WO2018009484A1 - Passivated pre-lithiated micron and sub-micron group iva particles and methods of preparation thereof - Google Patents
Passivated pre-lithiated micron and sub-micron group iva particles and methods of preparation thereof Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2018009484A1 WO2018009484A1 PCT/US2017/040605 US2017040605W WO2018009484A1 WO 2018009484 A1 WO2018009484 A1 WO 2018009484A1 US 2017040605 W US2017040605 W US 2017040605W WO 2018009484 A1 WO2018009484 A1 WO 2018009484A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- group iva
- surface modifier
- group
- alloy particles
- particles
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 81
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 74
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 75
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 74
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 17
- -1 octanes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Heptane Chemical class CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical class CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000004703 alkoxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001924 cycloalkanes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001934 cyclohexanes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000003367 polycyclic group Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- BBEAQIROQSPTKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=CC3=CC=CC4=CC=C1C2=C43 BBEAQIROQSPTKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001252 acrylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001345 alkine derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001913 cyanates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001925 cycloalkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002019 disulfides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002240 furans Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002334 glycols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002390 heteroarenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002460 imidazoles Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- MTNDZQHUAFNZQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazoline Chemical compound C1CN=CN1 MTNDZQHUAFNZQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003949 imides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012948 isocyanate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002513 isocyanates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002540 isothiocyanates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002596 lactones Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002734 metacrylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002048 multi walled nanotube Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000005677 organic carbonates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000151 polyglycol Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010695 polyglycol Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003222 pyridines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003233 pyrroles Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002109 single walled nanotube Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003573 thiols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229930192474 thiophene Natural products 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003577 thiophenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- XMWRBQBLMFGWIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N C60 fullerene Chemical class C12=C3C(C4=C56)=C7C8=C5C5=C9C%10=C6C6=C4C1=C1C4=C6C6=C%10C%10=C9C9=C%11C5=C8C5=C8C7=C3C3=C7C2=C1C1=C2C4=C6C4=C%10C6=C9C9=C%11C5=C5C8=C3C3=C7C1=C1C2=C4C6=C2C9=C5C3=C12 XMWRBQBLMFGWIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910011956 Li4Ti5 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910013098 LiBF2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910012381 LiSn Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002125 Sokalan® Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000006256 anode slurry Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001642 boronic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- GVEPBJHOBDJJJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoranthrene Natural products C1=CC(C2=CC=CC=C22)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 GVEPBJHOBDJJJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910003472 fullerene Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021389 graphene Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002080 perylenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=C2C=CC=C3C4=CC=CC5=CC=CC(C1=C23)=C45)* 0.000 claims description 2
- CSHWQDPOILHKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N peryrene Natural products C1=CC(C2=CC=CC=3C2=C2C=CC=3)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 CSHWQDPOILHKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004584 polyacrylic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000767 polyaniline Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021422 solar-grade silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001694 spray drying Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims 3
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000006138 lithiation reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000011162 core material Substances 0.000 description 7
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 6
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000003376 silicon Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 4
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000002161 passivation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011856 silicon-based particle Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 3
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 3
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910005321 Li15Si4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910010608 Li21Si5 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910014913 LixSi Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002296 dynamic light scattering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000016507 interphase Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003701 mechanical milling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000002159 nanocrystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920005596 polymer binder Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000002491 polymer binding agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001238 wet grinding Methods 0.000 description 2
- FHUDAMLDXFJHJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-one Chemical compound CC(=O)C(F)(F)F FHUDAMLDXFJHJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JXUKFFRPLNTYIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,5-trifluorobenzene Chemical compound FC1=CC(F)=CC(F)=C1 JXUKFFRPLNTYIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QTKPMCIBUROOGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OCC(F)(F)F QTKPMCIBUROOGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VBHXIMACZBQHPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound FC(F)(F)COC(=O)C=C VBHXIMACZBQHPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005653 Brownian motion process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 102000002322 Egg Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010000912 Egg Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YZCKVEUIGOORGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen atom Chemical compound [H] YZCKVEUIGOORGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000733 Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910008045 Si-Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910006411 Si—Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000149 argon plasma sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- WLLOZRDOFANZMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate Chemical compound FC(F)(F)COC(=O)OCC(F)(F)F WLLOZRDOFANZMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005537 brownian motion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002090 carbon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GSOLWAFGMNOBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt Chemical compound [Co][Co][Co][Co][Co][Co][Co][Co] GSOLWAFGMNOBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013065 commercial product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000593 degrading effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000002969 egg yolk Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 235000013345 egg yolk Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011267 electrode slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000008570 general process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001989 lithium alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005543 nano-size silicon particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003921 particle size analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010951 particle size reduction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011253 protective coating Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011946 reduction process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010963 scalable process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013341 scale-up Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003980 solgel method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012798 spherical particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005292 vacuum distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0471—Processes of manufacture in general involving thermal treatment, e.g. firing, sintering, backing particulate active material, thermal decomposition, pyrolysis
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1395—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/387—Tin or alloys based on tin
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present disclosure generally relates to the formation of pre-lithiated micron- and sub-micron Group IVA particles, with surface modifiers applied to passivate lithium from reactions with air and moisture, to the formation of artificial SEI (Solid Electrolyte Interphases) in lithium-ion batteries for improved cycle stability and charge capacity retention, and to methods of preparation and energy storage applications thereof.
- SEI Solid Electrolyte Interphases
- Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) formation on an anode during the first charge- discharge cycle can cause high, irreversible capacity loss (ICL) and result in low Coulombic efficiency.
- ICL irreversible capacity loss
- Li x Si y alloy crystalline phases
- Some of these alloys (preferably those with crystalline character) have been prepared as powders by mechanical milling. For example, Iwamura, S. et al. (Sci Rep. 5, 8085;
- volume expansion upon lithiation of silicon through the formation of multiple Li x Si y phases can reach as high as 400%.
- This physical property has been the root cause of several detrimental effects that leads to rapid capacity fade upon undergoing multiple charge-discharge cycles.
- Mechanical stress from volume expansion and contraction during charge/discharge cycles can lead to particle pulverization, loss of electrical contacts, and excessive SEI buildup in the negative electrode composites, with at least 35% of the lithium being consumed in the process.
- this passivation layer should also function as the SEI layer.
- compositions and methods for pre-lithiation of Group IVA micron and sub-micron particles by application of surface-modifiers such that reactive lithium-M alloy particles (where M may be Si, Ge, or Sn, for example) are substantially passivated to reactions with air and moisture.
- the disclosed surface modifiers may serve as an artificial SEI barrier and are impermeable to oxygen and water to an extent such that the particles can be dispersed in aqueous-based slurries typically used to form negative electrodes in existing commercial lithium-ion battery processes.
- Electrode composites made with these pre-lithiated Group IVA particles may exhibit high first-cycle efficiency (“FCE”) (FCE; at least about 90%) and high subsequent cycle efficiencies.
- FCE first-cycle efficiency
- the invention provides a method of producing a negative electrode, including comminuting Li-Group IVA alloy particles in a solvent to a desired particle size distribution range, exposing surfaces of the Li-Group IVA alloy particles to at least one surface modifier present during the comminution process, the at least one surface modifier forming at least one continuous coating on at least one of the exposed surfaces of the Li-Group IVA alloy particles, removing the solvent, and adding the surface-modified Li- Group IVA alloy particles to a negative electrode material by a coating process.
- FIG. 1 shows a first charge-discharge plot comparison between prelithiated laminate (green) and non-prelithiated laminate (blue).
- the First Cycle Efficiency (FCE) without prelithiation is about 83.5%, whereas with prelithiation the FCE is about 90%. It can be made to be about 100% with added prelithiated surface-modified silicon.
- FIG. 2 shows the first 50 charge-discharge cycles after the formation cycle (FCE about 88.5%) full cell with Nickel/Cobalt/ Alumina (NCA) cathode.
