WO2017214272A1 - Lutte contre des organismes nuisibles dans des ruches d'abeilles domestiques - Google Patents

Lutte contre des organismes nuisibles dans des ruches d'abeilles domestiques Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2017214272A1
WO2017214272A1 PCT/US2017/036354 US2017036354W WO2017214272A1 WO 2017214272 A1 WO2017214272 A1 WO 2017214272A1 US 2017036354 W US2017036354 W US 2017036354W WO 2017214272 A1 WO2017214272 A1 WO 2017214272A1
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Prior art keywords
acid
honey bee
fatty acid
composition
effective amount
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Application number
PCT/US2017/036354
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English (en)
Inventor
Darlene C. FLORENCE
Christopher G. Ciolino
Natalia S. RIUSECH
Reed M. JOHNSON
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Emery Oleochemicals Llc
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Publication of WO2017214272A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017214272A1/fr

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
    • A01N37/02—Saturated carboxylic acids or thio analogues thereof; Derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K51/00—Appliances for treating beehives or parts thereof, e.g. for cleaning or disinfecting
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
    • A01N37/06—Unsaturated carboxylic acids or thio analogues thereof; Derivatives thereof

Definitions

  • Honey bees Apis mellifera, are required for the effective pollination of crops and are therefore critical to world agriculture. Honey bees also produce economically important products, including honey and bees wax. Honey bees are susceptible to a number of pests including parasites and pathogens, such as the ectoparasitic mite, Varroa destructor. Varroa mites parasitize pupae and adult bees and reproduce in the pupal brood cells. The mites use their mouths to puncture the exoskeleton and feed on the bee's hemolymph. These wound sites in the exoskeleton harbor bacterial infections, such as Melissococcus pluton, which causes European foulbrood.
  • parasites and pathogens such as the ectoparasitic mite, Varroa destructor. Varroa mites parasitize pupae and adult bees and reproduce in the pupal brood cells. The mites use their mouths to puncture the exoskeleton and feed on
  • Varroa mites are suspected to act as vectors for a number of honey bee pathogens, including deformed wing virus (DWV), Kashmir bee virus (KBV), acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV) and black queen cell virus (BQCV), and may weaken the immune systems of their hosts, leaving them vulnerable to infections.
  • DWV deformed wing virus
  • KBV Kashmir bee virus
  • ABSV acute bee paralysis virus
  • BQCV black queen cell virus
  • Migratory beekeepers assume that 30% of all hives will die during annual moves to pollinate crops across the US and consider the Varroa mite to be a significant cause of die off.
  • the industry is desperate for new effective strategies to control the mite, primarily because mites develop resistance rapidly and beekeepers realize that bees also suffer from the effects of miticides.
  • compositions and methods for treating or preventing Varroa mite infestations are urgently required. Desirably, such compositions would include only natural ingredients that pose no risk to human health.
  • the present invention features methods and compositions for controlling a honey bee pests including parasitic mitea or for the treatment or prevention of honey been pests including parasitic mite infestation in a honey bee hive.
  • a method for treating the object or area containing honey bee pests comprising treating the object or area with a composition containing an effective amount of mono- and di-fatty acids comprising at least 99% C 5 to C 2 o, and mixtures thereof.
  • fatty acids are carboxylic acid with a long aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated.
  • a method for treating the object or area containing honey bee pests comprising treating the object or area with a composition containing an effective amount of mono- and di-fatty acids comprising at least 99% C 5 to Co, and mixtures thereof such as C8910 fatty acid blend.
  • C8910 fatty acid blend means a mixture or blend of caprylic acid C8, pelargonic acid C9 and decanoic acid CIO carboxylic acids.
