WO2017118760A1 - Phytochemical recovery from plants - Google Patents
Phytochemical recovery from plants Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2017118760A1 WO2017118760A1 PCT/EP2017/050333 EP2017050333W WO2017118760A1 WO 2017118760 A1 WO2017118760 A1 WO 2017118760A1 EP 2017050333 W EP2017050333 W EP 2017050333W WO 2017118760 A1 WO2017118760 A1 WO 2017118760A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- plants
- shikimate
- elephantipes
- solvent
- sylvatica
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
- A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
- A61K36/88—Liliopsida (monocotyledons)
- A61K36/894—Dioscoreaceae (Yam family)
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/42—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives
- C07C51/47—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives by solid-liquid treatment; by chemisorption
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
- A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
- A61K31/192—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having aromatic groups, e.g. sulindac, 2-aryl-propionic acids, ethacrynic acid
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
- A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
- A61K36/88—Liliopsida (monocotyledons)
- A61K36/894—Dioscoreaceae (Yam family)
- A61K36/8945—Dioscorea, e.g. yam, Chinese yam or water yam
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C61/00—Compounds having carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of rings other than six-membered aromatic rings
- C07C61/16—Unsaturated compounds
- C07C61/22—Unsaturated compounds having a carboxyl group bound to a six-membered ring
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the recovery of chemicals of interest from plants of the genus Dioscorea L . , typically to the recovery of chemicals in plants of the family Dioscoreaceae .
- Certain plants of the Dioscoreaceae family are used extensively by man.
- the tubers or rhizomes of certain species may be used in various ways, such as food sources or in herbal medicines.
- Plants of the Dioscoreaceae are also known as 'yams' and many are cultivated by man for food. Examples of the major cultivated species of the Dioscoreaceae include D. rotundata ( 'white yam' ) , D. cayensis ( 'yellow yam' ) , D. alata (also known as 'purple yam' ) , D. opposita (also known as D. batatas or 'Chinese yam'), D.
- rhizomes of certain yam species are used for the extraction of chemicals from the tuber.
- Chemicals that are extracted from tubers include ones that can be used as steroid hormone intermediates, for example, diosgenin and/or its variants, which may then be converted into steroid hormones via synthetic chemical means.
- the tubers of other yam species such as D.hypoglauca (Chinese name being 'bixie' ) , D. tokoro, and D. septemloba are also used in Chinese herbal medicine for the production of decoctions or extracts which contain compounds of alleged pharmaceutical use.
- D. sylvatica In African medicine, the rhizomes of D. sylvatica (primarily known as Elephant's Foot Yam) have been harvested extensively for their use in producing diosgenin, and latterly are now grown for sale as ornamental plants.
- D. sylvatica grows wild over much of South Africa, Malawi and Zambia, and is known by various synonyms such as Testudinaria sylvatica, D. hederifolia, D. junodii, D. sylvatica subs. Lydenbergensis , D. montana , D. brevipes . D. marlothii , Testudinaria multiflora , Testudinaria paniculata, D.
- elephantipes also known as 'Turtleback' , 'Tortoise Plant', 'Tortoise Back Plant' and 'Hottentot's Bread'
- rhizomes are also used in producing diosgenin and as a food source (hence the trivial name 'Hottentot's Bread') in Southern Africa. This species is amenable to cultivation and is found in much of southern Africa where it is also known by various synonyms such as D. testudinaria , Rhizemys elephantipes , Tamus elephantipes, Testudinaria elephantipes , D. elephantopus, D.
- Gao et al . 2001 describe the use of tubers of D. bulbifera to treat various conditions such as sore throats, cancers, piles, syphilis, ulcers and diabetes.
- the authors carried out a chemical analysis of the dried tubers and found, amongst a number of other compounds, shikimic acid was present in unknown quantities.
- Dioscorea species which is used as a food source and/or a source of chemical compounds. It is the tuber of species of interest that may also be used to obtain extracts of chemical compounds which are then either converted into pharmaceuticals through chemical synthesis or are used in the form of decoctions and/or pastes in traditional medicines.
- L-shikimate an intermediate in oseltamivir manufacture, has traditionally been sourced from Illicium verum (also known as 'star anise') in China.
- Oseltamivir is used in flu remedies and goes under the trade mark of 'tamiflu' (Roche) .
