WO2018063005A1 - Outil et procédé de diagnostic par rayons x - Google Patents

Outil et procédé de diagnostic par rayons x Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018063005A1
WO2018063005A1 PCT/NO2017/050251 NO2017050251W WO2018063005A1 WO 2018063005 A1 WO2018063005 A1 WO 2018063005A1 NO 2017050251 W NO2017050251 W NO 2017050251W WO 2018063005 A1 WO2018063005 A1 WO 2018063005A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
pipeline
electromagnetic radiation
image
cathode
detector
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PCT/NO2017/050251
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English (en)
Inventor
Ioan-Alexandru MERCIU
Torstein Vinge
Håvard NASVIK
Iulian COMANESCU
Cristina Ionela COMANESCU
Olivier LOPEZ
Bjarne Rosvoll BØKLEPP
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Statoil Petroleum As
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Publication of WO2018063005A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018063005A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
    • G01F1/00—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow
    • G01F1/704—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow using marked regions or existing inhomogeneities within the fluid stream, e.g. statistically occurring variations in a fluid parameter
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
    • G01F1/00—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow
    • G01F1/704—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow using marked regions or existing inhomogeneities within the fluid stream, e.g. statistically occurring variations in a fluid parameter
    • G01F1/708—Measuring the time taken to traverse a fixed distance
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
    • G01N23/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material
    • G01N23/04—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and forming images of the material
    • G01N23/046—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and forming images of the material using tomography, e.g. computed tomography [CT]
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
    • G01N23/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material
    • G01N23/06—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption
    • G01N23/083—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the radiation being X-rays
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
    • G01N23/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material
    • G01N23/06—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption
    • G01N23/12—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the material being a flowing fluid or a flowing granular solid
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
    • G01N23/22—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by measuring secondary emission from the material
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V5/00—Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity
    • G01V5/04—Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity specially adapted for well-logging
    • G01V5/08—Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity specially adapted for well-logging using primary nuclear radiation sources or X-rays
    • G01V5/12—Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity specially adapted for well-logging using primary nuclear radiation sources or X-rays using gamma or X-ray sources
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J35/00—X-ray tubes
    • H01J35/02—Details
    • H01J35/04—Electrodes ; Mutual position thereof; Constructional adaptations therefor
    • H01J35/06—Cathodes
    • H01J35/065—Field emission, photo emission or secondary emission cathodes

Definitions

  • This invention relates to diagnostics tools, and more specifically to X-ray based diagnostics tools adapted for use in pipeline, open hole or flow measurements.
  • a down hole scanner comprising: a cathode comprising a plurality of carbon nanotubes attached to a substrate; an anode arranged to receive electrons emitted from the cathode and arranged to emit electromagnetic radiation for open hole diagnostics; wherein said cathode and anode are provided within a vacuum chamber; and a detector arranged to detect electromagnetic radiation.
  • the emitted electromagnetic radiation may be X-ray electromagnetic radiation.
  • the down hole scanner may further comprise a processor arranged to process the detected electromagnetic radiation to determine one or more of: sourceless density, bulk density, azimuthal bulk density, photoelectric factor, azimuthal photoelectric factor, calliper measurements and a Z number.
  • a flow meter for detecting the flow of one or more fluids or solids within a conduit, the flow meter comprising: a cathode comprising a plurality of carbon nanotubes attached to a substrate; an anode arranged to receive electrons emitted from the cathode and arranged to emit electromagnetic radiation for pipeline diagnostics; wherein said cathode and anode are provided within a vacuum chamber; one or more detectors arranged outside the conduit to detect electromagnetic radiation.
  • the emitted electromagnetic radiation may be X-ray electromagnetic radiation.
  • a method of detecting a flow comprising emitting X-ray electromagnetic radiation into a conduit, detecting X-ray electromagnetic radiation emitted from the conduit, and analysing the detected X-ray electromagnetic radiation to determine the flow.
