Classifications

• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01B—MACHINES OR ENGINES, IN GENERAL OR OF POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT TYPE, e.g. STEAM ENGINES
  • F01B3/00—Reciprocating-piston machines or engines with cylinder axes coaxial with, or parallel or inclined to, main shaft axis
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
  • F16H—GEARING
  • F16H35/00—Gearings or mechanisms with other special functional features
  • F16H35/02—Gearings or mechanisms with other special functional features for conveying rotary motion with cyclically varying velocity ratio
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
  • B62M—RIDER PROPULSION OF WHEELED VEHICLES OR SLEDGES; POWERED PROPULSION OF SLEDGES OR SINGLE-TRACK CYCLES; TRANSMISSIONS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SUCH VEHICLES
  • B62M1/00—Rider propulsion of wheeled vehicles
  • B62M1/36—Rider propulsion of wheeled vehicles with rotary cranks, e.g. with pedal cranks
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
  • B62M—RIDER PROPULSION OF WHEELED VEHICLES OR SLEDGES; POWERED PROPULSION OF SLEDGES OR SINGLE-TRACK CYCLES; TRANSMISSIONS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SUCH VEHICLES
  • B62M11/00—Transmissions characterised by the use of interengaging toothed wheels or frictionally-engaging wheels
  • B62M11/04—Transmissions characterised by the use of interengaging toothed wheels or frictionally-engaging wheels of changeable ratio
  • B62M11/14—Transmissions characterised by the use of interengaging toothed wheels or frictionally-engaging wheels of changeable ratio with planetary gears
  • B62M11/145—Transmissions characterised by the use of interengaging toothed wheels or frictionally-engaging wheels of changeable ratio with planetary gears built in, or adjacent to, the bottom bracket
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
  • B62M—RIDER PROPULSION OF WHEELED VEHICLES OR SLEDGES; POWERED PROPULSION OF SLEDGES OR SINGLE-TRACK CYCLES; TRANSMISSIONS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SUCH VEHICLES
  • B62M17/00—Transmissions characterised by use of rotary shaft, e.g. cardan shaft
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
  • B62M—RIDER PROPULSION OF WHEELED VEHICLES OR SLEDGES; POWERED PROPULSION OF SLEDGES OR SINGLE-TRACK CYCLES; TRANSMISSIONS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SUCH VEHICLES
  • B62M19/00—Transmissions characterised by use of non-mechanical gearing, e.g. fluid gearing
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
  • B62M—RIDER PROPULSION OF WHEELED VEHICLES OR SLEDGES; POWERED PROPULSION OF SLEDGES OR SINGLE-TRACK CYCLES; TRANSMISSIONS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SUCH VEHICLES
  • B62M3/00—Construction of cranks operated by hand or foot
  • B62M3/06—Construction of cranks operated by hand or foot with elliptical or other non-circular rotary movement
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
  • B62M—RIDER PROPULSION OF WHEELED VEHICLES OR SLEDGES; POWERED PROPULSION OF SLEDGES OR SINGLE-TRACK CYCLES; TRANSMISSIONS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SUCH VEHICLES
  • B62M6/00—Rider propulsion of wheeled vehicles with additional source of power, e.g. combustion engine or electric motor
  • B62M6/40—Rider propelled cycles with auxiliary electric motor
  • B62M6/55—Rider propelled cycles with auxiliary electric motor power-driven at crank shafts parts
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01B—MACHINES OR ENGINES, IN GENERAL OR OF POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT TYPE, e.g. STEAM ENGINES
  • F01B9/00—Reciprocating-piston machines or engines characterised by connections between pistons and main shafts and not specific to preceding groups
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01B—MACHINES OR ENGINES, IN GENERAL OR OF POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT TYPE, e.g. STEAM ENGINES
  • F01B9/00—Reciprocating-piston machines or engines characterised by connections between pistons and main shafts and not specific to preceding groups
  • F01B9/04—Reciprocating-piston machines or engines characterised by connections between pistons and main shafts and not specific to preceding groups with rotary main shaft other than crankshaft
  • F01B9/042—Reciprocating-piston machines or engines characterised by connections between pistons and main shafts and not specific to preceding groups with rotary main shaft other than crankshaft the connections comprising gear transmissions
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01C—ROTARY-PISTON OR OSCILLATING-PISTON MACHINES OR ENGINES
  • F01C1/00—Rotary-piston machines or engines
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
  • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
  • F02B75/00—Other engines
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
  • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
  • F02B75/00—Other engines
  • F02B75/32—Engines characterised by connections between pistons and main shafts and not specific to preceding main groups
