WO2018072395A1 - 基于前向车辆驾驶行为的智能车辆安全环境包络重构方法 - Google Patents
基于前向车辆驾驶行为的智能车辆安全环境包络重构方法 Download PDFInfo
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
- B60W30/00—Purposes of road vehicle drive control systems not related to the control of a particular sub-unit, e.g. of systems using conjoint control of vehicle sub-units
- B60W30/08—Active safety systems predicting or avoiding probable or impending collision or attempting to minimise its consequences
- B60W30/095—Predicting travel path or likelihood of collision
- B60W30/0953—Predicting travel path or likelihood of collision the prediction being responsive to vehicle dynamic parameters
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
- B60W30/00—Purposes of road vehicle drive control systems not related to the control of a particular sub-unit, e.g. of systems using conjoint control of vehicle sub-units
- B60W30/08—Active safety systems predicting or avoiding probable or impending collision or attempting to minimise its consequences
- B60W30/095—Predicting travel path or likelihood of collision
- B60W30/0956—Predicting travel path or likelihood of collision the prediction being responsive to traffic or environmental parameters
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
- B60W40/00—Estimation or calculation of non-directly measurable driving parameters for road vehicle drive control systems not related to the control of a particular sub unit, e.g. by using mathematical models
- B60W40/02—Estimation or calculation of non-directly measurable driving parameters for road vehicle drive control systems not related to the control of a particular sub unit, e.g. by using mathematical models related to ambient conditions
- B60W40/04—Traffic conditions
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
- B60W40/00—Estimation or calculation of non-directly measurable driving parameters for road vehicle drive control systems not related to the control of a particular sub unit, e.g. by using mathematical models
- B60W40/10—Estimation or calculation of non-directly measurable driving parameters for road vehicle drive control systems not related to the control of a particular sub unit, e.g. by using mathematical models related to vehicle motion
- B60W40/105—Speed
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06N—COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
- G06N7/00—Computing arrangements based on specific mathematical models
- G06N7/01—Probabilistic graphical models, e.g. probabilistic networks
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
- B60W2510/00—Input parameters relating to a particular sub-units
- B60W2510/20—Steering systems
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
- B60W2520/00—Input parameters relating to overall vehicle dynamics
- B60W2520/10—Longitudinal speed
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
- B60W2554/00—Input parameters relating to objects
- B60W2554/40—Dynamic objects, e.g. animals, windblown objects
- B60W2554/404—Characteristics
- B60W2554/4045—Intention, e.g. lane change or imminent movement
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
- B60W2554/00—Input parameters relating to objects
- B60W2554/80—Spatial relation or speed relative to objects
- B60W2554/801—Lateral distance
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
- B60W2554/00—Input parameters relating to objects
- B60W2554/80—Spatial relation or speed relative to objects
- B60W2554/804—Relative longitudinal speed
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
- B60W2754/00—Output or target parameters relating to objects
- B60W2754/10—Spatial relation or speed relative to objects
- B60W2754/20—Lateral distance
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
- B60W2754/00—Output or target parameters relating to objects
- B60W2754/10—Spatial relation or speed relative to objects
- B60W2754/30—Longitudinal distance
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
- B60W60/00—Drive control systems specially adapted for autonomous road vehicles
- B60W60/001—Planning or execution of driving tasks
- B60W60/0027—Planning or execution of driving tasks using trajectory prediction for other traffic participants
- B60W60/00274—Planning or execution of driving tasks using trajectory prediction for other traffic participants considering possible movement changes
Definitions
- the invention relates to the field of intelligent vehicles, in particular to an intelligent vehicle security environment envelope reconstruction method based on forward vehicle driving behavior.
- intelligent transportation system With the rapid development of the automobile industry and the continuous improvement of people's living standards, the number of car ownership continues to rise, followed by increasing traffic pressures, road congestion, frequent traffic accidents, and other issues that need to be resolved. As an effective way to solve the above problems, the intelligent transportation system has received extensive attention from all walks of life. As an emerging technology in intelligent transportation systems, intelligent vehicles have become a hot research topic at home and abroad.
- the first problem to be solved by intelligent vehicles is the problem of environment perception, that is, the perception of the traffic environment around the vehicle and the motion parameters of the intelligent vehicle through visual sensors, radar sensors, vehicle sensors, and the like.
- domestic and foreign scholars only perceive the current motion parameters of vehicles around the intelligent vehicle, and carry out path planning and tracking control.