  • inventions include a method for treating the object or area containing honey bee pests, comprising treating the object or area with a composition containing an effective amount of mono- and di-fatty acids comprising pelargonic acid C9, and C679 fatty acid blend, which is a mixture of from 24 to 30% by weight of C679 fatty acid blend of pelargonic acid C9, from 24 to 30% by weight of the C679 fatty acid blend of heptanoic acid C7, from 24 to 30% by weight of the C679 fatty acid blend of caproic acid C6, from 10 to 14% by weight of the C679 fatty acid blend of caprylic acid C8 and from 2 to 5% by weight of the C679 fatty acid blend of valeric acid C5.
  • the C679 fatty acid blend is commercially available from Emery Oleochemicals LLC as EMERYTM 1210 FATTY ACID.
  • controlling a parasitic mite is meant inhibiting mite survival or reducing, slowing, or stabilizing the growth of a mite population.
  • hive a structure that contains a bee colony.
  • a modern box hive typically includes a bottom board, cover, and one or more boxes, stacked one above the other. Inside, each box contains a series of movable frames of comb or foundation held in a vertical position a bee space apart.
  • honey bee is meant a Hymenopteran insect of the genus Apis.
  • the term “honey bee” is not limited to the adult form of the insect, but encompasses all honey bee developmental stages, including but not limited to egg, larva, and pupa.
  • Exemplary honey bee species include Apis mellifera and Apis cerana.
  • honey bee pest any insect, acaraid, fungal or bacterial agent selected from the group consisting of Varroa mite, small hive beetle, bee louse, wax moth, lessor wax moth, tracheal mites, external mites, American foulbrood, European foulbrood, chalkbrood and nosema.
  • honey bee parasitic mite any acarid that parasitizes a honey bee.
  • Exemplary honey bee parasitic mite include Varroa mites and tracheal mites.
  • miticide an agent that inhibits a biological function of a mite.
  • miticidal activity is meant any activity that inhibits the growth, reproduction, or survival of a mite or other acarid.
  • the technology disclosed herein concerns a method for treating honey bee pests to an object or area, involving treating (or exposing) the object (e.g., insect trap) or area (e.g., field, orchard) with a composition containing a honey bee pests treating effective amount of a composition comprising saturated and unsaturated mono- and di-fatty acids comprising at least 99% C 5 to C 20 , or at least 99% C 5 to C i2 , C9, and mixtures thereof including C8910 and C679 fatty acid blends, and optionally a carrier material.
  • the carrier or carrier material may be, for example, agronomically or physiologically acceptable carriers or carrier materials.
  • the carrier material as used herein is defined as not including the body of an insect (e.g., honey bees) or the extract from which a composition is isolated.
  • the temperature flexible polymer matrix may include polyethylene glycol (PEG).
  • the present invention is directed to methods and compositions to control acarids and other related species of the family Varroidae.
  • Varroa mites e.g., Varroa destructor, Varroa jacobsoni
  • tracheal mites e.g., Acarapis woodi
  • Tracheal mites are microscopic mites that inhabit the respiratory tubes of bees.
  • Varroa mites are ectoparasites that feed on bee hemolymph, and infest wild and domestic honey bee colonies.
  • Varroa mite reproduction begins when the adult female mite enters a brood cell shortly before it is capped. Drone brood, which is reared in larger cells than worker brood, is preferentially targeted for mite infestation.
  • the female mite feeds on the larval hemolymph prior to depositing her eggs.
  • the Varroa eggs are enclose under the sealed cell, and the developing mites feed on the bee pupa.
  • the first egg laid by the female Varroa develops into a male.
  • Subsequent eggs develop into females that mate with their brother.
  • the mated female mites along with their mother are released from the capped cell when the bee emerges.
  • the female mites typically attach to adult bees between the abdominal segments or between body regions, where they feed on the bees' hemolymph.
  • Adult bees serve as intermediate hosts and as a means of transport to new sites of infestation.
  • miticides used in acarid control should address the following four needs: i) should disrupt a physiological function required for mite survival; ii) should cause no adult bee mortality; iii) should have no adverse effects on human bee keepers or honey intended for human consumption; and iv) should be capable of delivery into the hive.