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
  • F16H—GEARING
  • F16H21/00—Gearings comprising primarily only links or levers, with or without slides
  • F16H21/10—Gearings comprising primarily only links or levers, with or without slides all movement being in, or parallel to, a single plane
  • F16H21/16—Gearings comprising primarily only links or levers, with or without slides all movement being in, or parallel to, a single plane for interconverting rotary motion and reciprocating motion
  • F16H21/18—Crank gearings; Eccentric gearings
  • F16H21/22—Crank gearings; Eccentric gearings with one connecting-rod and one guided slide to each crank or eccentric
  • F16H21/28—Crank gearings; Eccentric gearings with one connecting-rod and one guided slide to each crank or eccentric with cams or additional guides
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
  • F16H—GEARING
  • F16H21/00—Gearings comprising primarily only links or levers, with or without slides
  • F16H21/10—Gearings comprising primarily only links or levers, with or without slides all movement being in, or parallel to, a single plane
  • F16H21/16—Gearings comprising primarily only links or levers, with or without slides all movement being in, or parallel to, a single plane for interconverting rotary motion and reciprocating motion
  • F16H21/18—Crank gearings; Eccentric gearings
  • F16H21/34—Crank gearings; Eccentric gearings with two or more connecting-rods to each crank or eccentric
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
  • F16H—GEARING
  • F16H25/00—Gearings comprising primarily only cams, cam-followers and screw-and-nut mechanisms
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
  • F16H—GEARING
  • F16H35/00—Gearings or mechanisms with other special functional features
  • F16H2035/003—Gearings comprising pulleys or toothed members of non-circular shape, e.g. elliptical gears

Definitions

• the Invention refers to a mechanical Mechanism which can be positioned within a Work-producing Machine, in order to smooth out the kinematic and dynamic characteristics of angular velocity and torque, respectively, of the Output Shaft of this Machine, or to improve the geometric characteristics of this Machine per se.
• a new vision of the things is intended to resolve the aforementioned problems, and this new vision brings the Idea of Differentiation, in some way, of the flow of Time, during the operation of a Mechanism, when the flow of Energy runs from one structural element to the next.
• Cyclist has to apply almost vertical force on a pedal for one hundred and twenty degrees only with the one foot, then has to perform the same with the other foot, and, paradoxically, in this way, the Cyclist accomplishes a complete pedaling revolution as if he had three feet,
• the current Mechanism is mainly based on the use of the Odonto-Knodaces (Cam- Gears), and secondly on the use of the Knodaces (Cams) in special cases only, and through which the angular or linear velocity of certain elements that either exist or are just now inserted between the production site of the Work and the Output Shaft, at each point in time (moment) or, more precisely, point- by-point in space, is redefined so that, within a certain period, expansion or contraction of the kinematic sizes or geometric sizes is achieved and, within another period, the inverse change takes place, -thus, although the final result is that the average value of these sizes is constant, the fluctuation of these sizes, however, dramatically achieves either the improvement of the smoothness of the motion or of the torque of the Output Shaft, or the improvement of the geometric characteristics of the Machine per se.
• the toothings of constant or of variable transmission ratio are denoted by two equidistant curves, which in the case of the constant transmission ratio are concentric circles, the internal curve representing the rolling curve while the outer curve representing the envelope of the heads of the teeth, and in the Sections the teeth are intersected at their heads, but at the points where there is a cooperation of these teeth, they are, absolutely schematically and arbitrarily, presented as two diagonal lines from the base of a tooth of the one toothing to the base of a tooth of the other toothing,
• complete kinematic Cycle or “complete operational Cycle” is defined as a sequence of kinematic or functional processes, respectively, which, when completed, brings all involved moving parts precisely to their original position so as to repeat this sequence without any change ad infinitum,
• Phase difference is defined as the phase difference due to the angular position, with respect to the central axis of the Mechanism, of each Planet of this Mechanism, while “Operational phase difference” is defined as the one required for the operation of the Mechanism, also for each Planet,
• FIGURE 01 shows a Generalized Mechanism of Phase Morphing.
• This Mechanism has a Clock (Metronome) (002), which is supported on a Frame (001 ), allowing only rotation about its own axis, which axis constitutes the central axis of the Mechanism.