- the random variation of driving behavior of surrounding vehicles, especially forward vehicles, makes it difficult for smart vehicles to estimate the potential collision risk, which affects the accuracy of path planning and tracking control. Therefore, in order to simulate the behavior of the driver's estimated risk of potential collision during driving, the forward vehicle driving behavior prediction is introduced into the safety environment envelope, and the safety environment envelope is reconstructed according to the forward vehicle driving behavior. Estimate potential collision hazards in safe driving areas to improve the safety of smart vehicles.
- the present invention proposes an intelligent vehicle security environment envelope reconstruction method based on forward vehicle driving behavior, and uses a camera and a lidar to sense the traffic environment in front of the intelligent vehicle and the forward vehicle to establish a forward vehicle driving behavior prediction model. , predicting the driving behavior of the forward vehicle. According to the prediction result of the forward vehicle driving behavior, the lateral spacing and longitudinal spacing of the intelligent vehicle and the forward vehicle are corrected to realize the envelope reconstruction of the intelligent vehicle safety environment, thereby realizing the potential collision risk in the safe driving area of the intelligent vehicle. To improve the safety of smart vehicles. By consulting the data, the application of introducing forward vehicle driving behavior in the safe driving area of intelligent vehicles has not been reported yet.
- the object of the present invention is to provide an intelligent vehicle safety environment envelope reconstruction method based on forward vehicle driving behavior, and to simulate a real driver's behavior in predicting the potential collision risk of the forward driving area, and driving the forward vehicle. Behavior prediction is introduced into the environmental awareness of intelligent vehicles. Based on the prediction results of forward vehicle driving behavior, the intelligent vehicle safety environment envelope is reconstructed.
- the present invention uses the signals of the vehicle track point sequence, the forward vehicle turn signal, the intelligent vehicle speed, the longitudinal relative speed of the intelligent vehicle and the forward vehicle as observation values, and the forward vehicle driving behavior through the hidden Markov model (HMM).
- HMM hidden Markov model
- Forecasting based on forward vehicle driving behavior prediction results for smart vehicles and The lateral spacing and longitudinal spacing of the forward vehicle are corrected to realize the reconstruction of the intelligent vehicle safety environment envelope, thereby realizing the potential collision risk in the safe driving area of the intelligent vehicle and improving the safety of the intelligent vehicle.
- an intelligent vehicle safety environment envelope reconstruction method based on forward vehicle driving behavior is composed of a forward vehicle driving behavior prediction model and an intelligent vehicle safety environment envelope reconstruction algorithm.
- the forward vehicle driving behavior prediction model is responsible for predicting the forward vehicle driving behavior
- the intelligent vehicle safety environment envelope reconstruction algorithm is responsible for the security environment envelope reconstruction based on the prediction result.
- the forward vehicle driving behavior prediction model of the present invention is as follows:
- the HMM prediction model ⁇ (N,M, ⁇ ,A,B) of the driving behavior of the forward vehicle driver is established, among which:
- Change observation v 2 is the observation of the polar angle change of the adjacent vehicle trajectory point series, v 3 intelligent vehicle speed, v 4 intelligent vehicle and forward vehicle longitudinal relative speed, v 5 forward vehicle left turn signal, v 6 forward vehicle right turn signal, v 7 forward vehicle brake light.
- q t S i ), 1 ⁇ i, j ⁇ N;
- q t S j ], 1 ⁇ j ⁇ N, 1 ⁇ k ⁇ M.
- the intelligent vehicle determines the front safe driving area, that is, the safety environment envelope according to the present invention, according to the lateral spacing and the longitudinal spacing of the forward vehicle and the intelligent vehicle.
- the formula for establishing the relative position information between the intelligent vehicle and the forward vehicle is as shown in equation (1):
- p x,j (t) is the longitudinal coordinate of the jth forward vehicle
- p x,sub (t) is the longitudinal coordinate of the intelligent vehicle
- p y,j (t) is the lateral coordinate of the jth forward vehicle
- p y,sub (t) is the lateral coordinate of the intelligent vehicle
- ⁇ p x,j (t) is the longitudinal relative distance between the intelligent vehicle and the jth forward vehicle
- ⁇ p y,j (t) is the lateral relative distance between the smart vehicle and the jth forward vehicle.
