WO2017151642A1

WO2017151642A1 - Detection apparatus

Info

Publication number: WO2017151642A1
Application number: PCT/US2017/019986
Authority: WO
Inventors: John Paul ALDERETE; Robert Francis EISELE
Original assignee: Flora Bioscience, Inc.
Priority date: 2016-02-29
Filing date: 2017-02-28
Publication date: 2017-09-08
Also published as: AR107767A1

Abstract

One or more detection apparatuses that may be used to detect the presence of an entity in a sample. The sample may include, but is not limited to, a blood sample (which may be whole blood or plasma) and a skin sample. The blood and/or skin samples may be obtained from humans. Alternatively, the blood and/or skin samples may be obtained from animals (e.g., animals in the following families; canine, feline, bovine, ovine, porcine, etc.).

Description

DETECTION APPARATUS

BACKGROUND

[0001] Test strips disposed within detection apparatuses may be used to determine the presence or absence of entities in a test fluid.

SUMMARY

[0002] In general, in one aspect, the invention relates to an apparatus. The apparatus includes a cap including a handle and a protruding portion, wherein a sample collection medium covers at least a portion of the protruding portion. The apparatus further includes a cartridge including a blister and a test strip, wherein the cartridge is configured is receive the protruding portion, wherein insertion of the protruding portion into the cartridge results in release of a buffer solution from the blister, wherein the buffer solution, once released, comes into contact with a sample on the sample collection medium to create a sample buffer, wherein the sample buffer is wicked through the test strip.

[0003] In general, in one aspect, the invention relates to an apparatus. The apparatus includes a cartridge including a swab portion, wherein a sample collection medium covers at least a portion of the swab portion, a sealing portion, and a test strip. The apparatus further includes a cap including a blister containing a buffer solution, wherein the cap is configured to receive the swab portion, wherein the sealing portion creates a seal between the cap and the cartridge after the swab portion of the cartridge is inserted into the cap, wherein the buffer solution, once released, comes into contact with a sample on the sample collection medium to create a sample buffer, wherein the sample buffer is wicked through the test strip.

[0004] In general, in one aspect, the invention relates to an apparatus. The apparatus includes an upper portion including a sample well and a viewing window, wherein the sample well is configured to receive a blood sample. The apparatus further includes a lower portion, and a test strip located between the upper portion and the lower portion, wherein at least a portion of the test strip is visible in the viewing window.

[0005] In general, in one aspect, the invention relates to an apparatus. The apparatus includes a collection component including a blister and a collection surface, wherein at least a portion of the collection surface is covered by a sample collection medium, wherein the blister contains a buffer solution. The apparatus further includes a cartridge including a test strip, wherein the blister releases the buffer solution after at least a portion of the collection component is inserted into the cartridge, wherein the buffer solution, once released, comes into contact with a sample on the sample collection medium to create a sample buffer, and wherein the sample buffer is wicked through the test strip.

[0006] In general, in one aspect, the invention relates to an apparatus. The apparatus includes a collection component including a blister and a protruding portion, wherein a sample collection medium covers at least a portion of the protruding portion, wherein the blister contains a buffer solution. The apparatus further includes a cartridge including a test strip, wherein the cartridge is configured to receive the collection component, wherein the buffer solution, once released, comes into contact with a sample on the sample collection medium to create a sample buffer, wherein the sample buffer is wicked through the test strip.

[0007] In general, in one aspect, the invention relates to an apparatus. The apparatus includes a component including a blister and a protruding portion, wherein a plasma separation membrane covers at least a portion of the protruding portion, wherein the blister contains a buffer solution. The apparatus further includes a cartridge including a test strip and a sample well, wherein the cartridge is configured to receive the component, wherein the cartridge is configured to receive a sample from the sample well, wherein the buffer solution, once released, comes into contact with the sample to create a sample buffer, wherein the sample passes through the plasma separation membrane prior to coming into contact with the buffer solution, wherein the sample buffer is wicked through the test strip.

[0008] In general, in one aspect, the invention relates to an apparatus. The apparatus includes a component including a blister, wherein the blister contains a buffer solution. The apparatus further includes a cartridge including a test strip and a sample well, wherein the cartridge is configured to receive a sample from the sample well, wherein the buffer solution, once released, comes into contact with the sample to create a sample buffer, and wherein the sample buffer is wicked through the test strip.

[0009] In general, in one aspect, the invention relates to an apparatus. The apparatus includes a cap including a blister, wherein the blister contains a buffer solution. The apparatus further includes a cartridge including a protruding portion and a test strip, wherein a sample collection medium covers at least a portion of the protruding portion, wherein the cap is configured to receive the protruding portion, wherein, after insertion of the protruding portion into the cap, the buffer solution is released from the blister, wherein the buffer solution, once released, comes into contact with a sample on the sample collection medium to create a sample buffer, wherein the sample buffer is wicked through the test strip.

[0010] In general, in one aspect, the invention relates to an apparatus. The apparatus includes a collection component including a button, a blister, and a collection surface, wherein at least a portion of the collection surface is covered by a sample collection medium, wherein the blister contains a buffer solution. The apparatus further includes a cartridge including a test strip and a cavity in which the collection surface may be inserted, wherein depressing the button releases the buffer solution from the blister, wherein the buffer solution, once released, comes into contact with a sample on the sample collection medium to create a sample buffer, and wherein the sample buffer is wicked through the test strip.

[0011] Other aspects of the invention will be apparent from the following description and the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0012] FIG. 1 shows an isometric view of a test strip in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

[0013] FIG. 2.1 shows an isometric view of a detection apparatus in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

[0014] FIG. 2.2 shows a cross-sectional view of a detection apparatus in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

[0015] FIG. 2.3 shows a use flow in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

[0016] FIG. 3.1 shows an isometric view of a detection apparatus in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

[0017] FIG. 3.2 shows a cross-sectional view of a detection apparatus in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

[0018] FIG. 3.3 shows a use flow in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

[0019] FIG. 4.1 shows an isometric view of a detection apparatus in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

[0020] FIG. 4.2 shows a top view of a collection component in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

[0021] FIG. 4.3 shows a use flow in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. [0022] FIG. 5.1 shows an isometric view of a detection apparatus in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

[0023] FIG. 5.2 shows a top view of a cap in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

[0024] FIG. 5.3 shows a use flow in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

[0025] FIG. 6.1 shows an isometric view of a detection apparatus in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

[0026] FIG. 6.2 shows a cross-sectional view of a detection apparatus in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

[0027] FIG. 6.3 shows a top view of a cap in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

[0028] FIG. 6.4 shows a use flow in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

[0029] FIG. 7.1 shows a cross-sectional view of a detection apparatus in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

[0030] FIG. 7.2 shows an isometric view of a cartridge in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

[0031] FIG. 7.3 shows a top view of a cap in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

[0032] FIG. 7.4 shows a use flow in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

[0033] FIG. 8.1 shows a cross-sectional view of a detection apparatus in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

[0034] FIG. 8.2 shows isometric and cross-sectional views of a cartridge in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. [0035] FIG. 8.3 shows isometric and cross-sectional views of a collection component in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

[0036] FIG. 8.4 shows a use flow in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

[0037] FIG. 9.1 shows an isometric view of a detection apparatus in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

[0038] FIG. 9.2 shows a top view of a collection component in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

[0039] FIG. 9.3 shows a use flow in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

[0040] FIG. 10.1 shows a cross-sectional view of a detection apparatus in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

[0041] FIG. 10.2 shows an isometric view of a cartridge in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

[0042] FIG. 10.3 shows a top view of a cap in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

[0043] FIG. 10.4 shows a use flow in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

[0044] FIG. 1 1.1 shows isometric and side views of a detection apparatus in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

[0045] FIG. 1 1.2 shows a cross-sectional view of a collection component in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

[0046] FIG. 1 1.3 shows a use flow in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

[0047] FIG. 12 shows a computing system in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0048] Specific embodiments of the invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying figures. In the following detailed description of embodiments of the invention, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of the invention. However, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known features have not been described in detail to avoid unnecessarily complicating the description.

[0049] Throughout the application, ordinal numbers (e.g., first, second, third, etc.) may be used as an adjective for an element (i.e., any noun in the application). The use of ordinal numbers is not to imply or create any particular ordering of the elements nor to limit any element to being only a single element unless expressly disclosed, such as by the use of the terms "before", "after", "single", and other such terminology. Rather, the use of ordinal numbers is to distinguish between the elements. By way of an example, a first element is distinct from a second element, and the first element may encompass more than one element and succeed (or precede) the second element in an ordering of elements.

[0050] In the following description, any component description with regard to a figure, in various embodiments of the invention, may be equivalent to one or more like-named components described with regard to any other figure. For brevity, descriptions of these components will not be repeated with regard to each figure. Thus . each and every embodiment of the components of each figure is incorporated by reference and assumed to be optionally present within every other figure having one or more like-named components. Additionally, in accordance with various embodiments of the invention, any description of the components of a figure is to be interpreted as an optional embodiment, which may be implemented in addition to, in conjunction with, or in place of the embodiments described with regard to a corresponding like-named component in any other figure. Further, although the description includes a discussion of various embodiments of the invention, the various disclosed embodiments may be combined in virtually any manner. All combinations of the embodiments of the invention are contemplated herein.