  • the composition of the present invention may be applied either via aerosol or with a carrier component or with a patty.
  • Aerosol is a flash treatment suitable for broodless periods.
  • the aerosol may be used in the late fall, winter, or early spring.
  • a patty treatment is a "time release" formulation that kills mites on mature or newly hatched adults.
  • the patty treatment may be used in the spring, summer and/or fall.
  • the carrier component can be a spray or a solid material.
  • the vehicle or carrier to be used refers to a substrate such as a membrane, hollow fiber, microcapsule, gel, polymers, or the like. All of these substrates have been used to release insecticide compositions in general and are well known in the art.
  • the fatty acids will come in contact with the mite when sprayed into the honey bee hive.
  • the hygienic action of the honey bees is the proposed mechanism by which the material will be spread around the hive. Additionally, the slow release of the fatty acids from the solid matrix may also have miticidal properties.
  • the acid phase used for this purpose comprises preferably a fatty acid, a dicarboxylic acid, a dimeric fatty acid, an oligomeric fatty acid, a hydroxy fatty acid or a mixture of at least two of these acids, fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids being particularly preferred and fatty acids most preferred.
  • Fatty acid is in particular that of general formula R-COOH in which R represents a saturated or unsaturated, branched or linear alkyl or alkenyl radical with 5 to 20 C atoms, or from 5 to 15 C atoms, or from 5 to 12 C atoms.
  • Particularly preferred in this connection are fatty acids selected from the group consisting of valeric acid, caproic acid, enanthic acid, caprylic acid, 2- ethylhexanoic acid, pelargonic acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmoleic acid, stearic acid, isostearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and arachidic acid, and also mixtures thereof.
  • Temperature flexible polymer matrix is that the exact composition of the matrix can be altered to adjust the melting point of the material, and thus, the degree of solidness.
  • One embodiment of the temperature flexible polymer matrix solid is an esterification reaction between valeric acid (pentanoic acid) (C 5 ) and/or caproic acid (hexanoic acid) (C 6 ) and/or enanthic acid (heptanoic acid) (C 7 ) and glycerin.
  • temperature flexible polymer matrix solid is an esterification reaction between azelaic acid (nonanedioic acid) (C 9 ), stearic acid (octadecanoic acid) (C i8 ), and glycerin (1,2,3-propanetriol) .
  • azelaic acid nonanedioic acid
  • stearic acid octadecanoic acid
  • glycerin 1,2,3-propanetriol
  • embodiments may include adipic acid (C 6 ) and lauric acid (Ci 2 ).
  • Polyethylene glycol (PEG) may also be used as a solid matrix.
  • the amount of composition used will be at least an effective amount.
  • the term "effective amount,” as used herein, means the minimum amount of composition needed to treat honey bee pests to a treated area or object when compared to the same area or object which is untreated. Effective concentrations of the composition in the compositions may vary between about 0.00001% to about 99.99% (preferably about 0.00001% to about 50%, more preferably about 0.00001%) to about 10%>, more preferably about 0.00001%) to about 1%, more preferably about 0.00001% to about 0.1%, more preferably about 0.00001% to about 0.01%).
  • the precise amount needed will vary in accordance with the particular composition used; the type of area or object to be treated; the number of days of treatment needed; and the environment in which the area or object is located.
  • the precise amount of composition can easily be determined by one skilled in the art given the teaching of this application. For example, one skilled in the art could follow the procedures utilized below; the composition would treat more than 50%> of the honey bee pests and would be statistically significant in comparison to a control.
  • composition may or may not contain a control agent for honey bee pests, such as a biological control agent or an insecticide known in the art to kill honey bee pests.
  • a control agent for honey bee pests such as a biological control agent or an insecticide known in the art to kill honey bee pests.
