WO2018068326A1

WO2018068326A1 - Device and method for generating random number

Info

Publication number: WO2018068326A1
Application number: PCT/CN2016/102217
Authority: WO
Inventors: 周诚; 孔云川; 张臣雄
Original assignee: 华为技术有限公司
Priority date: 2016-10-14
Filing date: 2016-10-14
Publication date: 2018-04-19
Also published as: CN108369496A; CN108369496B

Abstract

A device and method for generating a random number, capable of generating a true random number on the basis of intrinsic uncertainty of quantum mechanics. The device comprises: an electron pair generator (110) used for generating a first electron pair that comprises two electrons having opposite spin directions and the same migration direction; an electron pair separator (120) used for separating the first electron pair to obtain two independent electrons, the spin directions of the two independent electrons being opposite and the migration directions being independent from each other; and a random number generator (130) used for receiving a first input electron output by the electron pair separator (120), and generating a random number according to the spin direction of the first input electron that is either of the two independent electrons.

Description

Apparatus and method for generating random numbers

Technical field

The present invention relates to the field of information science and, more particularly, to an apparatus and method for generating random numbers.

Background technique

Random numbers have a wide range of applications in radar systems, secure communication systems, and simulations.

Random numbers can be divided into true random numbers and pseudo random numbers. True random numbers exist only in the uncertainty of physical phenomena, such as the completely unpredictable physical processes of life-throwing coins, quantum phenomena, and so on. A pseudo-random number is a random number generated by calculating a random random number as a "seed" by a random function.

The currently widely used random number generators generate random numbers based on the above-described pseudo random number generation method. However, the random number generated by this method is not really random. When a random seed or random function is stolen, the generated random number sequence may also be predicted and invalidated.

Therefore, it is desirable to provide a technique that can generate true random numbers depending on the uncertainty of quantum mechanical enthalpy.

Summary of the invention

The present application provides an apparatus and method for generating a random number that relies on the uncertainty of quantum mechanical intrinsic to generate a true random number.

In a first aspect, the present application provides a device for generating a random number, the device comprising: an electron pair generator for generating a first pair of electrons, the first pair of electrons comprising two opposite directions of rotation and the same direction of migration Electronic

An electron pair separator for separating the first pair of electrons to obtain two independent electrons, wherein the two independent electrons have opposite spin directions and the migration directions are independent of each other;

a random number generator, configured to receive a first input electron output by the pair of electrons, and generate a random number according to a spin direction of the first input electron, where the first input electron is the two independent An electron in the electron.

Therefore, a random number is generated by separating the first electron pair and based on the uncertainty of the electron spin direction of the separated first input electron. Thus, based on the uncertainty of quantum mechanical intrinsic, a true random number is generated. Further, electrons are detected by an electron detector, thereby avoiding optical quantum follow-up The dark count problem that may occur in the machine number generator, and the detection efficiency of the electronic detector is at least above 100 MHz, so that the efficiency of generating random numbers of the device is also much higher than that of the optical quantum random number generator.

In conjunction with the first aspect, in a first possible implementation manner of the first aspect, the random number generator includes: a first spin filter, in a first migration direction with respect to the electronic pair separator The pair of electrons are coupled to receive the first input electrons, and are configured to inhibit output of electrons when the spin direction of the first input electrons is different from a preset spin direction, and to Outputting a first output electron when the spin direction of the first input electron is the same as the preset spin direction, wherein the first output electron comprises: the first input electron, or the first self An electron emitted by the spin filter excited by the first input electron;

a first charge detector coupled to the first spin filter in the first migration direction with respect to the electron pair separator for detecting whether the first output electron is received, and based on whether Receiving the first output electron to generate a first indication signal;

And a random number generator, configured to generate the random number according to the first indication signal.

Therefore, by determining whether the first output electron is received based on the first spin filter and the first charge detector, the spin direction of the first input electron can be indirectly determined. Therefore, based on whether the first charge detector receives the first output electron, that is, based on the uncertainty of the spin direction of the first input electron, generates a random number, that is, generates a true based on the uncertainty of the quantum mechanical intrinsic enthalpy random number.

Optionally, the first indication signal includes a first level signal or a second level signal, and the random number includes a first random number or a second random number;

The first charge detector is specifically configured to output the first level signal when receiving the first output electron, and to output the second when the first output electron is not received Level signal

The random number generator is specifically configured to generate the first random number when receiving the first level signal, and to generate the second random when receiving the second level signal number.

Further, the random number generator further includes a second charge detector coupled to the pair of electrons in a second migration direction with respect to the pair of electrons for receiving the second input electron, and Transmitting a time base signal at a time when the second input electron is received, wherein the second input electron is another one of the two independent electrons except the first input electron;

The random number generator is further configured to receive the time base letter sent by the second charge detector And specifically for generating the first random number when receiving the first level signal and the time base signal simultaneously; receiving the second level signal and the time base signal simultaneously And generating the second random number. Detecting a second input electron by a second charge detector, and generating a time base signal based on detecting the second input electron, using the time base signal to indicate a reference time at which the first output electron is received, detecting whether the first charge detector receives To the first output electron, the spin direction of the first input electron can be determined indirectly.

Since it is considered that the electron pair separation efficiency may not reach 100%, a pseudo random number problem may be generated, and a time base signal is introduced. That is, a random signal is generated at the time of receiving the second input electron. If the first level signal is received at the same time, it indicates that the electron pair is separated and travels along two different migration directions, thereby based on quantum mechanical enthalpy. Uncertainty, generate true random numbers, and improve the randomness of random numbers.

It should be noted that the first migration direction or the second migration direction is only used to distinguish and describe the direction in which the first input electron or the second input electron travels, or the path. The second migration direction may be any direction different from the first migration direction.

In conjunction with the first possible implementation of the first aspect, in a second possible implementation of the first aspect, the random number generator includes:

a first spin filter coupled to the pair of electrons in a first migration direction relative to the pair of electrons for receiving the first input electron and for use in the first input electron When the spin direction is different from the preset spin direction, outputting electrons is prohibited, and when the spin direction of the first input electron is the same as the preset spin direction, the first output electron is outputted, The first output electron includes: the first input electron, or an electron emitted by the first spin filter excited by the first input electron;

a second spin filter coupled to the pair of electrons in a third migration direction relative to the pair of electrons for receiving the second input electron and for use in the second input electron When the spin direction is different from the preset spin direction, outputting electrons is prohibited, and outputting the second output when the spin direction of the second input electron is the same as the preset spin direction An electron, wherein the second output electron comprises: the second input electron, or an electron emitted by the second spin filter excited by the second input electron;

a third charge detector coupled to the first spin filter and the second spin filter, respectively, for outputting a third level signal upon receiving the first output electron, and for Outputting a fourth level signal when receiving the second output electron;

a random number generator coupled to the third charge detector for generating a first random number upon receiving the third level signal and for receiving the fourth level signal when Generate a second random number.

Therefore, by performing spin filtering processing on the first input electrons in the first migration direction and the second input electrons in the third migration direction, the electrons in the preset spin direction are filtered, and the output and the preset spin directions are output. The same electron generates a random number according to the randomness of the direction of migration of the output electrons. In essence, it is still based on the uncertainty of the electron spin, but does not require the indication of the time base signal, the uncertainty of the path of the electron that converts the uncertainty of the electron spin to a certain spin direction. , thus generating a random number.

It should be noted that the first migration direction or the third migration direction is only used to distinguish and describe the direction in which the first input electron or the second input electron travels, or the path. The third migration direction may be any direction different from the first migration direction, that is, the third migration direction may be in the same or different direction of the second migration direction. Here, it is only for distinguishing whether or not the second spin filter is provided, and the migration direction is divided into the second migration direction and the third migration direction. Here, only the distinction is made, and the different names are not used to define three or more migration directions in the embodiment of the present invention.

