WO2018060397A1 - Appariement d'éléments de ressources pour diversité de transmission pour réseaux sans fil - Google Patents

Appariement d'éléments de ressources pour diversité de transmission pour réseaux sans fil Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018060397A1
WO2018060397A1 PCT/EP2017/074732 EP2017074732W WO2018060397A1 WO 2018060397 A1 WO2018060397 A1 WO 2018060397A1 EP 2017074732 W EP2017074732 W EP 2017074732W WO 2018060397 A1 WO2018060397 A1 WO 2018060397A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
resource
resource elements
paired
elements
time
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PCT/EP2017/074732
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English (en)
Inventor
Xiaomao Mao
Eugene Visotsky
Min Zhang
Frederick Vook
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Nokia Solutions And Networks Oy
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Publication of WO2018060397A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018060397A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/02—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by diversity reception
    • H04L1/06—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by diversity reception using space diversity
    • H04L1/0618—Space-time coding
    • H04L1/0625—Transmitter arrangements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
    • H04B7/0613—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
    • H04B7/0667—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of delayed versions of same signal
    • H04B7/0669—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of delayed versions of same signal using different channel coding between antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
    • H04B7/0613—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
    • H04B7/068—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission using space frequency diversity
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/02—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by diversity reception
    • H04L1/06—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by diversity reception using space diversity
    • H04L1/0606—Space-frequency coding
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
    • H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
    • H04L27/2626—Arrangements specific to the transmitter only

Definitions

  • This description relates to communications, and in particular, to resource element pairing for transmit diversity for wireless networks.
  • a communication system may be a facility that enables communication between two or more nodes or devices, such as fixed or mobile communication devices. Signals can be carried on wired or wireless carriers.
  • LTE long-term evolution
  • E-UTRA evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
  • LTE Long Term Evolution
  • APs base stations or access points
  • eNBs enhanced Node AP
  • UEs user equipments
  • a method may include transmitting information using multi-antenna block coding in which time-frequency resource elements are paired for transmission, the transmitting including pairing each of a plurality of the resource elements with another resource element across at least one of time and frequency to avoid an un-paired resource element that is transmitted by itself.
  • an apparatus includes at least one processor and at least one memory including computer instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to: transmit information using multi-antenna block coding in which time-frequency resource elements are paired for transmission, the transmitting including pairing each of a plurality of the resource elements with another resource element across at least one of time and frequency to avoid an un-paired resource element that is transmitted by itself.
  • a computer program product includes a computer-readable storage medium and storing executable code that, when executed by at least one data processing apparatus, is configured to cause the at least one data processing apparatus to perform a method including: transmitting information using multi-antenna block coding in which time-frequency resource elements are paired for transmission, the transmitting including pairing each of a plurality of the resource elements with another resource element across at least one of time and frequency to avoid an unpaired resource element that is transmitted by itself.
  • a method includes receiving information comprising time-frequency resource elements that were paired for transmission, wherein each of a plurality of the resource elements were paired with another resource element across at least one of time and frequency to avoid an un-paired resource element that is received by itself.
  • an apparatus includes at least one processor and at least one memory including computer instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to: receive information comprising time-frequency resource elements that were paired for transmission, wherein each of a plurality of the resource elements were paired with another resource element across at least one of time and frequency to avoid an un-paired resource element that is received by itself.
  • a computer program product includes a computer-readable storage medium and storing executable code that, when executed by at least one data processing apparatus, is configured to cause the at least one data processing apparatus to perform a method including: receiving information comprising time-frequency resource elements that were paired for transmission, wherein each of a plurality of the resource elements were paired with another resource element across at least one of time and frequency to avoid an un-paired resource element that is received by itself.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a wireless network according to an example implementation.
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a physical resource block in which resource elements are paired across frequency and wherein an orphan resource element is present according to an example implementation.
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a physical resource block in which resource elements are paired across time and wherein an orphan resource element is avoided according to an example implementation.
  • FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a physical resource block in which resource elements are paired across frequency and wherein an orphan resource element is avoided according to another example implementation.
  • FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a physical resource block in which resource elements are paired across frequency and wherein an orphan resource element is avoided by pairing across time two adjacent orphan REs, according to another example implementation.
  • FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a physical resource block in which resource elements are paired across both frequency and time and an orphan RE is avoided according to another example implementation.
  • FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a pairing of REs across frequency in which REs are paired across frequency across two adjacent physical resource blocks (PRBs) according to an example implementation.
  • PRBs physical resource blocks
  • FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating a physical resource block in which REs are paired across time (or symbol) and an order of block coding symbol indexes are interlaced (or order is switched) according to an example implementation.
  • FIG. 9A is a physical resource block in which resource elements are paired across frequency and wherein an orphan resource element is avoided by pairing across time two adjacent orphan REs, and an order of block coding symbol indexes are interlaced (or order is switched) according to an example implementation.
  • FIG. 9B is a flow chart illustrating operation of a wireless node according to an example implementation.
  • FIG. 9C is a flow chart illustrating operation of a wireless node according to an example implementation.
  • FIG. 10 is a block diagram of a node or wireless station (e.g., network device, base station/access point, wireless node, or mobile station/user device/UE) according to an example implementation.
  • a node or wireless station e.g., network device, base station/access point, wireless node, or mobile station/user device/UE
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a wireless network 130 according to an example implementation.
  • user devices 131 , 132, 133 and 135, which may also be referred to as mobile stations (MSs) or user equipment (UEs) may be connected (and in communication) with a base station (BS) 134, which may also be referred to as an access point (AP), an enhanced Node B (eNB) or a network node.
  • AP access point
  • eNB enhanced Node B
  • At least part of the functionalities of an access point (AP), base station (BS) or (e)Node B (eNB) may be also be carried out by any node, server or host which may be operably coupled to a transceiver, such as a remote radio head.