- L v is the length of the forward vehicle
- W v is the width of the forward vehicle
- C x,j (t) is the longitudinal distance between the intelligent vehicle and the forward vehicle
- the longitudinal and lateral spacing between the intelligent vehicle and the forward vehicle represented by formula (2) is calculated based on the current position of the forward vehicle, and is used as a reference value for the safety environment envelope of the next moment of the intelligent vehicle, without considering the forward vehicle driving. There is randomness in behavioral changes. When there is a left-steering behavior or a right-turning driving behavior to the next moment of the vehicle, the lateral distance between the smart vehicle and the forward vehicle may increase or decrease; when the vehicle has an emergency braking driving behavior at the next moment of the vehicle, the intelligent vehicle The longitudinal spacing from the forward vehicle will decrease.
- the present invention introduces the forward vehicle driving behavior prediction into the intelligent vehicle safety environment envelope construction link, and the longitudinal spacing between the intelligent vehicle and the forward vehicle according to the prediction result. And the lateral spacing is corrected to realize the reconstruction of the intelligent vehicle security environment envelope.
- the correction formula is as shown in equation (3):
- ⁇ x is the longitudinal correction factor, indicating the scale of the longitudinal spacing change. Since the forward prediction result of the forward vehicle is the uniform driving behavior or the emergency braking driving behavior, the range of ⁇ x is between 0-1. ⁇ y is the lateral correction factor, indicating the horizontal spacing variation scale. Since the lateral prediction result for the forward vehicle is the left steering driving behavior or the right steering driving behavior, and considering the lateral position of the smart vehicle and the forward vehicle, when the lateral spacing becomes small, ⁇ y is between 0-1 and ⁇ y is greater than 1 when the lateral spacing becomes larger. In order to improve the accuracy of the envelope reconstruction of the intelligent vehicle security environment, the present invention determines the values of ⁇ x and ⁇ y by the magnitude of the probability value of the HMM model prediction result.
- the invention starts from the simulation real driver by predicting the driving behavior of the forward vehicle to predict the potential collision risk of the forward driving area, and introduces the forward driving behavior prediction into the environmental sensing link of the intelligent vehicle,
- the forward vehicle is predicted to suddenly brake and suddenly turn to the driving behavior during driving.
- Figure 1 is a block diagram of the system of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a flow chart of offline training of a forward vehicle driving behavior prediction model according to the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a flow chart of predicting driving behavior of a forward vehicle according to the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing a change in lateral spacing when the forward vehicle has a left steering driving behavior.
- (a) is a schematic diagram showing an initial lateral distance between the smart vehicle and the forward vehicle; and (b) is a schematic diagram showing a lateral distance between the intelligent vehicle and the forward vehicle when the forward vehicle has a left steering driving behavior.
- Figure 5 is a schematic diagram showing the longitudinal spacing variation of the forward vehicle with emergency braking driving behavior.
- (a) is a schematic diagram showing the initial longitudinal distance between the smart vehicle and the forward vehicle; and (b) is a schematic diagram showing the longitudinal distance between the intelligent vehicle and the forward vehicle when the forward vehicle has an emergency braking driving behavior.
- an intelligent vehicle safety environment envelope reconstruction method based on forward vehicle driving behavior is composed of a forward vehicle driving behavior prediction model and an intelligent vehicle safety environment envelope reconstruction algorithm.
- the implementation of the forward vehicle driving behavior prediction model includes the following
- Forward vehicle driving behavior prediction model establishment The invention establishes a forward vehicle driving behavior prediction model including: uniform driving behavior prediction model (US_HMM), emergency braking driving behavior prediction model (EB_HMM), left steering driving behavior prediction model (LT_HMM) Right-turning driving behavior prediction model (RT_HMM).
- US_HMM uniform driving behavior prediction model
- EB_HMM emergency braking driving behavior prediction model
- LT_HMM left steering driving behavior prediction model
- RT_HMM Right-turning driving behavior prediction model
- the forward vehicle driving behavior prediction model offline training includes the following steps:
- Model parameter initialization Mainly to initialize ⁇ , A, B in the HMM model.
- step (3) If it is incremental, the new estimate calculated in step (3) is used to re-estimate the sample for the next time, returning to step (2), and iterating until stepwise until No longer significantly increased, that is, convergence, the model at this time That is the model sought.