• a Cam-Shaft (010) which is located at a certain distance from the central axis of the Mechanism and is parallel to the Clock (Metronome), while its angular position about its own axis is determined by the angular Position of the Clock (Metronome) through a pair of coupled toothings of either of constant transmission ratio or of variable transmission ratio and such that the mean of this ratio in a complete kinematic Cycle is a rational number, preferably a ratio of small integers and more preferably equal to one.
• any relative mechanism for example a Crank-and-Pusher mechanism, or through the cooperation of the followers that it carries and the Knodaces (Cams) of the Cam-Shaft, a cooperation that is either Desmo-Dromic or of any other type.
• Carriers (004, 006, 008) which are either embedded on the Frame or rigidly attached on the Clock (Metronome), the angular arrangement of which is determined according to the Design requirements but where it is not required and it is not otherwise stated, it is considered that the Carriers are distributed angularly equidistantly with respect to the central axis of the Mechanism, so in the case in which they are embedded on the Frame, what are determined by this arrangement are the positions of the rotation axes of the Planets.
• Sun 003
• Clock Metronome
• the Sun and each Planet carry toothings which are a pair of conjugate toothings of either a constant transmission ratio or a variable transmission ratio so that the average of this ratio in a complete kinematic Cycle is a rational number, preferably a ratio of small integers and more preferably equal to one.
• the aforementioned toothings and the toothings between the Clock (Metronome) and the Cam- Shaft when they are of variable transmission ratio, with respect to their deployment in space, either are all planar or in the case in which the average of the transmission ratio in a complete kinematic Cycle is not equal to one, and further after a complete rotation of the faster moving from these two cooperative elements, the segments of the toothings that are found opposite to each other are not conjugate for the cooperation between them, then these segments are deployed at different axial positions, either spirally in a continuous deployment in space or partially in a stepwise form.
• the Sun can carry either a toothing common to the toothings of all Planets, or the plurality of these toothings can be equal to the plurality of Planets, either as a Design option to avoid further structural complexity due to just described spiral or stepwise deployment, or necessarily when the Positional phase difference differs from the Operational one.
• Each of the Planets finally, possibly carries a Crank which can drive or be driven from further elements that do not belong to the current Mechanism.
• FIGURE 02 shows a portion of the Frame (101) of a light vehicle, a Bicycle for example, which is moved by feet, more commonly, or even by hands, of the person which uses this vehicle.
• the Sun (103) is rigidly attached on the Clock (Metronome) (103), having three toothings, two of variable transmission ratio and one of constant transmission ratio.
• the Carriers (101 , 101) are two in number and, starting the arrangement with equally angularly spaced Carriers, one of them, arbitrarily any one, is rotated with respect to the central axis of the Mechanism by half of the circumference so that the axis of the corresponding Planet (104) coincides with the axis of the other Planet (105) and being in these positions these Carriers are embedded on the Frame.
• Reverser Coaxially with the Planets is a body, named "Reverser” (102) which is supported on the Frame allowing only rotation with respect to its own axis, which happens to be the axis of rotation of the classic pair of the pedals of the Bicycle, which pair is now replaced by the current Mechanism, and on which Reverser the two Planets are supported, allowing only rotation with respect to their common axis.
• This Reverser has a toothing that cooperates with a toothing located on the Sun with a constant transmission ratio and has also a number of chain sprockets or even any other transmission mechanism, so that to be able to drive or to be driven by further elements beyond of the current Mechanism, for example through the classic chain to move the rear wheel of the vehicle and in this way the vehicle itself, while at least at the bottom of this Reverser there are guards embedded on the Frame for protection of the Mechanism from external shock.
• variable transmission ratio is such that for the rotation of the Sun by half of the circumference, one Planet travels a significantly less angular stroke about its own axis, during the active Period for this Planet, while the other Planet travels a complementary to the one just described, with respect to the circumference, angular stroke, during the conventionally passive Period for this Planet, while this process is alternated between the Planets and this complete kinematic Cycle is repeated identically ad infinitum.
• the angular stroke which is travelled by the one Planet during the conventionally active Period for this Planet can be of any value; however, in the case in which that angular stroke is equal to one to three of the circumference, the user of this Mechanism appears as if he had three limbs, either hands or feet, thus this specific Transmission Mechanism could be named:
• TREE-MEMBER MECHANISM (“TRIS ELION MECHANISM") 2. Hybrid Transmission Mechanism for light vehicle driven by Hands or Feet (Bicycle).