  • BS (or AP) 134 provides wireless coverage within a cell 136, including to user devices 131 , 132, 133 and 135. Although only four user devices are shown as being connected or attached to BS 134, any number of user devices may be provided. BS 134 is also connected to a core network 150 via a S1 interface 151 . This is merely one simple example of a wireless network, and others may be used.
  • a user device may refer to a portable computing device that includes wireless mobile communication devices operating with or without a subscriber identification module (SIM), including, but not limited to, the following types of devices: a mobile station (MS), a mobile phone, a cell phone, a smartphone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a device using a wireless modem (alarm or measurement device, etc.), a laptop and/or touch screen computer, a tablet, a phablet, a game console, a notebook, and a multimedia device, as examples.
  • SIM subscriber identification module
  • MS mobile station
  • PDA personal digital assistant
  • a handset a device using a wireless modem (alarm or measurement device, etc.)
  • a laptop and/or touch screen computer a tablet, a phablet, a game console, a notebook, and a multimedia device, as examples.
  • a user device may also be a nearly exclusive uplink only device, of which an example is a camera or video camera loading images or video clips to
  • the various example implementations or techniques described herein may be applied to various user devices, such as machine type communication (MTC) user devices, enhanced machine type communication (eMTC) user devices, Internet of Things (loT) user devices, and/or narrowband loT user devices.
  • loT may refer to an ever-growing group of objects that may have Internet or network connectivity, so that these objects may send information to and receive information from other network devices.
  • MTC machine type communication
  • eMTC enhanced machine type communication
  • LoT Internet of Things
  • loT may refer to an ever-growing group of objects that may have Internet or network connectivity, so that these objects may send information to and receive information from other network devices.
  • many sensor type applications or devices may monitor a physical condition or a status, and may send a report to a server or other network device, e.g., when an event occurs.
  • communications may, for example, be characterized by fully automatic data generation, exchange, processing and actuation among intelligent machines, with or without intervention of humans.
  • a user device or UE may be a UE/user device with ultra reliable low latency communications (URLLC) applications.
  • a cell (or cells) may include a number of user devices connected to the cell, including user devices of different types or different categories, e.g., including the categories of MTC, NB-loT, URLLC, or other UE category.
  • core network 150 may be referred to as Evolved Packet Core (EPC), which may include a mobility management entity (MME) which may handle or assist with mobility/handover of user devices between BSs, one or more gateways that may forward data and control signals between the BSs and packet data networks or the Internet, and other control functions or blocks.
  • EPC Evolved Packet Core
  • MME mobility management entity
  • gateways may forward data and control signals between the BSs and packet data networks or the Internet, and other control functions or blocks.
  • the various example implementations may be applied to a wide variety of wireless technologies or wireless networks, such as LTE, LTE-A, 5G, cmWave, and/or mmWave band networks, loT, MTC, eMTC, URLLC, etc., or any other wireless network or wireless technology.
  • wireless technologies or wireless networks such as LTE, LTE-A, 5G, cmWave, and/or mmWave band networks, loT, MTC, eMTC, URLLC, etc.
  • the 5th Generation (5G) of wireless networks provides expansion of
  • IMT International Mobile Telecommunications
  • MBB IMT- Advanced mobile broadband
  • Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is a frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) scheme used as a digital multi-carrier modulation method.
  • OFDM typically a large number of closely spaced orthogonal sub-carrier signals are used to carry data on several parallel data streams or channels.
  • OFDM is often combined with multiple antennas at the transmitter and/or receiver to increase diversity gain.
  • a space time block code transmits two symbols using two resource elements (REs) that are paired across time.
  • a resource element may include, e.g., a time-frequency resource (e.g., one or more subcarriers by or for a time resource of an OFDM symbol).
  • a time-frequency resource e.g., one or more subcarriers by or for a time resource of an OFDM symbol.
  • a transmitting device may have a number of symbols to transmit.
  • the symbols for transmission may be denoted as: x1 , x2, x3, x4 ...
  • the two symbols to be transmitted are x1 and x2, and will be transmitted using two antennas, antenna 1 and antenna 2.
  • Two (or a pair) of resource elements e.g., RE1 , RE2, in this example
  • RE resource element
  • a resource element may include a time-frequency resource, such as a frequency (e.g., one or more carriers or subcarrier(s)) for one OFDM symbol.
  • a frequency e.g., one or more carriers or subcarrier(s)
  • Antenna 1 and antenna 2 may transmit the two symbols using the same set of 2 REs due to spatial diversity of antenna 1 , antenna 2.
  • a wireless receiver can decode two symbols over two antenna streams based on Alamouti decoding.
  • antenna 1 may transmit symbol x1 via RE1
  • antenna 2 may transmit symbol x2 via RE1
  • antenna 1 may transmit symbol -x2 * via RE2
  • antenna 2 may transmit symbol x1 * via RE2, where * indicates a complex conjugate.
  • SFBC space frequency block code
  • two symbols may be transmitted using two antennas, antenna 1 and antenna 2.
  • two (or a pair) of resource elements e.g., RE1 , RE2
  • RE1 , RE2 two (or a pair) of resource elements
  • the 2 two resource elements are paired across frequencies, which means that the two REs may have the same time or OFDM symbol, but have different frequencies or subcarriers.
  • RE1 is used to transmit via frequency 1
  • RE2 is used to transmit via frequency 2.
  • antenna 1 may transmit symbol x1 via RE1 at frequency 1
  • antenna 2 may transmit symbol x2 via RE1 at frequency 1
  • antenna 1 may transmit symbol -x2 * via RE2 at frequency 2
  • antenna 2 may transmit symbol x1 * via RE2 at frequency 2, where * indicates a complex conjugate.
  • STBC and SFBC may be combined to provide a space frequency and time block code (SFTBC) in which two symbols are transmitted via two resource elements that are paired across both time and frequency (e.g., RE1 and RE2 would have a different time/symbol and a different frequency).