[0051] In general, embodiments of the invention relate to one or more detection apparatuses that may be used to detect the presence of an entity in a sample. The sample may include, but is not limited to, a blood sample (which may be whole blood or plasma) and a skin sample. The blood and/or skin samples may be obtained from humans. Alternatively, the blood and/or skin samples may be obtained from animals (e.g., animals in the following families; canine, feline, bovine, ovine, porcine, etc.).

[0052] In one embodiment of the invention, when the sample is a blood sample, the entity being detected in the sample may include any viral or non-viral organism that may cause blood infections. The following are non-limiting examples of such an organism: Acinetobacter, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Arcobacter spp. (A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus), Campylobacter spp. (C. fetus, C. jejuni), Candida, Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), E. coli, Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Burkholderia mallei (cause of glanders), Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Klebsiella, Meningococcus, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus equi, Salmonella, Serratia, Staphylococcus spp. (S. aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), coagulase-negative staphylococci), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Streptococcus spp. (S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, invasive group A strep (GAS) disease); parasites: Babesia, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania, Plasmodium (cause of malaria); viruses: Flavivirus spp. (including Zika and the causes of West nile, dengue, and yellow fevers), Hepatitis viruses, Lentivirus (HIV). In other embodiments of the invention, the entity may be a specific cell type or antigen in the blood. For example, the antigen may be a cancer antigen such as Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA). The entity may correspond to other antigens or cell types without departing from the scope of the invention.

[0053] In one embodiment of the invention, when the sample is a skin sample, the entity being detected in the sample may include any molecular marker present in or on one or more skin cell(s). The molecular marker may indicate the presence of a skin condition caused by yeast, bacterial infection, a viral infection, cancer (or any other illness), or another organism (e.g., mite Sarcoptes scabiei). The following are non-limiting examples of skin conditions that may be detected using a skin sample and one or more detection apparatuses in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention: Rubeola (measles), acne, hemangioma of the skin, lupus, skin cancer, cold sores, psoriasis, rosacea, warts (viral), necrotizing fasciitis (bacterial), seborrheic eczema, cutaneous candidiasis (candida), herpes, cellulitis (bacterial), impetigo, erysipelas, dyshidrotic eczema, canker sores, cancer, ichthyosis vulgaris, molluscum contagiosum, acrodermatitis, seborrheic keratosis, pilonidal sinus, lichen planus, and shingles.

[0054] In one embodiment of the invention, in order to detect the presence of an entity in a sample, one or more of the following detection methods may be used: antibodies, aptamers, and/or molecular beacons to detect deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), circular R A, carbohydrates, microRNA, proteins, and/or cells. In one embodiment of the invention, the specific antibody, aptamer, and/or molecular beacon used may be associated with one or more label(s), which are used to detect the presence of an entity. Examples of labels include, but are not limited to, gold nanoparticles, latex nanoparticles, colored cellulose nanoparticles, magnetic particles or aggregates, fluorescent and luminescent materials, enzymes, and colloidal carbon.

[0055] FIG. 1 shows an isometric view of a test strip in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. In various embodiments of the invention, a test strip (100) may be disposed within the one or more detection apparatuses described in this disclosure. The test strip (100) may be a fluid wicking strip that indicates the presence or absence of an entity (described above) when the test strip is exposed to a test fluid (or buffer solution).

[0056] In one embodiment of the invention, the buffer solution may include water. Alternatively, in another embodiment of the invention, the buffer solution may include water (and/or other fluids) in combination with other components. The following are non-limiting examples of the various components that may or may not be present in a given buffer solution: (i) detergents (e.g., Triton X-100 or Tetronic, Tween-20 or other surfactants); (ii) salts (e.g., Phosphate buffered saline, Tris buffered saline, Tris-borate buffer); (Hi) stabilizing components (e.g., bovine serum albumin); (iv) sugars (e.g., sucrose, or other sugars); (v) alcohols (e.g., ethanol, methanol, or isopropanol in low concentrations (i.e., one to ten percent volume of solute over volume of solution (v/v)) to reduce viscosity; and (vi) components necessary to reduce human anti-mouse antibody (HAMA) response (i.e., granted the sample being tested is a blood sample). In one embodiment of the invention, the buffer solution may be associated with a potential of hydrogen (pH) range between 4 pH and 9 pH, which is within the operable range for antibody binding.

[0057] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the specific buffer solution used to implement one or more embodiments of the invention may be tailored to the specific embodiment and type of test being used to detect the presence of a particular entity in the sample.

[0058] In one embodiment of the invention, the test strip (100) may be configured to receive a test fluid at a receiving end (102) of the length of the test strip (100). Further, upon being received, the test fluid may wick along the length of the test strip (100). In one embodiment of the invention, the wicking of the test fluid may be caused by, for example, capillary action. The test strip (100) includes an analytical region (104), an indicator region (106), and an absorbent pad (108). Each of these components is described below.

[0059] In one embodiment of the invention, the analytical region (104) of the test strip (100) may be a portion of the fluid wicking strip, which may react to the presence or absence of an entity within the test fluid (when the test fluid is wicked into the analytical region (104)). The reaction may add a detectable product to the test fluid. In one or more embodiments of the invention, the detectable product may be an antibody bound to an indicator.

[0060] In one embodiment of the invention, the indicator region (106) of the test strip (100) may be a portion of the fluid wicking strip, which may bind the aforementioned detectable product to the location of the indicator region (106). Binding the detectable product to the indicator region (106) may cause an increase in the quantity of the detectable product pooled in the indicator region (106). In increasing the detectable product in the indicator region (106), the light reflectivity of the indicator region (106) may change. This change in light reflectivity may subsequently indicate to a user (or reading device) of the test strip (100) that there is a presence or absence of the entity. In one embodiment of the invention, the change in light reflectivity of the indicator region (106) may be, for example, a change in the color of the region.

[0061] In one embodiment of the invention, the indicator region (106) may include a verification region (not shown) that may provide a visual indication of the operation of the test strip (100). The visual indication may be, for example, a change in the light reflectivity of the verification region. A change in the light reflectivity of the verification region may indicate to a user (or reading device) of the test strip (100) that the test strip (100) is functioning. Further, this indication may thereby assure the user (or reading device) of the test strip (100) that the test strip (100) is functioning as desired.

[0062] In one embodiment of the invention, the absorbent pad (108) of the test strip (100) may be a portion of the fluid wicking strip, which may absorb test fluid that wicks from the receiving end (102), along the length, of the test strip (100). By absorbing the test fluid, the absorbent pad (108) may enable more test fluid to wick along the length of the test strip (100) before the test strip (100) becomes saturated and no longer wicks test fluid (as opposed to a test strip (100) that may not include an absorbent pad (108)).

[0063] In one embodiment of the invention, the test strip (100) may further include a cover layer (not shown) disposed on the top surface of the test strip, which may be exposed to an ambient environment surrounding the one or more detection apparatuses. The cover layer may be a barrier layer that prevents contamination of the test strip (100). For example, when a user of the test strip (100) handles the test strip (100), the user may inadvertently transfer oils, debris, and/or other materials, which without the cover layer, may compromise detection of an entity.

[0064] In one embodiment of the invention, the above-mentioned reading device may be any computing system (see e.g., FIG. 12) configured to receive one or more detection apparatuses. The reading device may include further functionality to, upon receiving a detection apparatus, analyze the test strip (100) disposed within to determine the presence or absence of an entity. In one embodiment of the invention, the reading device may include optical reading components, which may enable the reading device to discern and/or evaluate at least the indicator region (106) of the test strip (100) to perform the aforementioned determination. In one embodiment of the invention, the reading device may include further functionality to read colorimetric or fluorescent-tagged antibodies. In one embodiment of the invention, the reading device may provide a user with a quantitative readout. In another embodiment of the invention, the reading device may provide the user with a qualitative readout.

[0065] Moreover, in one embodiment of the invention, the reading device may be a non-portable (or desktop) computing system. In another embodiment of the invention, the reading device may be a portable (or hand-held) computing system. In one embodiment of the invention, the reading device may be self- contained (i.e., includes functionality to analyze the test strip (100) and present the results using an included output/display component). In another embodiment of the invention, the reading device may include functionality to analyze the test strip (100), however, delegates the presentation of the results to another computing system such as, for example, a data consolidating device (e.g., a database, a direct or network attached storage, a server, etc.), a client device (e.g., a smartphone, a laptop, a tablet computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), etc.), and/or any other data aggregation solution. In such an embodiment, the reading device includes further functionality to transmit analyses results to the other computing system. Examples of the reading device include, but are not limited to, the compact Point-of-Care (cPOC) reader platform manufactured by the Esterline Technologies Corporation, the ESEQuant LR3 reader manufactured by the QIAGEN Group, the Axxin AX- 2X instrument manufactured by Axxin Pty Ltd., the DCN Fluorescent Assay Visualizer manufactured by DCN Diagnostics, the AccuScan Gold Reader manufactured by the Neogen Corporation, the CUBE Lateral-Flow Reader manufactured by BioAssay Works LLC, the UNISCAN immunoassay rapid test reader manufactured by Unison Biotech Inc., the smartphone-based point of care integrated mobile diagnosis and decision support system developed by i-calQ LLC, the HRDR-300 fluorescent reader manufactured by Cellmic LLC, and the Novarum DX Lateral Flora Reader manufactured by Novarum DX Ltd. While FIG. 1 shows a configuration of components, test strip configurations other than that shown in FIG. 1 may be employed without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, in one embodiment of the invention, a test strip may be implemented as a micro-fluidic device instead of a macro-fluidic device, which may entail additional, or alternative, components and/or modifications with respect to scale, materials, and/or functionality. [0067] FIG. 2.1 and FIG. 2.2 show an isometric view and a cross-sectional view of a detection apparatus in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. The detection apparatus (200) includes a cartridge (202) and a test strip (204) (see e.g., FIG. 1). Further, the cartridge (202) may include an upper portion (212) and a lower portion (214), within (or between) which the test strip (204) is disposed. Each of these components is described below.

