WO2017111807A1 - Uplink power control for interference mitigation in full- duplex cellular networks - Google Patents

Uplink power control for interference mitigation in full- duplex cellular networks Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2017111807A1
WO2017111807A1 PCT/US2015/000353 US2015000353W WO2017111807A1 WO 2017111807 A1 WO2017111807 A1 WO 2017111807A1 US 2015000353 W US2015000353 W US 2015000353W WO 2017111807 A1 WO2017111807 A1 WO 2017111807A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
enb
traffic sent
interference
quantifies
neighboring enbs
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Application number
PCT/US2015/000353
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Ping Wang
Vinod KRISTEM
Shu-Ping Yeh
Feng Xue
Yang-Seok Choi
Shilpa Talwar
Original Assignee
Intel Corporation
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Priority to PCT/US2015/000353 priority Critical patent/WO2017111807A1/en
Publication of WO2017111807A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017111807A1/en

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
    • H04W52/04—TPC
    • H04W52/18—TPC being performed according to specific parameters
    • H04W52/24—TPC being performed according to specific parameters using SIR [Signal to Interference Ratio] or other wireless path parameters
    • H04W52/243—TPC being performed according to specific parameters using SIR [Signal to Interference Ratio] or other wireless path parameters taking into account interferences
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
    • H04W52/04—TPC
    • H04W52/06—TPC algorithms
    • H04W52/10—Open loop power control
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
    • H04W52/04—TPC
    • H04W52/06—TPC algorithms
    • H04W52/14—Separate analysis of uplink or downlink
    • H04W52/146—Uplink power control