  • SFTBC space frequency and time block code
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a physical resource block in which resource elements are paired across frequency and wherein an orphan resource element is present according to an example implementation.
  • a physical resource block (PRB) 210 may include many resource elements (REs). Each square within PRB 210 may be a time-frequency resource element (RE), and may be provided for a specific frequency (e.g., one or more subcarriers) and a specific symbol (e.g., OFDM symbol).
  • the vertical axis indicates frequency (e.g., or subcarrier or set of subcarriers), while the horizontal axis indicates time (or symbol time or OFDM symbol time).
  • each row has a specific frequency or subcarrier (s), while each column has a different time or symbol.
  • PRB 210 includes a number of different control signals that may transmitted by a BS (or other wireless device) within PRB 210.
  • control signals that may be transmitted via REs within PRB 210 may include: 1 ) common reference signals (CRS) which may be cell specific, 2) demodulation reference signals (DMRS) which may be user device/UE-specific as these signals may be precoded with the UE-specific beam weights, 3) channel state information-reference signals (CSI-RS) to allow a UE to measure channel state information.
  • CRS common reference signals
  • DMRS demodulation reference signals
  • CSI-RS channel state information-reference signals
  • the white blocks within PRB 210 indicate REs that may be used to transmit data or physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) signals, for example.
  • PDCH physical downlink control channel
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a resource element (RE) pairing for SFBC in which REs are paired across frequency.
  • Column 220 which is a third column of the PRB 210, includes a group of REs that have or use a same symbol, but use or have different frequencies.
  • resource elements (REs) within column 220 are paired across frequency (or paired across two different subcarriers or carriers), which means that each pair of REs used for SFBC have a different frequency, but may have the same time/OFDM symbol. Pairings of REs within PRB 210 are indicated by each double-headed arrow. For example, within column 220, RE 222 is paired with RE 224 as indicated by arrow 223; RE 226 is paired with RE 228; RE 230 is paired with RE 232; RE 234 is paired with RE 236.
  • RE 238 is an un-paired RE.
  • RE 238 may be referred to as an orphan RE (or un-paired RE), since it is by itself, and is not paired with another RE for purposes of transmit diversity. That is, within column 220, there is one remaining, unpaired, RE 238, which due to the odd number of REs within column 220, is not paired with any other RE. Thus, in order to transmit data using the orphan RE 238, the RE may be used to transmit a single symbol, and thus, RE 238 may not be used to transmit data using SFBC. Thus, an orphan RE may typically result in an inefficient use of resources and/or may not provide the diversity gain that may typically be provided by SFBC or STBC.
  • a similar situation may arise for a row of REs if STBC is used, where an orphan RE may result with an odd number of REs within a row.
  • PRBs may include a PRB with a plurality of REs, with frequency (or subcarrier) in a vertical axis, and time or symbol in a horizontal axis.
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a physical resource block in which resource elements are paired across time and wherein an orphan resource element is avoided according to an example implementation.
  • a PRB 310 may include a plurality of REs.
  • a third column 330 and a fourth column 340 (each associated with a time or OFDM symbol) may each include a column of REs.
  • pairing REs in columns 330 and 340 based on SFBC, or by pairing REs across frequency (or across carriers or subcarriers) within a column (as done in FIG.
  • the REs in PRB 310 of FIG. 3 are paired across time (or paired across OFDM symbols) in order to avoid an orphan RE.
  • a RE in the third column 330 is paired across time with a RE in the fourth column 340.
  • RE 352 (in column 330) is paired across time with RE 354 (in column 340), as evidenced by arrow 353.
  • RE 362 (within column 330) is paired across time with RE 364 (within column 340), as evidence by arrow 363.
  • Other REs within columns 330 and 340 are paired across time, as shown by the other arrows in FIG. 3.
  • STBC may be used where the REs in the two columns are paired across time, e.g., REs are paired across time between the two columns of equal number of REs, to avoid an orphan RE, even when there may be an odd number of REs within each column (for a given time/symbol).
  • STBC may be used where each RE of a first set of REs for a first symbol (e.g., REs within column 330) may be paired across time to an RE for a second set of REs for a second symbol (e.g., REs within column 340), where a number of REs in the first set of REs for first symbol (e.g., REs of column 330) matches the number of REs in the second set of REs for the second symbol (e.g., REs of column 340).
  • a number of REs in the first set of REs for first symbol e.g., REs of column 330
  • REs of column 340 e.g., REs of column 340
  • FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a physical resource block in which resource elements are paired across frequency and wherein an orphan resource element is avoided according to another example implementation.
  • a PRB 10 includes a plurality of REs.
  • Columns 430 and 440 (each for a corresponding symbol) include 9 PRBs that are available for data transmission (indicated by the white squares or REs). Even though each column 430 or 440 has an odd number (9) of REs, a technique is shown in FIG. 4 that may be used to allow RE pairing across frequency for SFBC while still preventing or avoiding an orphan RE. In this illustrative example, the pairing may begin, for example, at the bottom of column 430 where RE 454 is paired across frequency to RE 452, as evidenced by arrow 453. Two additional pairs of REs are shown for column 430. And then, a last pair of REs, RE 464 and 462 are paired across frequency as evidence by arrow 463.
  • RE 472 is paired across frequency and time to a RE in column 440 of REs.
  • RE 472 at the top of column 430 is paired across time and frequency to a RE 474 at the bottom of column 440, as indicated by arrow 473.
  • SFBC may be used where one or more REs of a first set of REs for a first symbol (e.g., REs within column 330) may be paired across frequency to an RE within the first set of REs (for column 330). And, one or more REs of a second set of REs for a second symbol (e.g., REs within column 340) may be paired across frequency to an RE within the second set of REs (for column 340). This may leave a remaining RE for each of the first set and the second set of REs (e.g., for columns 430 and 440).
  • a remaining RE of the first set of REs may be paired across frequency and time with a remaining RE from the second set of REs (for column 440).
