WO2017211934A1 - Engrais biocontrôlé - Google Patents

Engrais biocontrôlé Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2017211934A1
WO2017211934A1 PCT/EP2017/063929 EP2017063929W WO2017211934A1 WO 2017211934 A1 WO2017211934 A1 WO 2017211934A1 EP 2017063929 W EP2017063929 W EP 2017063929W WO 2017211934 A1 WO2017211934 A1 WO 2017211934A1
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Prior art keywords
nitrate
organic
composition according
och
fertiliser
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PCT/EP2017/063929
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English (en)
Inventor
Claus Vesterskov NIELSEN
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Nubiotrient Ivs
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Publication of WO2017211934A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017211934A1/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05C—NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
    • C05C11/00—Other nitrogenous fertilisers

Definitions

  • a fertiliser composition which comprises an organic nitrate, preferably an organic polynitrate, with a C: N ratio below 7: 1, preferably between 1 : 1 to 5: 1.
  • An NPK fertiliser is also provided, which comprises the organic nitrate as defined herein.
  • the invention also provides the use of an organic nitrate with a C: N ratio of between 1 : 1 and 7: 1, preferably between 1 : 1 to 5: 1, as a fertiliser.
  • fertilisers are fertilisers derived from animal or plant matter. Examples of well-known fertilisers are manure, peat, slurry and guano. However, to be effective as fertilisers, the physical, biochemical and chemical structures of such fertilisers usually have to be decomposed into nutrients which are of a type and size suitable to be taken up by plants. Composting is a common example of this type of process. Apart from the long time taken for such organic fertilisers to decompose to useable nutrients, typical fertilisers of this type have a high C: N ratio. For instance, fresh grass clippings have an average C: N ratio of about 15: 1 and dry autumn leaves about 50: 1, depending on species.
  • Modern industrial fertilisers typically provide nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium in the form of inorganic salts (e.g. NPK fertilisers) or urea.
  • Inorganic salts and urea have a tendency to be washed out of the soil (leached) or washed off the soil surface, especially in the case of heavy rainfall.
  • NPK fertilisers are applied twice. Run-off from fertilised land has given rise to known environmental problems such as oxygen depletion in fresh water bodies. Equally important is the improved crop yields which could be achieved if run-off or leaching is reduced. Accordingly, recent efforts have focussed on slow-release and controlled-release fertilisers.
  • Nitrate esters of organic alcohols are known per se.
  • EP0080314 discloses a variety of nitrate esters of organic polyalcohols, which are hereby incorporated by reference. Typical uses for such compounds are as explosives, fuels and fuel additives.
  • the fertiliser composition should have low toxicity and be biodegradable.
  • a fertiliser composition which can be readily tailored in terms of delay or extension of nitrate release is also an object of the present invention.
  • the fertiliser composition of the invention should be compatible with existing commercial fertilisers, e.g. NPK fertilisers, both in terms of manufacturing and use. At the same time, economical manufacturing and transport should be possible, which avoids unnecessary transport of excess carbon.
  • the present invention relates to a fertiliser composition
  • a fertiliser composition comprising an organic nitrate with a C: N ratio of below 7: 1 , preferably between 1 : 1 to 5: 1.
  • An NPK fertiliser additionally comprising one or more organic nitrates, as defined herein, is also provided.
  • the invention also provides the use of an organic nitrate with a C: N ratio of between 1 : 1 and 7: 1, preferably between 1 : 1 to 5: 1, as a fertiliser. LEGENDS TO THE FIGURES
  • Fig. 1 shows N03-N concentrations in TSB with ETN additive in varying amounts during incubation with soil bacteria.
  • Fig. 2 shows N03-N concentrations in TSB with NES additive in varying amounts during incubation with soil bacteria.
  • Fig. 3 shows N03-N concentrations in TSB with KN0 3 additive in varying amounts during incubation with soil bacteria.
  • Fig. 4 illustrates schematically the soil columns used in the examples.