• FIGURE 03 shows a portion of the Frame (201 ) of a light vehicle and the Transmission Mechanism as in the previous Example, but now the Rotor of an Electric Device is coaxially rigidly attached on the Sun (203), while the Stator of this Electric Device is, coaxially also with respect to this Rotor, embedded on the Frame, so that part of the mechanical Work of the aforementioned Example, through the application of external force alternately to either the Crank of the one Planet (204) or the Crank of the other Planet (205), is saved as Electric Energy in a battery connected with this Electric Device, which is either the classic Electric Generator which only converts a mechanical Work into Electric Energy, or an advanced such Device that can operate also vice versa, so that this inverse function assists the movement of the one or both Planets or the movement of the Frame in space, through the Reverser (202).
• FIGURE 04 shows a portion of the Frame (301 ) of a light vehicle and the Mechanism, as in the two immediately preceding Examples, except that in this Example the Mechanism is disassembled, where only the Reverser (303) is always supported on the Frame, allowing only rotation about its own axis, while the rest of the Mechanism is located within a Sub-Frame (302), on which both the Planets (305, 306) and the Sun (304) are supported on appropriate bases, allowing only rotation about their own axes, either without an Electric Device as in the first Example or with an Electric Device as in the second Example, and in the latter case this Sub-Frame can also carry the battery of the electric circuit, while in both cases this Sub-Frame has handles in its upper part as well as the necessary guards.
• This Sub-Frame is structurally independent and detachable from the Frame and is mounted relative to the Frame from top to bottom and to the point where the axes of the Planets, which, all along this process, are on either sides of the Reverser, are aligned with the axis of this Reverser, while at selected areas there are sliding ramps that guide the Sub-Frame in order to make it easier to fit.
• a central Pin (307) is first adapted to restore the engagement of teeth between the Sun and the Reverser, then two secondary Pins (308, 309) are adapted, while all these three Pins are locked in their final position in some manner, with spring receding balls for example, so that the Sub-Frame with respect to the Frame is completely and securely constrained, and in the case of an Electric Device, the electric part of the Sub- Frame is connected with electric elements of the Frame, such as control units and indicators, as well as the battery of the electric circuit in the case in which it is not on the Sub-Frame.
• FIGURE 05 shows a perspective oblique view of the same Mechanism, dismantled as well, but where the assembly process is more illustrative.
• This removable Mechanism in the case in which the Bicycle, for example, is exposed to an area with low level protection against theft, can be moved to the office, home or hotel, but in addition to avoiding theft, there are other reasons for which this feature is useful: can be adapted to a simple support frame for use as a hand or foot gym in the aforementioned places, but also as an electric charger for either the battery itself of the Bicycle or other devices such as a mobile phone or a laptop computer.
• the main role of the Reverser is exactly to reverse the direction of the rotation one more time, in order to adapt to the other transmission mechanisms that already exist on a Bicycle.
• Output is either the rear wheel itself of the Bicycle or the input shaft of a planetary gear box, coaxially with the rear wheel or not.
• FIGURE 07 shows a Work-producing Machine, which may be, for example, a Two-Stroke Internal Combustion Engine.
• the Sun (402) is rigidly attached on the Clock (Metronome) (402), and its toothing is of variable transmission ratio having a mean value equal to one, is external and has been deployed in only one level, while the Carriers (401 , 401 , 401) are three in number and are embedded on the Frame (401).
• the Planets (403, 406, 409) are also three in number, supported on the Frame with the possibility of rotation only with respect to their own axis, are angularly equidistant with respect to the central axis of the Mechanism, that is the angular distance between their axes is the same for any pair of consecutive Planets (403 and 406 or 406 and 409 or 409 and 403), and at a certain distance from the central axis of the Mechanism, while the toothing of each Planet is of variable transmission ratio having a mean value equal to one, is external and has been deployed in only one level.
• Three Toroidal Combustion Chambers (401 , 401 , 401 ) also are embedded on the Frame, in which a change in the pressure and volume of the gas is effected by combustion, and which are angularly equidistant with respect to the central axis of the Mechanism, and at such distance from this axis and in such orientation, so that to allow their unobstructed cooperation with the corresponding Toroidal Pistons (405, 408, 411), while they have an inlet port of either a fuel mixture or an oxidant, an exhaust gas outlet port, and a unit to produce, in any way, ignition.