[0068] In one embodiment of the invention, the upper portion (212) of the cartridge (202) may be a structural component, which may be formed by plastic injecting molding. The upper portion (212) may be formed of a thermoplastic, thermoset, or an elastomer material. For example, the upper portion (212) may be an epoxy, a nylon, a polyethylene, a polystyrene, a polycarbonate, a thermoplastic, or any combination thereof.

[0069] In one embodiment of the invention, the upper portion (212) of the cartridge (202) may include a sample well (206). The sample well (206) may be disposed at a first end of the length of the upper portion (212). Further, the sample well (206) may be a reservoir in which a blood sample (e.g., a whole blood sample) may be received for entity detection. In another embodiment of the invention, the sample well (206) may receive a sample of a blood derivative such as a serum. In yet another embodiment of the invention, the sample well (206) may receive samples of other bodily fluids including, but not limited to, peritoneal fluid, stool, and urine.

[0070] In one embodiment of the invention, the upper portion (212) of the cartridge (202) may include a viewing window (208). The viewing window (208) may enable a portion of the test strip (204), while disposed within the cartridge (202), to be visually inspected by a user (or reading device) of the detection apparatus (200). In one embodiment of the invention, the viewing window (208) may be an orifice or a port that exposes at least the indicator region of the test strip (204). Moreover, in one embodiment of the invention, the viewing window (208) may include a transparent or translucent cover (not shown). The aforementioned cover may enable a user (or reading device) of the detection apparatus (200) to evaluate at least the indicator region of the test strip (204) while preventing contamination (discussed above).

] In one embodiment of the invention, the upper portion (212) of the cartridge (202) may include a holding portion (210). The holding portion (210) may be disposed at a second end (i.e., opposite of the first end) of the length of the upper portion (212). Further, the holding portion (210) may be configured to enable a user of the detection apparatus (200) to grip the detection apparatus (200). In one embodiment of the invention, the holding portion (210) may include a recessed area that is complimentary to an appendage of the user. Moreover, a number of raised features may be present in the holding portion (210), which may create an interference between the holding portion (210) and the fingers of the user. The interference may reduce the propensity for the holding portion (210) to slip from the fingers of the user.

] In one embodiment of the invention, the upper portion (212) of the cartridge (202) may include a number of mating portions (not shown) disposed along the length, and/or across the width, of the upper portion (212). The mating portions may be structural components configured to mate with complimentary components of the lower portion (214). By way of an example, each mating portion may be a pin. In one embodiment of the invention, the mating portions may include a cross section that includes an interference portion configured to lock the mating portions with the complimentary components of the lower portion (214). The interference, in this case, may enable the upper portion (212) to fixedly attach to the lower portion (214).

] In one embodiment of the invention, the upper portion (212) of the cartridge (202) may include indicator features (not shown) disposed along the top surface of the upper portion (212). The indicator features may label and/or indicate the function of one or more components of the detection apparatus. Further, in one embodiment of the invention, the indicator features may be raised lettering that may be readable by a user of the detection apparatus (200).

] In one embodiment of the invention, the lower portion (214) of the cartridge (202) may be a structural component, which may be formed by plastic injection molding. The lower portion (214) may be constructed of the same material of the upper portion (212). Further, the lower portion (214) may be configured to mate with the upper portion (212). In one embodiment of the invention, the mating of the upper portion (212) and the lower portion (214) may form an internal volume in which the test strip (204) may be disposed.

] In one embodiment of the invention, the lower portion (214) may include a number of complementary mating portions (not shown). The complementary mating portions may be recesses or other features configured to mate with the mating portions of the upper portion (212) (discussed above). The complementary mating portions may be disposed at locations along the length, and/or across the width, of the lower portion (214) that complement the locations of the mating portions of the upper portion (212). In one embodiment of the invention, the complementary mating portions may include a cross section that interferes with a cross section of the mating portions of the upper portion (212). The interference between the mating portions and the complimentary mating portions may fixedly secure the upper portion (212) and the lower portion (214) together (when mated together).

>] In one embodiment of the invention, the lower portion (214) of the cartridge (202) may include a holding portion (not shown) disposed at a location corresponding to the location of the holding portion (210) of the upper portion (212). The holding portion of the lower portion (214) may be configured to enable a user of the detection apparatus (200) to grip the detection apparatus (200). Similar to the holding portion (210) of the upper portion (212), the holding portion of the lower portion (214) may include a recessed area that is complimentary to an appendage of the user. Further, a number of raised features may be present in the holding portion of the lower portion (214), which may create an interference between the holding portion and the fingers of the user. The interference may reduce the propensity for the holding portion to slip from the fingers of the user.

[0077] In one embodiment of the invention, the lower portion (214) of the cartridge (202) may include a test type indicator (not shown). In one embodiment of the invention, the test type indicator may be a label including characters (e.g., text, numbers, symbols, etc.). The test type indicator may identify the type and/or function of the detection apparatus (200) and/or the test strip (204) disposed within.

[0078] FIG. 2.3 shows a use flow in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. Specifically, the use flow (220) illustrates an intended operation of the detection apparatus (200) described above in FIG. 2.1 and FIG. 2.2. Specifically, when using the detection apparatus (200), a user of the detection apparatus (200) may grip the holding portion (210) of the cartridge (202) while adding a whole blood sample (222) to the sample well (206). In one embodiment of the invention, the whole blood sample (222) may be obtained using any known or future developed mechanism for obtaining blood samples. Eventually, the blood filled sample well (224) may wick through and soak the test strip (204) disposed within the cartridge (202). Afterwards, in one embodiment of the invention, the user may visually discern the results of the test by reading the exposed region (i.e., indicator region) of the test strip (204) through the viewing window (208). In another embodiment of the invention, the user may insert the cartridge (202) in a reading device (not shown) in order to obtain the results of the test. In such cases, the results of the test may be visually displayed by the reading device (see e.g., FIG. 12).

[0079] FIG. 3.1 and FIG. 3.2 show an isometric view and a cross-sectional view of a detection apparatus in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. The detection apparatus (300) includes a cartridge (302) and a test strip (304) (see e.g., FIG. 1). Further, the cartridge (302) may include an upper portion (312) and a lower portion (314), within (or between) which the test strip (304) is disposed. The upper portion (312) may include a specialized sample well (306), a viewing window (308), and a holding portion (310). In one or more embodiments of the invention, one or more aforementioned components of this detection apparatus (300) may be substantially similar to like-named components of the detection apparatus described above in FIG. 2.1 and FIG. 2.2. The description of these like-named components will therefore not be reiterated.

[0080] In one embodiment of the invention, however, the detection apparatus (300) (unlike the detection apparatus described above in FIG. 2.1 and FIG. 2.2) may include a specialized sample well (306), which may include a plasma separation membrane (316). The plasma separation membrane (316) may be, for example, a polymer that includes functionality to separate the cellular components (e.g., red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) of a whole blood sample from the plasma. In one embodiment of the invention, the plasma separation membrane (316) may prevent the aforementioned cellular components from contacting the test strip (304) while allowing the plasma portion of the whole blood sample to flow through. The plasma separation membrane (316) may include selectively sized pores (not shown) that are configured to permit only the plasma to reach the test strip (304) disposed within the cartridge (302).

[0081] FIG. 3.3 shows a use flow in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. Specifically, the use flow (320) illustrates an intended operation of the detection apparatus (300) described above in FIG. 3.1 and FIG. 3.2. Specifically, when using the detection apparatus (300), a user of the detection apparatus (300) may grip the holding portion (310) of the cartridge (302) while adding a whole blood sample (322) to the sample well (306). In one embodiment of the invention, the whole blood sample (322) may be obtained using any known or future developed mechanism for obtaining blood samples. Further, the cellular components (324) of the whole blood sample (322) may be captured by the plasma separation membrane (316), which may permit only the plasma (not shown) to seep through. Eventually, the plasma may wick through and soak the test strip (304) disposed within the cartridge (302). Afterwards, in one embodiment of the invention, the user may visually discern the results of the test by reading the exposed region (i.e., indicator region) of the test strip (304) through the viewing window (308). In another embodiment of the invention, the user may insert the cartridge (302) in a reading device (not shown) in order to obtain the results of the test. In such cases, the results of the test may be visually displayed by the reading device (see e.g., FIG. 12).

[0082] FIG. 4.1 shows an isometric view of a detection apparatus in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. The detection apparatus (400) includes a cartridge (402), a test strip (404), and a collection component (406). Further, the cartridge (402) may include an upper portion (412) and a lower portion (414), within (or between) which the test strip (404) is disposed. The upper portion (412) may include a viewing window (408) and a holding portion (410). In one or more embodiments of the invention, one or more aforementioned components of this detection apparatus (400) may be substantially similar to like-named components of the detection apparatus described above in FIG. 2.1 and FIG. 2.2. The description of these like-named components will therefore not be reiterated. With respect to the remaining components, each of these remaining components is described below.