- LT_HMM vehicle left steering behavior prediction model
- the observation sequence of the left steering driving behavior prediction model selected by the present invention includes: the observation of the polar diameter change of the adjacent vehicle trajectory point sequence, the observation of the polar angle change of the forward vehicle adjacent trajectory point sequence, the intelligent vehicle speed, the intelligent vehicle and The longitudinal relative speed of the forward vehicle, the forward vehicle left turn signal, the forward vehicle right turn signal, and the forward vehicle brake light are seven parameters.
- the observation sequence of the HMM is described in the form of a vector as shown in the formula (4).
- v 1 is the observation of the polar diameter change of the adjacent trajectory point series of the forward vehicle
- v 2 is the observation value of the polar angle change of the adjacent trajectory point sequence of the forward vehicle
- v 3 intelligent vehicle speed v 4 intelligent vehicle and forward vehicle
- the longitudinal relative speed v 5 forward vehicle left turn signal, v 6 forward vehicle right turn signal, v 7 forward vehicle brake light.
- the number of samples is 100 groups.
- the present invention determines an initial probability distribution of the output probability matrix B based on a priori characteristics of different trajectory patterns.
- the left steering driving behavior training sample is sent to the initialized left steering driving behavior prediction model for training, and finally the left steering driving behavior prediction model is obtained.
- the prediction process is shown in Figure 3.
- the original parameters are feature extracted to form a set of observation sequences O.
- the forward-backward algorithm is applied to calculate the probability P(O/ ⁇ ) of each model to generate the current observation sequence.
- the model with the largest probability value is the current driving behavior.
- the prediction result of the vehicle is left steering behavior as an example to illustrate the lateral safety distance reconstruction of the present invention.
- the lateral distance between the smart vehicle 1 and the forward vehicle 2 is C y,j (t), as shown in FIG. 4(b), when Considering that the forward vehicle 2 has a left steering behavior, the lateral distance between the smart vehicle 1 and the forward vehicle 2 becomes C'y, j (t). 4(a) and 4(b), the lateral distance between the smart vehicle 1 and the forward vehicle 2 becomes smaller, and the lateral safety distance is reconstructed according to the prediction result to obtain a new horizontal safety interval C'y.
- ⁇ y is the lateral correction factor, indicating the lateral spacing variation scale
- ⁇ y worth size is based on the forward steering behavior predicted by the forward vehicle driving behavior prediction model. The maximum likelihood probability is determined. It can be seen that when considering that the forward vehicle has a left steering driving behavior, the intelligent vehicle predicts the forward steering behavior of the forward vehicle, and by reconstructing the lateral safety distance, the risk of the lateral collision is reduced.
- the prediction result of the vehicle to the emergency braking driving behavior is taken as an example to illustrate the longitudinal safety distance reconstruction of the present invention.
- the longitudinal distance between the smart vehicle 1 and the forward vehicle 2 is Cx,j (t), as shown in FIG. 5(b), when When the forward vehicle has emergency braking driving behavior, the longitudinal distance between the smart vehicle 1 and the forward vehicle 2 becomes C' x, j (t).
- the maximum likelihood probability is determined. It can be seen that when considering the emergency braking behavior of the forward vehicle, the intelligent vehicle predicts the emergency braking driving behavior of the forward vehicle, and by reconstructing the longitudinal safety distance, the risk of longitudinal collision is reduced.