  • Fig. 5 is a plot showing the HPLC analysis of a stock solution, for calibration purposes.
  • Fig. 6-8 are plots showing the results of nitrate analysis from soil columns
  • Fig. 9 is a schematic illustration of the biocontrolled fertiliser concept, showing how various organic nitrates can be used to tailor the soil nitrate concentration of an NPK fertiliser composition.
  • organic in this context is used in its chemical context, to mean molecules containing carbon.
  • a nitrate ester is the organic functional group with the formula R-ON0 2 , where R stands for any organic residue. They are the esters of nitric acid and alcohols.
  • R stands for any organic residue. They are the esters of nitric acid and alcohols.
  • mineralization is used to describe decomposition or oxidation of the chemical compounds in organic matter into plant-accessible forms. Plant-accessible forms of nitrogen include ammonia (usually present as ammonium salts, NH 4 + ) and nitrate (N0 3 ⁇ ). Mineralisation is typically carried out by microbes in the soil.
  • the C: N ratio corresponds to the atomic ratio. Generally, plant waste which is added to soil contains too little nitrogen for soil microbes to effectively convert all the organic carbon to C0 2 (while releasing energy for the microbes).
  • a C: N ratio above 30: 1 the microbial population will take up mineralised N from the soil via immobilisation. As decomposition progresses, more C0 2 will be released, lowering the C: N ratio.
  • the C: N ratio falls below 25: 1, the microbial population has a surplus of N, which is then mineralised instead of metabolised. The combination of these processes give rise to an "oscillation" between metabolic pathways, thus providing a fertiliser composition in which release of N is delayed (biocontrolled fertiliser).
  • a fertiliser composition which comprises an organic nitrate with a C: N ratio of below 7: 1.
  • a nitrate describes the functional group -ON0 2 .
  • the organic nitrate is an organic polynitrate (i.e. comprising 2 or more nitrate functional groups).
  • the organic nitrate may be an alcohol nitrate ester, preferably a polyalcohol polynitrate ester or a nitrate ester of a mono-, di- or poly-saccharide.
  • the organic polynitrate When in contact with soil microbes, the organic polynitrate is hydrolysed enzymatically, according to the following reaction to release inorganic nitrate:
  • Nitrobacter species such as Nitrobacter winogradskyi, Nitrobacter hamburgensis, Nitrobacter vulgaris and Nitrobacter alkalicus will oxidise N0 2 " to N0 3 " .
  • the organic alcohols R-OH released from the hydrolysis can also typically easily be metabolised by soil microbes, thereby providing nutrition.
  • the ratio of C: N is preferably between 1 : 1 to 5: 1, more preferably between 1 : 1 to 4: 1, such as around 2: 1. Such ratios increase the amount of N which can be supplied to soil microbes for a given mass of the organic nitrate. Similarly, such lower ratios of C: N improve the efficiency of e.g. manufacturing and/or transport, as energy is not wasted in processing or transporting an unnecessary amount of C.
  • the organic polynitrate is preferably a polyalcohol polynitrate ester, i.e. a polyalcohol in which two or more alcohol groups have been esterified to nitrate esters.
  • the organic polynitrate ester comprises 2 or more, such as e.g. 3 or more, 4 or more, 5 or more or 6 or more nitrate groups.
  • the polyalcohol of the polyalcohol polynitrate ester may be selected from simple straight- chain or branched polyalcohols.
  • This may be for instance a C 2 -polyol; C 3 -polyol such as glycerol; a C 4 -polyol such as erythritol or threitol; a C 5 -polyol such as arabitol, xylitol or ribitol; or a C 6 -polyol such as mannitol, sorbitol, galactitol, fucitol, iditol or inositol. Erythritol is most preferred.
  • the organic polynitrate may also be a nitrate ester of a mono-, di- or poly-saccharide.
  • a monosaccharide is used.
  • Suitable monosaccharides include tetroses, for example erithrose, threose, erythrulose; pentoses, for example ribose, deoxyribose, arabinose, xylose, ribulose, lyxose; hexoses, for example allose, altrose, glucose, mannose, gulose, idose, galactose, psicose, fructose, sorbose, tagatose.