  • SFBC or RE pairing across frequency
  • SFTBC is used for the REs (472, 474) that are paired across both time and frequency.
  • FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a physical resource block in which resource elements are paired across frequency and wherein an orphan resource element is avoided by pairing across time two adjacent orphan REs, according to another example implementation.
  • a PRB 510 is shown in FIG. 5 that include a plurality of resource elements (REs), including a column 530 (or a first set of REs having a same time or symbol) and a column (or a second set of REs having a same time or symbol).
  • FIG. 5 is very similar to the RE pairing illustrated in FIG. 4.
  • the 8 REs e.g., starting from the bottom of column 530, are paired across frequency as indicated by, e.g., arrows 453 and 463, as examples, leaving one un-paired RE 552 at the top of column 530.
  • RE 552 which would have been an orphan, is paired across time to the RE 554 at the adjacent symbol (column 540). This leaves an even number of REs within the adjacent column 540 to be paired (in pairs) across frequency as shown by the arrows in column 540.
  • some (e.g., all but 1 ) of the REs for each column of REs are paired across frequency to an RE within the same column (or within the same set of REs having a same symbol/time) for SFBC.
  • Adjacent REs for the two columns (or for the two sets of REs) are paired across time for STBC.
  • some REs are paired across frequency for SFBC, while some REs are paired across time/OFDM symbols for STBC, e.g., in order to avoid an orphan RE.
  • FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a physical resource block in which resource elements are paired across both frequency and time and an orphan RE is avoided according to another example implementation.
  • PRB 610 includes a plurality of REs.
  • Columns 630 and 640 each include a set of 9 available REs.
  • a column of REs includes a set of REs having a same time or symbol (e.g., OFDM symbol).
  • a time or symbol e.g., OFDM symbol
  • each RE within columns 630 and 640 is paired across both time and frequency.
  • one or more REs within column 640 is paired to a diagonal available RE in column 630 that is offset by 1 symbol and 1 frequency (e.g., an RE is paired to an RE having an adjacent time/symbol and an adjacent frequency, considering the available REs, and skipping over the unavailable REs).
  • an RE is paired to an RE having an adjacent time/symbol and an adjacent frequency, considering the available REs, and skipping over the unavailable REs.
  • These remaining REs (652, 654) are then paired across both time/symbol and frequency (paired to an RE with adjacent symbol time, but a non-adjacent frequency).
  • SFTBC is used for all the REs (in at least two of the columns), e.g., for two or more columns of REs having an odd number of REs within the column (or having an odd number of REs within a set of REs having a same symbol/time).
  • SFTBC may consume additional resources for coding and decoding
  • SFTBC may provide increased diversity gain than either STBC or SFBC alone, since coding and decoding are done across both time domain and frequency domain.
  • FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a pairing of REs across frequency in which REs are paired across frequency across two adjacent physical resource blocks (PRBs) according to an example implementation.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates PRB 710 stacked on top of (or adjacent to) PRB 720, where line 708 indicates the border between PRB 710 and 720.
  • Example columns 730 and 740 are shown, each including an odd number of REs within each PRB (e.g., 9 available REs in each column within each PRB 710, 720).
  • each column of the stacked set of PRBs PRB 710 and 720 having an even number (e.g., 18) of REs in each of columns 730 and 740.
  • PRB 710 and 720 may be paired across frequency for SFBC, as shown by the arrows. This will leave one remaining unpaired RE for each PRB 710, 720 within each column 730, 740.
  • a RE 752 of PRB 720 may be paired across frequency to RE 754 of adjacent PRB 710, as indicated by arrow 753.
  • some REs may be paired across frequency for SFBC across or between two adjacent PRBs (710, 720), as shown in the example of FIG. 7, e.g., in order to avoid an orphan RE in both of the adjacent PRBs.
  • an interlacing of the indexes of two REs may be used to provide additional diversity gain.
  • the interlacing , or switching an order of block coding symbol indexes may be performed on top of (or in addition to) any of the RE pairing schemes described herein.
  • a couple of example interlacing schemes are shown in the FIGS. 8 and 9, by way of illustrative example.
  • FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating a physical resource block in which REs are paired across time (or symbol) and an order of block coding symbol indexes are interlaced (or order is switched) according to an example implementation.
  • PRB 810 may include a plurality of REs, and include several columns including columns 830 and 840. As shown in FIG. 8, REs are paired across time/symbol, as shown by the arrows.
  • interlacing (or switching the order) of block coding symbol indexes is also performed within at least some of the REs of PRB 810.
  • the block coding symbol indexes for the REs within columns 830 and 840 may be interlaced, e.g., where the order of the indexes may be reversed or switched each row or frequency, as shown, e.g., in order to provide further diversity gain.
  • block coding symbol indexes of 1 and 2 may be used for REs 852 and 854 within columns 830 and 840, respectively, and then for the next row of REs, the block coding symbol indexes are interlaced or reversed, where a block coding symbol index of 2 and 1 are applied to REs 862 and 864, respectively.
  • FIG. 9A is a physical resource block in which resource elements are paired across frequency and wherein an orphan resource element is avoided by pairing across time two adjacent orphan REs, which may be similar to FIG. 5, and an order of block coding symbol indexes are interlaced (or order is switched) according to an example implementation.
  • the transmitting node may typically drop (or dismiss without transmitting) all of the REs of that column or time resource.
  • various example implementations described herein may allow a pairing of REs (different techniques described herein), even in cases where there may be an odd number of REs in a set or column of REs, to avoid an orphan (un-paired) RE.
  • FIG. 9B is a flow chart illustrating operation of a wireless node according to an example implementation.
  • Operation 910 includes transmitting information using multi-antenna block coding in which time-frequency resource elements are paired for transmission, the transmitting including pairing each of a plurality of the resource elements with another resource element across at least one of time and frequency to avoid an unpaired resource element that is transmitted by itself.