In a second aspect, the present application provides a method for generating a random number, the method comprising:

Generating a first pair of electrons comprising two electrons having opposite spin directions and the same direction of migration;

Separating the first electron pair to obtain two independent electrons, wherein the two independent electrons have opposite spin directions and the migration directions are independent of each other;

Receiving the first input electron and generating a random number according to a spin direction of the first input electron, the first input electron being one of the two independent electrons.

Therefore, a random number is generated by separating the first electron pair and based on the uncertainty of the electron spin direction of the separated first input electron. Thus, based on the uncertainty of quantum mechanical intrinsic, a true random number is generated. Further, the electron detector is used to detect electrons, which avoids the dark counting problem that may occur in the optical quantum random number generator, and the detection efficiency of the electronic detector is at least 100 MHz, so that the efficiency of generating random numbers of the device is also far. Far higher than the optical quantum random number generator.

With reference to the second aspect, in a first possible implementation manner of the second aspect, the generating a random number according to a spin direction of the first input electron includes:

When the spin direction of the first input electron is different from the preset spin direction, outputting electrons is prohibited; when the spin direction of the first input electron is the same as the preset spin direction, the output is An output electron, wherein the first output electron comprises: the first input electron, or an electron emitted by the first input electron excitation;

Detecting whether the first output electron is received, and generating a first indication signal based on whether the first output electron is received;

And generating the random number according to the first indication signal.

The generating the first indication signal based on whether the first output electron is received, includes:

Outputting the first level signal when receiving the first output electron;

Outputting the second level signal when the first output electron is not received;

Generating the random number according to the first indication signal, including:

Generating the first random number when receiving the first level signal;

The second random number is generated upon receiving the second level signal.

Further, the method further includes:

Receiving a second input electron, the second input electron being another electron of the two independent electrons except the first input electron;

Transmitting a time base signal at a time when the second input electron is received; and

And generating, when the first level signal is received, the first random number;

Generating the first random number when the first level signal and the time base signal are simultaneously received;

And generating, when the second level signal is received, the second random number, including:

The second random number is generated when the second level signal and the time base signal are simultaneously received.

It should be noted that the first migration direction or the second migration direction is only used to distinguish and describe the first Enter the direction in which the electron or the second input electron travels, or the path. The second migration direction may be any direction different from the first migration direction.

With reference to the foregoing possible implementation manner of the second aspect, in a second possible implementation manner of the second aspect, the method further includes:

When the spin direction of the second input electron is different from the preset spin direction, outputting electrons is prohibited;

Outputting a second output electron when the spin direction of the second electron is the same as the preset spin direction, the second output electron comprising: the second input electron, or, by the second Input electrons emitted by electron excitation;

Receiving the first input electron, and generating a random number according to the spin direction of the first input electron, including:

Receiving the first input electron;

When the spin direction of the first input electron is different from the preset spin direction, outputting electrons is prohibited;

Outputting a first output electron when the spin direction of the first input electron is the same as the preset spin direction, wherein the first output electron includes: the first input electron, or the An electron emitted by a spin filter excited by the first input electron;

And outputting a third level signal when receiving the first output electron, and generating a first random number when receiving the third level signal;

A fourth level signal is output when the second output electron is received, and a second random number is generated upon receiving the fourth level signal.

It should be noted that the first migration direction or the third migration direction is only used to distinguish and describe the direction in which the first input electron or the second input electron travels, or the path. The third migration direction can In any direction different from the first migration direction, that is, the third migration direction may be in the same or different direction of the second migration direction. Here, it is only for distinguishing whether or not the second spin filter is provided, and the migration direction is divided into the second migration direction and the third migration direction. Here, only the distinction is made, and the different names are not used to define three or more migration directions in the embodiment of the present invention.

In some implementations, the electron pair generator is a Cooper pair electron generator.

Optionally, the Cooper pair electron generator is an S-wave superconductor.

In certain implementations, the electron pair generator and the electron pair separator are heterojunctions comprising a superconductor-semiconductor-non-superconductor metal.

The present application provides an apparatus and method for generating a random number that can generate a true random number depending on the uncertainty of the quantum mechanical intrinsic.

DRAWINGS

In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings to be used in the embodiments of the present invention will be briefly described below. It is obvious that the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention, Those skilled in the art can also obtain other drawings based on these drawings without paying any creative work.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an application scenario of a device for generating a random number according to an embodiment of the present invention.

2 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus for generating a random number, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

3 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus for generating a random number in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.

4a and 4b are schematic structural views of an electron pair generator and an electron pair separator according to an embodiment of the present invention.

5 is a schematic diagram of an electron pair separator separating a first pair of electrons in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

6 is a schematic diagram of a spin filter process performed on a first input electron by a first spin filter in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

Figure 7a is a schematic illustration of a first charge detector in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

Figure 7b is a schematic illustration of the change in conductance as electrons flow through the first charge detector.

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus for generating a random number according to still another embodiment of the present invention.

9 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus for generating a random number in accordance with still another embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 10 is a schematic flowchart of a method of generating a random number according to an embodiment of the present invention.

detailed description

The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention are clearly and completely described in the following with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. It is obvious that the described embodiments are a part of the embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without creative efforts shall fall within the scope of the present invention.

It should be understood that, in the embodiment of the present invention, “first”, “second”, “third” and “fourth” are only used to distinguish different objects, for example, different random numbers, different electronic, Different migration directions, different level signals, and the like should not be construed as limiting the invention.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an application scenario of a device for generating a random number according to an embodiment of the present invention. The apparatus can be applied to a computer system 10 as shown in FIG. 1, which can include a processor 11 and a device 12 for generating random numbers in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The processor 11 is connected to the device 12. The processor 11 can retrieve a random number from the device 12 as needed. After generating the random number, the device 12 may send the random number to the processor 11, so that the processor 11 performs an encryption and decryption operation, a radar signal processing, a simulation operation, and the like based on the acquired random number.

It should be understood that although not shown in FIG. 1, the computer system 10 may also include other modules or units, which are not specifically limited in the present invention.

Hereinafter, an apparatus for generating a random number according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to FIGS. 2 through 9. It will be appreciated that the apparatus may correspond to the apparatus 12 for generating random numbers as shown in FIG.

2 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus 100 for generating random numbers in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 2, the apparatus 100 includes an electron pair generator 110, an electron pair separator 120, and a random number generator 130. The device 100 can fabricate a micro/nano circuit in the form of a Printed Circuit Board ("PCB") or directly integrate all of the circuits in the chip.

Wherein, the electron pair generator 110 is configured to generate a first electron pair, the first pair of electrons comprising two electrons having opposite spin directions and the same direction of migration;

The electron pair separator 120 is configured to perform separation processing on the first pair of electrons to obtain two independent electrons, and the migration directions of the two independent electrons are independent of each other;

The random number generator 130 is configured to receive a first input electron output by the pair of electrons, and generate a random number according to a spin direction of the first input electron, where the first input electron is in the two independent electrons An electronic one.

Specifically, the electron pair generator 110 is connected to the electron pair separator 120, and the electron pair separator 120 is connected to the random number generator 130. Through the above connection relationship, the electron pair generator 110 is produced The resulting pair of electrons (referred to as the first pair of electrons for ease of illustration and understanding) are separated into two separate electrons (eg, first input electrons and second input electrons) by an electron pair separator.