[0083] In one embodiment of the invention, the collection component (406) may be a disposable one-piece foil cartridge. Turning briefly to FIG. 4.2, in one or more embodiments of the invention, the collection component (406) includes a blister (420), multiple locating tabs (422), a protruding portion (424), and a channel (426). Each of these components is described below. [0084] In one embodiment of the invention, the blister (420) of the collection component (406) may be a penetrable pocket (or bubble) containing a buffer solution (described above). In one embodiment of the invention, when the detection apparatus (400) is received by a reading device (not shown), the reading device may engage the blister (420) to release the contained buffer solution. The released buffer solution may subsequently flow through the channel (426) to contact the protruding portion (424) (described below) and eventually the test strip (404) disposed within the cartridge (402). The channel (426) may operatively (or fluidically) connect the blister (420) to the protruding portion (424).

[0085] In one embodiment of the invention, the protruding portion (424) of the collection component (406) may be used to collect the blood and/or skin sample. In one embodiment of the invention, at least a portion of protruding portion (424) may be covered by a sample collection medium (not shown). The sample collection medium may be made of material similarly found in a wet wipe or wipe-type product, such as a baby wipe, an adult wipe, a hand wipe, a face wipe, and/or a cosmetic wipe. Further, the sample collection medium may include one or more paper or non-woven fabric sheets, which may be wetted with an aqueous solution containing water soluble or water dispersible ingredients. In one embodiment of the invention, the sample collection medium may include one or more sheets of porous fabric, which may be woven or non-woven, where at least one sheet is made of a viscose rayon fiber blend that may (or may not) include a strength imparting fiber, such as polyester or polypropylene. In another embodiment of the invention, the sample collection medium may include one or more sheets of porous fabric, which may be woven or non-woven, where at least one sheet includes natural cellulosic fiber or a blend of natural cellulosic fibers. In yet another embodiment of the invention, the sample collection medium may include one or more sheets of porous fabric, which may be woven or non-woven, where at least one sheet includes a combination of natural and synthetic fibers. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that other sample collection mediums may be used without departing from the scope of the invention.

[0086] In one embodiment of the invention, at least a portion of the protruding portion (424) of the collection component (406) may be covered by a plasma separation membrane (not shown). The plasma separation membrane may be substantially similar to the like-named component discussed above in FIG. 3.1 and FIG. 3.2.

[0087] In one embodiment of the invention, the locating tabs (422) of the collection component (406) may be one or more void(s) (e.g., holes) disposed at one or more location(s) on the collection component (406). The locating tabs (422) may be configured to align with complimentary components disposed on the lower portion (414) of the cartridge (402). In one embodiment of the invention, the locating tabs (422) may be used by a user of the detection apparatus (400) to properly seat or load the collection component (406) into the cartridge (402).

[0088] Returning to FIG. 4.1, in one embodiment of the invention, the upper portion (412) of the cartridge (402) may include an articulating component (416). The articulating component (416) may attach to a remainder of the upper portion (412) using a joint or a hinge. Further, the articulating component (416) may move relative to the lower portion (414) of the cartridge (402) in the same manner as a door would move relative to a door frame. In one embodiment of the invention, the articulating component (416) may lifted (by a user of the detection apparatus (400)) to an open position in order to insert/load the collection component (406) and/or the test strip (404) in the cartridge (402). To secure or encapsulate the loaded collection component (406) and/or test strip (404), the user of the detection apparatus (400) may lower the articulating component (416) to a closed position. In one embodiment of the invention, the articulating component (416) includes a sample orifice or port (418). When the articulating component (416) is in a closed position, the sample orifice/port (418) may be disposed directly above the protruding portion (424) of the collection component (406), thus allowing an introduced whole blood sample to directly contact the protruding portion (424). In one embodiment of the invention, the sample orifice/port (418) may be similar to the sample well described above in FIG. 2.1 and FIG. 2.2.

[0089] FIG. 4.3 shows a use flow in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. Specifically, the use flow (440) illustrates an intended operation of the detection apparatus (400) described above in FIG. 4.1 and FIG. 4.2. Specifically, when using the detection apparatus (400), a user of the detection apparatus (400) may flip the articulating component (416) to the open position and load a test strip (404) and collection component (406) into the cartridge (402). After loading the test strip (404) and collection component (406), the user of the detection apparatus (400) may return the articulating component (416) to the closed position prior to adding a whole blood sample (442) through the sample orifice/port (418). In one embodiment of the invention, the whole blood sample (442) may be obtained using any known or future developed mechanism for obtaining blood samples.

[0090] In one embodiment of the invention, the whole blood sample (442) may coat or soak the protruding portion (424) of the collection component (406) disposed within the cartridge (402). In another embodiment of the invention, where at least a portion of the protruding portion (424) is covered with a plasma separation membrane (not shown), the whole blood sample (442) may be filtered to permit only the plasma portion of the whole blood sample (442) to seep through. Moreover, after introducing the whole blood sample (442), the user of detection apparatus (400) may insert the cartridge (402) into a reading device (not shown). Upon receiving the cartridge (402), the reading device subsequently engages (or perforates) the blister (420) of the collection component (406), thereby releasing the contained buffer solution through the channel (426) and finally the protruding portion (424). In reaching the protruding portion (424), the released buffer solution may mix with whole blood sample (442) (or plasma) on the protruding portion (424), thus creating a sample buffer (not shown). Eventually, the sample buffer may wick through and soak the test strip (404), enabling the detection of an entity. The results of the test may be presented on the indicator region of the test strip (404), which may be discemable to the reading device through the viewing window (408) of the cartridge (402). ] FIG. 5.1 shows an isometric view of a detection apparatus in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. The detection apparatus (500) includes a cartridge (502), a test strip (504), and a cap (520) (see e.g., FIG. 5.2). Further, the cartridge (502) may include an upper portion (512) and a lower portion (514), within (or between) which the test strip (504) is disposed. The upper portion (512) may include a sample well (506), a viewing window (508), and a holding portion (510). Moreover, the lower portion (514) may include one or more foil piercing rib(s) (516) and multiple locating tabs (518). In one or more embodiments of the invention, one or more aforementioned components of this detection apparatus (500) may be substantially similar to like-named components of the detection apparatus described above in FIG. 2.1 and FIG. 2.2. The description of these like-named components will therefore not be reiterated. With respect to the remaining components, each of these remaining components is described below.

] Turning briefly to FIG. 5.2, in one embodiment of the invention, the cap (520) may be an assembly including a foil or blister (522) disposed within. As mentioned above, the blister (522) may contain a buffer solution, which may be released, in this case, by the one or more foil piercing rib(s) (516) disposed on the lower portion (514) of the cartridge (502). In one embodiment of the invention, the cap (520) may be constructed of material similar to that of the cartridge (502). [0093] Returning to FIG. 5.1, in one embodiment of the invention, the foil piercing rib(s) (516), which are disposed on the lower portion (514) of the cartridge (502), may be small serrated edges capable of piercing the blister (522) disposed in the cap (520). The foil piercing rib(s) (516) may pierce the blister (522) when the cap (520) is pushed forward into the cartridge (502) (see e.g., FIG. 5.3) during use of the detection apparatus (500). In one embodiment of the invention, the locating tabs (518) may be used as guides, thus enabling a user of the detection apparatus (500) to properly insert or push forward the cap (520) into the cartridge (502).

[0094] FIG. 5.3 shows a use flow in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. Specifically, the use flow (540) illustrates an intended operation of the detection apparatus (500) described above in FIG. 5.1 and FIG. 5.2. Specifically, when using the detection apparatus (500), a user of the detection apparatus (500) may grip the holding portion (510) of the cartridge (502) while adding a whole blood sample (542) to the sample well (506). In one embodiment of the invention, the whole blood sample (542) may be obtained using any known or future developed mechanism for obtaining blood samples. The introduced whole blood sample (542) may coat or soak the receiving end (see e.g., FIG. 1) of the test strip (504) disposed within the cartridge (502).

[0095] Further, the user of the detection apparatus (500) may push forward the cap (520) including the blister (522) onto the first end (i.e., the end of the cartridge (502) whereon the sample well (506) may be disposed) of the cartridge (502). The user of the detection apparatus (500) may utilize the locating tabs (518) to properly insert the cap (520). In one embodiment of the invention, the pushing forward of the cap (520) enables the foil piercing rib(s) (516) to perforate the blister (522) disposed within the cap (520), thus releasing the buffer solution contained in the blister (522). Subsequently, the released buffer solution may eventually wick through and soak the test strip (504) disposed within the cartridge (502). In one embodiment of the invention, the user may visually discern the results of the test by reading the exposed region (i.e., indicator region) of the test strip (502) through the viewing window (508). Alternatively, in another embodiment of the invention, the user may insert the cartridge (502) in a reading device (not shown) in order to obtain the results of the test. In such cases, the results of the test may be visually displayed by the reading device (see e.g., FIG. 12).

