition and adhesion of silver. Further the process also ensures good bonding interaction between the silver layer and the frosted glass surface.

At step 250, the method 200 includes providing a metal coating layer 108 on the frosted side 106 of the frosted clear glass substrate 102 or a frosted tinted glass substrate 112. In one embodiment, the frosted clear glass substrate 102 or a frosted tinted glass substrate 112 is coated with 4 to 8 g/1 of silver nitrate. In this step, a solution of silver nitrate and reducer solution is sprayed on the frosted glass surface. The reaction mixture produces a thin film of metallic silver having a uniform coating. The chemical reaction that occurs during the step 260 is as follows:

2 AgN0₃ + NH₄OH —► Ag₂0 + NH4NO3 + H₂0

Ag₂0 + 4 NH₄OH —► 2 Ag(NH₃)₂OH + 3 H₂0

12 Ag(NH₃)₂OH + 6 NaOh + C₆H₁₂0₆ —► 12 Ag + 6 HCOONa + 12 H₂0 + 24 NH₃

The silver deposited glass is dried at about 60 °C to protect corrosion of silver and also avoid mechanical damages to the glass substrate. After the silver layer deposition, stannous chloride solution and silane spray are sprayed over the frosted clear glass substrate 102 or a frosted tinted glass substrate 112 and dried in a hot air oven prior to providing a protective layer 110. The silane spray provides good anchoring between the glass surface, the metal coating layer 108 and a protective layer 110.

At step 260, the method 200 includes providing a protective layer 110 over the metal coating layer 108. In this step, about 150 g/m of paint is applied on the silver deposited frosted glass substrate. In one embodiment, paint comprising resin selected form the group consisting of polyurethane, alkyde, acrylic, acrylique, phenolique, polyester, epoxydique or vinylique is used. This provides good mechanical, chemical and corrosion durability performance. The paint coated glass substrate is cured at 180 °C.

With an implementation of the method 200, the frosted clear glass substrate 102 and a frosted tinted glass substrate 112 are provided with metallic shades. The metallic shades obtained are highly durable in terms of mechanical and chemical durability performances. Therefore, the decorative glass article 100 is prepared without the use of any metallic paint composition from a simple method when compared to other conventional methods that use metallic paints (that are heavily priced). Moreover the decorative glass article 100 prepared using the method 200 exhibits nil color fading or bleaching in high humidity conditions. Additionally, the method 200 also provides decorative glass articles having high mechanical scratch resistance.

Example 1

Sample Preparation

A clear glass substrate was cleaned and frosted using acid etching. The frosted clear glass substrate was then surface modified using ceria powder, stannous chloride and palladium chloride. A layer of silver was deposited over the frosted side of the frosted clear glass. The silver deposited glass was dried at 60 °C prior to applying a paint coating in order to protect silver from corroding and avoid mechanical damages to the glass substrate. The paint coating was cured at 180 °C. The thus obtained glass sample provides a metallic effect with good durability performances and is compared with a metallic product available in the market prepared using metallic paints through conventional methods.

High Humidity Studies

The high humidity test was carried out according to EN 1036 standard. According to the standard, the test samples were placed in the humidity chamber at 40 °C with RH > 95% for 21 days. The test samples were removed from the chamber after 7 days and 21 days of testing in order to observe the defects created due to humidity exposure. The sample prepared using the present method was found to have a significantly better performance over the metallic product available in the market. The results are tabulated in Table. 1

Table 1 : High Humidity Studies - Results

Color change No color change No color change Whitening (7 Days)

ΔΕ* (D65 SCI) ΔΕ* < 2.0 0.25 3.1

(7 Days)

Unstruck Points < 10 unstruck No defects were Many unstruck (21 Days) points observed on glass points, blisters & side pin holes

Color change No color change No color change Whitening (21 Days)

ΔΕ* (D65 SCI) ΔΕ* < 2.0 0.30 3.1

(21 Days)

The high humidity test showed that the sample prepared using the present method has nil color fading/ bleaching and other defects due to humidity exposure. The color fading effect could be due to partial solubilisation of pigments in water under high humidity exposure for 21 days at 40 °C with RH > 95 %. The metallic product available in the market showed a lot of pinholes and black spots. Bubbles/ unstruck points after humidity exposure were also observed after 21 days. The metallic product available in the market also lost its color, producing more whitening/ bleaching and the color change value was found to be around 5.0 (ΔΕ -5.0).