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Abstract
一种基于前向车辆驾驶行为的智能车辆安全环境包络重构方法,从模拟真实驾驶员对前向行驶区域潜在碰撞风险进行预估的行为出发,将前向车辆驾驶行为预测引入到智能车辆的环境感知环节,基于前向车辆驾驶行为预测结果,对智能车辆安全环境包络进行重构。该方法以前向车辆轨迹点序列、前向车辆转向灯、智能车辆速度、智能车辆与前向车辆的纵向相对速度等信号作为观测值,通过隐马尔科夫模型(HMM)对前向车辆驾驶行为进行预测;根据前向车辆驾驶行为预测结果对智能车辆与前向车辆的横向间距、纵向间距进行修正,实现智能车辆安全环境包络重构,进而实现对智能车辆安全驾驶区域内潜在的碰撞危险进行预估,提高智能车辆的安全性。
Description
本发明涉及智能汽车领域,具体为一种基于前向车辆驾驶行为的智能车辆安全环境包络重构方法。
随着汽车工业的迅猛发展以及人民生活水平的不断提高,汽车保有量持续攀升,随之而来的是越来越大的交通压力,道路拥堵,交通事故频发等一系列亟待解决的问题,智能交通系统作为解决上述问题的有效途径,受到社会各界的广泛关注。智能车辆作为智能交通系统中的新兴技术,已经成为国内外研究的热点。智能车辆首先要解决的问题就是环境感知问题,即通过视觉传感器、雷达传感器、车载传感器等进行车辆周围交通环境以及智能车辆自身运动参数的感知。但目前国内外学者只是针对智能车辆周边车辆当前运动参数进行感知,进行路径规划和跟踪控制。然而周边车辆尤其是前向车辆驾驶行为的随机变化,使得智能车辆很难对潜在的碰撞风险进行预估,进而影响路径规划和跟踪控制的准确性。因此,为了模拟驾驶员驾驶车辆过程中对潜在碰撞危险的预估的行为,将前向车辆驾驶行为预测引入到安全环境包络中,根据前向车辆驾驶行为对安全环境包络重构,对安全驾驶区域内潜在的碰撞危险进行预估,提高智能车辆的安全性。
因此,本发明提出一种基于前向车辆驾驶行为的智能车辆安全环境包络重构方法,通过摄像头、激光雷达对智能车辆前方交通环境及前向车辆进行感知,建立前向车辆驾驶行为预测模型,对前向车辆驾驶行为进行预测。根据前向车辆驾驶行为预测结果对智能车辆与前向车辆的横向间距、纵向间距进行修正,实现智能车辆安全环境包络重构,进而实现对智能车辆安全驾驶区域内潜在的碰撞危险进行预估,提高智能车辆的安全性。通过查阅资料,目前在智能车辆安全驾驶区域内引入前向车辆驾驶行为的应用尚未见到报道。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种基于前向车辆驾驶行为的智能车辆安全环境包络重构方法,从模拟真实驾驶员对前向行驶区域潜在碰撞风险进行预估的行为出发,将前向车辆驾驶行为预测引入到智能车辆的环境感知环节,基于前向车辆驾驶行为预测结果,对智能车辆安全环境包络进行重构。本发明以前向车辆轨迹点序列、前向车辆转向灯、智能车辆速度、智能车辆与前向车辆的纵向相对速等信号作为观测值,通过隐马尔科夫模型(HMM)对前向车辆驾驶行为进行预测;根据前向车辆驾驶行为预测结果对智能车辆与
前向车辆的横向间距、纵向间距进行修正,实现智能车辆安全环境包络重构,进而实现对智能车辆安全驾驶区域内潜在的碰撞危险进行预估,提高智能车辆的安全性。
本发明的技术方案:一种基于前向车辆驾驶行为的智能车辆安全环境包络重构方法由前向车辆驾驶行为预测模型和智能车辆安全环境包络重构算法组成。其中前向车辆驾驶行为预测模型负责对前向车辆驾驶行为进行预测,智能车辆安全环境包络重构算法负责根据预测结果进行安全环境包络重构。
本发明所述前向车辆驾驶行为预测模型如下:
基于HMM理论,建立前向车辆驾驶员驾驶行为HMM预测模型λ=(N,M,π,A,B),其中:
前向车辆驾驶行为状态S:S=(S1,S2,…SN),t时刻所处状态为qt,qt∈S,本项目状态数N=4,其中,S1为匀速驾驶行为,S2为紧急制动驾驶行为,S3为左转向驾驶行为,S4为右转向驾驶行为;
观测序列V:V=(v1,v2,…vM),t时刻观测事件为Ot,本项目观测值数M=7,其中,v1为前向车辆相邻轨迹点序列极径变化观测值,v2为前向车辆相邻轨迹点序列极角变化观测值,v3智能车辆速度,v4智能车辆与前向车辆的纵向相对速度,v5前向车辆左转向灯,v6前向车辆右转向灯,v7前向车辆刹车灯。