[0096] FIG. 6.1 and FIG. 6.2 show an isometric view and a cross-sectional view of a detection apparatus in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. The detection apparatus (600) includes a cartridge (602), a test strip (604), and a cap (620). The test strip (604) may be disposed within or encapsulated by the cartridge (602). Further, the cartridge (602) may a blister (606), a viewing window (608) and a holding portion (610). In one or more embodiments of the invention, one or more aforementioned components of this detection apparatus (600) may be substantially similar to like-named components of the detection apparatus described above in FIG. 2.1 and FIG. 2.2. The description of these like-named components will therefore not be reiterated.

[0097] FIG. 6.3 shows a top view of a cap in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. The cap (620) may be an assembly of components that includes a handle (622) and a protruding portion (624). In one embodiment of the invention, the handle (622) may be substantially similar to the holding portion (610) of the cartridge (602), and thus is configured to enable a user of the detection apparatus (600) to grip the cap (620). The protruding portion (624) of the cap (620) may be a component that facilitates collection of a skin sample. In one embodiment of the invention, at least a portion of the protruding portion (624) may be covered by a sample collection medium (626). The sample collection medium (626) may be substantially similar to the sample collection medium discussed above in FIG. 4.1 and FIG. 4.2. In one embodiment of the invention, the protruding portion (624) of the cap (620) may further include one or more hole(s) (628) through which a buffer solution may pass to flow onto the test strip (604) when the cap (620) is inserted into the cartridge (602).

[0098] FIG. 6.4 shows a use flow in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. Specifically, the use flow (640) illustrates an intended operation of the detection apparatus (600) described above in FIG. 6.1 to FIG. 6.3. Specifically, when using the detection apparatus (600), a user of the detection apparatus (600) may first grip the handle (622) of the cap (620) while obtaining a skin sample (not shown). In one embodiment of the invention, the skin sample may be obtained by putting the protruding portion (624) of the cap (620) in contact with the skin to be tested. Afterwards, while concurrently gripping the holding portion (610) of the cartridge (602), the user of the detection apparatus (600) may insert the cap (620) into a first (receiving) end of the cartridge (602). In one embodiment of the invention, in attaching the cap (620) properly, the cap (620) may snap on, preventing the cap (620) from being subsequently detached, either accidentally or intentionally.

[0099] Once fastened together, the cartridge (602) and the cap (620) may be inserted, by the user of the detection apparatus (600), into a reading device (not shown). Upon receiving the cartridge (602) and cap (620), the reading device may engage (or perforate) the blister (606) disposed in the cartridge (602) to release the contained buffer solution. In one embodiment of the invention, the released buffer solution may mix with the skin sample collected on the protruding portion (624) of the cap (620) to create a sample buffer. Subsequently, the sample buffer may pass through the protruding portion (624) using the one or more hole(s) (628) disposed on the protruding portion (624) of the cap (620). Eventually, the sample buffer may wick through and soak the test strip (604) disposed within the cartridge (602). Finally, the reading device may determine the results of the test by examining the indicator region of the test strip (604) through the viewing window (608) of the cartridge (602). In such cases, the results of the test may be visually displayed by the reading device (see e.g., FIG. 12).

[00100] FIG. 7.1 shows a cross-sectional view of a detection apparatus in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. The detection apparatus (700) includes a cartridge (702) and a cap (720). While an isometric view of the cartridge (702) is portrayed in FIG. 7.2, a side view of the cap (720) is illustrated in FIG. 7.3. Further, in looking at FIG. 7.1 or FIG. 7.2, the cartridge (702) may include a test strip (704) (disposed within the cartridge (702)), a swab portion (706), a viewing window (708), a holding portion (710), and a sealing portion (712). In reviewing FIG. 7.3, the cap (720) may include a blister (722) containing a buffer solution, which may be disposed within a closed end of the cap (720). In one or more embodiments of the invention, one or more aforementioned components of this detection apparatus (700) may be substantially similar to like-named components of the detection apparatus described above in FIG. 2.1 and FIG. 2.2. The description of these like-named components will therefore not be reiterated. With respect to the remaining components, each of these remaining components is described below.

[00101] In one embodiment of the invention, the swab portion (706) of the cartridge (702) may be substantially similar to the protruding portion of the collection component discussed above in FIG. 4.2. Thus, in one embodiment of the invention, at least a portion of the swab portion (706) may be covered with a sample collection medium (not shown) with which a skin sample may be obtained. Further, the swab portion (706) may be porous enough to facilitate the passing of a sample buffer (i.e., a blend including the skin sample and a buffer solution) to the test strip (704) disposed within the cartridge (702). In one embodiment of the invention, the swab portion (706) may be disposed at a first end (i.e., the opposite end whereon the holding portion (710) is disposed) of the cartridge (702). [00102] In one embodiment of the invention, the sealing portion (712) of the cartridge (702) may be a fluid sealing component. For example, the sealing portion (712) may be a flange, a gasket, or any other fluid sealing component. In one embodiment of the invention, the sealing portion (712) may be constructed of materials similar to that of the cartridge (702). Further, in one embodiment of the invention, the sealing portion (712) includes functionality to create a seal between the cap (720) and the cartridge (702) after the swab portion (706) is inserted into the cap (720) (discussed below) during use of the detection apparatus (700).

[00103] FIG. 7.4 shows a use flow in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. Specifically, the use flow (740) illustrates an intended operation of the detection apparatus (700) described above in FIG. 7.1 to FIG. 7.3. Specifically, when using the detection apparatus (700), a user of the detection apparatus (700) may first grip the holding portion (710) of the cartridge (702) while obtaining a skin sample (not shown). In one embodiment of the invention, the skin sample may be obtained by putting the swab portion (706) of the cartridge (702) in contact with the skin to be tested.

[00104] After collecting the skin sample using the swab portion (706), the user of the detection apparatus (700), while concurrently gripping the cartridge (702), may grip the outer surface of the cap (720). The user of the detection apparatus (700) may subsequently insert the swab portion (706) and the sealing portion (712) into the cap (720) (through the open end of the cap (720)). At this point, the sealing portion (712) creates a seal between the cap (720) and the cartridge (702). Subsequent to fastening the cap (720) and the cartridge (702) together, the user of the detection apparatus (700) may squeeze or pinch the closed end of the cap (720) to break the blister (722) disposed within the cap (720). As a result of breaking the blister (722), the buffer solution contained within the blister (722) is released. The released buffer solution may then contact and mix with the skin sample collected on the swab portion (706) of the cartridge (702), thereby creating a sample buffer. Eventually, the sample buffer may seep through the swab portion (706), thereby reaching the test strip (704) disposed beneath. The sample buffer may then wick through and soak the test strip (704). Afterwards, in one embodiment of the invention, the user may visually discern the results of the test by reading the exposed region (i.e., indicator region) of the test strip (704) through the viewing window (708). In another embodiment of the invention, the user may insert the detection apparatus (700) in a reading device (not shown) in order to obtain the results of the test. In such cases, the results of the test may be visually displayed by the reading device (see e.g., FIG. 12).

[00105] FIG. 8.1 shows a cross-sectional view of a detection apparatus in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. The detection apparatus (800) includes a cartridge (802) and a collection component (820). Each of these components is described below.

[00106] FIG. 8.2 shows isometric and cross-sectional views of the cartridge (802) in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. The cartridge (802) includes a test strip (804) disposed within, a locking tab (806), a viewing window (808), and a holding portion (810). In one or more embodiments of the invention, one or more aforementioned components of cartridge (802) may be substantially similar to like-named components of other cartridge embodiments described above. The description of these like-named components will therefore not be reiterated. With respect to the remaining components, each of these remaining components is described below.

[00107] In one embodiment of the invention the locking tab (806) may be a fastener disposed proximate to a first (receiving) end of the cartridge (802). The first (receiving) end of the cartridge (802) may be opposite the end where at the holding portion (810) is disposed. Further, the first (receiving) end of the cartridge (802) may be where the collection component (820) is inserted or attached to the cartridge (802) (see e.g., FIG. 8.1). In one embodiment of the invention, the locking tab (806) includes functionality to secure the collection component (820) to the cartridge (802) once the collection component (820) is inserted in the cartridge (802).

[00108] FIG. 8.3 shows isometric and cross-sectional views of the collection component (820) in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. The collection component (820) includes multiple finger supports (822), a blister (824) containing buffer solution, a collection surface (826), and one or more perforations (828). In one or more embodiments of the invention, one or more aforementioned components of collection component (820) may be substantially similar to like-named components of embodiments of other collection component embodiments described above. The description of these like-named components will therefore not be reiterated. With respect to the remaining components, each of these remaining components is described below.

[00109] In one embodiment of the invention, the finger supports (822) may be components that enable the collection component (820) to clasp onto a finger of a user of the detection apparatus (800). The finger supports (822) further secure the collection component (820) onto the finger, thus freeing the hand(s) of the user of the detection apparatus (800) to perform other tasks. In one embodiment of the invention, each finger support (822) may be disposed on an inside surface, along the length, of the collection component (820).

[00110] In one embodiment of the invention, the collection surface (826) may be a surface with which a skin sample may be obtained. In one embodiment of the invention, at least a portion of the collection surface (826) may be covered with a sample collection medium (not shown). The sample collection medium may be substantially similar to other embodiments of sample collection mediums described above. The collection surface (826) may be disposed below the blister (824), only separated by a thin boundary including the multiple perforations (828). In one embodiment of the invention, the multiple perforations (828) may subsequently serve to allow the flow of released buffer solution (contained in the blister (824)) through the boundary and into the collection surface (826).