  • Other compounds may be added to the composition provided they do not substantially interfere with the intended activity of the composition; whether or not a compound interferes with composition activity can be determined, for example, by the procedure utilized below. Such other compounds may be present generally from about 0.0025%> to about 20% in the composition.
  • Example 1 Laboratory vial bioassays were performed to compare the acute contact toxicity of C8910 fatty acid blend to honey bees and Varroa mites. Vial testing was performed by dissolving the blend in acetone and coating the sides of a 1.5-quartjar (honey bees) or a 20-mL scintillation vial ⁇ Varroa mites). The vials and jars were rotated on a hot dog roller to allow the solvent to evaporate and the fatty acid blend to form an even coat inside the container. Containers were prepared with varying concentrations of the C8910 fatty acid blend, plus a negative solvent control. Each container received 10 mites collected from adult bees using a "sugar-shake" (Macedo, P.
  • the LC 50 for honey bees is
  • a polyester polymer matrix was prepared through an esterification reaction of Emerox 1110 azelaic acid, Emersol 132 stearic acid, and Emery 916 glycerin at 220°C for 24 to 36 hours until the acid value (AV) was less than 5 mg KOH / gram of polymer.
  • a low AV indicates that there are few free fatty acids in the sample; therefore, most of the product exists as esters.
  • the melting point of the final polyester polymer was adjusted through alterations to the weight percent of each component.
  • Emersol 221 oleic acid or adipic acid was added to adjust the melting point. See Table 1.
  • the starting materials were 21.3 % w/w of Emerox 1110 azelaic acid, 62.8 % w/w of Emersol 132 stearic acid, and 15.8 % w/w of Emery 916 glycerin.
  • polyester polyols from examples 6, 7, and 8 were evaluated in-hive to determine which the most promising delivery system for the C8910 fatty acid blend was.
  • One 25g patty of each polyol was placed between two boxes in a strong full-sized colony.
  • the patties were prepared by heating each polyol in a microwave and then pouring 25 grams into a weigh boat. The polyester polyol was then scooped out of the weigh boat and spread evenly onto a sheet of paper towel and allowed to solidify.
  • polyester polymer from example 6 was removed at the same rate as the control patty, which is a commonly used material by backyard and sideline beekeepers.
  • the polyester polyols from examples 7 and 8 were removed at a slower rate than either example 6 or the control, but similar to each other.
  • Table 2 shows the bee/mite LC 50 ratio, upper and lower confidence intervals, and margin of safety.
  • An asterisks * indicates that there is a significant difference between the bee and mite LC 50 values using a ratio test.
  • the LC 50 values for Varroa mites for pure C5, C6, C7, and CI 1 acids were approximately the same (2.08 mg/cm 2 ; 1.61 mg/cm 2 ; 1.87 mg/cm 2 ; 1.94 mg/cm 2 ).
  • the LC 50 for Varroa mites of the C8910 blend was about 2-fold higher than the LC 50 for C5, C6, C7, and CI 1 acids, suggesting that the pure fatty acid chains (C5, C6, C7, CI 1) are more toxic to Varroa mites than the C8910 fatty acid blend.
  • the LC 50 for honey bees of pure C5 was the largest (>3000 mg/cm 2 ), which suggests that C5 provides the largest margin of safety for honey bees (Robertson, J. L., & Robertson, J. L. (2007). Bioassays with arthropods. Boca Raton: CRC Press). Table 2
  • the C8910 fatty acid blend was incorporated into polyester polyol example 6 to determine a colony-level dose and if there was a repellency effect of the formulated C8910 fatty acid blend.
  • Two lOg patties of a 1% w/w C8190 fatty acid blend and a 4% w/w C8910 fatty acid blend treatment were placed in 5 full-sized bee colonies in the same apiary.
  • the patties were prepared similarly to previous examples by heating the polyester polyol example 6 and pouring out 10 grams into a weigh boat. Either 1% (lOOmg of C8910 fatty acid blend) or 4% (400mg C8910 fatty acid blend) was added to the lOg patty and mixed thoroughly.