π:前向车辆驾驶行为初始状态概率矢量,π=(π1,π2,…πN),其中πi=P(q1=Si);
A:状态转移矩阵,即前向车辆驾驶行为状态转移矩阵,A={aij}N×N,其中,aij=P(qt+1=Sj|qt=Si),1≤i,j≤N;
B:观测事件概率分布矩阵,即不同前向车辆驾驶行为在S下各观测状态出现的概率,B={bjk}N×M,其中,bjk=P[Ot=vk|qt=Sj],1≤j≤N,1≤k≤M。
智能车辆安全环境包络重构算法
智能车辆根据前向车辆与智能车辆的横向间距、纵向间距确定前方安全行驶区域,即本发明所述的安全环境包络。根据传感器及动力学模型,建立智能车辆与前向车辆相对位置信息公式如式(1)所示:
其中:px,j(t)为第j个前向车辆的纵向坐标,px,sub(t)为智能车辆的纵向坐标,eψ(t)车
辆与路面的定位误差,py,j(t)为第j个前向车辆的横向坐标,py,sub(t)为智能车辆的横向坐标,Δpx,j(t)为智能车辆与第j个前向车辆纵向相对距离,Δpy,j(t)为智能车辆与第j个前向车辆横向相对距离。
通过变换得到智能车辆与前向车辆的间距如式(2)所示:
其中:Lv为前向车辆的长度,Wv为前向车辆的宽度,Cx,j(t)为智能车辆与前向车辆的纵向间距,Cy,j(t)智能车辆与前向车辆的横向间距。
公式(2)所表示的智能车辆与前向车辆的纵向间距和横向间距是根据前向车辆当前位置计算得到的,作为智能车辆下一时刻安全环境包络的参考值,未考虑前向车辆驾驶行为变化的有随机性。当前向车辆下一时刻具有左转向驾驶行为或右转向驾驶行为时,智能车辆与前向车辆的横向间距会增大或减小;当前向车辆下一时刻具有紧急制动驾驶行为时,智能车辆与前向车辆的纵向间距会减小。因此,为了对前方安全行驶区域内潜在的碰撞风险进行预估,本发明将前向车辆驾驶行为预测引入到智能车辆安全环境包络构建环节,根据预测结果对智能车辆与前向车辆的纵向间距和横向间距进行修正,进而实现对智能车辆安全环境包络的重构,修正公式如式(3)所示:
ωx为纵向修正因子,表示纵向间距变化尺度,由于对前向车辆纵向预测结果为匀速驾驶行为或紧急制动驾驶行为,所以ωx的取值范围在0-1之间。ωy为横向修正因子,表示横向间距变化尺度,由于对前向车辆横向预测结果为左转向驾驶行为或右转向驾驶行为,同时考虑智能车辆与前向车辆横向相对位置,当横向间距变小时,ωy的取值0-1之间,当横向间距变大时,ωy的取值大于1。为了提高智能车辆安全环境包络重构的准确性,本发明通过HMM模型预测结果的概率值大小来确定ωx和ωy的值。
本发明的有益效果:
本发明从模拟真实驾驶员通过对前向车辆驾驶行为进行预测进而实现对前向行驶区域潜在碰撞风险进行预估的行为出发,将前向车辆驾驶行为预测引入到智能车辆的环境感知环节,对前向车辆在行车过程中的突然制动、突然转向驾驶行为进行预测。根据前向车辆驾驶行为对安全环境包络进行重构,对安全驾驶区域内潜在的碰撞危险进行预估,
提高智能车辆的安全性。
图1为本发明系统框图。
图2为本发明前向车辆驾驶行为预测模型离线训练流程图。
图3为本发明前向车辆驾驶行为预测流程图。
图4为前向车辆具有左转向驾驶行为时横向间距变化示意图。
其中(a)表示智能车辆与前向车辆的初始横向距离示意图;(b)表示前向车辆具有左转向驾驶行为时,智能车辆与前向车辆的横向距离示意图。
图5为前向车辆具有紧急制动驾驶行为时纵向间距变化示意图。
其中(a)表示智能车辆与前向车辆的初始纵向距离示意图;(b)表示前向车辆具有紧急制动驾驶行为时,智能车辆与前向车辆的纵向距离示意图。
下面参照附图并结合实例对本发明的构思、具体工作过程行清楚完整地描述。显然,所描述的实施例只是本发明的一部分实施例,而不是全部实施例,基于本发明实施例,本领域技术人员在不付出创造性劳动的前提下所获得的其他实施例,均属于本发明保护范围。
见图1,一种基于前向车辆驾驶行为的智能车辆安全环境包络重构方法由前向车辆驾驶行为预测模型和智能车辆安全环境包络重构算法组成。
1、前向车辆驾驶行为预测模型的实现包括如下