[00111] FIG. 8.4 shows a use flow in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. Specifically, the use flow (840) illustrates an intended operation of the detection apparatus (800) described above in FIG. 8.1 to FIG. 8.3. Specifically, when using the detection apparatus (800), a user of the detection apparatus (800) may first apply the collection component (820) onto a finger (842). In one embodiment of the invention, the multiple finger supports (822) of the collection component (820) may further secure the collection component (820) onto the finger (842). The user of the detection apparatus (800) may subsequently obtain a skin sample by pressing the collection surface (826) of the collection component (820) against the skin to be tested.

[00112] After collecting the skin sample, the user of detection apparatus (800) may remove the collection component (820) from the finger (842) and subsequently insert the collection component (820) into the cartridge (802). Inside the confined space of the first (receiving) end of the cartridge (802), the blister (824) disposed within the collection component (820) may be compressed, thereby leading to the release of the buffer solution contained in the blister (824). In one embodiment of the invention, the buffer solution first soaks the collection surface (826), thus mixing with the collected skin sample to create a sample buffer. The sample buffer may flow through the collection surface (826) of the collection component (820) to eventually wick through and soak the test strip (804) disposed within the cartridge (802). Afterwards, in one embodiment of the invention, the user of the detection apparatus (800) may visually discern the results of the test by reading the exposed region (i.e., indicator region) of the test strip (804) through the viewing window (808). In another embodiment of the invention, the user may insert the detection apparatus (800) (i.e., the combination of the cartridge (802) and the collection component (820)) in a reading device (not shown) in order to obtain the results of the test. In such cases, the results of the test may be visually displayed by the reading device (see e.g., FIG. 12).

[00113] FIG. 9.1 shows an isometric view of a detection apparatus in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. The detection apparatus (900) includes a cartridge (902), a test strip (904), and a collection component (906). Further, the cartridge (902) may include an upper portion (912) and a lower portion (914), within (or between) which the test strip (904) is disposed. The upper portion (912) may include a viewing window (908), a holding portion (910), and an articulating component (916). In one or more embodiments of the invention, one or more aforementioned components of this detection apparatus (900) may be substantially similar to like-named components of the detection apparatus described above in FIG. 4.1. The description of these like- named components will therefore not be reiterated.

[00114] FIG. 9.2 shows a top view of a collection component in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. The collection component (906) includes a blister (920), multiple locating tabs (922), a protruding portion (924), and a channel (926). In one or more embodiments of the invention, one or more aforementioned components of this collection component (920) may be substantially similar to like-named components of the collection component described above in FIG. 4.2. The description of these like-named components will therefore not be reiterated.

[00115] FIG. 9.3 shows a use flow in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. Specifically, the use flow (940) illustrates an intended operation of the detection apparatus (900) described above in FIG. 9.1 and FIG. 9.2. Specifically, when using the detection apparatus (900), a user of the detection apparatus (900) may first grip the collection component (906) to obtain a skin sample. In one embodiment of the invention, the skin sample may be obtained by putting the protruding portion (924) of the collection component (906) in contact with the skin to be tested.

[00116] After collecting the skin sample, the user of the detection apparatus (900) may flip the articulating component (916) to the open position and load the test strip (904) and collection component (906) into the cartridge (902). After loading the test strip (904) and collection component (906), the user of the detection apparatus (900) may return the articulating component (916) to the closed position. Subsequently, the user of detection apparatus (900) may insert the cartridge (902) into a reading device (not shown). Upon receiving the cartridge (902), the reading device subsequently engages (or perforates) the blister (920) of the collection component (906), thereby releasing the contained buffer solution through the channel (926) and finally the protruding portion (924). In reaching the protruding portion (924), the released buffer solution may mix with skin sample on the protruding portion (924), thus creating a sample buffer (not shown). Eventually, the sample buffer may wick through and soak the test strip (904), enabling the detection of an entity. The results of the test may be presented on the indicator region of the test strip (904), which may be discernable to the reading device through the viewing window (908) on the upper portion (912) of the cartridge (902).

[00117] FIG. 10.1 shows a cross-sectional view of a detection apparatus in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. The detection apparatus (1000) includes a cartridge (1002) and a cap (1020). The cartridge (1002), which is further shown through an isometric view in FIG. 10.2, includes a test strip (1004) disposed within the cartridge (1002), a protruding portion (1006), a viewing window (1008), and a holding portion (1010). Moreover, the cap (1020), which is further shown through a top view in FIG. 10.3, includes a blister (1022). In one or more embodiments of the invention, one or more aforementioned components of this detection apparatus (1000) may be substantially similar to like-named components of the other detection apparatuses described above. The description of these like-named components will therefore not be reiterated.

[00118] FIG. 10.4 shows a use flow in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. Specifically, the use flow (1040) illustrates an intended operation of the detection apparatus (1000) described above in FIG. 10.1 to FIG. 10.3. Specifically, when using the detection apparatus (1000), a user of the detection apparatus (1000) may first grip the holding portion (1010) of the cartridge (1002) to obtain a skin sample (not shown). In one embodiment of the invention, the skin sample may be obtained by putting the protruding portion (1006) of the cartridge (1002) in contact with the skin to be tested.

[00119] After collecting the skin sample, the user of the detection apparatus (1000) may insert the protruding portion (1006) of the cartridge (1002) into the cap (1020). Once attached, the cap (1020) may snap onto the cartridge (1002), preventing the cap (1020) from detaching whether accidentally or intentionally. Subsequently, the user of the detection apparatus (1000) may insert the detection apparatus (1000) (i.e., the combination of the cartridge (1002) and the cap (1020)) into a reading device (not shown). Upon receiving the detection apparatus (1000), the reading device may engage (or perforate) the blister (1022) disposed on the cap (1020), leading to the release of a buffer solution contained in the blister (1022). The buffer solution may then mix with the collected skin sample on the protruding portion (1006) of the cartridge (1002) to create a sample buffer. Eventually, the sample buffer may pass through the protruding portion (1006), thereby wicking through and soaking the test strip (1004) disposed within the cartridge (1002). Finally, the reading device may determine (or otherwise obtain) the results of the test by examining the indicator region of the test strip (1004) through the viewing window (1008) of the cartridge (1002). In such cases, the results of the test may be visually displayed by the reading device (see e.g., FIG. 12). [00120] FIG. 1 1.1 shows isometric and side views of a detection apparatus in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. The detection apparatus (1100) includes a cartridge (1102) and a collection component (1 120). Further, the cartridge (1 102) includes a test strip (1 104) disposed within, a cavity (1106), and a viewing window (1108). In one embodiment of the invention, the cavity (1106) may be a recess in which at least a portion of the collection component (1120) may be inserted. In one or more embodiments of the invention, one or more aforementioned components of this cartridge (1 102) may be substantially similar to like-named components of the cartridge embodiments described above. The description of these like-named components will therefore not be reiterated.

[00121] FIG. 11.2 shows a cross-sectional view of a collection component in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. The collection component (1120) includes a button (1 122), a collection surface (1124), a blister (1 126), and a piercing component (1128). In one or more embodiments of the invention, one or more aforementioned components of the collection component (1120) may be substantially similar to like-named components of other detection apparatuses described above. The description of these like- named components will therefore not be reiterated. With respect to the remaining components, each of these remaining components is described below.

[00122] In one embodiment of the invention, the button (1122) may be a mechanical actuator disposed axially within the collection component (1120). The button (1 122) may be operatively connected to the blister (1126). Therefore, when depressed by a user of the detection apparatus (1100), the depression of the button (1 122) may translate to the pressing of the blister (1126) against the piercing component (1128). The piercing component (1 128) may be a small serrated edge which includes functionality to perforate the blister (1126) when in contact with the blister (1126). In one embodiment of the invention, the button (1 122), the blister (1 126), and the piercing component (1128) are all disposed above the collection surface (1124). Any buffer solution released when the blister (1126) is perforated may funnel through a flow path (not shown) disposed at the underside of the collection component (1 120), which leads to the soaking of the collection surface (1124) by the buffer solution.

[00123] FIG. 11.3 shows a use flow in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. Specifically, the use flow (1140) illustrates an intended operation of the detection apparatus (1100) described above in FIG. 11.1 and FIG. 11.2. Specifically, when using the detection apparatus (1100), a user of the detection apparatus (1100) may first grip the collection component (1120) to obtain a skin sample. In one embodiment of the invention, the skin sample may be obtained by putting the collection surface (1124) of the collection component (1120) in contact with the skin to be tested.