  • the method according to the third aspect may further comprise one or more of: measurement of the attenuation of the signal; displaying the through transmission; Radon image reconstructions on line integral for through transmission; backscatter detection and attenuation; inverse Radon transform image reconstruction for carrying out tomography; image convolution on pairs for same pairs for through transmission and backscatter; deconvolution of a backscatter image from through transmission image; pattern recognition on the convolution image with space reference through triangulation of the error slump; pattern recognition on the de-convoluted image with space reference or through triangulation on the error slump; depth / distance position discrimination of error slump in through transmission image; time lapse the results along the detection interval with plurality of results; combine time lapse results with standard flow meter results
  • a pipeline diagnostics assembly comprising: a cathode comprising a plurality of carbon nanotubes attached to a substrate; an anode arranged to receive electrons emitted from the cathode and arranged to emit electromagnetic radiation for pipeline diagnostics; wherein said cathode and anode are provided within a vacuum chamber; a detector arranged to detect electromagnetic radiation.
  • the emitted electromagnetic radiation may be X-ray electromagnetic radiation.
  • the vacuum chamber may be provided within a pipeline and the detector is provided outside the pipeline.
  • the vacuum chamber may be attached to a pipeline pig and the detector may be arranged to detect the location of said pig within the pipeline.
  • a controller may further be provided which is arranged to generate an electric signal for the anode and the cathode in order to generate a corresponding X-ray signal.
  • Circuitry may further be provided for connecting the controller to detection tools provided at the pig to transmit signals generated at the detection tool.
  • the vacuum chamber and detector are optionally both provided within a pipeline.
  • the detector may be arranged to detect electromagnetic radiation reflected or emitted from one or more of: deposits attached to the interior of the pipeline, materials provided behind deposits within a pipeline, a liner, a cement layer, or a formation of a wellbore.
  • the vacuum chamber and said detector may both be provided outside a pipeline.
  • the detector may be arranged to detect electromagnetic radiation transmitted or scattered from a pipeline or from a layer provided around the pipeline.
  • the detector may further be arranged to detect electromagnetic radiation transmitted through or scattered from fluids flowing through the pipeline.
  • a flow meter for detecting the flow of one or more fluids or solids within a conduit, the flow meter comprising: a cathode comprising a plurality of carbon nanotubes attached to a substrate; an anode arranged to receive electrons emitted from the cathode and arranged to emit electromagnetic radiation for pipeline diagnostics; wherein said cathode and anode are provided within a vacuum chamber; one or more detectors arranged outside the conduit to detect electromagnetic radiation, wherein the emitted electromagnetic radiation may be X-ray electromagnetic radiation.
  • a method of detecting a flow comprising emitting X-ray electromagnetic radiation into a conduit, detecting X-ray electromagnetic radiation emitted from the conduit, and analysing the detected X-ray electromagnetic radiation to determine the flow.
  • the method according to the sixth aspect may further comprise one or more of: measurement of the attenuation of the signal; displaying the through transmission; Radon image reconstructions on line integral for through transmission; backscatter detection and attenuation; inverse Radon transform image reconstruction for carrying out tomography; image convolution on pairs for same pairs for through transmission and backscatter; deconvolution of a backscatter image from through transmission image; pattern recognition on the convolution image with space reference through triangulation of the error slump; pattern recognition on the de-convoluted image with space reference or through triangulation on the error slump; depth / distance position discrimination of error slump in through transmission image; time lapse the results along the detection interval with plurality of results; combine time lapse results with standard flow meter results
  • Fig. 1 illustrates a detection method
  • Fig. 2 illustrates a tunable CNT-based irradiator
  • Fig. 3 is a schematic drawing of a pipeline and diagnostics system
  • Fig. 4 is a schematic drawing of a pipeline and diagnostics system
  • Fig. 5 is a schematic drawing of a pipeline and diagnostics system
  • Fig. 6 is a schematic drawing of a pipeline and diagnostics system
  • Fig. 7 is a schematic drawing of a pipeline and diagnostics system
  • Fig. 8 is a schematic drawing of a pipeline and diagnostics system
  • Fig. 9 is a schematic drawing of a pipeline and diagnostics system
  • Fig. 10 is a schematic drawing of a pipeline and diagnostics system
  • Fig. 1 1 is a schematic drawing of a pipeline and diagnostics system
  • Fig. 12 is a schematic drawing of a pipeline and diagnostics system.