  • the efficacy of the C8910 fatty acid blend was tested in 36 full-sized hives.
  • Two colonies in each apiary received a 50g patty with 4% w/w C8910 fatty acid blend in polyester polyol example 6, Hopguard (a registered varroacide), or no treatment.
  • the patties were prepared by heating the polyester polyol example 6 in a microwave and pouring 50g into a weigh boat. The patty was then removed and spread evenly across one sheet of paper towel and allowed to cool. Once the paper towel was hardened it was cut in half to make two 25g rectangular strips.
  • Colonies were a mix of overwintered colonies and new colonies started from packages in spring. All colonies were maintained according to standard beekeeping practice, but had not been treated for Varroa mites previously in the season. Drop zone dead bee traps were placed at the entrance of the colonies at three apiaries to determine the number of dead bees before and after treatment. Dead bee traps were made with 2'x4'xl/2' wooden frames with 1 ⁇ 2" hardware cloth on top and window screen on the bottom. Colonies were visited on a weekly basis where the following measurements were taken: number of dead bees in the drop-zone trap, number of adult mites under 100 cappings, and number of phoretic mites on -300 adults bees using an alcohol wash. The 50g C8910 fatty acid blend patty was replaced each week and weighed to determine the rate of removal.
  • a cold-fogger used for structural pest control (Actisol Compact Portable Aerosol Unit) was filled with either 15% C8910 fatty acid blend in mineral oil or straight mineral oil, set to 15-20 psi and the aerosol was applied through the entrance for 30 sec while moving the nozzle around inside the hive. After application, the cage was removed, the bees fed with sugar water and maintained in an incubator for 24 hours to assess total mite fall.
  • a field experiment was conducted in which 15%> C8910 fatty acid blend aerosol was applied to a single full-sized colony in August to test the application method and further assess any negative effect on the colony.
  • the C8910 fatty acid blend was applied with the Actisol as in the preliminary caged bee experiment, but the duration of treatment was extended to 2 min and 3 repeat applications were made over 3 weeks.
  • Mite fall was measured using a "sticky board" made of a manilla file folder smeared with petroleum jelly that was placed on the bottom board of the hive. Samples of bees were taken for standardized alcohol washes. A drop zone dead bee trap was placed in front of the colony to collect dead bees.
  • C8910 Fatty Acid Blend Application Pure C8910 fatty acid blend (1 : 1 : 1) was mixed in USP mineral oil to a concentration of 15% and poured into the tank of the Actisol compact unit. To apply the 15% C8910 fatty acid blend, the Actisol was plugged in to a car inverter, powered on and the pressure adjusted to 15-20 psi. The handle was pressed outside a colony to insure material was flowing and ready for application. The wand was inserted into the open entrance of an 8-frame colony and paper towel was used to plug up the remainder of the entrance. The tip of the wand as turned to a 90-degree angle to avoid direct application to bees and held on the side of the bottom board. The handle was pressed and held for 2 minutes. The wand was removed and the entrance completely plugged with paper towel for an additional 10 minutes.
  • the vaporizer was inserted into the middle of the colony and the entrance blocked with toweling.
  • the vaporizer was energized by connecting to a 12V battery for 4 minutes. Electricity was disconnected and the vaporizer and towels were allowed to sit for 10 minutes prior to removal.
  • a method for treating honey bee pests to an object described herein can be combined in any manner or combination not inconsistent with the objectives of the present invention.
  • a method for treating honey bee pests to an object can comprise any step described herein in combination with any mono- and di -fatty acids comprising C 5 to C 2 o, and mixtures thereof herein in combination with any carrier material described herein.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Dentistry (AREA)
  • Plant Pathology (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
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  • Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
  • Animal Husbandry (AREA)
  • Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
  • Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne la lutte contre des organismes nuisibles dans une ruche d'abeilles domestiques, en particulier les acariens Varroa. En particulier, la présente invention concerne un procédé de traitement d'organismes nuisibles d'abeilles domestiques sur un objet ou une zone, consistant à traiter l'objet ou la zone avec une composition comprenant une quantité efficace de traitement parasite de monoacides et diacides gras comprenant au moins 99 % de mélanges C5 à C20' de ces derniers comprenant un mélange d'acides gras C679.