It should be understood that the first electron pair is an entangled electron pair before performing the separation process, and the entangled electron pair can be understood as: in a specific case, there is attraction between the two spins and the opposite momentum electrons by exchanging phonons. , tied together to form an entangled pair of electrons. That is to say, the entangled electron pair can be understood as two electrons that are spatially bound together (corresponding to the pair of electrons in the source in FIG. 4a or 4b), and the directions of migration of the two electrons are consistent. Can be considered as a single quasiparticle. After the separation of the electrons by the separator, the binding properties are broken, but the two electrons still maintain the opposite spin momentum. That is, the first pair of electrons are separated into two spatially independent electrons (corresponding to two of the drains in FIG. 4a or 4b), and the separated first input electrons and second input electrons may be separated. The migration directions of the first input electrons and the second input electrons are independent of each other, or the spin directions of the first input electrons and the second input electrons remain opposite to each other.

In one embodiment, the spin direction of the first input electron is upward and the spin direction of the second input electron is downward. In another embodiment, the spin direction of the first input electron is downward and the spin direction of the second input electron is upward. That is to say, the spin directions of the separated two electrons are uncertain. The embodiment of the present invention utilizes the uncertainty of the electron spin direction to transmit one of the two electrons (eg, the first input electron) into the random number generator 130, and the random number generator 130 is based on the first input electron The spin direction generates a random number. For example, when it is detected that the spin direction of the first input electron is upward, the first random number is output, for example, “1”, and when the spin direction of the first input electron is detected to be downward, the second random number is output, for example, , "0".

It should be understood that the specific values "1" and "0" of the first random number and the second random number shown here are merely illustrative, and the first random number and the second random number are two different random numbers, The correspondence between the first random number and the second random number and "1" and "0" is not specifically described in the embodiment of the present invention. For example, the first random number may also be "0", and the second random number may also be "1". For the sake of brevity, the description of the same or similar cases will be omitted hereinafter.

The path through which the first input electron is output by the electron pair separator and transmitted to the random number generator may be recorded as the first migration direction. It should be understood that the electrons entering the first migration direction are random, and may be the first input electron or the second input electron. In the embodiment of the present invention, only the first input electron is taken as an example, and the present invention is not limited thereto.

It should be noted that the first migration direction mentioned here and the second migration party mentioned later The direction is a schematic illustration for distinguishing the direction in which the first input electron and the second input electron obtained after the separation process travel. In the embodiment of the present invention, the second migration direction may be any direction different from the first migration direction, and the first migration direction and the second migration direction may respectively correspond to two different paths that the electronic pair separators will guide the electrons to travel. (Can correspond to two different directions in which the two drains shown in Figure 4a or Figure 4b direct electron travel).

It should be understood that the first migration direction or the second migration direction is only used to distinguish and describe the direction in which the first input electron or the second input electron travels, or the path, and should not constitute any limitation to the present invention.

It should be understood that the above-mentioned method for outputting a specific random number according to the spin direction is merely illustrative, and the present invention should not be limited in any way. The correspondence relationship between the electron spin direction and the random number is not particularly limited. .

It should also be understood that the specific method for detecting the spin direction of the first input electron is not particularly limited, and may be directly detected by the spin direction of the first input electron, or may be the first input through the spin filter. The electrons are filtered to indirectly detect the spin direction of the first input electrons, and the spin direction of the first input electrons may be detected by other means, which is not particularly limited in the present invention. All methods for generating random numbers based on the uncertainty of the electron spin direction fall within the scope of the present invention.

Therefore, the apparatus for generating a random number according to an embodiment of the present invention generates a random number by separating the first pair of electrons and based on the uncertainty of the direction of the electron spin of the separated first input electron. Thus, based on the uncertainty of quantum mechanical intrinsic, a true random number is generated. Further, the electron detector is used to detect electrons, which avoids the dark counting problem that may occur in the optical quantum random number generator, and the detection efficiency of the electronic detector is at least 100 MHz, so that the efficiency of generating random numbers of the device is also far. Far higher than the optical quantum random number generator.

Optionally, the random number generator includes:

a first spin filter coupled to the pair of electrons in a first migration direction relative to the pair of electrons for receiving the first input electron and in a spin direction of the first input electron When the spin directions are different, outputting electrons is prohibited; when the spin direction of the first input electron is the same as the preset spin direction, the first output electrons are output, and the first output electrons include: the first input An electron, or an electron emitted by the first spin filter excited by the first input electron;

a first charge detector coupled to the first spin filter in a first migration direction relative to the pair of electrons for detecting whether the first output electron is received and based on whether the The first output electron generates a first indication signal;

And a random number generator, configured to generate a random number according to the first indication signal.

Specifically, based on the apparatus 100 for generating a random number shown in FIG. 2, the random number generator 130 may further include a first spin filter, a first charge detector, and a random number generator, as shown in the figure. 3 is shown. 3 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus 100 for generating a random number in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. The random number generator in the apparatus 100 shown in FIG. 3 includes a first spin filter 131, a first charge detector 132, and a random number generator 133.

Specifically, the electron pair generator 110 is coupled to the electron pair separator 120, and the first spin filter 131 and the first charge detector 132 are placed in the first migration direction with reference to the electron pair separator 120. A spin filter 131 is coupled to the electron pair separator 120 in a first migration direction, the first charge detector 132 is coupled to the first spin filter 131 in a first migration direction, and finally passes through a random number generator 133 and a first Charge detector 132 is coupled. Through the coupling relationship between the devices as described above, the electron pair generated by the electron pair generator 110 is separated into the first pair of electrons (for example, the first input electron) after being separated by the electron pair separator 120. The spin filter 131, if not filtered in the first spin filter 131, is output via the first charge detector 132 and then input to the random number generator 133 as an electrical signal.

In an embodiment of the invention, the first spin filter is configured to perform spin filtering processing on the received first input electrons. Specifically, when the spin direction of the first input electron is different from the preset spin direction of the first spin filter, outputting the first input electron (or filtering the first input electron) is prohibited; When the spin direction of an input electron is the same as the preset spin direction of the first spin filter, the first output electron is output (or the first input electron is prohibited from being filtered). In an embodiment of the invention, the first output electron may be the first input electron itself. It should be noted that the example in which the first output electrons described herein are first input electrons should not constitute any limitation to the present invention, and the present invention does not exclude that the first spin filter implemented by existing technical means or future technologies will The first input electron absorbs and receives the excitation of the first input electron to emit the first output electron, in which case the first output electron and the first input electron may not be the same electron.

It should be noted that the spin filtering process, that is, the electron-based spin direction and the preset direction of the spin filter, selectively output the received electrons. Similar to a filtering device, the predetermined output condition is satisfied (it can be understood that, in the embodiment of the present invention, the preset condition is: the direction of the electron spin is the same as the preset direction of the spin filter), The electronic output that does not satisfy the preset condition is prohibited from being output, so this process can be simply referred to as spin filtering processing.

It should also be noted that another electron in the first pair of electrons (ie, the second input electron) may randomly enter the second migration direction. In the embodiment of the present invention, the electrons entering the second migration direction are not limited. For example, the electrons in the second migration direction may be directly grounded.

After the first output electron is output from the first spin filter, it enters the first charge detector. The first charge detector can be configured to detect whether the first output electron is received and generate a first indication signal based on whether the first output electron is received.

In the embodiment of the present invention, if the first spin filter does not filter the first input electron, the first charge detector can receive the first output electron, but if the first spin filter filters the first input electron, The first charge detector does not receive the first output electron.

The first charge detector may generate a first indication signal based on whether the first output electron is received. For example, the first indication signal may indicate that the first charge detector receives or does not receive the first output electron in the form of outputting a high level or a low level.

Optionally, the first indication signal includes a first level signal or a second level signal, and the first charge detector is specifically configured to output the first level signal when the first output electron is received; When the first output electrons, the second level signal is output.