- Oseltamivir is on the list of the World Health Organisation's List of Essential Medicines and is stockpiled as drug of first resort in the event of an outbreak of H5N1 influenza virus.
- a problem with the use of star anise as a source of shikimate for oseltamivir production is that I. verum is grown only in southwest China and a small area of Vietnam and so alternative sources for the supply of shikimate are needed if supply is to meet world demand.
- JP 2003/012470 describes the extraction of medicinal compounds, including shikimic acid, from the plant Illicium anisatum (also known as 'Japanese star anise' ) .
- the extracted shikimic acid is said to be useful as a hair-restoring cosmetic.
- CN102826994 similarly refers to a shikimic acid extraction method carried out on star anise plants, while WO 2011/159144 describes a method carried out on palm-based materials and US 2007/161818 describes a method carried out on sweetgum, pine and cedar plant tissues .
- shikimate and ultimately oseltamivir can be manufactured via organic chemical pathways, or indeed, using methods employing biotechnology e.g. production in transgenic organisms such as recombinant E. coli, it remains expensive and/or challenging to render shikimate readily available, for example, for oseltamivir production and stockpiling worldwide.
- 'shikimate' is used to describe the recovery of 'shikimate', also referred to as 'shikimic acid' from plant sources from the family Dioscorea, as described herein.
- 'shikimic acid' is used interchangeably, and have the same meaning unless context demands otherwise.
- plant parts of species of the Dioscorea of use in the production of shikimate have been found to be aerial parts, preferably selected from stems and leaves, and most preferably are selected from leaves and petioles of certain species of the Dioscorea.
- Species of the Dioscorea of use in the invention may be selected from D. elephantipes, D. sylvatica , D. villosa, D. communis , D. caucasia , D. bulbifera , D. antaly, D. nipponica , D. deltoidea , D. tokoro, D. preussi and D. alata.
- shikimate obtained from leaves and petioles of the species D. elephantipes, D. sylvatica , D. villosa, D. communis , D. caucasia , D. bulbifera , D. antaly, D. nipponica , D. deltoidea , D. tokoro, D. preussi and D. alata, wherein shikimate is found in at least the leaves and petioles, on a dry weight basis may be in the range of from about 5% w/w to about 9% w/w, depending on species.
- the level of recovery of shikimate from at least leaves and petioles on a dry weight basis has been found to be from 5% w/w to about 9% w/w.
- the level of recovery of shikimate has been found to be up to about 5% w/w on a dry weight basis.
- species of the Dioscorea from which shikimate has been recovered at a level up to 5% w/w on a dry weight basis include D. bulbifera , D. antaly, D. caucasia, D. nipponica, D. tokoro, D. deltoidea, D. preussi, D. alata, and D. minutiflora.
- shikimate form that is recovered is L-shikimate.
- Dioscorea species grow over-ground structures that are sometimes referred to as bulbs or "aerial tubers". These species include D. bulbifera and D. sansibarensis . Nevertheless, these structures are generally understood by the skilled person as not being included in the definition of "aerial plant parts".
- any reference made herein, below or above, to aerial parts of plants excludes tubers of any kind.
- Aerial plant parts typically include leaves, stems and petioles.
- Aerial plant parts exclude the bulbs / "aerial tubers" of D. bulbifera and D . sansibarensis .
- shikimate may be extracted from the listed Dioscorea other than D . bulbifera .
- a particular advantage of the invention is that a new source of shikimate has been made available, i.e. the aerial parts of certain species of Dioscorea named above and below. Unlike the sources noted in the prior art, Dioscorea is grown all over the world. Currently, the main source of shikimate is star anise which is endangered and only grown in certain parts of China and Vietnam. The yields of shikimate found in Dioscorea aerial parts are generally equivalent to, and in some cases higher than, those found in star anise.
- a further advantage of using the aerial parts of Dioscorea is that the plant can be kept alive throughout successive harvests of the aerial parts.
- the tuber can thus be retained for use as a food crop.
- the leaves and other aerial plant parts can be harvested numerous times throughout the year, before and after flowering, providing the tuber itself remains.
- the aerial plant parts can be harvested even after the tuber is harvested.
- the invention therefore provides a source of shikimate that is normally considered to be waste material, allowing the plant to be harvested for both its food (tuber) and shikimate (aerial plant parts) , whilst minimising the costs associated with waste disposal.