PCT/US2017/036354 2016-06-09 2017-06-07 Lutte contre des organismes nuisibles dans des ruches d'abeilles domestiques WO2017214272A1 (fr)

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US201662347793P 2016-06-09 2016-06-09
US62/347,793 2016-06-09
US201662440712P 2016-12-30 2016-12-30
US62/440,712 2016-12-30

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Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2004047528A1 (fr) * 2002-11-26 2004-06-10 Universita' Degli Studi Di Udine Procede et dispositif de controle et de conditionnement du comportement des acariens destructeurs varroa dans une ruche ou autre environnement ou se reproduisent les abeilles
US8647615B1 (en) * 2010-08-27 2014-02-11 The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary Of Agriculture Methods for attracting honey bee parasitic mites
WO2014023733A1 (fr) * 2012-08-09 2014-02-13 Universitaet Hohenheim Composition de phéromones pour traiter une infection par varroa mite
CA2899361A1 (fr) * 2012-11-13 2014-05-22 Klemens Krieger Corps moules pour lutter contre les acariens varroa

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2004047528A1 (fr) * 2002-11-26 2004-06-10 Universita' Degli Studi Di Udine Procede et dispositif de controle et de conditionnement du comportement des acariens destructeurs varroa dans une ruche ou autre environnement ou se reproduisent les abeilles
US8647615B1 (en) * 2010-08-27 2014-02-11 The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary Of Agriculture Methods for attracting honey bee parasitic mites
WO2014023733A1 (fr) * 2012-08-09 2014-02-13 Universitaet Hohenheim Composition de phéromones pour traiter une infection par varroa mite
CA2899361A1 (fr) * 2012-11-13 2014-05-22 Klemens Krieger Corps moules pour lutter contre les acariens varroa

Non-Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
FRANCESCO NAZZI ET AL: "Octanoic acid confers to royal jelly varroa-repellent properties", NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN, SPRINGER, BERLIN, DE, vol. 96, no. 2, 3 December 2008 (2008-12-03), pages 309 - 314, XP019691821, ISSN: 1432-1904 *
M. HORNITZKY: "Fatty acids - an alternative control strategy for honeybee diseases", A REPORT FOR THE RURAL INDUSTRIES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION, 1 April 2003 (2003-04-01), pages 1 - 19, XP055396298, ISBN: 978-0-642-58596-7, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://www.google.de/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0ahUKEwjot-21zr3VAhXLhrQKHSSKBXIQFggtMAA&url=https%3A%2F%2Frirdc.infoservices.com.au%2Fdownloads%2F03-028&usg=AFQjCNFcgfLPFB0_xgsN3H-OZZU5OeMy9g> [retrieved on 20170804] *
PLETTNER ERIKA ET AL: "The chemical ecology of host-parasite interaction as a target ofVarroa destructorcontrol agents", APIDOLOGIE, ARBEITSGEMEINSCHAFT DER INSTITUTE FUER BIENENFORSCHUNG, CELLE, DE, vol. 48, no. 1, 7 June 2016 (2016-06-07), pages 78 - 92, XP036252924, ISSN: 0044-8435, [retrieved on 20160607], DOI: 10.1007/S13592-016-0452-8 *
ROBERTSON, J. L.; ROBERTSON, J. L.: "Bioassays with arthropods", 2007, CRC PRESS
SEITZ ET AL.: "A National Survey of Managed Honey Bee 2014-2015 Colony Losses", USA. JOURNAL OF APICULTURE RESEARCH, vol. 54, 2016, pages 4

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