  • Example 2 According to an example implementation of the method of example 1 , wherein there are a plurality of sets of resource elements, wherein each set of resource elements is associated with a time resource, and wherein each set of resource elements includes an odd number of resource elements, wherein the pairing of resource elements avoids an un-paired resource element within one or more physical resource blocks.
  • Example 3 According to an example implementation of the method of any of examples 1 -2, wherein the pairing comprises pairing a first resource element with a second resource element that is non-adjacent to the first resource element.
  • Example 4 According to an example implementation of the method of any of examples 1 -3, wherein the transmitting comprises transmitting one or more pairs of symbols via at least one of: a space time block code (STBC) in which two symbols are transmitted via two resource elements that are paired across time; space frequency block code in which two symbols are transmitted via two resource elements that are paired across frequency; and a space frequency and time block code (SFTBC) in which two symbols are transmitted via two resource elements that are paired across both time and frequency.
  • STBC space time block code
  • SFTBC space frequency and time block code
  • Example 5 According to an example implementation of the method of any of examples 1 -4, wherein a first set of resource elements has a first time resource, and a second set of resource elements has a second time resource, and wherein each of the resource elements of the first set of resource elements is paired across time with a resource element of the second set of resource elements to avoid an un-paired resource element in the first and second sets of resource elements.
  • Example 6 According to an example implementation of the method of any of examples 1 -5, wherein a first set of resource elements having a first time resource includes an odd number of resource elements, and a second set of resource elements having a second time resource also includes the odd number of resource elements, and wherein each of the resource elements of the first set of resource elements is paired across time with a resource element of the second set of resource elements to avoid an un-paired resource element in the first and second sets of resource elements.
  • Example 7 According to an example implementation of the method of any of examples 1 -6, wherein the first time resource comprises a first orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) symbol, and the second time resource comprises a second OFDM symbol that is different from the first OFDM symbol.
  • OFDM orthogonal frequency division multiplex
  • Example 8 According to an example implementation of the method of any of examples 1 -7, wherein a first set of resource elements has a first time resource and a second set of resource elements has a second time resource, and wherein each of a plurality of the resource elements of the first set of resource elements is paired across frequency with a resource element within the first set of resource elements, and each of a plurality of the resource elements of the second set of resource elements is paired across frequency with a resource element within the second set of resource elements, and at least one resource element of the first set of resource elements is paired across both time and frequency with a resource element of the second set of resource elements, to avoid an un-paired resource element in the first and second sets of resource elements.
  • Example 9 According to an example implementation of the method of any of examples 1 -8, wherein a first set of resource elements having a first time resource includes an odd number of resource elements and a second set of resource elements having a second time resource also includes the odd number of resource elements, and wherein each of a plurality of the resource elements of the first set of resource elements is paired across frequency with a resource element within the first set of resource elements, and each of a plurality of the resource elements of the second set of resource elements is paired across frequency with a resource element within the second set of resource elements, and at least one resource element of the first set of resource elements is paired across both time and frequency with a resource element of the second set of resource elements, to avoid an unpaired resource element in the first and second sets of resource elements.
  • Example 10 According to an example implementation of the method of any of examples 1 -9, wherein a first set of resource elements has a first time resource and a second set of resource elements has a second time resource, and wherein each of a plurality of the resource elements of the first set of resource elements is paired across frequency with a resource element within the first set of resource elements, and each of a plurality of the resource elements of the second set of resource elements is paired across frequency with a resource element within the second set of resource elements, and at least one resource element of the first set of resource elements is paired across time with a resource element of the second set of resource elements, to avoid an un-paired resource element in the first and second sets of resource elements.
  • Example 1 1 According to an example implementation of the method of any of examples 1 -10, wherein a first set of resource elements having a first time resource includes an odd number of resource elements and a second set of resource elements having a second time resource also includes the odd number of resource elements, and wherein each of a plurality of the resource elements of the first set of resource elements is paired across frequency with a resource element within the first set of resource elements, and each of a plurality of the resource elements of the second set of resource elements is paired across frequency with a resource element within the second set of resource elements, and at least one resource element of the first set of resource elements is paired across time with a resource element of the second set of resource elements, to avoid an un-paired resource element in the first and second sets of resource elements.
  • Example 12 According to an example implementation of the method of any of examples 1 -1 1 , wherein a first set of resource elements has a first time resource and a second set of resource elements has a second time resource, and wherein each of a plurality of the resource elements of the first set of resource elements is paired with a resource element of the second set of resource elements in an adjacent time resource and an adjacent frequency, skipping unavailable resource elements, and at least one resource element of the first set of resource elements is paired with a resource element of the second set of resource elements in an adjacent time resource and a non-adjacent frequency, skipping unavailable resource elements, to avoid an un-paired resource element in the first and second sets of resource elements.
  • Example 13 According to an example implementation of the method of any of examples 1 -12, wherein a first set of resource elements having a first time resource includes an odd number of resource elements and a second set of resource elements having a second time resource also includes the odd number of resource elements, and wherein each of a plurality of the resource elements of the first set of resource elements is paired with a resource element of the second set of resource elements in an adjacent time resource and an adjacent frequency, skipping unavailable resource elements, and at least one resource element of the first set of resource elements is paired with a resource element of the second set of resource elements in an adjacent time resource and a non-adjacent frequency, skipping unavailable resource elements, to avoid an un-paired resource element in the first and second sets of resource elements.
  • Example 14 According to an example implementation of the method of any of examples 1 -13, wherein a first set of resource elements having a first time resource within a first physical resource block includes an odd number of resource elements, and a second set of resource elements within a second physical resource block having the first time resource also includes an odd number of resource elements, wherein each of a plurality of the resource elements of the first set of resource elements is paired across frequency with a resource element of the first set of resource elements, wherein each of a plurality of the resource elements of the second set of resource elements is paired across frequency with a resource element of the second set of resource elements, and at least one resource element of the first set of resource elements is paired across frequency, and across a physical resource boundary, with a resource element of the second set of resource elements to avoid an un-paired resource element in the first and second sets of resource elements.