  • Disaccharides for example sucrose, may also be suitable.
  • Nitrate esters of polysaccharides may also be used as the organic polynitrate; provided that the requisite C: N ratio is met.
  • organic polynitrate compounds for use in the invention have the general formula (I) :
  • Specific examples of the general formula (I) include: 0 2 NO-CH 2 CH 2 0-CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 ON0 2 ; 0 2 NO- CH 2 CH 2 0-CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 -ON0 2 ; 0 2 NO-(CH 2 CH 2 0) 2 -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 -ON0 2 ; and 0 2 NO-CH 2 CH 2 0-CH(CH 3 )-CH(CH 3 )-0-CH 2 CH 2 -ON0 2 .
  • organic polynitrate compounds for use in the invention have the general formula (II) :
  • R H or Ci-C 4 alkyl ; and x, y, and z are each independently integers from 0 to 30, preferably from 1-5.
  • organic polynitrate compounds for use in the invention have the general formula (III) : H 2 C— (OCH 2 CH 2 )w - ONOg
  • w, x, y, and z are each independently integers from 0 to 30, preferably from 1-5.
  • Some organic polynitrate compounds for use in the invention have the general formula (IV) :
  • organic polynitrate compounds for use in the invention have the general formula (V) :
  • Organic polynitrate compounds for use in the invention may also be aromatic polynitrates, although this class of compounds is less preferred.
  • the organic polynitrate may be a nitrate ester of a monolignol, such as p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol or sinapyl alcohol.
  • Organic polynitrate compounds for use may be water-soluble or water-insoluble.
  • Individual compounds which are organic polynitrate compounds for use in the present invention include: sorbitol tetranitrate, xylitol pentanitrate, glucose trinitrate, erythritol tetranitrate, isosorbide dinitrate, isosorbide mononitrate, penthaerythritol tetranitrate, confideryl alcohol trinitrate and glycose pentanitrate.
  • nitrate esters of starch which can be described by the general formula (VI) :
  • x can be 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 and n is an integer between 1 and 5000, preferably between 1 and 1000, more preferably between 1 and 100, such as e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10.
  • Fertiliser compositions which comprise a combination of two or more organic polynitrate compounds are particularly preferred.
  • a combination of a C 2 -C 5 polyalcohol polynitrate ester and a C 5 -monosaccharide polynitrate ester can provide N mineralisation in a tailored manner (as the C 2 -C 5 polyalcohol is more readily hydrolysed than the C 5 - monosaccharide).
  • a particular fertiliser composition comprises erythritol tetranitrate and nitrate esters of starch (NES).
  • Fertiliser compositions according to the invention may additionally comprise one or more inorganic nitrogen, phosphorous or potassium nutrients.
  • An NPK (ammonia, phosphorous, potassium) fertiliser is thus provided, which additionally comprises one or more organic polynitrates as defined herein.
  • the NPK fertiliser comprises 2 organic polynitrates.
  • the total organic carbon comprises between 0.8 and 4% w/w of said NPK.
  • the invention also provides the use of an organic polynitrate with a C: N ratio of below 7: 1, preferably between 1 : 1 to 5: 1 as a fertiliser.
  • Particular fertiliser compositions include (percentages given as w/w) :
  • ETN Erythritol tetranitrate
  • NPK 10-60% NPK, 10-20% Erythritol tetranitrate (ETN) and 10-20% nitrate esters of starch (N ES)
  • ETN Erythritol tetranitrate
  • Constant stirring was employed, to avoid local overheating. During this addition, the temperature of the mixture was monitored to ensure that the temperature never reached above 13 degrees. After 30 minutes, the liquid was very thick and cloudy. After complete addition of erythritol, the mixture was removed from the ice bath and allowed to acclimatize for 30 minutes while stirring. The product was then heated to 35 degrees C, still with stirring, for 30 minutes, to increase the yield. During this warming, the product became slightly fluid again. The product was diluted by adding 200 ml ice-cold water directly into the mixture. Subsequently, the product was washed in a 15 ⁇ vacuum filter with demineralized water. At the end of the rinsing process, crystals were neutralized with a warm solution of 10 w / w% sodium bicarbonate while still in the filter.