- the anode/cathode ratio is about 1.1.
- FIG. 3 shows images of laminate made in aqueous binder, (a) About 5% prelithiated surface-modified silicon with protected shell, (b) About 5% prelithiated surface- modified silicon with non-protected shell, (c) Slurry of about 5% prelithiated Si with nonprotected shell. Comparing the panels shows the stability of prelithiated surface-modified silicon product in aqueous binder.
- FIG. 4 shows a plot of the non-spherical particle size distributions (PSD) of prelithiated surface-modified silicon.
- D 50 is about 500 nm, and the PSD is narrow.
- PSD is measured using dynamic light scattering (DLS) particle size analysis is based on Brownian motion light scattering.
- FIG. 5 shows an SEM image of the non-spherical surface-modified silicon represented in FIG 3.
- the inactive protective shell allows safe handling of Li x Si y alloy particles in air and aqueous environments. Without this protective shell, Li metal reacts exothermically with water and both Li and Si will quickly oxidize in air to form an oxide shell. While an oxide shell impedes the diffusion of oxygen to the reactive Li x Si y alloy core, it is insufficient to prevent water from reacting violently with Li x Si y alloy.
- the passivated Li x Si y alloy particles can be combined with binders and other components of the anode composite in common commercial slurry production processes used in conventional LIB manufacturing.
- the coated Li x Si y alloy may increase the cycle stability of the LIB.
- Si and other Group IVA elements are known to undergo large volume expansion during
- This disclosure describes, among other things, how to produce coated Li x Si y alloys designed to enhance the performance of LIB negative electrodes. It should be understood that Ge and Sn or some combination of Si, Ge, and Sn could also be used to form alloys with Li that would function similarly as components of LIB negative electrodes.
- Li x Si y alloy methods of producing micron or submicron scale Li x Si y alloy with an inactive coating are described.
- the methods described herein use a Li x Si y alloy as the feedstock for comminution in alkane or cycloalkane solvents, such as hexanes, heptanes, octanes, cyclohexanes, or any saturated alkane solvents.
- Other Li alloys can also be used with the methods of the present invention, including LiGe, LiSn, or other combinations of Si, Ge, and Sn with Li to form an alloy, for example.
- One exemplary alloy is L115S14.
- comminution conditions can be chosen from a combination of parameters that one skilled in the art of comminution will be able to select. Any suitable method of comminution may be used in the process of the present invention, including, but not limited to, milling, wet milling, crushing, grinding, cutting, vibrating, or other processes. If a milling process is used, agitator speeds and other conditions during comminution are chosen depending on the size of the mill, batch size, bead selection, solids loading, solvent selection circulation rate, and secondary reagents employed.
- Li x Si y alloy is comminuted by a circulating bead mill in an alkane solvent (including, but not limited to, cycloalkane solvents, hexanes, heptanes, octanes, cyclohexanes, or any saturated alkane solvents) with a polymer additive (including, but not limited, to polystyrene, polyacrylonitrile, polyacrylic acid (and its neutral Li salt), and polyaniline).
- alkane solvent including, but not limited to, cycloalkane solvents, hexanes, heptanes, octanes, cyclohexanes, or any saturated alkane solvents
- a polymer additive including, but not limited, to polystyrene, polyacrylonitrile, polyacrylic acid (and its neutral Li salt), and polyaniline.
- polymer coatings may be added post- milling on top of Li x Si y alloy particles with any surface coatings that were
- the Li x Si y alloy particle size distribution is reduced to the desired PSD range by comminution, preferably about 1,000 - 44,000 nm, or more preferably about 50 - 1,000 nm, and more preferably between about 400 - 600 nm.
- Highly reactive surfaces of the Li x Si y alloy that are exposed on the fractured Li x Si y alloy particles will form covalent bonds to the polymer and any desired surface modifiers present during the comminution process.
- the polymer and co-reagents form a continuous coating (protective shell) on the Li x Si y alloy particles, covering all surfaces with an at least 2 nm to about 500 nm lay er.