Illustratively, the first level signal can be a high level signal and the second level signal can be a low level signal. Specifically, when the first charge detector receives the first output electron, the first indication signal may be displayed as a high level; when the first charge detector does not receive the first output electron, the first indication signal may Displayed as low level. It should be understood that the high level signal and the low level signal are only one possible example of the first level signal and the second level signal, and should not be construed as limiting the invention. For example, the first level signal may also be a low level signal, and the second level signal may also be a high level signal; or the first level signal and the second level signal may also be other forms of level signals. As long as the first level signal and the second level signal can be distinguished, it should fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

Optionally, the random number includes a first random number or a second random number, and the random number generator is specifically configured to generate a first random number when receiving the first level signal; when receiving the second level signal , generating a second random number.

Illustratively, the electrical signal output by the first charge detector enters a random number generator, thereby triggering the random number generator to generate a random number, and when receiving a high level, outputting a first random number, such as "1", upon receiving When low, the second random number is output, for example, "0".

It should be understood that the correspondence between the high and low levels and the first and second random numbers shown here is only shown. For example, the present invention should not be construed as being limited in any way. The correspondence between the first level signal and the second level signal and the first random number and the second random number is not particularly limited in the embodiment of the present invention. For the sake of brevity, the description of the same or similar cases will be omitted hereinafter.

Next, in conjunction with FIG. 4 (including FIGS. 4a and 4b) to FIG. 7 (including FIGS. 7a and 7b), a specific process for generating a random number by the apparatus 100 for generating a random number according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail.

First, the electron pair generator produces a first pair of electrons. The first pair of electrons can include an electron in a spin direction and an electron in a spin direction. In other words, the first pair of electrons can be understood as two electrons that are spin-paired.

Optionally, the electron pair generator is a Cooper-pair electron generator. Specifically, the Cooper pair electron generator may be an S-wave superconductor. Correspondingly, the first pair of electrons can be an electron pair (or a Cooper pair) in the S-wave superconductor.

Thereafter, the first pair of electrons are separated by an electron pair separator. The separated first electron pair can be split into two separate electrons, which can still maintain the original spin direction. One of the two electrons (referred to as the first input electron for ease of distinction and description) randomly enters a first migration direction, the first migration direction being configured with a first spin filter. The other of the two electrons (referred to as the second input electron for ease of distinction and description) randomly enters the second migration direction. In the embodiment of the present invention, the second migration direction is not configured with a spin filter.

Optionally, the electron pair generator and the electron pair separator are heterojunctions composed of a semiconductor-superconductor-semiconductor.

Hereinafter, a specific process of separating the first electron pair by the heterojunction will be described in detail with reference to FIGS. 4 and 5.

4 (including FIGS. 4a and 4b) is a schematic structural diagram of an electron pair generator and an electron pair separator according to an embodiment of the present invention. 5 is a schematic diagram of an electron pair separator separating a first pair of electrons in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

Optionally, in the embodiment of the invention, the electron pair generator and the electron pair separator are heterojunctions composed of superconductor-semiconductor-non-superconductor metal.

Hereinafter, the process of generating an electron pair and separating an electron pair will be described in detail in conjunction with FIG. 4a.

As shown in Figure 4a, one S pole and two D poles form a Y-type device. The Y-type device heterojunction is composed of a superconductor, a semiconductor, and a non-superconductor metal. Specifically, the S pole is composed of a superconductor, and the D pole is composed of a non-superconductor metal. The superconductor is directly connected to the semiconductor to form a heterojunction, semiconductor and gold Directly connected also constitutes a heterojunction. The barrier caused by the heterojunction is called the heterojunction barrier. The function of the electron pair generator and the electron pair separator may be composed of a source (Source, referred to as "S") pole and two drain (Drain, "D") poles (including D1 and D2). achieve. In other words, the electron pair generator and the electron pair separator can be understood as two functional modules for generating an electron pair and a separate electron pair, and the generation of the pair of electrons and the pair of separated electrons can be realized by the device shown in Fig. 4a.

1. Generate an electronic pair

As shown in Figure 4a, a small DC bias is applied to the source (S) of the superconductor, for example, the current I _input shown in Figure 4a, causing a current to flow in the superconductor. The implementation of the current in the superconductor may be in the form of a Cooper pair (ie, an example of a first pair of electrons), at which time Cooper's excitation of the _input of the current I _input begins to migrate.

It should be understood that a specific implementation of the functions of the electron pair generator and the electron pair separator is realized by a device composed of one S pole and two D poles, "Nature", Vol. 461, No. 960, published in 2009. It has been described in detail on page 963, and is not described here for brevity.

2. Separate electron pairs

After the Cooper pair is generated at the S pole, after separation processing, two independent electrons (for example, a first input electron and a second input electron) are obtained, and the two independent electrons can enter the two in separate states. D poles.

In the embodiment of the present invention, the heterojunction barrier can be adjusted by optimizing the device structure, thereby adjusting the separation efficiency of the electron pair. In the Y-type device, the heterojunction barrier can be calibrated by a measurable amount such as tunneling coupling. In other words, tunneling coupling can be understood as the ability of an electron to penetrate a semiconductor-superconductor barrier (eg, a source barrier or an artificial barrier).

In a possible implementation manner, a long insulating layer may be formed on the heterojunction, and an electrode is formed at a contact point between the insulating layer and the heterojunction to form a gate, and the heterojunction barrier is adjusted by adjusting a gate voltage. In turn, the separation efficiency of the electron pair is improved.

The heterojunction barrier can be adjusted by the gate voltage applied at the gate shown in Figure 4a (or, Figure 4b), which can correspond to the gate shown by the black arrow in Figure 5. At the same time, by adjusting the gate voltage, electrons can be controlled to be discharged one by one from the quantum dots, as shown by I ₁ and I ₂ in Fig. 4a, and I ₁ and I ₂ can be understood as currents generated by the discharge of electrons. It should be noted that the specific method described herein for optimizing the device structure to adjust the heterojunction barrier is similar to the prior art. For example, in the publication of Nature Nanotechnology, Volume 7, January 2012, a specific device for processing a nanowire on a characteristic component structure is disclosed, which enables modulation heterogeneity through the specific device structure. The function of the barrier.

Wherein, by way of example and not limitation, the superconductor material may be an S-wave superconductor. It should be understood that the superconductor materials listed herein are merely illustrative and should not be construed as limiting the invention. The present invention does not exclude the function of achieving an electronic pair from other superconductors in the prior art or in the future.

By way of example and not limitation, the semiconductor material may be a one-, two-, or three-dimensional semiconductor material such as graphene or carbon nanotubes. More specifically, the semiconductor material may be two-dimensional graphene, one-dimensional carbon nanotubes, and various nanowires. It should be understood that the above-listed semiconductor materials are merely illustrative and should not be construed as limiting the invention. The present invention does not exclude the prior art or in the future art by connecting other semiconductor materials to the superconductor material to form a function of achieving separation of the electron pairs.

By way of example and not limitation, the non-superconductor metal can be a gold electrode or a platinum electrode. It should be understood that the non-superconductor metals listed herein are merely illustrative and should not be construed as limiting the invention. For example, the non-superconductor metal can be other metals used in semiconductor processes.

It should also be understood that "Y-type" is an exemplary description given for describing the "single-way, two-way" structure of the device (i.e., heterojunction) and should not be construed as limiting the invention. As long as the device can realize the function of electronic pair single input and electron output from two channels (ie, electronic pair separation), it falls within the protection scope of the present invention. The present invention does not exclude the use of an electronic pair separator of other structural forms formed by joining other semiconductor materials and superconductor materials in the prior art or in the prior art for achieving the function of electron pair separation.

For ease of understanding, the principle of electronic pair separation will be described in detail below in conjunction with the Y-type device shown in FIG. 4b and the energy level diagram shown in FIG. 5.

Alternatively, as shown in Figure 4b, the drain and source can be connected by a quantum dot, respectively. When the energy level in the quantum dot is lower than the superconducting energy gap Δ, only the Cooper pair can tunnel. If you want Quantum Dot ("QD") to be a filter that prevents Cooper from direct tunneling, the quantum dots need to be tuned to the appropriate area.