• Toroidal Pistons are supported on the Clock (Metronome), with the possibility of rotation only with respect to their own axis which coincides with the central axis of the Mechanism, while each Toroidal Piston has two fronts so as to cooperate simultaneously with two consecutive Toroidal Combustion Chambers, while the space, in which the processes of any thermodynamic Cycle are performed, is created by the hollow shell of the Toroidal Combustion Chamber and the fronts of two consecutive Toroidal Pistons, the angular distance of which is variably formed.
• each Planet (403 or 406 or 409) is connected with the one end of a Pusher (404 or 407 or 410, respectively), while the other end of this Pusher is connected with a Pin on the corresponding Toroidal Piston (405 or 408 or 411 , respectively), so that the rotation with variable angular velocity of the Planets about their own axis, is transformed into a rotation with variable angular velocity of the Toroidal Pistons about the central axis of the Mechanism, and thus a given complete operational Cycle of Work production is performed, being repeated identically ad infinitum.
• FIGURE 08 shows a Work-producing Machine, which may be, for example, a Two-Stroke Internal Combustion Engine.
• the Sun (502) is rigidly attached on the Clock (Metronome) (502), and its toothing is of variable transmission ratio having a mean value equal to one, is external and has been deployed in only one level, while the Carriers (501 , 501 , 501 ) are three in number and are embedded on the Frame (501 ).
• the Planets (503, 508, 513) are also three in number, supported on the Frame with the possibility of rotation only with respect to their own axis, are angularly equidistant with respect to the central axis of the Mechanism, that is the angular distance between their axes is the same for any pair of consecutive Planets (503 and 508 or 508 and 513 or 513 and 503), and at a certain distance from the central axis of the Mechanism, while the toothing of each Planet is of variable transmission ratio having a mean value equal to one, is external and has been deployed in only one level.
• Three Cylindrical Combustion Chambers (501 , 501 , 501) also are embedded on the Frame, in which a change in the pressure and volume of the gas is effected by combustion, and which are angularly equidistant with respect to the central axis of the Mechanism and at such distance from this axis and in such spatial orientation, so that to allow their unobstructed cooperation with the corresponding Cylindrical Pistons (505, 507, 510, 512, 515, 517), while they have an inlet port of either a fuel mixture or an oxidant, an exhaust gas outlet port, and a unit to produce, in any way, ignition.
• each Cylindrical Piston has one front so as to cooperate with one Cylindrical Combustion Chamber, while the space, in which the processes of any thermodynamic Cycle are performed, is created by the hollow shell of the Cylindrical Combustion Chamber and the fronts of two consecutive Cylindrical Pistons, the linear distance of which is variably formed.
• each Planet (503 or 508 or 513), on the one hand, is connected with the one end of a Pusher (504 or 509 or 514, respectively), while the other end of this Pusher is connected with a Pin on the corresponding Cylindrical Piston (505 or 510 or 515, respectively), on the other hand, is connected with the one end of another Pusher (506 or 511 or 516, respectively), while the other end of this Pusher is connected with a Pin on the corresponding Cylindrical Piston (507 or 512 or 517, respectively), so that the rotation with variable angular velocity of the Planets about their own axis, is transformed into a translation with variable linear velocity of the Cylindrical Pistons along the longitudinal axis of the corresponding Cylindrical Combustion Chamber, and thus a given complete operational Cycle of Work production is performed, being repeated identically ad infinitum.
• the Phase Morphing process expands the Positional phase difference between the two consecutive of the three Pistons, from one to three of the circumference, to half of the circumference, and achieves exactly what is required.
• the way of opening the ports is also of interest, as there is no simultaneous opening of all ports, such as in the case of the Napier Deltic Engine, but first opens the exhaust outlet port, then open both, then the exhaust outlet port closes and finally the fuel inlet port closes, a fact that favors the complete scavenging of the exhaust gases outwards of the combustion chamber and the filling of it with a new, clean fuel mixture or oxidant.
• the Toroidal Engine greatly outperforms as regards the number of moving parts, the mounting quality of its Pistons, the timing of ports opening and also the exploitation of space with a particularly high ratio of the working volume to the total volume; besides these, however, its construction is more complicated, compared to that of the Polygonal Engine.