- the polymer coating may be thermally processed or crosslinked with added reagents, all part of the protective shell.
- the milling solvent is then removed by an evaporation process. This could be done by any number of methods known in the art, such as spray drying or evaporation under reduced pressure in a suitable atmosphere.
- the particle can be heated, for example, to about 150 - 1200 °C for about 30 minutes to about 24 hours under a suitable gas (including, but not limited to, air, Ar, or Ar/H 2 ) or in a vacuum to cure the protective shell. Curing is considered to be partial to complete cross-linking of polymer precursors or carbonization of the hydrocarbon mass on the Li x Si y alloy surfaces.
- Heating temperatures and durations will depend on what polymer coatings are used to form a protective shell.
- the resulting coated Li x Si y alloy material can then added to a conventional LIBs negative electrode composite using conventional coating processes (including, but not limited to, the addition of carbon black, graphite, or other additives used with aqueous binder systems in conventional anode slurries, or non-aqueous binder systems, such as NMP/PVdF).
- 325-mesh Li 15 Si4 (about 48:52 wt%) was prepared thermochemically as the feedstock for wet milling processes in alkane or cycloalkane solvents, such as hexanes, heptanes, octanes, cyclohexanes, or any saturated alkane solvents with a boiling range well above the operation temperature of the milling slurry (typically between about 25 - 60 °C).
- comminution conditions can be determined. Milling beads and materials are typically selected from hard ceramic materials.
- Beads range in diameter from about 100 - 1,000 microns, preferably about 300 - 900 microns.
- the agitator tip-speeds during comminution are typically running between about 2 - 15 m s for about 15 - 1200 minutes, depending on the size of the mill, batch size, bead selection, solids loading, solvent selection circulation rate, and secondary reagents employed.
- Li 15 Si4 alloy was stirred under Ar for about 48 hours in an about 5% polyacrylonitrile (PAN) solution in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO).
- PAN polyacrylonitrile
- DMSO dimethylsulfoxide
- the weight equivalent ratio of Li x Si y to PAN was about 7:3.
- the DMSO was stripped by vacuum distillation, and the remaining solids were dried for about 6 hours under dynamic vacuum at about 80 °C. The remaining solid was heated for about 2 hours under Ar atmosphere to cure the protective coating.
- dimethylformamide (DMF) is used as the solvent in place of DMSO.
- monomeric surface modifiers may be added in place of or in addition to polymers.
- the surface modifiers may be monomers with functional groups that react with the Li x Si y alloy particle surfaces or with the polymer to form chemical bonds. Because Li x Si y alloy is so reactive, almost any organic compound with heteroatoms and/or unsaturated bonds are potential surface modifiers.
- Reactive monomers could be selected from the group consisting of alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, heteroaromatics, cycloalkenes, alcohols, glycols, polyglycols, ethers, polyethers, thiols, disulfides, amines, amides, pyridines, pyrroles, imides, imidazoles, imidazoline, furans, thiophenes, cyanates, isocyanates, isothiocyanates, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amino acids, aldehydes, acrylates, methacrylates, oxylates, organic carbonates, lactones, and gases, such as H 2 , O2, CO2, N 2 0, and HF.
- Various fluorinated analogs of these compounds can also be used, such as trifluoroacetone, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl acrylate, 2,2,2- trifluoroethyl methacrylate, and 1,3,5-trifluorobenzene.
- the comminution solvent is then removed by any suitable method, and the coated Li x Si y alloy particle may or may not require heating under a suitable gas to cure the coating and form a protective shell.
- This protective shell may prevent water or other solvents used to combine elements of the electrode coating process from reacting with the Li x Si y core material.
- This coated Li x Si y alloy can be added to conventional LIBs negative electrode composite using conventional coating processes.
- Table 1 shows several mass equivalents of reagents used for comminution, compared with product yields of comminution process and heat processing steps.