  • ETN crystals were recrystallized using 50 ml of ethanol at 40 degrees C. ETN was added and the solvent was stirred at 300 RPM on a magnetic stirrer until all crystals were dissolved and the solution was clear. The solution was poured into 1200 ml of ice-cold water, and ETN crystallized out as a very fine salt. After all crystals had settled, the excess water was poured off and filtration was repeated.
  • the crystalline ETN was placed on a prepared agar dish, and dried for 5 hours at 40 degrees under 120 mBar vacuum, and then weighed. The yield of this synthesis batch was 9.5 grams (theoretical maximum yield 14.64g) to obtain a practical yield of 72.9%.
  • a nearly identical synthesis was developed during production of NES, Starting materials: mixed acid 75% HN0 3 and 25% H 2 S0 4 .
  • the starch was from corn, and the starch particle sizes were between 1-100 ⁇ .
  • the mixture ratio between mixed acid and starch was 5: 1 by weight.
  • a temperature of approximately -2°C was maintained during the entire nitration reaction. High mixing rotation at 1200 RPM was used, and the resulting nitrated batch contained approx. 12.5 % of nitrogen by weight.
  • Rinsing of NES was different as un-nitrated starch could only be dissolved in hot water, not cold water. A stage was therefore introduced in which the substance was boiled in water to increase the purity.
  • ETN recrystallized ETN was observed to have a melting point around 60°C.
  • An HPLC assay was performed and showed a retention time of 6.42 minutes. Comparing the area of the peak with retention time of 6.42 against the total of the small areas which occurred on the chromatographic plot, showed ETN to have a purity of> 99%.
  • the stationary phase was a C18 chain column of 3.9 mm in diameter and 250 mm in length.
  • TSB Tryptic soya broth
  • Ammonium nitrate [NH4N03] was chosen as a nitrate source, and added to the TSB. This was carried out to ensure a low C: N ratio in the TSB-substrate at the inoculation point. This contributed to visualization of the mineralization of ETN and NES during incubation of the bacterial culture. Furthermore, it contributed to a nitrate base-level for all samples at the beginning of incubation. Soil liquid that the TSB substrate was inoculated with, was studied in parallel via steps 1 & 2, see microbiological tests. The studies showed, amongst other things, a high bacterial count of Enterobacter.
  • Potassium nitrate KN03 was added to the last test series. This was done as a reference, so the manner in which the nitrate concentration behaved at high concentrations could be studied, when it was available from the start of incubation, day one:
  • NES might be a bit more difficult to digest (as it comprises a hexose ring) relative to the erythritol-based molecule that is more chemically stable.
  • the bacterial enzymatic mineralization of the compositions was tested in an array of soil columns. NES was not part of the soil column.
  • Figure 4 is an illustration of one the columns used.
  • the soil core of the column was 35 cm long and 4.7 cm in diameter [3] . It was decided to fertilize with about 270 kg / N / ha for all substances, the measured amount of substance was placed on the surface of the soil core [2] .
  • the temperature was logged [4] via temperature data logging columns Pigo ADC 12 bit, with double measurement using both channel A and B. All four columns received the same amount of rainwater [1], dropwise via an Ole Dich 15 channel precision pump 80G150-CH15B.
  • a PP foam filter [5] was placed at the bottom of the column tube. Samples were collected from the column every day through an orifice into a collection vial [6] . Materials and Methods
  • the apparatus was set to dispense rainwater 10 times a day, every 2.4 hours; each dose was adjusted to 5.0 ml. 50 ml rainwater was dispensed into every column, every 24 hours.