- a method of extracting shikimate from plants of the family Dioscoreaceae the plants being selected from D. elephantipes , D. sylvatica , D. villosa, D. communis , D.
- the aerial parts of i) are selected from leaves and petioles.
- the organic alcohol solvent of ii) is selected from short chain (Ci-Cg) alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, propan-l-ol, propan- 2-ol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-l-propanol, and 2-methyl-2- propanol, pentan-l-ol, pentan-2-ol, pentan-3-ol, 3-methylbutan-l-ol, 2-methylbutan-l-ol, 2 , 2-Dimethylpropan-l-ol , 3-Methylbutan-2-ol , 2- Methylbutan-2-ol, and water.
- Ci-Cg short chain
- the alcohol solvent of ii) is selected from methanol, ethanol, iso-propanol , and iso-butanol, and most preferably is selected from methanol and ethanol or a mixture thereof .
- the solvent of ii) is water, it is preferably warmed water at a temperature of at least 80°C, preferably at least 90°C, and most preferably at 100°C or water at any temperature there between.
- the solvent of ii) is selected from methanol, ethanol, and hot water at 100°C.
- the solvent of step iii) is selected from short chain organic solvents different to the short chain organic solvents of step ii) .
- the solvent of step iii) is a halogenated short chain polar compound, preferably selected from haloalkanes, and most preferably from haloalkanes possessing one, two or three halogen groups on a methyl base, for example, chloroform and dichloromethane .
- the solvent of step iii) is chloroform.
- Shikimate is purified from the resultant aqueous phase of step iii) in a C18 reversed phase column, preferably a C18-reversed phase column run at 30°C, running an isocratic gradient of water at lml/min.
- a method for the production of shikimate comprising extracting shikimate from the Dioscorea of the invention, preferably from their aerial plant parts as elsewhere defined herein.
- the method comprises the steps of
- Plants of the family Dioscoreaceae that are considered useful for shikimate production include crop plants, that is to say, species amenable to cultivation, and native species of plants wherein the level of shikimate present in the leaves and stems thereof typically lies in the range from at least 1% dry weight to about 10% dry weight, preferably lies within the range of about 2% dry weight to about 9% dry weight, and most preferably lies within the range of about 5% dry weight to about 9% dry weight.
- Such plants may be selected from D. elephantipes, D. sylvatica , D. villosa, D. communis, D. caucasia , D. nipponica, D. deltoidea , D. tokoro, D. preussi, D. alata, D. altissima, D. sansibarensis, D. bulbifera, D. antaly, D. praehensilis and D. minutiflora.
- plants of use in a method for the production of shikimate are selected from D. elephantipes, D. sylvatica , D. villosa, D. communis, D. caucasia, D. bulbifera , D. antaly, D. nipponica , D. deltoidea , D. tokoro, D. preussi and D. alata.
- plants of the family Dioscoreaceae of use in the production of shikimate are selected from crop plant species as defined herein. Most preferably, plants of use in the invention are selected from D. elephantipes and D. sylvatica .
- Dioscorea material was sourced from the Royal Botanic Gardens (RBG) , Kew Living Collection (http://epic.kew.org/index.htm) (Table 1). Youngest mature leaf and petiole material was sampled. Materials were cut from the vine and quenched in liquid nitrogen immediately before samples were lyophilised, homogenised and stored at -80°C until further processing.
- Foliage material from D. elephantipes is freeze-dried following conventional procedures as outlined above. lOmg samples of freeze- dried foliage are placed in separate micro-centrifuge tubes. 400 ⁇ 1 of HPLC grade methanol is added to each sample before vortexing for 5 seconds, then 400 ⁇ 1 of HPLC grade H 2 0 is added to each sample and the mixture is vortexed for a further 5 seconds . The samples are then rotated (mixed) at 40 rpm for 1 hour. All procedures are carried out at room temperature and under ambient light conditions.
- a hot water extraction method modified from the method described by Ohira, H., Torii, N., Aida, T. M., Watanabe, . , & Smith, R. L. (2009) . Rapid separation of shikimic acid from Chinese star anise (Illicium verum Hook, f.) with hot water extraction. Separation and Purification Technology, 69(1), 102-108. doi: 10.1016/j . seppur .2009.07.005 may be employed:
- the sample is dried down via centrifugal evaporation (or under inert nitrogen flow) .