  • Example 15 According to an example implementation of the method of any of examples 1 -14, wherein a first set of resource elements having a first time resource includes an odd number of resource elements , and a second set of resource elements having a second time resource also includes the odd number of resource elements, and wherein each of the resource elements of the first set of resource elements is paired across time with a resource element of the second set of resource elements to avoid an un-paired resource element in the first and second sets of resource elements. , wherein each resource element of a pair of resource elements includes a block coding symbol index, and wherein the order of block coding symbol indexes are reversed or interlaced for each frequency or for adjacent pairs of resources.
  • Example 16 According to an example implementation of the method of any of examples 1 -15, wherein a first set of resource elements having a first time resource includes an odd number of resource elements and a second set of resource elements having a second time resource also includes the odd number of resource elements, and wherein each of a plurality of the resource elements of the first set of resource elements is paired across frequency with a resource element within the first set of resource elements, and each of a plurality of the resource elements of the second set of resource elements is paired across frequency with a resource element within the second set of resource elements, and at least one resource element of the first set of resource elements is paired across time with a resource element of the second set of resource elements, to avoid an un-paired resource element in the first and second sets of resource elements, wherein each resource element of a pair of resource elements includes a block coding symbol index, and wherein the order of block coding symbol indexes are reversed or interlaced for each frequency or for adjacent pairs of resources.
  • Example 17 An apparatus comprising at least one processor and at least one memory including computer instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to: transmit information using multi-antenna block coding in which time- frequency resource elements are paired for transmission, the transmitted information including a pairing each of a plurality of the resource elements with another resource element across at least one of time and frequency to avoid an un-paired resource element that is transmitted by itself.
  • FIG. 9C is a flow chart illustrating operation of a wireless node according to an example implementation.
  • Operation 920 includes receiving information comprising time-frequency resource elements that were paired for transmission, wherein each of a plurality of the resource elements were paired with another resource element across at least one of time and frequency to avoid an un-paired resource element that is received by itself.
  • Example 19 According to an example implementation of the method of example 18, wherein there are a plurality of sets of resource elements, wherein each set of resource elements is associated with a time resource, and wherein each set of resource elements includes an odd number of resource elements, wherein the pairing of resource elements avoids an un-paired resource element within one or more physical resource blocks.
  • Example 20 According to an example implementation of the method of any of examples 18-19, wherein the pairing comprises pairing a first resource element with a second resource element that is non-adjacent to the first resource element.
  • Example 21 According to an example implementation of the method of any of examples 18-20, wherein the transmitting comprises transmitting one or more pairs of symbols via at least one of: a space time block code (STBC) in which two symbols are transmitted via two resource elements that are paired across time; space frequency block code in which two symbols are transmitted via two resource elements that are paired across frequency; and a space frequency and time block code (SFTBC) in which two symbols are transmitted via two resource elements that are paired across both time and frequency.
  • STBC space time block code
  • SFTBC space frequency and time block code
  • Example 22 According to an example implementation of the method of any of examples 18-21 , wherein a first set of resource elements has a first time resource, and a second set of resource elements has a second time resource, and wherein each of the resource elements of the first set of resource elements is paired across time with a resource element of the second set of resource elements to avoid an un-paired resource element in the first and second sets of resource elements.
  • Example 23 According to an example implementation of the method of any of examples 18-22, wherein a first set of resource elements having a first time resource includes an odd number of resource elements, and a second set of resource elements having a second time resource also includes the odd number of resource elements, and wherein each of the resource elements of the first set of resource elements is paired across time with a resource element of the second set of resource elements to avoid an un-paired resource element in the first and second sets of resource elements.
  • Example 24 According to an example implementation of the method of any of examples 18-23, wherein the first time resource comprises a first orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) symbol, and the second time resource comprises a second OFDM symbol that is different from the first OFDM symbol.
  • OFDM orthogonal frequency division multiplex
  • Example 25 According to an example implementation of the method of any of examples 18-24, wherein a first set of resource elements has a first time resource and a second set of resource elements has a second time resource, and wherein each of a plurality of the resource elements of the first set of resource elements is paired across frequency with a resource element within the first set of resource elements, and each of a plurality of the resource elements of the second set of resource elements is paired across frequency with a resource element within the second set of resource elements, and at least one resource element of the first set of resource elements is paired across both time and frequency with a resource element of the second set of resource elements, to avoid an un-paired resource element in the first and second sets of resource elements.
  • Example 26 According to an example implementation of the method of any of examples 18-25, wherein a first set of resource elements having a first time resource includes an odd number of resource elements and a second set of resource elements having a second time resource also includes the odd number of resource elements, and wherein each of a plurality of the resource elements of the first set of resource elements is paired across frequency with a resource element within the first set of resource elements, and each of a plurality of the resource elements of the second set of resource elements is paired across frequency with a resource element within the second set of resource elements, and at least one resource element of the first set of resource elements is paired across both time and frequency with a resource element of the second set of resource elements, to avoid an unpaired resource element in the first and second sets of resource elements.
  • Example 27 According to an example implementation of the method of any of examples 18-26, wherein a first set of resource elements has a first time resource and a second set of resource elements has a second time resource, and wherein each of a plurality of the resource elements of the first set of resource elements is paired across frequency with a resource element within the first set of resource elements, and each of a plurality of the resource elements of the second set of resource elements is paired across frequency with a resource element within the second set of resource elements, and at least one resource element of the first set of resource elements is paired across time with a resource element of the second set of resource elements, to avoid an un-paired resource element in the first and second sets of resource elements.