  • the column was balanced by dosing rainwater into each column for four days before the addition of fertilizers to the column. The substances A-C were then added.
  • the amounts of the substances added to each of the four columns of land were as follows:
  • the flow-through fluid of 50ml/day was collected, homogenised and 1500 ⁇ was transferred to a Eppendoff tubes and frozen at -21°C. These soil solution samples were processed and analysed on Waters HPLC.
  • the frozen soil solution samples from section 3 were analysed for nitrate. Before this could be initiated was to be prepared a cover dataset of standards, control standards and blanks before the actual analysis of the samples could take place.
  • Nitrogen analysis of N0 3 -N was performed generally as follows; sample thawing, sample dilution, sulfuric acid treatment, brucine dye complex formation by boiling, HPLC
  • the concentration range for the analytical method was 100 to 2500 ⁇ g N0 3 -N / I. Due to the high dilution that was necessary to perform on crude samples, it was not necessary to remove or correct for turbidity and dissolved organic compounds before the dye complex reaction.
  • the method is based on the reaction of nitrate ions with brucine sulfate in a 13 molar sulfuric acid solution at a temperature of 100°C.
  • the colour of the resulting yellow brucine complex was measured at an operating wavelength of 410 nm on a HPLC with a very sensitive measuring cell. It was observed that the temperature control during formation of the colour complex was extremely critical. Good temperature control was therefore a high priority.
  • the water bath contained a circulation device such that all samples (40 pcs/batch) maintained the same temperature throughout the boiling process.
  • the mass of water was high (10 Kg) so that an adequate heating capacity was achieved when the rack containing the reaction samples was immersed in the hot bath. Distilled water free of nitrites and nitrates was used.
  • the same type of water was also used for the preparation of all reagents and standards. The water was continuously tested by blind tests to verify that the process was not contaminated with nitrogen disrupters.
  • An 80% sulfuric acid solution was prepared by adding 500 ml of concentrated H2S04 to 125 ml of distilled water.
  • a brucine sulfanilic acid reagent was prepared by mixing l,000g brucine sulfate heptahydrate and 0.100 g sulfanilic with 90.5 ml of hot distilled water and 9.0 ml of 4M HCI. The reagent was placed in cold storage at 5.0 ° C.
  • the 0.722g anhydrous potassium nitrate (KN0 3 analysis grade) was dissolved in distilled water in a 1000ml volumetric flask. 7 standards at concentrations of 100-2000 g/l were produced from the stock solution, together with a control standard of 1000 ug /I.
  • each of the thawed soil samples were pipetted into a test tube that contained 9.00 ml of demineralized water.
  • the dilution ratio was therefore 91 : 1.
  • 1000 ⁇ of each diluted sample was pipetted into 2.5ml PP cryotube.
  • 1000 ⁇ of 80% sulfuric acid was added. All samples and standards were then placed in a cold bath. After thermal stabilization, 75 ⁇ I brucine-sulphanilic acid reagent was added, and each tube was shaken
  • the rack of tubes (one batch) was immersed in 100°C water bath for 50 seconds initially, followed by 25 minutes boiling. Blank samples (blank) without N03-N ions were continuously produced, to obtain data for reference calculations, as well as continuous quality control that might reveal impurities and process errors. After the rack was boiled, it was removed from the heating bath and returned to the cold water bath to achieve rapid cooling. Subsequently, the rack was placed at room temperature to again achieve thermal equilibrium prior to HPLC analysis. All standards, blanks and samples were analysed on a Waters HPLC 2487 Dual ⁇ absorbance detector, with an operating wavelength of 410 nm, using H 2 0 as eluent. Samples were taken from both retention time [minutes] and area [ ⁇ *5] . The equipment was certified to a detection limit of approximately 5 ⁇ 9 / I N03-N and a qualification limit of about 15 ⁇ / I N03-N. Discussion
  • Figure 7 Results for pure potassium nitrate (Column B) showed that leaching was even faster.
  • the free nitrate ions from the salt stayed in the column from day 6 to 16.