Figure 5 shows a schematic diagram of the energy levels of the device shown in Figure 4b. As shown in FIG. 5, the tunneling coupling between the source of the superconductor and the quantum dots on both sides (for example, QD1 and QD2) is Γ _S1 and Γ _{S2 , respectively} . The tunneling coupling of the two quantum dots to the drain is Γ _D1 and Γ _{D2 , respectively} . The Γ _S1 , Γ _S2 , Γ _{D1 ,} and Γ _D2 shown in FIG. 5 may correspond to the heterojunction barrier shown in FIG. 4b.

When the charging energy U of a quantum dot is large, Coulomb due to Coulomb interaction in quantum dots The blocking effect allows only one electron to enter the quantum dot. Therefore, when one of the Cooper pairs enters QD1, the other electron can only enter QD2, or, after waiting for the electron entering QD1 to jump out of QD1, the other electron enters QD1. In the latter case, the Cooper-performed tunneling of electrons through the same quantum dot is suppressed by the reciprocal (1/Δ) of the superconducting energy gap. Wherein, the charging energy U of the quantum dot can be adjusted by the gate voltage applied at the gate shown in FIG. 4b (corresponding to the gate indicated by the gray arrow in FIG. 5). By adjusting the gate voltage, a Coulomb blockage is formed, ensuring that only one electron can enter the quantum dot from the source at a time.

It should be noted that the charging energy U of a quantum dot can be understood as the characteristic of the quantum dot itself. By adjusting the gate voltage, this characteristic can be utilized to control the flow of electrons through the quantum dot.

It should also be noted that the quantum dots are not added to the heterojunction structure shown in FIG. 4a, and only the heterojunction barrier needs to be adjusted, that is, the gate is placed above (or, laterally) the heterojunction. To adjust the heterojunction barrier. The quantum dots are added to the heterojunction structure shown in Figure 4b, and the heterojunction barrier and quantum dot charging energy need to be adjusted simultaneously, that is, above the heterojunction (or side) and quantum dots, respectively. A gate is placed on the side to adjust the heterojunction barrier and the quantum dot charging energy, respectively.

It should also be noted that it has been proved by experiments that placing the gate above the heterojunction has a better effect on the adjustment of the heterojunction barrier. Therefore, preferably, the gate for adjusting the heterojunction barrier is placed over the heterojunction. The gate for adjusting the charging energy of the quantum dots is placed on the side to sufficiently adjust the charging ability of the quantum dots. It should be understood that the placement positions of the above-listed gates are merely illustrative and should not be construed as limiting the invention. As long as the adjustment of the heterojunction barrier and the quantum dot charging energy can be achieved by the gate voltage, it falls within the protection scope of the present invention.

It should be understood that the gate voltage (which may correspond to the gate indicated by the black arrow in FIG. 5) for adjusting the heterojunction barrier and the gate for adjusting the quantum dot charging energy U may correspond to the diagram. The gate voltage at the gate indicated by the gray arrow in 5 can be controlled by different circuits to adjust the charge of the heterojunction barrier and the quantum dot, respectively.

It should also be understood that the specific implementation and principle of the function of the electron pair generator and the electron pair separator are realized by a Y-shaped device composed of one S pole and two D poles, and Nature Edition published in 2009. Volume 461, pages 960-963, has been described in detail, and is not described here for brevity.

It should be noted that in the actual implementation process, the separation efficiency of the pair of electrons to the pair may not reach 100%, that is, the first pair may or may not be separated. from. In other words, when the electron pair generator continuously generates a plurality of electron pairs over a period of time, only some of the electron pairs may be separated, and some of the electron pairs are not separated. The pair of electrons that are not separated may enter the first spin filter through the first migration direction, or may enter the second migration direction different from the first migration direction.

It should be understood that the separation efficiency of the pair of electrons to the pair of electrons described herein should not be construed as limiting the invention. The present invention does not exclude the possibility that the separation efficiency of the electron pair is 100% by the electron pair separation technique by the prior art means or in the future technology.

Even if the first pair of electrons are not separated and enter the first migration direction, they eventually enter the first spin filter. However, for the first charge detector receiving the first electron, the first pair of electrons is separated or not separated, which is uncertain, and the uncertainty also causes the randomness of the final output electrical signal, thereby Random numbers are also generated. Therefore, the electron pair separation efficiency should not constitute any limitation to the present invention. Thereafter, the first spin filter performs a spin filtration process on the first input electron.

In particular, the first spin filter can take the form of either a longitudinal or an in-plane. 6 is a schematic diagram of a spin filter process performed on a first input electron by a first spin filter in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

As can be seen from Figure 6, the electron barrier in the spin filter is discrete. The first pair of electrons are separated into two separate electrons before entering the first spin filter. The energy level of a single electron (eg, the first input electron) entering the first spin filter is the same regardless of the spin direction of the electron.

In the embodiment of the present invention, since the spin direction of the first input electron entering the first migration direction is random after the first electron pair is separated, the spin direction may be upward, or may be downward. After the first input electron enters the first spin filter, the first spin filter has a lower electron barrier for the spin direction, and the electron barrier of the spin direction is higher. When the energy level of the electrons entering the first spin filter is just between the discrete energy levels, only the electrons in the spin direction can pass. That is, if the spin direction of the first input electron is upward, the first input electron can pass through the first spin filter; if the spin direction of the first input electron is downward, the first input electron is prohibited from passing through the first A spin filter.

In one implementation, the first spin filter is a spin valve. It should be understood that the spin valve is not limited to the present invention as an example of the first spin filter, and the present invention does not exclude the function of realizing electron spin filtration by other methods or devices.

It should be understood that the longitudinal form of the spin filter shown in FIG. 6 is only an example of a spin filter. The invention should not be construed as limiting, for example, the spin filter also includes an in-plane spin filter.

It should be understood that the specific principle of the spin filter shown in FIG. 6 for filtering processing according to the direction of electron spin has been published in 1999, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 85, article number 4785. The article details in detail, for the sake of brevity, no longer repeat them.

Thereafter, the first charge detector detects the first output electron.

In particular, the first charge detector can be a device that includes a single charge that can be accurately detected. Optionally, the first charge detector comprises a source, a drain, a detector, and the like. By detecting changes in the charge island conductance, it is possible to determine whether or not electrons are flowing through the detector.

As an example of the first charge detector, the first charge detector may further comprise a single electron transistor (Single Electron Transistor, "SET" for short), and the conductance change of the SET is reflected by the conductance change of the SET, and the conductance change of the SET is changed. The change in conductance of the detector is more pronounced, so that it is possible to detect whether or not electrons are flowing through the detector.

Figure 7a is a schematic illustration of a first charge detector in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in Fig. 7a, the upper half of Fig. 7a shows the detector element (e.g., QD), and the lower half of Fig. 7a shows the first charge detector. Specifically, the first charge detector is a SET. . As can be seen from the upper half of Figure 7a, the first output electron flows through the source-QD-drain, and a SET is placed near the QD. The SET can be located in any direction around the QD, as long as the SET and QD The distance can be achieved by capacitive coupling between the two. Specifically, when the first output electron passes through the QD, the conductance in the QD is changed, thereby affecting the conductance in the SET through capacitive coupling, and the electron changes the conductance in the QD to change the conductance in the SET, which is reflected on the conductance curve of the SET. Can measure an enlarged effect. Therefore, it is possible to detect whether or not electrons are flowing through the detector member by detecting the conductance change in the SET. It should be noted that SET is an example of a charge detector and has its own source and drain. The position of the source of the SET and the drain of the SET is not particularly limited in the present invention.