  • the assembly includes a cathode comprising a plurality of carbon nanotubes attached to a substrate and an anode arranged to receive electrons emitted from the cathode and arranged to emit electromagnetic radiation for pipeline diagnostics.
  • the cathode and anode are both provided within a vacuum chamber.
  • a detector is provided outside the vacuum chamber and is arranged to detect non-ionizing radiation or electromagnetic radiation, in particular X-ray radiation emitted from the anode and scattered by a pipeline or materials associated with a pipeline. Alternatively, the detector is arranged to detect X- rays which are transmitted through a medium associated with the pipeline.
  • FIG. 1 schematically illustrates using a CNT-based irradiator to implement a tomographic device used to analyse a material.
  • a tomographic device 102 includes a CNT-based irradiator 104 in conjunction with a detection device 106.
  • the tomographic device 102 is disposed before a material 108, which may be a pipeline or a formation for example.
  • X-rays 1 10 are emitted by the irradiator 104, and the X-rays are determined by a certain energy and intensity range in the direction of the material to be analysed.
  • the interaction of the X-rays 1 10 with the material can produce backscatter 106.
  • the backscatter can be detected by detection device 106 and analysed to infer information about the material.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the general structure of a CNT-based irradiator.
  • the CNT-based irradiator includes a CNT-based cathode 22 and an anode 23, both of which are disposed within a vacuum chamber 21 .
  • the cathode emits a beam of electrons 24 which are received by anode 23.
  • the anode emits X- rays 25 when the electrons are received.
  • the vacuum chamber 21 includes a window through which the X-rays 25 can be emitted.
  • the CNT-based irradiator includes a coating of carbon nano-tubes.
  • the material of the anode 23 determines the wavelength of the emitted X-rays.
  • a tomographic device including a CNT-based X- ray source can have small dimensions such that it can be used in applications such as pipeline diagnostics in which conventional sources cannot be used because they are too large.
  • the vacuum chamber is provided within a pipeline
  • the detector is provided outside the pipeline.
  • the vacuum chamber is attached to a pipeline pig.
  • the pig can be used for general pipeline pigging technologies such as internal pipeline cleaning, internal coating or inspection.
  • the pig will travel through the pipeline, while the detector is used to detect the location of said pig within the pipeline.
  • a plurality of detectors can be placed outside the pipeline such that the pig can be tracked while it progresses through the pipeline.
  • the use of the vacuum chamber within the pipeline avoids the need for a radioactive source, which represents a high safety risk.
  • the vacuum chamber with the X-ray source emits a signal which propagates through the wall of the pipe and can be detected by the detector placed outside the pipeline.
  • the detector is stationary and the pig with the X-ray source moves, so the detector will detect a stronger signal when the pig is in close proximity when compared to a weak signal when the pig is further away from the detector.
  • the signal transmitted by the X-ray source can be a signal which is stationary in time, and the strength of the signal at the detector will be an indication of the distance.
  • the signal can be variable in time, such as a pulsed signal.
  • the X-ray source can be controlled by a device which is coupled to diagnostics tools provided at the pig.
  • the pig may be used for inspection and the X-ray source can be used to transmit the result of this inspection to a detector located outside the pipeline.
  • a weakening of the pipeline is identified, or when a deposit at the wall of the pipeline is identified, then this result can be transmitted in real time to the detector located outside the pipeline.
  • Figure 3 illustrates schematically a pipeline with a wall 31 and an external coating 32.
  • a pig 33 is provided within the pipeline and the pig carries an X-ray source 34 based on the CNT technology described above.
  • a detector 35 is provided outside the pipeline and is arranged to detect a signal 36 emitted by the X-ray source 34.