- Table 1 (supplemented by the drawings) demonstrates composition of matter of products after comminution and after heat treatment, as well as the processes disclosed herein.
- the Li x Si y alloy is comminuted in an inert alkane solvent in the presence of a metal-oxide or a metal-alkoxide reagent.
- metal oxides are AI2O3, Ti0 2 , Li4Ti 5 0 12 , MgO, NiO, and borates.
- Metal alkoxides constitute an important class of compounds often used in sol-gel processes. They are characterized by a metal- oxygen-carbon bonding system, including such metals as magnesium, aluminum, titanium, zinc, or lithium. Metal alkoxides in particular have proven to be especially beneficial during comminution as they modify particle surfaces to keep particles well suspended in the slurry with alkane solvents. If required, subsequent curing of the coated Li x Si y particles will form a protective shell comprised of metal oxides that sufficiently impedes ingress of solvents to the Li x Si y alloy particle core.
- inorganic carbon (non-hydrocarbon) surface modifiers can be added at some stage during or following comminution of Li x Si y alloy and allowed to contact and form covalent bonds on highly reactive sites on newly fractured surfaces of the Li x Si y alloy particles.
- the surface modifiers can be present at the beginning of the comminution process, or added after most of the particle size reduction has taken place but while surfaces are still very reactive (while there are many non-passivated sites).
- the progress of the comminution can be monitored by particle size distribution measurements and/or by monitoring slurry temperatures, viscosity, or power input.
- Inorganic carbon surface modifiers may be comprised from the group: carbon nanotubes (SWCNT, MWCNT), nanospherical carbon, fullerenes, graphene, graphite, or carbon black.
- other hydrocarbons may be added to help provide complete coverage of the Li x Si y particle surface and provide passivation of the Li x Si y alloy core from reactive solvents.
- the coated Li x Si y alloy particles are blended with natural flake graphite (NFG). Prolonged blending of these dry powders under inert atmosphere can imbed sub-micron Li x Si y alloy particles into surface pores and crevices of NFG particles (ty pically about 10 - 20 micron). Subsequent coating of the NFG particles with a polymer or polymer precursors to provide a continuous coating on the NFG and over imbedded Li x Si y particles is a means of passivating the Li x Si y alloy while also spacing the Li x Si y particles in a Li-active matrix that will tolerate the expansion and contraction of Li x Si y alloys without breaking critical covalent bonds with its surrounding framework. Subsequent heat treatment may be required, particularly for poly mer precursors to form cross-linked covalent bonds that impart added strength to the electrode composite.
- NFG natural flake graphite
- the Li x Si y alloy is comminuted in an inert alkane solvent in the presence of hy drogen, which serves as a forming gas.
- a forming gas is an industrial gas comprised of inert gas blended with typically about 5% 3 ⁇ 4 or less. Forming gas can be used in the place of purified argon to blanket the slurry during comminution.
- Molecular hydrogen is reactive toward silicon surfaces. It can also and will migrate into silicon and other metals as atomic hydrogen and will form LiH on the surface of Li x Si y alloy particles.
- H 2 is also known to cap (passivate) Si surfaces by forming Si-H bonds with "dangling" Si-Si bonds created from fracturing Si particles. This condition may be preferred when it is desired to produce Li x Si y alloy particles with no oxides.
- comminution of Li x Si y alloy produces submicron or nanoparticle distributions (preferably about 44,000 - 1,000 nm, or more preferably about 50 - 1,000 nm, and more preferably between about 400 - 600 nm).
- Surface modifiers may be applied to the particles, which induces aggregation of the nanoparticles into micron-sized clusters. Grain structure in the micron-sized clusters is created from the coatings on the nanoparticles. These coatings can be heat-processed (cured) to form tight, porous covalently bonded masses of carbon and metal oxides in grains between the Li x Si y alloy core nanocrystals.
- the same coating that resides in grains between the Li x Si y alloy nanocrystals form a continuous protective shell around the micron-sized cluster that impedes ingress of solvents, but allows Li + ion mobility and facilitates electrical charge transfer from the Li x Si y alloy particle core to the electrode current collector.