Figure 7b shows a schematic diagram of the change in conductance as electrons flow through the first charge detector. Wherein, the a curve in FIG. 7b is used to indicate the conductance (G) of the source-QD-drain, and the b-curve in FIG. 7b is used to indicate the change curve of the conductance of the source-SET-drain, The c-curve in 7b is used to indicate the curve after the b-curve is differentiated from the a-curve. It can be seen that there is a peak in the conductance of each output electron flowing through the QD in the a-curve, that is, each peak represents one electron flowing through the QD. The b-curve can easily see a large change in the conductance caused to the SET as each output electron flows through the QD. Therefore, according to the change curve of the conductance of the source-SET-drain, whether or not there is electron flow Pass the first charge detector. The c-curve further presents the change in the conductance curve of the SET as each output electron flows through the QD, and each trip point on the c-curve indicates that an output electron flows through the QD.

It should be understood that the first charge detector shown in Figures 7a and 7b and the indication of the change in conductance of electrons flowing through the first charge detector are published in the 2010 issue of Applied Physics Letters, Vol. The article in the 26th issue of article 262113 has been described in detail, and is not described here for brevity.

It should also be understood that the method of detecting the presence or absence of electrons flowing through the QD by the first charge detector described above is merely exemplary, and should not be construed as limiting the invention. For example, the QD may also be a quantum dot contact. Among them, QD and quantum dot contact can be understood as “charge islands”, indicating whether electrons flow through the change of conductance, capacitance or current during charging and discharging.

Finally, the random number generator generates a random number according to the first indication signal.

It should be understood that the above-mentioned method of performing spin filtering processing on the first input electron by the first electron spin filter and outputting the first indication signal by the first charge detector, and generating a random number based on the first indication signal is A method of generating a random number by indirectly detecting the direction of the electron spin and based on the randomness of the direction of the electron spin. The method for determining the spin direction of the first input electrons enumerated in the present invention is merely illustrative, and the present invention should not be construed as being limited in any way. The present invention does not exclude the direct or indirect detection or determination of the direction of electron spin by other methods or devices to generate a random number based on the randomness of the electron spin direction.

For example, the electron spin direction can also be detected by electron spin resonance ("ESR"). Specifically, under the magnetic field, there is an energy level difference between the spin direction upward and the spin direction downward electron, the electron energy level in the spin direction is lower, and the electron energy level in the spin direction is higher. The electrons of the source enter the quantum dots and occupy different energy levels depending on the direction of the spin. When the potential in the quantum dot is raised, the source potential is between the electron energy level differences. If the electrons in the quantum dot are in the spin direction, they can migrate to the source, thereby generating a current signal; if the quantum dot is in the quantum dot The electrons are in the spin direction down, no electron migration occurs, and no current signal is generated. Therefore, the direction of the electron spin can be determined by detecting the current signal, and then the random number can be generated according to the direction of the electron spin.

It should be understood that the above-exemplified methods for detecting the direction of electron spin are merely illustrative and should not be construed as limiting the invention. The specific method for detecting the direction of electron spin is not limited to the above examples, for example, the direction of electron spin can also be obtained by magnetic resonance force microscopy (Magnetic) Resonance Force Microscope, referred to as "MRFM" for testing. For the sake of brevity, specific implementations for detecting the direction of electron spins are not listed here.

Therefore, the apparatus for generating a random number according to the embodiment of the present invention separates the first pair of electrons, performs spin filtering processing on the separated first input electrons, and generates a random number according to the result of the spin filtering. Thus, based on the uncertainty of the spin direction of the first input electron, or based on the uncertainty of the quantum mechanical intrinsic, a true random number is generated. Further, the electron detector is used to detect electrons, which avoids the dark counting problem that may occur in the optical quantum random number generator, and the detection efficiency of the electronic detector is at least 100 MHz, so that the efficiency of generating random numbers of the device is also far. Far higher than the optical quantum random number generator.

It should be noted that, after the first pair of electrons is separated by the pair of electrons, the second electron enters the second migration direction, or when the first pair of electrons is not separated, when entering the second migration direction, The method described above performs spin filtering processing, electronic detection, and outputting random numbers on the second input electron or the first pair of electrons that are not separated. The specific implementation is the same as the processing of the first input electron. For brevity, no further details are provided here.

Further, in the actual implementation process, the separation efficiency of the pair of electrons to the pair may not reach 100%. In the embodiment of the present invention, in order to ensure the randomness of the random number, the first charge detector may be based on the pre- The set reference time generates a random number.

Specifically, the time, frequency, and rate at which the electron pair generator generates an electronic pair can be controlled, so that the electron pair generator generates and emits an electron pair at a constant rate according to a preset frequency within a predetermined period of time. The same frequency and rate are also exhibited at the instant when the first input electron reaches the first charge detector without passing through the first spin filter. For example, the timing and frequency (or time and rate) at which the electrons can generate an electron pair to the generator can be controlled by control of the input current.

Thus, the first charge detector receives the first output electron at a predetermined time, frequency, and rate. That is, the first charge detector can determine the reference time at which the first electron is received without passing through the first spin filter based on the preset time, frequency, and rate. And based on the reference moment, the first random signal is received when the first level signal is received, and the second random number is output when the second level signal is received.

Alternatively, the electron pair generator may also send a time base signal to the first charge detector while generating the first electron pair to indicate that the first charge detector receives the first output electron at the reference instant indicated by the time base signal. The first charge detector outputs a first level signal upon receiving the first output electron based on the reference timing, and outputs a second level signal when the first output electron is not received.

The random number generator may generate a first random number, for example, “1” if a first level signal is received at a reference time based on the time base signal; and generate a second level signal if the second level signal is received at the reference time Two random numbers, such as "0".

Optionally, the random number generator further includes a second charge detector coupled to the pair of electrons in a second migration direction with respect to the pair of electrons for receiving the second input electron and receiving the The time of the second input electron is used as a reference time to generate and transmit a time base signal, wherein the second input electron is another electron of the two independent electrons except the first input electron; the random number generator further And receiving a time base signal sent by the second charge detector.

A schematic of the device can be as shown in FIG. FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus 100 for generating a random number in accordance with yet another embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 8, the device 100 further includes a second charge in addition to the electron pair generator 110, the electron pair separator 120, the first spin filter 131, the first charge detector 132, and the random number generator 133 described above. Detector 134. The coupling relationship between the electron pair generator 110, the electron pair separator 120, the first spin filter 131, the first charge detector 132, and the random number generator 133 is as described above, and details are not described herein again. The second charge detector 134 is coupled to the electron pair separator 120 in a second migration direction with respect to the electron pair separator, and the random number generator 133 is coupled to the first charge detector 132 and to the second Charge detector 134 is coupled. The second input electrons traveling in the second migration direction separated by the pair of separators 120 are received by the second charge detector 134, and the time base signal is transmitted to the random number generator 133 at the timing of receiving the second input electrons.

Specifically, since the second input electron is not subjected to the spin filtering process, the second charge detector can receive the second input electron through the second migration direction; otherwise, the first electron pair can be considered as not separated. And the first pair of electrons that are not separated does not travel in the second migration direction. The embodiment of the present invention may use the second input electron traveling through the second migration direction to receive the second moment of the second input electron as the reference time to determine whether the first charge detector receives the first The output electrons are judged. That is, the second charge detector can indicate the reference time by the time base signal.

Since the first electron pair is split into the first input electron and the second input electron, the time of traveling to the first charge detector and the second charge detector through the first migration direction and the second migration direction, respectively, is almost negligible, that is, It can be considered that the first moment when the first output electron reaches the first charge detector and the second moment when the second input electron reaches the second charge detector can be considered to be the same. It should be noted that the first moment and the second moment mentioned here are the same, and can be understood as being within a certain error range. The same, for example, the first moment is within the positive and negative tolerances of the second moment.