• the number of cylinders can be equal to any integer greater than two, but when this number is equal either to THREE or FIVE the resulting Machines are of higher importance.
• FIGURE 09 shows a Work-producing Machine, which may be, for example, a Four-Stroke Internal Combustion Engine.
• the Sun (602) is rigidly attached on the Clock (Metronome) (602), and its toothing is of variable transmission ratio having a mean value equal to one to two, is external and has been deployed in two levels, while the Carriers (601 , 601) are two in number and are embedded on the Frame (601 ).
• the Planets (603, 604) are also two in number, supported on the Frame with the possibility of rotation only with respect to their own axis, which axis is parallel to the central axis of the Mechanism, while the Planets are angularly equidistant with respect to the central axis of the Mechanism, that is the angular distance between their axes is the same for any pair of consecutive Planets (603 and 604 or 604 and 603), and at a certain distance from the central axis of the Mechanism, while the toothing of each Planet is of variable transmission ratio having a mean value equal to one to two, is external and has been deployed in two levels.
• Cylindrical Combustion Chambers (601 , 601) are embedded on the Frame, in which a change in the pressure and volume of the gas is effected by combustion, and which are angularly arranged so that to follow the arrangement of the Planets and at such distance from the central axis of the Mechanism and in such spatial orientation, so that to allow their unobstructed cooperation with the corresponding Cylindrical Pistons (607, 608), while they have an inlet port of either a fuel mixture or an oxidant, an exhaust gas outlet port, and a unit to produce, in any way, ignition.
• each Cylindrical Piston has one front so as to cooperate with one Cylindrical Combustion Chamber, while the space, in which the processes of any thermodynamic Cycle are performed, is created by the hollow shell and the base of the Cylindrical Combustion Chamber and the front of the corresponding Cylindrical Piston.
• each Planet (603 or 604) is connected with the one end of a Pusher (605 or 606, respectively), while the other end of this Pusher is connected with a Pin on the corresponding Cylindrical Piston (607 or 608, respectively), so that the rotation with variable angular velocity of the Planets about their own axis, is transformed into a translation with variable linear velocity of the Cylindrical Pistons along the longitudinal axis of the corresponding Cylindrical Combustion Chamber, and thus a given complete operational Cycle of Work production is performed, being repeated identically ad infinitum.
• FIGURE 10 shows the same Work-producing Machine at different moments or, more precisely, at different angular positions of the Clock (Metronome), so that in one Cylindrical Combustion Chamber, the Four Strokes of a classic thermodynamic Cycle are presented:
• - A the Clock (Metronome) is conventionally at its original position, the Exhaust Period of the exhaust gases in the right Chamber starts, while for the left Chamber an angular stroke of the Clock (Metronome) of one to sixty of the circumference has already been travelled since the beginning of the Power Period for this Chamber
• - B the Clock (Metronome) has been rotated in the mathematically positive direction by eight to sixty of the circumference, in the right Chamber the Intake Period of the fuel mixture or oxidant starts, while in the left Chamber the Power Period continues,
• the Clock (Metronome) has been rotated in the mathematically positive direction by an additional eight to sixty of the circumference, in the right Chamber the Compression Period of the fuel mixture or oxidant starts, while in the left Chamber the Power Period continues,
• the Clock (Metronome) has to be rotated by an additional thirty two to sixty of the circumference, in which the Power Period of the right Chamber continues, in order to accomplish a complete thermodynamic Cycle in both Chambers, and that means that the Overlapping of the Power Periods is one to thirty of the circumference.
• FIGURE 11 shows a perspective oblique view of this Work-producing Machine, which is viewed from the opposite side of that of the FIGURE 09, at two different angular positions of the Clock (Metronome), so as to show the succession of the cooperation of the Sun and the Planets from the one level to the other:
• the Clock (Metronome) is conventionally located at its original position and the Sun, which is rigidly attached on the Clock (Metronome), cooperates with the Planets at both sides of it, at the same time, at the lowest level, in which the segments of the Planets move slower but accepting the highest values of torque, therefore the required strength of these, is, correctly, corresponding to the size of these toothings,
• FIGURE 12 shows a Work-producing Machine, which may be, for example, a Four-Stroke Internal Combustion Engine.
• the Sun (702) is rigidly attached on the Clock (Metronome) (702), and its toothing is of variable transmission ratio having a mean value equal to one, is external and has been deployed in only one level, while the Carriers (701 , 701) are two in number and are embedded on the Frame (701).