Mechanical Durability Studies

There are several decorative products available in the market that exhibit metallic effect on frosted glass substrates using metallic paints. Thus it becomes a mandate for the product of the present invention to achieve the mechanical and optical properties of such decorative products. Thus experiments were conducted to test the mechanical and optical durability of the product of the present invention in comparision with the products available in the market.

Opacity studies, pendulum hardness, cross cut (ISO 2409 standard), paint thickness and visible scratch test (EN 438 standard) were carried out. Though the mechanical studies carried out showed similar results for both the samples, the sample prepared by the present invention showed a significantly high performance in visible scratch test.

The visible scratch resistance is an important criterion for organic paint coated articles. This visible scratch resistance provides mechanical resistance against scratches that can appear during cutting and edge grinding of glass that result in chipping off of edges and also against rough handling of samples.

The high mechanical resistance reported by the sample prepared using the present method could be attributed to the thin metallic silver layer (about 50 - 100 nm) deposited on the frosted glass surface. This metallic silver layer presents very high resistance to visible scratches. On the other hand, the market sample showed a relatively lower performance which could be attributed to the presence of a complete organic paint coating having metal particles dispersed in it. Hence during a high humidity testing these metallic particles agglomerate to form clusters or pinholes. The organic paint coating on the market sample has metallic particles dispersed in an organic polymer medium that does not form a continuous metallic film layer as that formed by the present method. On the other hand, the metallic effect created by the teachings of the present invention forms a continuous layer, thereby resulting in increased durability performance. The results of the mechanical durability study are presented in Table 2.

Table 2: Mechanical Durability Study - Results

The better performance of the sample prepared from the present invention is attributed to the uniform deposition of silver layer on the frosted glass substrate. The metallic silver layer of the present invention does not dissolve in water unlike the metallic paints in market samples that contain pigments dissolved in water. The reason being the silver coating in the present invention is protected by a strong barrier provided by the protective layer, thereby preventing water penetration into the silver layer present in the decorative glass article 100.

Thus the decorative glass article 100 of the present invention is very unique with significantly high chemical and mechanical durability performance and is more cost-effective than commercially available glass products exhibiting metallic shades.

The decorative glass article 100 according to this disclosure may have various applications. The decorative glass article 100 may, for example be used for various interior applications of buildings including but not limited to wardrobes, as doors for furniture, as partitions, in tables, shelves, in bathrooms, in shops displays, as wall covering or as spandrels. Such decorative glass article 100 may also be used for decorative purposes as not limiting to a wall mount in office spaces, lift lobbies, receptions, kitchens, bathrooms and could also be possibly used as dinning and coffee table surfaces. More and more of these applications necessitate the glass article to be resistant to scratches, color fading/ bleaching, humidity exposure, moisture exposure and peeling of the paint layer.

Note that not all of the activities described above in the general description or the examples are required, that a portion of a specific activity may not be required, and that one or more further activities may be performed in addition to those described. Still further, the order in which activities are listed is not necessarily the order in which they are performed.

Benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described above with regard to specific embodiments. However, the benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any feature(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential feature of any or all the claims.

The specification and illustrations of the embodiments described herein are intended to provide a general understanding of the structure of the various embodiments. The specification and illustrations are not intended to serve as an exhaustive and comprehensive description of all of the elements and features of apparatus and systems that use the structures or methods described herein. Certain features, that are for clarity, described herein in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in a sub combination. Further, reference to values stated in ranges includes each and every value within that range. Many other embodiments may be apparent to skilled artisans only after reading this specification. Other embodiments may be used and derived from the disclosure, such that a structural substitution, logical substitution, or another change may be made without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, the disclosure is to be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive.

The description in combination with the figures is provided to assist in understanding the teachings disclosed herein, is provided to assist in describing the teachings, and should not be interpreted as a limitation on the scope or applicability of the teachings. However, other teachings can certainly be used in this application.

As used herein, the terms "comprises," "comprising," "includes," "including," "has," "having" or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of features is not necessarily limited only to those features but may include other features not expressly listed or inherent to such method, article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, "or" refers to an inclusive-or and not to an exclusive-or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present).

Also, the use of "a" or "an" is employed to describe elements and components described herein. This is done merely for convenience and to give a general sense of the scope of the invention. This description should be read to include one or at least one and the singular also includes the plural, or vice versa, unless it is clear that it is meant otherwise. For example, when a single item is described herein, more than one item may be used in place of a single item. Similarly, where more than one item is described herein, a single item may be substituted for that more than one item.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. To the extent that certain details regarding specific materials and processing acts are not described, such details may include conventional approaches, which may be found in reference books and other sources within the manufacturing arts.