Optionally, the random number generator is specifically configured to generate a first random number when receiving the first level signal and the time base signal simultaneously; and generate the first time when receiving the second level signal and the time base signal simultaneously Two random numbers.

For example, if a first level signal (eg, a high level signal) is received while receiving the time base signal, a first random number (eg, "1") is output; if the time base signal is received, Upon receiving the second level signal (eg, a low level signal), a second random number (eg, "0") is output.

In the embodiment of the present invention, the second charge detector may be the same device as the first charge detector, or may be a device for realizing the same function as the first charge detector. The particular method by which the second charge detector receives the second input electron to generate the time base signal is similar to the specific method by which the first charge detector receives the first output electron to generate the first indication signal. The specific process of the first charge detector to generate the first indication signal based on whether the first output electron is received or not has been described in detail above. For the sake of brevity, the second charge detector is no longer receiving the second input electron transmission time base. The specific process of the signal is described in detail.

It should be noted that, when the pair of electrons does not split the first pair of electrons, and the first pair of electrons enters the first spin filter through the first migration direction, the first electron centering and the first spin filter The electrons of the opposite spin direction of the first filter are filtered, and the other electrons of the same spin direction of the first spin filter pass. At this time, the second charge detector cannot detect the passage of electrons, so the time base signal cannot be output at this time. In the embodiment of the present invention, the unpaired pair of electrons may be disregarded, and the random number generator directly ignores the first sent by the first charge detector when the time base signal sent by the second charge detector is not received. Indication signal.

Since the electron pair is subjected to spin filtration, an electron is filtered and one electron passes. If the random number is directly output according to the first indication signal, it is continuous "1" and "0", or consecutive "0" and "1". Considering the extreme case, if the separation rate of the pair of electrons is 0, the random number output by the random number generator is a plurality of consecutive "1"s and "0"s, or a plurality of consecutive "0"s and "1", which will cause pseudo randomness of the random number. Therefore, the present invention can further improve the randomness of the random number generator to generate the random number by indicating the reference time by the time base signal and outputting the random number at the reference time.

Optionally, the random number generator includes:

a first spin filter coupled to the pair of electrons in a first migration direction relative to the pair of electrons for receiving the first input electron and for spinning at the first input electron When the direction is different from the preset spin direction, the output of the electron is prohibited, and the first output electron is output when the spin direction of the first input electron is the same as the preset spin direction, wherein the first output electron The output electron includes: the first input electron, or an electron emitted by the first spin filter excited by the first input electron;

a second spin filter coupled to the pair of electrons in a third migration direction relative to the pair of electrons for receiving the second input electron and for use in a spin direction of the second input electron When the preset spin direction is different, the output of the electron is prohibited, and the second output electron is output when the spin direction of the second input electron is the same as the preset spin direction, wherein the second The output electron includes: the second input electron, or the electron emitted by the second spin filter excited by the second input electron;

a third charge detector coupled to the first spin filter and the second spin filter, respectively, for outputting a third level signal upon receiving the first output electron, and for receiving the Outputting a fourth level signal when outputting electrons;

a random number generator coupled to the third charge detector for generating a first random number upon receiving the third level signal and for generating a second when the fourth level signal is received random number.

A schematic of the device can be as shown in FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus 100 for generating random numbers in accordance with yet another embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 9, the apparatus 100 includes an electron pair generator 110, an electron pair separator 120, a first spin filter 131, a second spin filter 135, a third charge detector 136, and a random number generator. 133. The electron pair generator 110 is coupled to the electron pair separator 120. The electron pair separator 120 is coupled to the first spin filter 131 in the first migration direction with respect to the electron pair separator 120. In the migration direction, coupled to the second spin filter 135, the third charge detector is coupled to the first spin filter 131 and the first charge detector 132 in the first migration direction, and in the third migration direction and the second Spin filter 135 is coupled and random number generator 133 is coupled to third charge detector 136. Specifically, after the first pair of electrons is separated by the pair of electrons, the first migration direction and the third migration direction (different from the second migration direction in the above, referred to as the third migration direction) are respectively performed. The spin directions of the first input electron and the second input electron are still indeterminate or, in other words, random. Therefore, spin filtering processing may be performed on the first input electron and the second input electron, respectively, that is, the first spin filter receives the first input electron in the first migration direction, and the second spin filter is in the second migration The direction receives the second input electron. And the preset spin of the first spin filter and the second spin filter The filtering direction is the same. Then one of the first input electron and the second input electron is filtered, and one can pass. That is to say, the third charge detector may only receive electrons in one migration direction at a time. The third charge detector may generate different indication signals based on different migration directions of the received electrons, for example, outputting a third level signal (eg, a high level signal) when the electrons are received in the first migration direction, A fourth level signal (for example, a low level signal) is output when electrons are received in the second migration direction.

Here, it should be noted that the third charge detector is different from the first charge detector or the second charge detector described in the foregoing. The third charge detector described herein has a two-channel charge detection function and outputs different level signals depending on the channel in which the charge is detected.

Therefore, the random number generator can generate a first random number when receiving the third level signal, and can generate a second random number when receiving the fourth level signal. Therefore, a random number can be generated according to the uncertainty of the direction in which the electrons in the predetermined spin direction migrate.

It should be understood that the second migration direction and the third migration direction are only used to distinguish whether a second spin filter is disposed in the migration direction, and the third migration direction may be any direction different from the first migration direction, for example, the third. The migration direction may be the same or different direction as the second migration direction. Here, only the distinction is made, and the different names are not used to define three or more migration directions in the embodiment of the present invention.

It should also be understood that in the embodiment of the present invention, the second spin filter may be the same device as the first spin filter, or may be a device for achieving the same function as the first spin filter. The third charge detector can be the same device as the first charge detector, or it can be a device for achieving the same function as the first charge detector.

It should also be understood that the present invention is not particularly limited to the specific form of the level signal (including the first level signal to the fourth level signal described above). The first level signal and the third level signal may be the same level signal or different level signals; the second level signal and the fourth level signal may be the same level signal or different level signals. As long as the first level signal is different from the second level signal, the third level signal is different from the fourth level signal and should fall within the protection range of the present invention.

Therefore, the apparatus for generating a random number according to the embodiment of the present invention separates the first pair of electrons and performs spin filtering processing on the separated first input electrons and the second input electrons respectively, and generates a random number according to the filtered result. Thereby, a true random number is generated based on the uncertainty of the spin direction of the first input electron and the second input electron, or based on the uncertainty of the quantum mechanical intrinsic enthalpy. Further, electrons are detected by an electron detector, which avoids darkness that may occur in an optical quantum random number generator. The problem is counted, and the detection efficiency of the electronic detector is at least above 100 MHz, so that the efficiency of generating random numbers of the device is also much higher than that of the optical quantum random number generator.

Hereinabove, the apparatus for generating a random number according to an embodiment of the present invention has been described in detail with reference to FIGS. 2 through 9. Hereinafter, a method of generating a random number according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to FIG.

FIG. 10 is a schematic flow diagram of a method 900 of generating a random number, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The method 900 is applied to a device for generating a random number, the device comprising an electron pair generator, an electron pair separator, and a random number generator. As shown in FIG. 10, the method 900 includes:

S910. Generate a first pair of electrons, where the first pair of electrons includes two electrons having opposite spin directions and the same direction of migration;

S920, performing separation processing on the first pair of electrons to obtain two independent electrons, and the migration directions of the two independent electrons are independent of each other;

S930. Receive the first input electron, and generate a random number according to a spin direction of the first input electron. The first input electron is one of the two independent electrons except the first input electron.

Optionally, the generating a random number according to the spin direction of the first input electron includes:

And outputting a first output electron when the spin direction of the first input electron is the same as the preset spin direction, the first output electron includes: the first input electron, or is emitted by being excited by the first input electron Electronic

The random number is generated according to the first indication signal.