前向车辆驾驶行为预测模型建立:本发明建立前向车辆驾驶行为预测模型包括:匀速驾驶行为预测模型(US_HMM)、紧急制动驾驶行为预测模型(EB_HMM)、左转向驾驶行为预测模型(LT_HMM)、右转向驾驶行为预测模型(RT_HMM)。
前向车辆驾驶行为预测模型离线训练:如图2所示,为本发明所述离线训练流程图,包括如下步骤:
(1)模型参数初始化。主要是对HMM模型中的π、A、B进行初始化。
(2)选取前向-后向算法,用当前样本,计算前向频率αt(i)和后向概率βt(j);
下面以前向车辆左转向驾驶行为预测模型(LT_HMM)为例,说明本发明LT_HMM的训练过程。
(1)训练样本的选取。
本发明选取的左转向驾驶行为预测模型的观察序列包括:前向车辆相邻轨迹点序列极径变化观测值、前向车辆相邻轨迹点序列极角变化观测值、智能车辆速度、智能车辆与前向车辆的纵向相对速度、前向车辆左转向灯、前向车辆右转向灯、前向车辆刹车灯7个参数。HMM的观察序列以向量的形式进行描述,如式(4)所示。
O(t)={v1 v2 v3 v4 v5 v6 v7} (4)
其中,v1为前向车辆相邻轨迹点序列极径变化观测值,v2为前向车辆相邻轨迹点序列极角变化观测值,v3智能车辆速度,v4智能车辆与前向车辆的纵向相对速度,v5前向车辆左转向灯,v6前向车辆右转向灯,v7前向车辆刹车灯。
样本数量100组。
(2)模型参数初始化。
本发明采用均值法得到π和A的初始值。π=[0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25],
本发明根据不同轨迹模式的先验特性来确定输出概率矩阵B初始概率分布。
(3)训练左转向驾驶行为预测模型。
按照图2所示离线训练流程,将左转向驾驶行为训练样本送入初始化后的左转向驾驶行为预测模型中进行训练,最终得到左转向驾驶行为预测模型。
2、前向车辆驾驶行为预测过程:
预测过程如图3所示。将原始参数进行特征提取,形成一组观察序列O。应用前向-后向算法计算每个模型产生当前观察序列的概率P(O/λ),概率值最大的模型便是当前驾驶行为。
3、利用前向车辆驾驶行为预测结果进行安全环境包络重构:
下面以前向车辆预测结果为左转向驾驶行为为例,说明本发明横向安全距离重构。
如图4(a)所示,当只考虑前向车辆②当前位置时,智能车辆①与前向车辆②的横向间距为Cy,j(t),如图4(b)所示,当考虑前向车辆②具有左转向驾驶行为时,智能车辆①与前向车辆②的横向间距变为C′y,j(t)。对比图4(a)和图4(b)可知,这时智能车辆①与前向车辆②的横向间距变小了,根据预测结果对横向安全距离重构得到新的横向安全间距为C′y,j(t)=ωyCy,j(t),其中ωy为横向修正因子,表示横向间距变化尺度,ωy值得大小根据前向车辆驾驶行为预测模型预测出的左转向驾驶行为的最大似然概率确定。可以看出,当考虑前向车辆具有左转向驾驶行为时,智能车辆对前向车辆左转向驾驶行为进行预测,通过重构横向安全距离,减小了横向碰撞的风险。
下面以前向车辆预测结果为紧急制动驾驶行为为例,说明本发明纵向安全距离重构。
如图5(a)所示,当只考虑前向车辆②当前位置时,智能车辆①与前向车辆②的纵向间距为Cx,j(t),如图5(b)所示,当考虑前向车辆具有紧急制动驾驶行为时,智能车辆①与前向车辆②的纵向间距变为C′x,j(t)。对比图5(a)和图5(b)可知,这时智能车辆①与前向车辆②的纵向间距变小了,根据预测结果对纵向安全距离重构得到新的纵向安全间距为C′x,j(t)=ωxCx,j(t),其中ωx为纵向修正因子,表示纵向间距变化尺度,ωx值得大小根据前向车辆驾驶行为预测模型预测出的紧急制动驾驶行为的最大似然概率确定。可以看出,当考虑前向车辆具有紧急制动驾驶行为时,智能车辆对前向车辆紧急制动驾驶行为
进行预测,通过重构纵向安全距离,减小了纵向碰撞的风险。
上文所列出的一系列的详细说明仅仅是针对本发明的可行性实施方式的具体说明,它们并非用以限制本发明的保护范围,凡未脱离本发明技艺精神所作的等效实施方式或变更均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (7)