- the surface modifiers used in this process of making aggregated Li x Si y alloy clusters could be any of the organic reagents, metal oxides, or metal alkoxides disclosed herein.
- Li salts for example from the group LiF, L12O2, L12CO3, LiBF2(C204), Li2(C204)
- Li x Si y alloy alone or with other surface modifiers can be heat processed and cured as described above to form a protective shell from a covalently bonded continuous layer of the additives that impedes ingress of solvents, but will allow Li + ion mobility and will facilitate electrical charge transfer from the particle Li x Si y alloy core to the electrode current collector.
- Li- or Na-organic complexes may be used with any source of Li-active Group IVA elements (e.g., solar grade Si or Ge wafer kerf or metallurgical silicon) to prepare Group IVA particles with partial insertion (prepared in-situ and added during the comminution process) of the alkali metals.
- Li-active Group IVA elements e.g., solar grade Si or Ge wafer kerf or metallurgical silicon
- partial insertion prepared in-situ and added during the comminution process
- the alkali metals e.g., poly cyclic aromatic (PA) compounds, such as pyrene, perylene, and naphthalene, form ion-paired Li + PA " complexes that can deliver Li to the Group IVA particle during comminution.
- PA poly cyclic aromatic
- the Li + PA " complexes described above can also function as an electrolyte in an appropriate solvent (such as gamma butyrolactone) whereupon a current is applied to a cell with Li foil as the counter electrode and with a Si/graphite electrode laminated on a Cu current collector as the working electrode.
- a current is applied to a cell with Li foil as the counter electrode and with a Si/graphite electrode laminated on a Cu current collector as the working electrode.
- the Si particles in the Si/graphite electrode will undergo Li insertion.
- This electrode laminate is then partially charged with Li and can be used to make a battery with a partially charged negative electrode.
- the modifier "about” used in connection with a quantity is inclusive of the stated value and has the meaning dictated by the context (for example, it includes at least the degree of error associated with the measurement of the particular quantity).
- the modifier “about” should also be considered as disclosing the range defined by the absolute values of the two endpoints. For example, the expression “from about 2 to about 4" also discloses the range “from 2 to 4".
- the term “about” may refer to plus or minus 10% of the indicated number. For example, “about 10%” may indicate a range of 9% to 11%, and “about 1%” may mean from 0.9-1.1. Other meanings of "about” may be apparent from the context, such as rounding off, so, for example "about 1" may also mean from 0.5 to 1.4.
Abstract
Description
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JP2018569151A JP2019520682A (en) | 2016-07-05 | 2017-07-03 | Passivated pre-lithiated micron and sub-micron Group IVA element particles and methods for their preparation |
US16/311,988 US11522178B2 (en) | 2016-07-05 | 2017-07-03 | Passivated pre-lithiated micron and sub-micron group IVA particles and methods of preparation thereof |
KR1020197003591A KR20190042558A (en) | 2016-07-05 | 2017-07-03 | Passivated pre-lithiated micron and submicron IVA particles and methods for their preparation |
EP17824762.3A EP3482434A4 (en) | 2016-07-05 | 2017-07-03 | Passivated pre-lithiated micron and sub-micron group iva particles and methods of preparation thereof |
CN201780041575.XA CN109478640B (en) | 2016-07-05 | 2017-07-03 | Passivated prelithiated micron and sub-micron group IVA particles and method of making same |
CA3029244A CA3029244A1 (en) | 2016-07-05 | 2017-07-03 | Passivated pre-lithiated micron and sub-micron group iva particles and methods of preparation thereof |
BR112019000112-3A BR112019000112A2 (en) | 2016-07-05 | 2017-07-03 | passivated pre-lithiated micron and submicron group particles and methods for their preparation |
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US20190214642A1 (en) | 2019-07-11 |
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KR20190042558A (en) | 2019-04-24 |
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US11522178B2 (en) | 2022-12-06 |
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