  • Example 28 According to an example implementation of the method of any of examples 18-27, wherein a first set of resource elements having a first time resource includes an odd number of resource elements and a second set of resource elements having a second time resource also includes the odd number of resource elements, and wherein each of a plurality of the resource elements of the first set of resource elements is paired across frequency with a resource element within the first set of resource elements, and each of a plurality of the resource elements of the second set of resource elements is paired across frequency with a resource element within the second set of resource elements, and at least one resource element of the first set of resource elements is paired across time with a resource element of the second set of resource elements, to avoid an un-paired resource element in the first and second sets of resource elements.
  • Example 29 According to an example implementation of the method of any of examples 18-28, wherein a first set of resource elements has a first time resource and a second set of resource elements has a second time resource, and wherein each of a plurality of the resource elements of the first set of resource elements is paired with a resource element of the second set of resource elements in an adjacent time resource and an adjacent frequency, skipping unavailable resource elements, and at least one resource element of the first set of resource elements is paired with a resource element of the second set of resource elements in an adjacent time resource and a non-adjacent frequency, skipping unavailable resource elements, to avoid an un-paired resource element in the first and second sets of resource elements.
  • Example 30 According to an example implementation of the method of any of examples 18-29, wherein a first set of resource elements having a first time resource includes an odd number of resource elements and a second set of resource elements having a second time resource also includes the odd number of resource elements, and wherein each of a plurality of the resource elements of the first set of resource elements is paired with a resource element of the second set of resource elements in an adjacent time resource and an adjacent frequency, skipping unavailable resource elements, and at least one resource element of the first set of resource elements is paired with a resource element of the second set of resource elements in an adjacent time resource and a non-adjacent frequency, skipping unavailable resource elements, to avoid an un-paired resource element in the first and second sets of resource elements.
  • Example 31 According to an example implementation of the method of any of examples 18-30, wherein a first set of resource elements having a first time resource within a first physical resource block includes an odd number of resource elements, and a second set of resource elements within a second physical resource block having the first time resource also includes an odd number of resource elements, wherein each of a plurality of the resource elements of the first set of resource elements is paired across frequency with a resource element of the first set of resource elements, wherein each of a plurality of the resource elements of the second set of resource elements is paired across frequency with a resource element of the second set of resource elements, and at least one resource element of the first set of resource elements is paired across frequency, and across a physical resource boundary, with a resource element of the second set of resource elements to avoid an un-paired resource element in the first and second sets of resource elements.
  • Example 32 According to an example implementation of the method of any of examples 18-31 , wherein a first set of resource elements having a first time resource includes an odd number of resource elements, and a second set of resource elements having a second time resource also includes the odd number of resource elements, and wherein each of the resource elements of the first set of resource elements is paired across time with a resource element of the second set of resource elements to avoid an un-paired resource element in the first and second sets of resource elements. , wherein each resource element of a pair of resource elements includes a block coding symbol index, and wherein the order of block coding symbol indexes are reversed or interlaced for each frequency or for adjacent pairs of resources.
  • Example 33 According to an example implementation of the method of any of examples 18-32, wherein a first set of resource elements having a first time resource includes an odd number of resource elements and a second set of resource elements having a second time resource also includes the odd number of resource elements, and wherein each of a plurality of the resource elements of the first set of resource elements is paired across frequency with a resource element within the first set of resource elements, and each of a plurality of the resource elements of the second set of resource elements is paired across frequency with a resource element within the second set of resource elements, and at least one resource element of the first set of resource elements is paired across time with a resource element of the second set of resource elements, to avoid an un-paired resource element in the first and second sets of resource elements, wherein each resource element of a pair of resource elements includes a block coding symbol index, and wherein the order of block coding symbol indexes are reversed or interlaced for each frequency or for adjacent pairs of resources.
  • Example 34 An apparatus comprising at least one processor and at least one memory including computer instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to: receive information comprising time-frequency resource elements that were paired for transmission, wherein each of a plurality of the resource elements were paired with another resource element across at least one of time and frequency to avoid an un-paired resource element that is received by itself.
  • FIG. 10 is a block diagram of a wireless station (e.g., AP or user device) 1000 according to an example implementation.
  • the wireless station 1000 may include, for example, one or two RF (radio frequency) or wireless transceivers 1002A, 1002B, where each wireless transceiver includes a transmitter to transmit signals and a receiver to receive signals.
  • the wireless station also includes a processor or control unit/entity (controller) 1004 to execute instructions or software and control transmission and receptions of signals, and a memory 1006 to store data and/or instructions.
  • Processor 1004 may also make decisions or determinations, generate frames, packets or messages for transmission, decode received frames or messages for further processing, and other tasks or functions described herein.
  • Processor 1004 which may be a baseband processor, for example, may generate messages, packets, frames or other signals for transmission via wireless transceiver 1002 (1002A or 1002B).
  • Processor 1004 may control transmission of signals or messages over a wireless network, and may control the reception of signals or messages, etc., via a wireless network (e.g., after being down- converted by wireless transceiver 1002, for example).
  • Processor 1004 may be
  • Processor 1004 may be (or may include), for example, hardware, programmable logic, a programmable processor that executes software or firmware, and/or any combination of these. Using other terminology, processor 1004 and transceiver 1002 together may be considered as a wireless transmitter/receiver system, for example.
  • a controller (or processor) 1008 may execute software and instructions, and may provide overall control for the station 1000, and may provide control for other systems not shown in FIG. 10, such as controlling input/output devices (e.g., display, keypad), and/or may execute software for one or more applications that may be provided on wireless station 1000, such as, for example, an email program, audio/video applications, a word processor, a Voice over IP application, or other application or software.
  • controlling input/output devices e.g., display, keypad
  • software for one or more applications that may be provided on wireless station 1000, such as, for example, an email program, audio/video applications, a word processor, a Voice over IP application, or other application or software.
  • a storage medium may be provided that includes stored
  • RF or wireless transceiver(s) 1002A/1002B may receive signals or data and/or transmit or send signals or data.
  • Processor 1004 (and possibly transceivers 1002A/1002B) may control the RF or wireless transceiver 1002A or 1002B to receive, send, broadcast or transmit signals or data.