- 基于前向车辆驾驶行为的智能车辆安全环境包络重构方法,其特征在于,由前向车辆驾驶行为预测模型和智能车辆安全环境包络重构算法组成;所述前向车辆驾驶行为预测模型负责对前向车辆驾驶行为进行预测,所述智能车辆安全环境包络重构算法负责根据预测结果进行安全环境包络重构。
- 根据权利要求1所述的基于前向车辆驾驶行为的智能车辆安全环境包络重构方法,其特征在于,所述前向车辆驾驶行为预测模型为HMM预测模型λ=(N,M,π,A,B),前向车辆驾驶行为状态S:S=(S1,S2,…SN),t时刻所处状态为qt,qt∈S,本项目状态数N=4,其中,S1为匀速驾驶行为,S2为紧急制动驾驶行为,S3为左转向驾驶行为,S4为右转向驾驶行为;观测序列V:V=(v1,v2,…vM),t时刻观测事件为Ot,本项目观测值数M=7,其中,v1为前向车辆相邻轨迹点序列极径变化观测值,v2为前向车辆相邻轨迹点序列极角变化观测值,v3智能车辆速度,v4智能车辆与前向车辆的纵向相对速度,v5前向车辆左转向灯,v6前向车辆右转向灯,v7前向车辆刹车灯;π:前向车辆驾驶行为初始状态概率矢量,π=(π1,π2,…πN),其中πi=P(q1=Si);A:状态转移矩阵,即前向车辆驾驶行为状态转移矩阵,A={aij}N×N,其中,aij=P(qt+1=Sj|qt=Si),1≤i,j≤N;B:观测事件概率分布矩阵,即不同前向车辆驾驶行为在S下各观测状态出现的概率,B={bjk}N×M,其中,bjk=P[Ot=vk|qt=Sj],1≤j≤N,1≤k≤M。
- 根据权利要求2所述的基于前向车辆驾驶行为的智能车辆安全环境包络重构方法,其特征在于,所述前向车辆驾驶行为预测模型的实现包括如下:建立匀速驾驶行为预测模型、紧急制动驾驶行为预测模型、左转向驾驶行为预测模型、右转向驾驶行为预测模型四个模型;将所述四个模型进行离线训练;对前向车辆的驾驶行为进行预测。
- 根据权利要求3所述的基于前向车辆驾驶行为的智能车辆安全环境包络重构方法,其特征在于,所述对前向车辆的驾驶行为进行预测的过程包括:将原始参数进行特征提取,形成一组观察序列O;应用前向-后向算法计算每个模型产生当前观察序列的概率P(O/λ),概率值最大的模型便是当前驾驶行为。
- 根据权利要求1所述的基于前向车辆驾驶行为的智能车辆安全环境包络重构方法,其特征在于,所述智能车辆安全环境包络重构算法的实现包括:建立智能车辆与前向车辆相对位置信息表达式:其中:px,j(t)为第j个前向车辆的纵向坐标,px,sub(t)为智能车辆的纵向坐标,eψ(t)为车辆与路面的定位误差,py,j(t)为第j个前向车辆的横向坐标,py,sub(t)为智能车辆的横向坐标,Δpx,j(t)为智能车辆与第j个前向车辆纵向相对距离,Δpy,j(t)为智能车辆与第j个前向车辆横向相对距离;通过变换得到智能车辆与前向车辆的间距表达式:其中:Lv为前向车辆的长度,Wv为前向车辆的宽度,Cx,j(t)为智能车辆与前向车辆的纵向间距,Cy,j(t)智能车辆与前向车辆的横向间距;根据前向车辆驾驶行为预测结果对智能车辆与前向车辆的纵向间距和横向间距进行修正,实现对智能车辆安全环境包络的重构;所述修正的表达式为:其中,ωx为纵向修正因子,表示纵向间距变化尺度;ωy为横向修正因子,表示横向间距变化尺度;ωx和ωy的值通过前向车辆驾驶行为预测结果的概率值大小来确定。
- 根据权利要求6所述的基于前向车辆驾驶行为的智能车辆安全环境包络重构方法,其特征在于,所述ωx的取值范围在0-1之间;当横向间距变小时,所述ωy的取值0-1之间,当横向间距变大时,所述ωy的取值大于1。
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
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| CN106564496B (zh) | 2018-11-09 |
| US20210387653A1 (en) | 2021-12-16 |
| CN106564496A (zh) | 2017-04-19 |
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