While aspects of the present disclosure have been particularly shown and described with reference to the embodiments above, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various additional embodiments may be contemplated by the modification of the disclosed machines, systems and methods without departing from the spirit and scope of what is disclosed. Such embodiments should be understood to fall within the scope of the present disclosure as determined based upon the claims and any equivalents thereof.

List of Elements

TITLE: DECORATIVE GLASS ARTICLE WITH METALLIC SHADES

100 Decorative glass article

102 Frosted clear glass substrate

104 Tin side

106 Frosted side

108 Metal coating layer

110 Protective layer

112 Frosted tinted glass substrate

200 Method

210 Step

220 Step

230 Step

240 Step

250 Step

260 Step

Claims

Claims We Claim,

1. A decorative glass article 100 comprising:

a frosted glass substrate 102, 112 having a tin side 104 and a frosted side 106; a metal coating layer 108 provided on the frosted side 106 of the frosted glass substrate; and

a protective layer 110 disposed above the metal coating layer 108, wherein the tin side 104 of the frosted glass substrate 102, 112 exhibits a metallic shade.

2. The decorative glass article 100 as claimed in claim 1, wherein the frosted glass substrate 102, 112 comprises of a clear, an extra clear/ diamond glass or a tinted substrate.

3. The decorative glass article 100 as claimed in claim 2, wherein the tinted substrate comprises of one or more colorants selected from the group consisting of iron, selenium, cobalt or their oxides and mixtures thereof.

4. The decorative glass article 100 as claimed in claim 1, wherein the metal coating layer 108 comprises one of silver, aluminium or copper.

5. The decorative glass article 100 as claimed in claim 4, wherein the metal coating layer 108 has a thickness in a range of about 50 to 100 nm.

6. The decorative glass article 100 as claimed in claim 4, wherein the metal coating layer 108 has an optimal deposition ranging between 700 to 1000 mg/ sq. m.

7. The decorative glass article 100 as claimed in claim 1, wherein the protective layer 110 comprises of a paint having a resin selected from the group consisting of polyurethane, alkyde, acrylic, acrylique, phenolique, polyester, epoxydique or vinylique.

8. The decorative glass article 100 as claimed in claim 7, wherein the protective layer 110 has a thickness of about 40 - 60 microns.

9. The decorative glass article 100 as claimed in claim 7, wherein the protective layer 110 has a viscosity in the range of about 175 to 300 centipoise.

10. The decorative glass article 100 as claimed in claim 1 having a scratch resistance of more than 4.5 N on the frosted side 106 of the frosted glass substratel02, 112, wherein the scratch resistance is determined upon subjecting the decorative glass article 100 to a visible scratch test.

11. The decorative glass article 100 as claimed in claim 1 having a ΔΕ* value in a range lesser than 0.3 after subjecting to EN1036 standard test.

12. A method 200 of making a decorative glass article 100, the method 200 comprising the steps of:

a. providing a glass substrate having an air side and a tin side 104;

b. converting the air side of the glass substrate into a frosted surface;

c. surface modification of the frosted glass substrate 102, 112;

d. coating a metal layer 108 on the frosted side 106 of the frosted glass substrate 102, 112; and

e. providing a protective layer 110 above the metal coating layer 108.

13. The method 200 as claimed in claim 12, wherein the frosted glass substratel02, 112 is obtained by acid etching, sandblasting or grinding process.

14. The method 200 as claimed in claim 12, wherein the surface modification step comprises physical activation and chemical activation.

15. The method 200 as claimed in claim 12, wherein physical activation comprises treating the frosted glass substratel02, 112 with Ce0₂ or Zr0₂.

16. The method 200 as claimed in claim 12, wherein chemical activation comprises treating the frosted glass substrate 102, 112 with stannous chloride and palladium chloride.

17. The method 200 as claimed in claim 12, wherein the metal coating layer 108 is applied on the frosted side 106 of the frosted glass substrate 102, 112 using one or more methods involving spray coating or sputtering.

18. The method 200 as claimed in claim 12, wherein the protective layer 110 is applied over the metal coating layer 108 using one or more methods involving screen printing, roller coating, curtain coating, digital printing, masking and spray painting, spray coating, or combinations thereof.