  • the embodiments are not, however, restricted to the system that is given as an example, but a person skilled in the art may apply the solution to other communication systems.
  • Another example of a suitable communications system is the 5G concept. It is assumed that network architecture in 5G will be quite similar to that of the LTE-advanced. 5G is likely to use multiple input - multiple output (MIMO) antennas, many more base stations or nodes than the LTE (a so-called small cell concept), including macro sites operating in cooperation with smaller stations and perhaps also employing a variety of radio technologies for better coverage and enhanced data rates.
  • MIMO multiple input - multiple output
  • NFV network functions virtualization
  • a virtualized network function may comprise one or more virtual machines running computer program codes using standard or general type servers instead of customized hardware. Cloud computing or data storage may also be utilized.
  • radio communications this may mean node operations may be carried out, at least partly, in a server, host or node operationally coupled to a remote radio head. It is also possible that node operations will be distributed among a plurality of servers, nodes or hosts. It should also be understood that the distribution of labour between core network operations and base station operations may differ from that of the LTE or even be nonexistent.
  • Implementations may be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer hardware, firmware, software, or in combinations of them. Implementations may be implemented as a computer program product, i.e., a computer program tangibly embodied in an information carrier, e.g., in a
  • a machine-readable storage device or in a propagated signal for execution by, or to control the operation of, a data processing apparatus, e.g., a programmable processor, a computer, or multiple computers. Implementations may also be provided on a computer readable medium or computer readable storage medium, which may be a non-transitory medium.
  • Implementations of the various techniques may also include implementations provided via transitory signals or media, and/or programs and/or software implementations that are downloadable via the Internet or other network(s), either wired networks and/or wireless networks.
  • implementations may be provided via machine type communications (MTC), and also via an Internet of Things (IOT).
  • MTC machine type communications
  • IOT Internet of Things
  • the computer program may be in source code form, object code form, or in some intermediate form, and it may be stored in some sort of carrier, distribution medium, or computer readable medium, which may be any entity or device capable of carrying the program.
  • carrier include a record medium, computer memory, read-only memory, photoelectrical and/or electrical carrier signal, telecommunications signal, and software distribution package, for example.
  • the computer program may be executed in a single electronic digital computer or it may be distributed amongst a number of computers.
  • implementations of the various techniques described herein may use a cyber-physical system (CPS) (a system of collaborating computational elements controlling physical entities).
  • CPS may enable the implementation and exploitation of massive amounts of interconnected ICT devices (sensors, actuators, processors microcontrollers, etc embedded in physical objects at different locations.
  • ICT devices sensors, actuators, processors microcontrollers, etc.
  • Mobile cyber physical systems in which the physical system in question has inherent mobility, are a subcategory of cyber-physical systems. Examples of mobile physical systems include mobile robotics and electronics transported by humans or animals. The rise in popularity of smartphones has increased interest in the area of mobile cyber-physical systems. Therefore, various implementations of techniques described herein may be provided via one or more of these technologies.
  • a computer program such as the computer program(s) described above, can be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, and can be deployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, or other unit or part of it suitable for use in a computing environment.
  • a computer program can be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computers at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a
  • Method steps may be performed by one or more programmable processors executing a computer program or computer program portions to perform functions by operating on input data and generating output. Method steps also may be performed by, and an apparatus may be implemented as, special purpose logic circuitry, e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) or an ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit).
  • FPGA field programmable gate array
  • ASIC application-specific integrated circuit
  • processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, and any one or more processors of any kind of digital computer, chip or chipset.
  • a processor will receive instructions and data from a read-only memory or a random access memory or both.
  • Elements of a computer may include at least one processor for executing instructions and one or more memory devices for storing instructions and data.
  • a computer also may include, or be operatively coupled to receive data from or transfer data to, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g., magnetic, magneto-optical disks, or optical disks.
  • Information carriers suitable for embodying computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, e.g., internal hard disks or removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks.
  • semiconductor memory devices e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices
  • magnetic disks e.g., internal hard disks or removable disks
  • magneto-optical disks e.g., CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks.
  • the processor and the memory may be supplemented by, or incorporated in, special purpose logic circuitry.
  • implementations may be implemented on a computer having a display device, e.g., a cathode ray tube (CRT) or liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor, for displaying information to the user and a user interface, such as a keyboard and a pointing device, e.g., a mouse or a trackball, by which the user can provide input to the computer.
  • a display device e.g., a cathode ray tube (CRT) or liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor
  • a user interface such as a keyboard and a pointing device, e.g., a mouse or a trackball
  • Other kinds of devices can be used to provide for interaction with a user as well; for example, feedback provided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback, e.g., visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback; and input from the user can be received in any form, including acoustic, speech, or tactile input.
  • Implementations may be implemented in a computing system that includes a back-end component, e.g., as a data server, or that includes a middleware component, e.g., an application server, or that includes a front-end component, e.g., a client computer having a graphical user interface or a Web browser through which a user can interact with an implementation, or any combination of such back-end, middleware, or front-end components.
  • Components may be interconnected by any form or medium of digital data communication, e.g., a communication network. Examples of communication networks include a local area network (LAN) and a wide area network (WAN), e.g., the Internet.
  • LAN local area network
  • WAN wide area network

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Abstract

Une technique peut consister à transmettre des informations à l'aide d'un codage par blocs à antennes multiples dans lequel des éléments de ressource temps-fréquence sont appariés pour une transmission, la transmission comprenant l'appariement de chacun d'une pluralité d'éléments de ressource avec un autre élément de ressource sur le temps et/ou la fréquence pour éviter un élément de ressource non apparié qui est transmis par lui-même.
PCT/EP2017/074732 2016-09-30 2017-09-29 Appariement d'éléments de ressources pour diversité de transmission pour réseaux sans fil WO2018060397A1 (fr)

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