  • the reason why there are three days before the nitrate becomes undetectable is that KN03 is a little more sparingly soluble than ammonium nitrate.
  • the above NPK ( Figure 6) contains some ammonium nitrate.
  • Figure 8 Results for the mixture of 50% NPK 17-5-17, 1.2Mg, 3.6S and 50% ETN (Column C) show a clear retention of nitrate. The nitrate passes through the column from days 3-53, with two major pulses up to day 31, followed by smaller peaks up to day 53.
  • Figure 9 illustrates the underlying concept of biocontrolled fertilizer and how a possible composition could look both quantitatively and qualitatively.
  • a mixture of NPK, ETN and NES in a relationship 6.5: 3: 1.8 covers all 60 days of the growth stage of wheat with nitrate.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Fertilizers (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne une composition d'engrais qui comprend un nitrate organique, de préférence un polynitrate organique, ayant un rapport C:N inférieur à 7:1, de préférence compris entre 1:1 et 5:1. L'invention concerne également un engrais à base de NPK qui comprend le nitrate organique tel que défini dans la description. L'invention concerne également l'utilisation d'un nitrate organique ayant un rapport C:N inférieur à 7:1, de préférence compris entre 1:1 et 5:1, en tant qu'engrais.
PCT/EP2017/063929 2016-06-09 2017-06-08 Engrais biocontrôlé WO2017211934A1 (fr)

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DKPA201670415 2016-06-09

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2022189682A1 (fr) 2021-03-09 2022-09-15 Fertinagro Biotech, S.L. Procédé pour potentialiser l'absorption du fer, du cuivre, du manganèse et du zinc dans les cultures

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1410037A (en) * 1919-04-18 1922-03-21 Trojan Powder Co Fertilizer
US1497600A (en) * 1922-02-25 1924-06-10 Trojan Powder Co Fertilizer
EP0080314A1 (fr) 1981-11-17 1983-06-01 Aeci Limited Nitrato-polyéthers et leur utilisation
GB2303136A (en) * 1995-07-11 1997-02-12 Secr Defence Pentaerythritol tetranitrate reductase enzyme
WO1999032636A1 (fr) * 1997-12-19 1999-07-01 The Secretary Of State For Defence Biodegradation d'explosifs
CA2313110A1 (fr) * 2000-06-29 2001-12-29 Institut National De La Recherche Scientifique Processus microbiologique et produits microbiens pour la biorestauration de sols ou d'eaux
US6936456B1 (en) * 2002-08-05 2005-08-30 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Bioremediation of nitrogenous contaminants
WO2013128080A1 (fr) * 2012-02-28 2013-09-06 Biokasvu Oy Engrais, son utilisation et son procédé de préparation

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1410037A (en) * 1919-04-18 1922-03-21 Trojan Powder Co Fertilizer
US1497600A (en) * 1922-02-25 1924-06-10 Trojan Powder Co Fertilizer
EP0080314A1 (fr) 1981-11-17 1983-06-01 Aeci Limited Nitrato-polyéthers et leur utilisation
GB2303136A (en) * 1995-07-11 1997-02-12 Secr Defence Pentaerythritol tetranitrate reductase enzyme
WO1999032636A1 (fr) * 1997-12-19 1999-07-01 The Secretary Of State For Defence Biodegradation d'explosifs
CA2313110A1 (fr) * 2000-06-29 2001-12-29 Institut National De La Recherche Scientifique Processus microbiologique et produits microbiens pour la biorestauration de sols ou d'eaux
US6936456B1 (en) * 2002-08-05 2005-08-30 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Bioremediation of nitrogenous contaminants
WO2013128080A1 (fr) * 2012-02-28 2013-09-06 Biokasvu Oy Engrais, son utilisation et son procédé de préparation

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2022189682A1 (fr) 2021-03-09 2022-09-15 Fertinagro Biotech, S.L. Procédé pour potentialiser l'absorption du fer, du cuivre, du manganèse et du zinc dans les cultures

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