The generating the first indication signal based on whether the first output electron is received includes:

Outputting the first level signal when receiving the first output electron;

Generating a first random number when receiving the first level signal;

In the case where the second level signal is received, a second random number is generated.

Optionally, the method 900 further includes:

Transmitting a time base signal at the time of receiving the second input electron; and,

And generating, by the first level signal, a first random number, including:

Generating a first random number when receiving the first level signal and the time base signal simultaneously;

And when the second level signal is received, generating a second random number, including:

When the second level signal and the time base signal are simultaneously received, a second random number is generated.

Optionally, the method 900 further includes:

Outputting a second output electron when the spin direction of the second electron is the same as the preset spin direction, the second output electron comprising: the second input electron or being emitted by the second input electron Electronic

Receiving the first input electron;

Outputting a first output electron when the spin direction of the first input electron is the same as the preset spin direction, wherein the first output electron comprises: the first input electron, or the first spin filter An electron emitted by the first input electron excitation;

When the second output electron is received, the fourth level signal is output, and when the fourth level signal is received, the second random number is generated.

Therefore, the method for generating a random number according to an embodiment of the present invention generates a random number by separating the first electron pair and based on the uncertainty of the electron spin direction of the separated first input electron. Thus, based on the uncertainty of quantum mechanical intrinsic, a true random number is generated. Further, by electronic detection The device detects electrons, avoids the dark counting problem that may occur in the optical quantum random number generator, and the detection efficiency of the electronic detector is at least 100 MHz, so that the efficiency of generating random numbers of the device is much higher than that of optical quantum random. Number generator.

It should be understood that, in various embodiments of the present invention, the size of the sequence numbers of the above processes does not mean the order of execution, and the order of execution of each process should be determined by its function and internal logic, and should not be taken to the embodiments of the present invention. The implementation process constitutes any limitation.

Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the elements and algorithm steps of the various examples described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein can be implemented in electronic hardware or a combination of computer software and electronic hardware. Whether these functions are performed in hardware or software depends on the specific application and design constraints of the solution. A person skilled in the art can use different methods for implementing the described functions for each particular application, but such implementation should not be considered to be beyond the scope of the present invention.

A person skilled in the art can clearly understand that for the convenience and brevity of the description, the specific working process of the system, the device and the unit described above can refer to the corresponding process in the foregoing method embodiment, and details are not described herein again.

In the several embodiments provided by the present application, it should be understood that the disclosed systems, devices, and methods may be implemented in other manners. For example, the device embodiments described above are merely illustrative. For example, the division of the unit is only a logical function division. In actual implementation, there may be another division manner, for example, multiple units or components may be combined or Can be integrated into another system, or some features can be ignored or not executed. In addition, the mutual coupling or direct coupling or communication connection shown or discussed may be an indirect coupling or communication connection through some interface, device or unit, and may be in an electrical, mechanical or other form.

The units described as separate components may or may not be physically separated, and the components displayed as units may or may not be physical units, that is, may be located in one place, or may be distributed to multiple network units. Some or all of the units may be selected according to actual needs to achieve the purpose of the solution of the embodiment.

In addition, each functional unit in each embodiment of the present invention may be integrated into one processing unit, or each unit may exist physically separately, or two or more units may be integrated into one unit.

The functions may be stored in a computer readable storage medium if implemented in the form of a software functional unit and sold or used as a standalone product. Based on such understanding, the technical solution of the present invention is essentially or a part contributing to the prior art or a part of the technical solution. The points may be embodied in the form of a software product stored in a storage medium, including instructions for causing a computer device (which may be a personal computer, server, or network device, etc.) to perform various embodiments of the present invention All or part of the steps of the method. The foregoing storage medium includes: a U disk, a mobile hard disk, a read-only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a magnetic disk, or an optical disk, and the like. .

The above is only a specific embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any person skilled in the art can easily think of changes or substitutions within the technical scope of the present invention. It should be covered by the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the scope of the invention should be determined by the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

A device for generating a random number, comprising:

An electron pair generator for generating a first pair of electrons, the first pair of electrons comprising two electrons having opposite spin directions and the same direction of migration;

An electron pair separator for separating the first pair of electrons to obtain two independent electrons, wherein the two independent electrons have opposite spin directions and the migration directions are independent of each other;

a random number generator, configured to receive a first input electron output by the pair of electrons, and generate a random number according to a spin direction of the first input electron, where the first input electron is the two independent An electron in the electron.
The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said random number generator comprises:

a first spin filter coupled to the pair of electrons in a first migration direction relative to the pair of electrons for receiving the first input electron and for use in the first input electron When the spin direction is different from the preset spin direction, outputting electrons is prohibited, and when the spin direction of the first input electron is the same as the preset spin direction, the first output electron is outputted, The first output electron includes: the first input electron, or an electron emitted by the first spin filter excited by the first input electron;

a first charge detector coupled to the first spin filter in the first migration direction with respect to the electron pair separator for detecting whether the first output electron is received, and based on whether Receiving the first output electron to generate a first indication signal;

And a random number generator, configured to generate the random number according to the first indication signal.
The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the first indication signal comprises a first level signal or a second level signal, and the random number comprises a first random number or a second random number;

The first charge detector is specifically configured to output the first level signal when receiving the first output electron, and to output the second when the first output electron is not received Level signal

The random number generator is specifically configured to generate the first random number when receiving the first level signal, and to generate the second random when receiving the second level signal number.
The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein said random number generator further comprises a second charge detector coupled to said pair of electrons in a second migration direction with respect to said pair of electrons Receiving a second input electron and transmitting a time base signal at a timing of receiving the second input electron, wherein the second input electron is divided by the two independent electrons Another electron other than the first input electron;

The random number generator is further configured to receive the time base signal sent by the second charge detector, and specifically for generating the first level signal and the time base signal simultaneously Determining a first random number, and for generating the second random number when the second level signal and the time base signal are simultaneously received.
The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the electron pair generator is a Cooper pair electron generator.
Apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 5 wherein said electron pair generator and said electron pair separator are heterojunctions comprising superconductors, semiconductors and non-superconductor metals.
A method of generating a random number, the method comprising:

Generating a first pair of electrons comprising two electrons having opposite spin directions and the same direction of migration;

Separating the first electron pair to obtain two independent electrons, wherein the two independent electrons have opposite spin directions and the migration directions are independent of each other;

Receiving a first input electron and generating a random number according to a spin direction of the first input electron, the first input electron being one of the two independent electrons.
The method according to claim 7, wherein the generating a random number according to a spin direction of the first input electron comprises:

When the spin direction of the first input electron is different from the preset spin direction, outputting electrons is prohibited;

Outputting a first output electron when the spin direction of the first input electron is the same as the preset spin direction, the first output electron comprising: the first input electron, or An electron emitted by an input electron excitation;

Detecting whether the first output electron is received, and generating a first indication signal based on whether the first output electron is received;

And generating the random number according to the first indication signal.
The method according to claim 8, wherein the first indication signal comprises a first level signal or a second level signal, and the random number comprises a first random number or a second random number;

The generating the first indication signal based on whether the first output electron is received, includes:

Outputting the first level signal when receiving the first output electron;

Outputting the second level signal when the first output electron is not received;

Generating the random number according to the first indication signal, including:

Generating the first random number when receiving the first level signal;

The second random number is generated upon receiving the second level signal.
The method of claim 9 wherein the method further comprises:

Receiving a second input electron, the second input electron being another electron of the two independent electrons except the first input electron;

Transmitting a time base signal at a time when the second input electron is received; and

And generating, when the first level signal is received, the first random number;

Generating the first random number when the first level signal and the time base signal are simultaneously received;

And generating, when the second level signal is received, the second random number, including:

The second random number is generated when the second level signal and the time base signal are simultaneously received.