  • the vacuum chamber with an X-ray source and the detector are both provided within a pipeline.
  • the detector is arranged to detect electromagnetic radiation reflected or emitted from one or more of: deposits attached to the interior of the pipeline, materials provided behind deposits within a pipeline, a liner, a cement layer, or a formation of a wellbore.
  • Compton backscatter is generated by the incident X-ray radiation and detected by the detector.
  • the X-ray source can be used for in-line inspection (ILI) technologies.
  • ILI in-line inspection
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a pipeline 41 .
  • a sensor carrier pig 42 carries X- Ray sources 43, and sensors 44.
  • the sensor carrier pig 42 can be attached to a further pig 45.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates parts of Figure 4 in more detail and corresponding elements are assigned like reference numbers.
  • a deposit 46 is illustrated on the inside of pipeline 41 , and corrosion 47 is illustrated underneath deposit 46.
  • the X-ray signal emitted from X-ray source 43 scatters back and the backscattering is detected by sensor 44.
  • a data storage memory 48 is provided which is arranged to store measurements collected by the detector.
  • X-RAY scanning for mapping the interior pipeline wall topography has a higher resolution than ultrasonic technology.
  • the X-Ray can easily penetrate the wax, debris or scale deposits on the inside of the pipe, thus assessing the pipeline wall through the deposits without any problem.
  • This new technology can be combined with the existing ILI technologies such as UT, MLF, etc.
  • the X-ray source is used for inspecting the wall through deposits.
  • the deposits themselves are measured.
  • the wax or deposit on the pipe wall can be characterised with high accuracy.
  • the resolution of the measurements can be in the order of nanometres due to the short wavelength of the X-rays.
  • Information can be obtained about various chemical and physical properties of debris, such as: composition, density and structure.
  • the size measurements of the deposits it can be also assessed other properties of the deposits such as: density, composition, structure, and crystallography.
  • Figure 6 illustrates an X-ray sensor 61 attached to one end of a carrier pig 62.
  • the technology can also be used in a variety of environments, such as within a production line, a water injection line, lines carrying multiphase fluids, etc.
  • both the vacuum chamber including the X-ray source and the detector are provided outside the pipeline. In this configuration, various characteristics of the outside of the pipeline can be detected.
  • Fig. 7 illustrates a pipeline 71 with an insulating layer 72 and a protective layer 73.
  • a sensor carrier 74 supports an X-ray source 75 and a detector 76, and the data collected by the detector can be stored in memory 77.
  • a signal emitted from the source 75 scatters at a location 78 with corrosion behind the insulation layer and on the pipeline, and the scattered signal is detected by detector 76.
  • An advantage of the X-ray source described above is the low overall weight and energy efficiency. The X-ray source can therefore be carried on a portable device or on a drone. Long distances of pipeline can be detected in this way and pipelines which are not easily accessible can also be accessed.
  • the vacuum chamber with X-ray source and the detector are both provided outside a pipeline.
  • the detected radiation can be used to analyse fluid and materials present within the pipe.
  • the arrangement can be used as a flow meter.
  • Flow detection technology in general can be used to detect pressure variations of a fluid flow within a pipeline. Determining the flow properties in fluids is challenging when there are time dependent variations in chemical composition, viscoelastic parameters and grain contents. Existing technology is generally not capable of determining the volume of drill cuttings in mud, mineralogical composition of the mud, oil based mud flow characterisation, properties of cement slurries. The inventors have realised that one or more X-ray sources and detectors as described above can be used to determine these characteristics. Fig.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates an arrangement of three X-ray sources disposed around the pipeline, shown in a cross section, and three detectors opposite each source, so nine detectors in total. A cone of X-ray emission is transmitted from each source to the three opposite detectors. The detectors will be able to detect time dependent through transmission and also backscatter. Some drill cuttings are also illustrated and these drill cuttings will provide strong scattering sources.
  • Figure 9 illustrates a side view of the pipe and shows that the X-ray sources and detector can be distributed along the longitudinal direction of the pipe as well as around the circumferential direction. A different number of detectors and transmitters can also be used for detecting through transmission and backscatter.