- To each dry sample is added 30microliter of dissolved methoxyamine hydrochloride [CH 3 NHOH . HC1] (MeOx; dissolved to 20 g/mL in 99.9% pyridine] and samples are placed in a heat block at 40°C for 2 hours.
- 70 ⁇ _ N-Methyl-N- (trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide [MSTFA] is added to each sample and each sample is incubated for a further 2 hours at 40 C C.
- the dried sample is re-suspended in lOOmicroliter of LC-MS grade methanol, internal standard added (10 of Img/mL methanolic 9- anthacenecarboxylic acid) .
- the sample is sonicated at room temperature for 5 minutes and vortexed.
- the sample is filtered through a 2pm nylon filter into a glass vial. Inject 20pL onto LC-MS/MS System. Shikimate is detected via ESI- negative MS against spectra and retention time of pure standard (described below) . Purification
- Samples (1 pL) were injected into the GC-MS with a split/splitless injector at 290°C.
- the injection of samples was made in splitless mode; with polar samples of the Kew Living Collection also repeated on a 1:10 split.
- Metabolites were separated on a DB-5MS+DG 30 m (plus 10 m Duraguard) x 250 ⁇ x 0.25 ⁇ column (J&W Scientific, Folsom, California, US) .
- the GC oven was held for 3 min at 70°C before ramping at 4°C/ min to 325°C and held for a min.
- Helium was the carrier gas at a flowrate of 1.3 mL/ min.
- the interface with the MS was set at 280°C and MS performed in full scan mode using 70 eV EI+ and scanned from 50 to 1000 m/z. Retention time locking to ribitol was used (modified from Enfissi, E. M. a et al. Integrative transcript and metabolite analysis of nutritionally enhanced DE-ETIOLATED1 downregulated tomato fruit. Plant Cell 22 , 1190-1215 (2010) . A mixture of n-alkanes, ranging from 8 to 32 carbons, was used for retention index external calibration. RBG Kew Living Collection samples sets (6) were run in two batches of three randomised-blocks , two months apart. This approach was used to assess robustness due to the lack of quality control samples. Samples for D. elephantipes of the compound atlas were analysed in three blocks within a single batch.
- MS mass spectral
- a shikimic acid standard series at 10, 20, 50, 100 and 200 ⁇ g from methanolic stock was made on three occasions and analysed as per samples. Ion 255 was chosen to be representative.
- the percentage dry weight of shikimate in the foliage of the dioscorea plants tested is found to be as follows:
- D. elephantipes from 5% - to about 9% dry weight.
- D. sylvatica from 5% to about 8% dry weight.
- D. villosa from 5% to about 8% dry weight.
- D. communis from 5% to about 8% dry weight.
- D. bulbifera up to about 5% dry weight.
- D. antaly up to about 5% dry weight.
- D. caucasia up to about 5% dry weight.
- D. tokoro up to about 5% dry weight.
- D. deltoidea up to about 5% dry weight.
- D. preussi up to about 5% dry weight.
- D. alata up to about 5% dry weight.
- D. minutiflora up to about 5% dry weight.
- D. altissima from 1% to about 1.8% dry weight.
- D. sansibarensis from 0.2% to about 3.2% dry weight.
- Remaining polar phase (700 pL) from metabolite extraction of leaf material is chilled at -20°C overnight and dried via centrifugal evaporation for ⁇ 6h. Samples stored at -80°C until analyses.
- Samples are re-suspended in 100 L methanol and internal standard is added (10 L of Img/mL methanolic 9-anthacenecarboxylic acid) . Vortex and sonicate at RT for 5 minutes. Re-vortex and pass through 2 ⁇ nylon filters into glass vial with insert.