• the Planets (703, 704) are also two in number, supported on the Frame with the possibility of rotation only with respect to their own axis, which axis is parallel to the central axis of the Mechanism, are angularly equidistant with respect to the central axis of the Mechanism, that is the angular distance between their axes is the same for any pair of consecutive Planets (703 and 704 or 704 and 703), and at a certain distance from the central axis of the Mechanism, while the toothing of each Planet is of variable transmission ratio having a mean value equal to one, is external and has been deployed in only one level, while the Planets carry also, at a different axial position, another toothing of preferably constant transmission ratio equal to one to two.
• Cylindrical Combustion Chambers (701 , 701 ) are embedded on the Frame, in which a change in the pressure and volume of the gas is effected by combustion, and which are angularly arranged so that to follow the arrangement of the Gear-Cranks and at such distance from the central axis of the Mechanism and in such spatial orientation, so that to allow their unobstructed cooperation with the corresponding Cylindrical Pistons (709, 710), while they have an inlet port of either a fuel mixture or an oxidant, an exhaust gas outlet port, and a unit to produce, in any way, ignition.
• each Cylindrical Piston has one front so as to cooperate with one Cylindrical Combustion Chamber, while the space, in which the processes of any thermodynamic Cycle are performed, is created by the hollow shell and the base of the Cylindrical Combustion Chamber and the front of the corresponding Cylindrical Piston.
• each Gear-Crank (705 or 706) is connected with the one end of a Pusher (707 or 708, respectively), while the other end of this Pusher is connected with a Pin on the corresponding Cylindrical Piston (709 or 710, respectively), so that the rotation with variable angular velocity of the Planets about their own axis, is transformed into a translation with variable linear velocity of the Cylindrical Pistons along the longitudinal axis of the corresponding Cylindrical Combustion Chamber, and thus a given complete operational Cycle of Work production is performed, being repeated identically ad infinitum.
• the Positional phase difference by default is identical to the Operational one, so it is easy to create a circular radial arrangement of this form of any number of cylinders, even of odd number, while the number TWO for the cylinders has been selected in order to be spectacularly overturned, in the more extreme way, the heretical sense of the statement: "is it possible to have Overlapping of Power Periods in a Two-Cylinder Engine which performs a Four-Stroke Cycle?".
• FIGURE 13 presents a variety of different arrangements of the same concept which characterizes the just aforementioned Machines, both with Two-level and Planar Odonto-Knodaces (Cam-Gears):
• an allowed generalization of all the aforementioned cases includes the tilting of any rotational axis at any angle, even up to the point that some axes could be perpendicular to other axes, not necessarily at all branches of the Mechanism, and therefore includes the use of bevel gears or of any other spatial transmission mechanism, even the use of more specialized Odonto-Knodaces (Cam-Gears) with non- parallel axes.
• the Machine with Two-level Odonto-Knodaces (Cam-Gears) is more compact in volume and of less moving parts, but it is, also, more complicated in its construction and operation than the Machine with Planar Odonto-Knodaces (Cam-Gears).
• FIGURE 14 shows a Work-producing Machine, which can be, for example, a Four-Stroke Internal Combustion Engine, with both of its covers, to indicate the consolidation, and the manner in which it is implemented, of the Sun (801 ) on the Frame (801 ).
• a Work-producing Machine which can be, for example, a Four-Stroke Internal Combustion Engine, with both of its covers, to indicate the consolidation, and the manner in which it is implemented, of the Sun (801 ) on the Frame (801 ).
• the sole Carrier (802) is rigidly attached on the Clock (Metronome) (802).
• Only one Combustion Chamber (801 ) is embedded on the Frame, the Profile of which is constant in axial height and is an Epi-Trochoidal curve resulting from the relative to each other movements between the Carrier and the Planet (803) and is traced by the one apex of an equilateral triangle rigidly attached on the Planet, and in which Combustion Chamber a change in the gas pressure and volume takes place by combustion, and which Combustion Chamber has an inlet port of either a fuel mixture or oxidant, an exhaust gas outlet port and a unit to achieve, in any way, ignition.
• the Sun as already mentioned above, is embedded on the Frame, and its toothing is of variable transmission ratio having a mean value two to three, is external and has been deployed in two levels, preferably on either base sides of the Machine in which its covers are located.