  • the collected data for a pair of X-ray source and detectors can be processed in several ways. Some examples are: measurement of the attenuation of the signal ; displaying the through transmission ; Radon image reconstructions on line integral for through transmission; backscatter detection and attenuation ; inverse Radon transform image reconstruction for carrying out tomography; image convolution on pairs for same pairs for through transmission and backscatter; deconvolution of a backscatter image from through transmission image; pattern recognition on the convolution image with space reference through triangulation of the error slump; pattern recognition on the deconvolved image with space reference or through triangulation on the error slump; depth / distance position discrimination of error slump in through transmission image; time lapse the results along the detection interval with plurality of results; combine time lapse results with standard flow meter results.
  • FIG. 10 illustrates a configuration of an X-ray source and an area in which detectors can be placed for detecting backscattering.
  • the measurement device at the topside mud return line can be made in a material suitable for x-ray transmissibility. Titanium, if suitable, can be made as a pipe with all the instrumentation attached around the pipe. A materials like GRP (Glass fiber reinforced) and other polymer based materials, which is much used offshore, can also be used and provide a low attenuation of the x-rays between source and detectors. Hence a low energy source can be used (easier to shield) for improved HSE at the working location. Use of GRP, or similar materials, may also make it interesting to look at various x-ray picture chips for detection of the response from the flowing media.
  • GRP Glass fiber reinforced
  • X- ray picture chips are available from various sources and can be "wrapped" around the pipe closely to detect direct photons and possibly back scattering. If the physics of this works, the next challenge is to process all the data and make them into meaningful information for the drilling process.
  • the source and detector are both provided within the pipe and are used for characterising properties of the formation.
  • Figure 1 1 illustrates an arrangement of an X-ray source and sensor area provided within a pipe.
  • Figure 12 illustrate two X-ray sources and a sensor area provided within a pipe. The source can rotate and fire X-rays radially and the detectors capture the back scattering.
  • the rotating x-ray source can be an assembly of sources on the same or on different energy levels.
  • the X-ray source can fire very short pulses of highly focused energy giving distinct backscattering data from illuminated areas. This provides the capability to capture high resolution data from illuminated objects, fluids and the borehole formation.
  • the X-ray energy level can be selected within a range from soft to hard, from tens to a hundred keV to suit the wanted data acquisition.
  • the data can be processed by analysing one or more of: backscatter detection and attenuation, inverse Radon transform image reconstructions, image convolution on pairs of detectors for backscatter, pattern recognition on the convolution image with space reference through triangulation of the error slump, time lapse the results along the detection interval with a plurality of results, combine time lapse results with standard flow meters.
  • Examples of further implementations of the X-ray down hole scanner include: sourceless density, bulk density measurements, azimuthal bulk density measurements, photoelectric (PE) measurements, azimuthal PE measurements, measurement of the photoelectric factor (PEF), elemental capture spectroscopy, calliper measurements and measurement of the Z number (single value + quantitative image).
  • the PEF (or PE) is an specific rock matrix parameter which is defined as (Z/10) 3 6 where Z is the average atomic number of the targeted rock.
  • the PEF depends on the energy of the excitation radiation, which in this case low energetic (or soft) Gamma radiation.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract

L'invention concerne un dispositif de balayage de fond de trou comprenant une cathode pourvue d'une pluralité de nanotubes de carbone fixés sur un substrat, une anode disposée de sorte à recevoir des électrons émis par la cathode et à émettre un rayonnement électromagnétique pour un diagnostic de trou ouvert, lesdites cathode et anode étant disposées à l'intérieur d'une chambre à vide, ainsi qu'un détecteur disposé de sorte à détecter un rayonnement électromagnétique.
PCT/NO2017/050251 2016-09-29 2017-09-27 Outil et procédé de diagnostic par rayons x WO2018063005A1 (fr)

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GB1616561.5A GB2554643A (en) 2016-09-29 2016-09-29 Diagnostics tool

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