[00124] After collecting the skin sample, the user of the detection apparatus (1100) may insert (or snap) the collection component (1120) into the cavity (1 106) of the cartridge (1102). Once snapped into the cartridge (1102), the user of the detection apparatus (1 100) may subsequently depress (or push down on) the button (1122) of the collection component (1120). The depression of the button (1 122) results in the release of buffer solution from the blister (1 126) disposed within the collection component (1120). Further, upon contacting the collection surface (1124) of the collection component (1120), the released buffer solution may mix with the skin sample collected on the collection surface (1 124), thereby creating a sample buffer. Eventually, the sample buffer wicks through and soaks the test strip (1104) disposed within the cartridge (1102) and at least partially beneath the collection component (1 120). In one embodiment of the invention, the user of the detection apparatus (1 100) may visually discern the results of the test by reading the exposed region (i.e., indicator region) of the test strip (1104) through the viewing window (1 108) of the cartridge (1102). In another embodiment of the invention, the user may insert the detection apparatus (1 100) (i.e., the combination of the cartridge (1102) and the collection component (1 120)) in a reading device (not shown) in order to obtain the results of the test. In such cases, the results of the test may be visually displayed by the reading device (see e.g., FIG. 12). ] Embodiments of the invention may be implemented on a computing system. Any combination of mobile, desktop, server, embedded, or other types of hardware may be used. For example, as shown in FIG. 12, the computing system (1200) may include one or more computer processor(s) (1202), associated memory (1204) (e.g., random access memory (RAM), cache memory, flash memory, etc.), one or more storage device(s) (1206) (e.g., a hard disk, an optical drive such as a compact disk (CD) drive or digital versatile disk (DVD) drive, a flash memory stick, etc.), and numerous other elements and functionalities. The computer processor(s) (1202) may be an integrated circuit for processing instructions. For example, the computer processor(s) may be one or more cores, or micro-cores of a processor. The computing system (1200) may also include one or more input device(s) (1210), such as a touchscreen, keyboard, mouse, microphone, touchpad, electronic pen, or any other type of input device. Further, the computing system (1200) may include one or more output device(s) (1208), such as a screen (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD), a plasma display, touchscreen, cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor, projector, or other display device), a printer, external storage, or any other output device. One or more of the output device(s) may be the same or different from the input device(s). The computing system (1200) may be connected to a network (not shown) (e.g., a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN) such as the Internet, mobile network, or any other type of network) via a communication interface (1212). The input and output device(s) may be locally or remotely (e.g., via the network (not shown)) connected to the computer processor(s) (1202), memory (1204), and storage device(s) (1206). Many different types of computing systems exist, and the aforementioned input and output device(s) may take other forms.

[00126] Software instructions in the form of computer readable program code to perform embodiments of the invention may be stored, in whole or in part, temporarily or permanently, on a non-transitory computer readable medium such as a CD, DVD, storage device, a diskette, a tape, flash memory, physical memory, or any other computer readable storage medium. Specifically, the software instructions may correspond to computer readable program code that when executed by a processor(s), is configured to perform embodiments of the invention.

[00127] In general, in one or more embodiments, the invention relates to an apparatus, comprising: a cap comprising a handle and a protruding portion, wherein a sample collection medium covers at least a portion of the protruding portion; and a cartridge comprising a blister and a test strip, wherein the cartridge is configured is receive the protruding portion, wherein insertion of the protruding portion into the cartridge results in release of a buffer solution from the blister, wherein the buffer solution, once released, comes into contact with a sample on the sample collection medium to create a sample buffer, wherein the sample buffer is wicked through the test strip. In one or more embodiments of the invention: (i) wherein the protruding portion comprises at least one hole through which the buffer solution may pass; (ii) wherein the sample collection medium comprises a fabric; (iii) wherein the sample collection medium is a non-woven fabric; (iv) wherein the fabric comprises wet- wipe material; (v) wherein the fabric is porous; (vi) wherein the fabric comprises at least one selected from a group consisting of natural fibers and synthetic fibers; (vii) wherein the sample is a skin sample; (viii) wherein the test strip is completely encapsulated by the cartridge; (ix) wherein, after the protruding portion is fully interested into the cartridge, a bottom surface of the protruding portion is in contact with at least a portion of the test strip; and (x) wherein the cartridge comprises a viewing window, wherein at least a portion of the test strip is visible through the viewing window.

[00128] In general, in one or more embodiments, the invention relates to an apparatus comprising: a cartridge comprising a swab portion, wherein a sample collection medium covers at least a portion of the swab portion, a sealing portion, and a test strip; and a cap comprising a blister comprising a buffer solution, wherein the cap is configured to receive the swab portion, wherein the sealing portion creates a seal between the cap and the cartridge after the swab portion of the cartridge is inserted into the cap, wherein the buffer solution, once released, comes into contact with a sample on the sample collection medium to create a sample buffer, wherein the sample buffer is wicked through the test strip. In one or more embodiments of the invention: (i) wherein the swab portion comprises at least one hole through which the buffer solution may pass; (ii) wherein the sample collection medium comprises a fabric; (iii) wherein the sample collection medium is a non-woven fabric; (iv) wherein the fabric comprises wet-wipe material; (v) wherein the fabric is porous; (vi) wherein the fabric comprises at least one selected from a group consisting of natural fibers and synthetic fibers; (vii) wherein the sample is a skin sample; (viii) wherein the test strip is completely encapsulated by the cartridge; and (ix) wherein the cartridge comprises a viewing window, wherein at least a portion of the test strip is visible through the viewing window.

[00129] In general, in one or more embodiments, the invention relates to an apparatus, comprising: an upper portion comprising a sample well and a viewing window, wherein the sample well is configured to receive a blood sample, a lower portion, and a test strip located between the upper portion and the lower portion, wherein at least a portion of the test strip is visible in the viewing window. In one or more embodiments of the invention: (i) wherein the blood sample is whole blood; (ii) further comprising: a plasma separation membrane, wherein the blood sample passes through the plasma separation membrane prior to reaching the test strip; and (iii) wherein the blood sample is plasma.

[00130] In general, in one or more embodiments, the invention relates to an apparatus, comprising: a collection component comprising a blister and a collection surface, wherein at least a portion of the collection surface is covered by a sample collection medium, wherein the blister comprises a buffer solution, and a cartridge comprising a test strip, wherein the blister releases the buffer solution after at least a portion of the collection component is inserted into the cartridge, wherein the buffer solution, once released, comes into contact with a sample on the sample collection medium to create a sample buffer, and wherein the sample buffer is wicked through the test strip. In one or more embodiments of the invention: (i) wherein the collection component is configured to be worn on a finger; (ii) wherein the collection surface comprises at least one hole through which the buffer solution may pass; (iii) wherein the sample collection medium comprises a fabric; (iv) wherein the sample collection medium is a non-woven fabric; (v) wherein the fabric comprises wet-wipe material; (vi) wherein the fabric is porous; (vii) wherein the fabric comprises at least one selected from a group consisting of natural fibers and synthetic fibers; (viii) wherein the sample is a skin sample; (ix) wherein the test strip is completely encapsulated by the cartridge; and (x) wherein the cartridge comprises a viewing window, wherein at least a portion of the test strip is visible through the viewing window.

[00131] In general, in one or more embodiments, the invention relates to an apparatus, comprising: a collection component comprising a blister and a protruding portion, wherein a sample collection medium covers at least a portion of the protruding portion, wherein the blister comprises a buffer solution, and a cartridge comprising a test strip, wherein the cartridge is configured to receive the collection component, wherein the buffer solution, once released, comes into contact with a sample on the sample collection medium to create a sample buffer, wherein the sample buffer is wicked through the test strip. In one or more embodiments of the invention: (i) wherein the collection component comprises locating tabs configured to position the collection component within the cartridge; (ii) wherein the collection component comprises a channel fluidically connecting the blister to the protruding portion; (iii) wherein the sample collection medium comprises a fabric; (iv) wherein the sample collection medium is a non-woven fabric; (v) wherein the fabric comprises wet-wipe material; (vi) wherein the fabric is porous; (vii) wherein the fabric comprises at least one selected from a group consisting of natural fibers and synthetic fibers; (viii) wherein the sample is a skin sample; (ix) wherein the test strip is completely encapsulated by the cartridge; and (x) wherein the cartridge comprises a viewing window, wherein at least a portion of the test strip is visible through the viewing window.

[00132] In general, in one or more embodiments, the invention relates to an apparatus, comprising: a component comprising a blister and a protruding portion, wherein a plasma separation membrane covers at least a portion of the protruding portion, wherein the blister comprises a buffer solution, and a cartridge comprising a test strip and a sample well, wherein the cartridge is configured to receive the component, wherein the cartridge is configured to receive a sample from the sample well, wherein the buffer solution, once released, comes into contact with the sample to create a sample buffer, wherein the sample passes through the plasma separation membrane prior to coming into contact with the buffer solution, wherein the sample buffer is wicked through the test strip. In one or more embodiments of the invention, wherein the sample is whole blood.

[00133] In general, in one or more embodiments, the invention relates to an apparatus, comprising: a component comprising a blister, wherein the blister comprises a buffer solution, and a cartridge comprising a test strip and a sample well, wherein the cartridge is configured to receive the component, wherein the cartridge is configured to receive a sample from the sample well, wherein the buffer solution, once released, comes into contact with the sample to create a sample buffer, and wherein the sample buffer is wicked through the test strip. In one or more embodiments of the invention: (i) wherein the sample is plasma; and (ii) wherein the sample is whole blood.