• the toothings of variable transmission ratio are so designed that the Planet, moving within the Combustion Chamber, with its three curved sides separates the combustion chamber Profile and hence the space which is thus defined, sometimes into two, in the event that the remaining volume at the end of the Compression Period is required to be zero, sometimes into three and sometimes into four departments, depending on the requirements, so that the processes of any thermodynamic Cycle take place and thus a given complete operational Cycle of Work production is performed, being repeated identically ad infinitum.
• FIGURE 15 the same Work-producing Machine is presented, without both of its covers, at two different moments, or, more precisely, at two opposed angular positions of the Clock (Metronome), with both side views of it at either sides of a central section, showing one such set for each moment, so as, on the one hand to present the Profiles of the specialized structural elements, on the other hand to present the succession of the cooperation between the Sun and Planet from the one toothing segment to the other:
• A: the Clock (Metronome) is conventionally located at its initial position and the toothing segment of the Sun, in this front view, does not cooperate with the toothing segment of the Planet at this side,
• FIGURE 16 shows a Work-producing Machine, which can be, for example, a Four-Stroke Internal Combustion Engine, without its front cover, in order to present the Profiles of the specialized structural elements.
• the sole Carrier (902) is rigidly attached on the Clock (Metronome) (902).
• Combustion Chamber (901) is embedded on the Frame (901 ), the Profile of which is constant in axial height and is an Epi-Trochoidal curve resulting from the relative to each other movements between the Carrier and the Planet (905) and is traced by the one apex of an equilateral triangle rigidly attached on the Planet, and in which Combustion Chamber a change in the gas pressure and volume takes place by combustion, and which Combustion Chamber has an inlet port of either a fuel mixture or oxidant, an exhaust gas outlet port and a unit to achieve, in any way, ignition.
• Cam-Shaft (903) which is located at a certain distance from the central axis of the Mechanism and its axis is parallel to the Clock (Metronome) and is supported on the Frame with the possibility of rotation only with respect to its own axis, while its angular position about its own axis is determined by the angular position of the Clock (Metronome) through a pair of coupled toothings with a preferably constant transmission ratio equal to one.
• Oscillator (904) which is coaxial with the Clock (Metronome) and is supported on the Frame with the possibility of rotation only with respect to its own axis, while its angular position about the central axis of the Mechanism is absolutely determined in both directions of rotation through .the cooperation of the followers that it carries and the Knodaces (Cams) of the Cam-Shaft, or any similar mechanism, even a Crank-and-Pusher mechanism.
• the Sun (904) is rigidly attached on the Oscillator, and its toothing is of preferably constant transmission ratio equal to two to three, is external and has been deployed in only one level.
• the Profiles of the Knodaces (Cams) of the Cam-Shaft are so designed that the Planet, moving within the Combustion Chamber, with its three curved sides separates the combustion chamber Profile and hence the space which is thus defined, sometimes into two, in the event that the remaining volume at the end of the Compression Period is required to be zero, sometimes into three and sometimes into four departments, depending on the requirements, so that the processes of any thermodynamic Cycle take place and thus a given complete operational Cycle of Work production is performed, being repeated identically ad infinitum.
• FIGURE 17 shows the same Work-producing Machine in two different perspective oblique views, in order to present mainly the Cam-Shaft and the Oscillator and make clearer the cooperation between them, which in this Example is of Desmo-Dromic type.
• Phase Morphing Mechanism may also be based on the use of the Knodaces (Cams).
• This specific Machine has been designed by the replacing of one structural element that is stationary with respect to the Frame and which is the Sun in the case of the Wankel Engine, with another one that oscillates about a stationary axis and which is the Sun on its own and with exactly the same structural properties, with the sole difference that it oscillates about its own axis.
• the Machine with Two-level Odonto-Knodaces (Cam-Gears) is more compact in its volume and with less moving parts, but it is also more complicated in its construction and operation compared to the corresponding Machine with Knodax (Cam), which is Planar of course.
• Phase Morphing Mechanism in its general sense, is that it can be interposed, transforming properly its structural form, within an existing Machine, which can be any drive unit, and fundamentally improve either the kinematic and dynamic characteristics of the Output Shaft of this Machine or the geometric characteristics of the Machine per se.
• an Engine with three or more cylinders can produce torque with low degree of fluctuation within a large range of speed without the presence of a flywheel, which makes this Engine significantly lightweight and versatile, and by far the most suitable for interrupted operation when the vehicle stops (start and stop operation),

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