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Natural Medicines & Medicinal Plants (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
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- Alternative & Traditional Medicine (AREA)
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- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Plant Substances (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2017205705A AU2017205705A1 (en) | 2016-01-08 | 2017-01-09 | Phytochemical recovery from plants |
BR112018013754A BR112018013754A2 (en) | 2016-01-08 | 2017-01-09 | phytochemical recovery from plants |
GB1810601.3A GB2560853B (en) | 2016-01-08 | 2017-01-09 | Phytochemical recovery from plants |
CN201780005597.0A CN108601809A (en) | 2016-01-08 | 2017-01-09 | Phytochemicals is recycled from plant |
ZA2018/05183A ZA201805183B (en) | 2016-01-08 | 2018-08-01 | Phytochemical recovery from plants |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB1600393.1 | 2016-01-08 | ||
GBGB1600393.1A GB201600393D0 (en) | 2016-01-08 | 2016-01-08 | Phytochemical recovery from plants |
Publications (1)
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WO2017118760A1 true WO2017118760A1 (en) | 2017-07-13 |
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PCT/EP2017/050333 WO2017118760A1 (en) | 2016-01-08 | 2017-01-09 | Phytochemical recovery from plants |
Country Status (6)
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CN (1) | CN108601809A (en) |
AU (1) | AU2017205705A1 (en) |
BR (1) | BR112018013754A2 (en) |
GB (2) | GB201600393D0 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2017118760A1 (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA201805183B (en) |
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CN109602833A (en) * | 2018-12-11 | 2019-04-12 | 江西赣隆药业有限公司 | One seed ginseng potato broken wall medicine materical crude slice and preparation method thereof |
CN117717004B (en) * | 2024-02-07 | 2024-04-09 | 西南林业大学 | Tissue culture seedling method for south Africa tortoise shell and application |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1281403A1 (en) * | 2001-07-30 | 2003-02-05 | Laboratoires Dolisos | Dietetic and/or pharmaceutical compositions containing a plant extract and probiotic microorganisms |
US20070161818A1 (en) * | 2006-01-06 | 2007-07-12 | Shiyou Li | Processes for the extraction and purification of shikimic acid and the products of such processes |
-
2016
- 2016-01-08 GB GBGB1600393.1A patent/GB201600393D0/en not_active Ceased
-
2017
- 2017-01-09 AU AU2017205705A patent/AU2017205705A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2017-01-09 WO PCT/EP2017/050333 patent/WO2017118760A1/en active Application Filing
- 2017-01-09 BR BR112018013754A patent/BR112018013754A2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2017-01-09 GB GB1810601.3A patent/GB2560853B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2017-01-09 CN CN201780005597.0A patent/CN108601809A/en active Pending
-
2018
- 2018-08-01 ZA ZA2018/05183A patent/ZA201805183B/en unknown
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1281403A1 (en) * | 2001-07-30 | 2003-02-05 | Laboratoires Dolisos | Dietetic and/or pharmaceutical compositions containing a plant extract and probiotic microorganisms |
US20070161818A1 (en) * | 2006-01-06 | 2007-07-12 | Shiyou Li | Processes for the extraction and purification of shikimic acid and the products of such processes |
Non-Patent Citations (4)
Title |
---|
GAO HUIYUAN ET AL: "Seven compounds from Dioscorea bulbifera L", NATURAL MEDICINES, vol. 55, no. 5, October 2001 (2001-10-01), pages 277, XP009193513, ISSN: 1340-3443 * |
HAMON P ET AL: "CHARACTERIZATION OF TRADITIONAL YAM VARIETIES BELONGING TO THE DIOSCOREA-CAYENENSIS-ROTUNDATA COMPLEX BY THEIR ISOZYMIC PATTERNS", EUPHYTICA, vol. 46, no. 2, 1990, pages 101 - 108, XP009193507, ISSN: 0014-2336 * |
LI ZHOU ET AL: "Identification of phenolic components in the root and leaf of purple yam (Dioscorea alata) by UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS", XIAN DAI SHI PIN KE JI = MODERN FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, HUANAN LIGONG DAXUE,SOUTH CHINA UNVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, CN, no. 11, 1 January 2016 (2016-01-01), pages 310 - 315, XP009193509, ISSN: 1673-9078 * |
RAKESH JAISWAL ET AL: "Profiling and Characterization by LC-MS n of the Chlorogenic Acids and Hydroxycinnamoylshikimate Esters in Maté (Ilex paraguariensis) +", JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY, vol. 58, no. 9, 12 May 2010 (2010-05-12), US, pages 5471 - 5484, XP055346277, ISSN: 0021-8561, DOI: 10.1021/jf904537z * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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GB201810601D0 (en) | 2018-08-15 |
GB201600393D0 (en) | 2016-02-24 |
ZA201805183B (en) | 2019-05-29 |
GB2560853A (en) | 2018-09-26 |
GB2560853B (en) | 2020-10-14 |
CN108601809A (en) | 2018-09-28 |
AU2017205705A1 (en) | 2018-07-12 |
BR112018013754A2 (en) | 2018-12-11 |
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