[00134] In general, in one or more embodiments, the invention relates to an apparatus, comprising: a cap comprising a blister, wherein the blister comprises a buffer solution, and a cartridge comprising a protruding portion and a test strip, wherein a sample collection medium covers at least a portion of the protruding portion, wherein the cap is configured to receive the protruding portion, wherein, after insertion of the protruding portion into the cap, the buffer solution is released from the blister, wherein the buffer solution, once released, comes into contact with a sample on the sample collection medium to create a sample buffer, wherein the sample buffer is wicked through the test strip. In one or more embodiments of the invention: (i) wherein at least a portion of the test strip is covered by the sample collection medium; (ii) wherein the sample is a skin sample; (iii) wherein the sample collection medium comprises a fabric; (iv) wherein the sample collection medium is a non-woven fabric; (v) wherein the fabric comprises wet-wipe material; (vi) wherein the fabric is porous; (vii) wherein the fabric comprises at least one selected from a group consisting of natural fibers and synthetic fibers; and (viii) wherein the cartridge comprises a viewing window, wherein at least a portion of the test strip is visible through the viewing window.

[00135] In general, in one or more embodiments, the invention relates to an apparatus, comprising: a collection component comprising a button, a blister, and a collection surface, wherein at least a portion of the collection surface is covered by a sample collection medium, wherein the blister comprises a buffer solution, and a cartridge comprising a test strip and a cavity in which the collection surface may be inserted, wherein depressing the button releases the buffer solution from the blister, wherein the buffer solution, once released, comes into contact with a sample on the sample collection medium to create a sample buffer, and wherein the sample buffer is wicked through the test strip.] While the invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art, having benefit of this disclosure, will appreciate that other embodiments can be devised which do not depart from the scope of the invention as disclosed herein. Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be limited only by the attached claims.

Claims

CLAIMS What is claimed is:

1. An apparatus, comprising:

a cap comprising a handle and a protruding portion, wherein a sample collection medium covers at least a portion of the protruding portion; and

a cartridge comprising a blister and a test strip,

wherein the cartridge is configured is receive the protruding portion,

wherein insertion of the protruding portion into the cartridge results in release of a buffer solution from the blister,

wherein the buffer solution, once released, comes into contact with a sample on the sample collection medium to create a sample buffer,

wherein the sample buffer is wicked through the test strip.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the protruding portion comprises at least one hole through which the buffer solution may pass.

3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sample collection medium comprises a fabric.

4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the sample collection medium is a non-woven fabric.

5. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the fabric comprises wet- wipe material.

6. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the fabric is porous.

7. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the fabric comprises at least one selected from a group consisting of natural fibers and synthetic fibers.

8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sample is a skin sample.

. The apparatus of claim, 1 wherein the test strip is completely encapsulated by the cartridge.

10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein, after the protruding portion is fully interested into the cartridge, a bottom surface of the protruding portion is in contact with at least a portion of the test strip.

11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the cartridge comprises a viewing window, wherein at least a portion of the test strip is visible through the viewing window.

12. An apparatus comprising:

a cartridge comprising:

a swab portion, wherein a sample collection medium covers at least a portion of the swab portion;

a sealing portion; and

a test strip; and

a cap comprising a blister comprising a buffer solution,

wherein the cap is configured to receive the swab portion,

wherein the sealing portion creates a seal between the cap and the cartridge after the swab portion of the cartridge is inserted into the cap, wherein the buffer solution, once released, comes into contact with a sample on the sample collection medium to create a sample buffer,

wherein the sample buffer is wicked through the test strip.

13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the swab portion comprises at least one hole through which the buffer solution may pass.

14. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the sample collection medium comprises a fabric.

15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the sample collection medium is a non- woven fabric.

16. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the fabric comprises wet-wipe material.

17. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the fabric is porous.

18. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the fabric comprises at least one selected from a group consisting of natural fibers and synthetic fibers.

19. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the sample is a skin sample.

20. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the test strip is completely encapsulated by the cartridge.

21. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the cartridge comprises a viewing window, wherein at least a portion of the test strip is visible through the viewing window.

22. An apparatus, comprising:

an upper portion comprising a sample well and a viewing window, wherein the sample well is configured to receive a blood sample;

a lower portion; and

a test strip located between the upper portion and the lower portion, wherein at least a portion of the test strip is visible in the viewing window.

23. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the blood sample is whole blood.

24. The apparatus of claim 23, further comprising: a plasma separation membrane, wherein the blood sample passes through the plasma separation membrane prior to reaching the test strip.

25. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the blood sample is plasma.

26. An apparatus, comprising:

a collection component comprising a blister and a collection surface, wherein at least a portion of the collection surface is covered by a sample collection medium, wherein the blister comprises a buffer solution; and a cartridge comprising a test strip,

wherein the blister releases the buffer solution after at least a portion of the collection component is inserted into the cartridge,

wherein the buffer solution, once released, comes into contact with a sample on the sample collection medium to create a sample buffer, and wherein the sample buffer is wicked through the test strip.

27. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the collection component is configured to be worn on a finger.

28. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the collection surface comprises at least one hole through which the buffer solution may pass.

29. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the sample collection medium comprises a fabric.

30. The apparatus of claim 29, wherein the sample collection medium is a non-woven fabric.

31. The apparatus of claim 29, wherein the fabric comprises wet-wipe material.

32. The apparatus of claim 29, wherein the fabric is porous.

33. The apparatus of claim 29, wherein the fabric comprises at least one selected from a group consisting of natural fibers and synthetic fibers.

34. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the sample is a skin sample.

35. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the test strip is completely encapsulated by the cartridge.

36. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the cartridge comprises a viewing window, wherein at least a portion of the test strip is visible through the viewing window.

37. An apparatus, comprising:

a collection component comprising a blister and a protruding portion, wherein a sample collection medium covers at least a portion of the protruding portion, wherein the blister comprises a buffer solution; and a cartridge comprising a test strip,

wherein the cartridge is configured to receive the collection component, wherein the buffer solution, once released, comes into contact with a sample on the sample collection medium to create a sample buffer,

wherein the sample buffer is wicked through the test strip.

38. The apparatus of claim 37, wherein the collection component comprises locating tabs configured to position the collection component within the cartridge.

39. The apparatus of claim 37, wherein the collection component comprises a channel fluidically connecting the blister to the protruding portion.

40. The apparatus of claim 37, wherein the sample collection medium comprises a fabric.

41. The apparatus of claim 40, wherein the sample collection medium is a non-woven fabric.

42. The apparatus of claim 40, wherein the fabric comprises wet-wipe material.

43. The apparatus of claim 40, wherein the fabric is porous.

44. The apparatus of claim 40, wherein the fabric comprises at least one selected from a group consisting of natural fibers and synthetic fibers.

45. The apparatus of claim 37, wherein the sample is a skin sample.

46. The apparatus of claim, 37 wherein the test strip is completely encapsulated by the cartridge.

47. The apparatus of claim 37, wherein the cartridge comprises a viewing window, wherein at least a portion of the test strip is visible through the viewing window.

48. An apparatus, comprising:

a component comprising a blister and a protruding portion, wherein a plasma separation membrane covers at least a portion of the protruding portion, wherein the blister comprises a buffer solution; and

a cartridge comprising a test strip and a sample well,

wherein the cartridge is configured to receive the component,

wherein the cartridge is configured to receive a sample from the sample well, wherein the buffer solution, once released, comes into contact with the sample to create a sample buffer, wherein the sample passes through the plasma separation membrane prior to coming into contact with the buffer solution,

wherein the sample buffer is wicked through the test strip.

49. The apparatus of claim 48, wherein the sample is whole blood.

50. An apparatus, comprising:

a component comprising a blister, wherein the blister comprises a buffer solution; and

a cartridge comprising a test strip and a sample well,

wherein the cartridge is configured to receive the component,

wherein the cartridge is configured to receive a sample from the sample well, wherein the buffer solution, once released, comes into contact with the sample to create a sample buffer, and

wherein the sample buffer is wicked through the test strip.

51. The apparatus of claim 50, wherein the sample is plasma.

52. The apparatus of claim 50, wherein the sample is whole blood.

53. An apparatus, comprising:

a cap comprising a blister, wherein the blister comprises a buffer solution; and a cartridge comprising a protruding portion and a test strip, wherein a sample collection medium covers at least a portion of the protruding portion, wherein the cap is configured to receive the protruding portion,

wherein, after insertion of the protruding portion into the cap, the buffer solution is released from the blister,

wherein the sample buffer is wicked through the test strip.

54. The apparatus of claim 53, wherein at least a portion of the test strip is covered by the sample collection medium.

55. The apparatus of claim 53, wherein the sample is a skin sample.

56. The apparatus of claim 53, wherein the sample collection medium comprises a fabric.

57. The apparatus of claim 56, wherein the sample collection medium is a non-woven fabric.

58. The apparatus of claim 56, wherein the fabric comprises wet-wipe material.

59. The apparatus of claim 56, wherein the fabric is porous.

60. The apparatus of claim 56, wherein the fabric comprises at least one selected from a group consisting of natural fibers and synthetic fibers.

61. The apparatus of claim 53, wherein the cartridge comprises a viewing window, wherein at least a portion of the test strip is visible through the viewing window.

62. An apparatus, comprising: a collection component comprising a button, a blister, and a collection surface, wherein at least a portion of the collection surface is covered by a sample collection medium, wherein the blister comprises a buffer solution; and

a cartridge comprising a test strip and a cavity in which the collection surface may be inserted,

wherein depressing the button releases the buffer solution from the blister, wherein the buffer solution, once released, comes into contact with a sample on the sample collection medium to create a sample buffer, and

wherein the sample buffer is wicked through the test strip.