Definitions

  • Wireless mobile communication technology uses various standards and protocols to transmit data between a node (e.g., a transmission station) and a wireless device (e.g., a mobile device).
  • Some wireless devices communicate using orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) in a downlink (DL) transmission and single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) in an uplink (UL) transmission.
  • OFDMA orthogonal frequency-division multiple access
  • SC-FDMA single carrier frequency division multiple access
  • OFDM orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
  • 3GPP third generation partnership project
  • LTE long term evolution
  • IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
  • 802.16 standard e.g., 802.16e, 802.16m
  • WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
  • IEEE 802.1 1 which is commonly known to industry groups as WiFi.
  • Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) system is referred to as an eNode B (also commonly denoted as evolved Node Bs, enhanced Node Bs, eNodeBs, or eNBs), which communicates with the wireless device, known as a user equipment (UE).
  • the downlink (DL) transmission can be a communication from the node (e.g., eNodeB) to the wireless device (e.g., UE), and the uplink (UL) transmission can be a communication from the wireless device to the node.
  • data can be transmitted from the eNodeB to the UE via a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH).
  • PDSCH physical downlink shared channel
  • a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) can be used to acknowledge that data was received.
  • Downlink and uplink channels or transmissions can use time-division duplexing (TDD) or frequency-division duplexing (FDD).
  • TDD time-division duplexing
  • FDD frequency-division duplexing
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram that illustrates several types of interference that can occur between two full-duplex (FD) cells in accordance with an example
  • FIG. 2 illustrates functionality of an apparatus of an enhanced small-cell evolved Node B (eNB) in a Full-Duplex (FD) cellular system in accordance with an example;
  • eNB enhanced small-cell evolved Node B
  • FD Full-Duplex
  • FIG. 3 illustrates functionality of an apparatus of a user equipment (UE) compatible with a Full-Duplex (FD) cellular network in accordance with an example
  • FIG. 4 provides an example illustration of a wireless device in accordance with an example
  • FIG. 5 provides an example illustration of a user equipment (UE) device, such as a wireless device, a mobile station (MS), a mobile wireless device, a mobile communication device, a tablet, a handset, or other type of wireless device;
  • UE user equipment
  • FIG. 6 illustrates a diagram of a node (e.g., eNB and/or a Serving GPRS
  • a wireless device e.g., UE
  • Full-Duplex (FD) cellular systems offer greater spectral efficiency than Half-Duplex (HD) cellular systems.
  • FD Full-Duplex
  • DL Downlink
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram that illustrates an example of several types of interference that can occur in an FD cell 102 and an FD cell 104.
  • a cellular base station 106 can serve the FD cell 102 and a cellular base station 108 can serve the FD cell 104.
  • the cellular base station can be receiving a UL transmission from a User Equipment (UE) 1 10 and sending a DL transmission to a UE 1 12.
  • the cellular base station 108 can be receiving a UL transmission from a UE 1 14 and sending a DL transmission to a UE 1 16.
  • UE User Equipment
  • Arrow 1 18a represents conventional interference between the DL transmission from the cellular base station 108 and the DL transmission from the cellular base station 106.
  • Arrow 1 18a points to the UE 1 12 because the quality of reception at the UE 1 12 of the DL transmission from the cellular base station 106 will be affected by the interference represented by the arrow 1 18a.
  • Arrow 1 18a originates at the cellular base station 108 because the DL transmission that interferes with reception at the UE 1 12 is being sent from the cellular base station 108.
  • Arrow 1 18b represents conventional interference between the UL transmission from the UE 1 14 and the UL transmission from the UE 1 10.
  • Arrow 1 18b points to the cellular base station 106 because the quality of reception at the cellular base station 106 of the UL transmission from the UE 1 10 will be affected by the interference represented by the arrow 1 18b.
  • Arrow 1 18b originates at the UE 1 14 because the UL transmission that interferes with reception at the cellular base station 106 is being sent from the UE 1 14.
  • conventional interference of HD systems tends to be either between DL transmissions of two neighboring cells or between UL transmissions of two neighboring cells (though other types of interference can occur in neighboring HD cells that are asynchronously deployed).
  • FD types of interference are represented by the arrows 120a-c.
  • Arrow 120a represents FD-interference between the DL transmission sent by the cellular base station 108 and the UL transmission sent by the UE 1 10.
  • Arrow 120a points to the cellular base station 106 because the quality of reception at the cellular base station 106 of the UL transmission from the UE 1 10 will be affected by the interference represented by the arrow 120a.
  • Arrow 120a originates at the cellular base station 108 because the DL transmission that interferes with reception at the cellular base station 106 is being sent from the cellular base station 108.
  • Arrow 120b represents FD-interference between the UL transmission sent by the UE 1 14 and the DL transmission sent by the cellular base station 106.
  • Arrow 120b points to the UE 1 12 because the quality of reception at the UE 1 12 of the DL transmission from the cellular base station 106 will be affected by the interference represented by the arrow 120b.
  • Arrow 120b originates at the UE 1 14 because the UL transmission that interferes with reception at the UE 1 12 is being sent from the UE 1 14.
  • Arrow 120b represents FD-interference between the UL transmission sent by the UE 1 14 and the DL transmission sent by the cellular base station 106.
  • Arrow 120b points to the UE 1 12 because the quality of reception at the UE 1 12 of the DL transmission from the cellular base station 106 will be affected by the interference represented by the arrow 120b.
  • Arrow 120b originates at the UE 1 14 because a UL transmission that interferes with reception at the UE 1 12 is being sent from the UE 1 14.
  • Arrow 120c represents FD-interference between the UL transmission sent by the UE 1 10 and the DL transmission sent by the cellular base station 106.
  • Arrow 120c points to the UE 1 12 because the quality of reception at the UE 1 12 of the DL transmission from the cellular base station 106 will be affected by the interference represented by the arrow 120c.
  • Arrow 120c originates at the UE 1 10 because a UL transmission that interferes with reception at the UE 1 12 is being sent from the UE 1 10.
  • FD systems can experience interference between DL and UL transmissions in addition to interference between DL and DL transmissions and interference between UL and UL transmissions.
  • BS-to-BS interference and “eNB-to-eNB interference” (I e Ne) will be used to refer to interference between DL traffic sent from one or more cellular base stations (e.g., eNBs) and UL traffic sent to a cellular base station (whose reception of the UL traffic is affected by the eNB-to-eNB interference).
  • UE-to-UE interference (IUE) will be used to refer to interference between UL traffic sent to one or cellular base stations and DL traffic sent from a cellular base station to a UE (whose reception of the DL traffic is affected by the UE-to-UE interference).
  • UE-to-UE interference and eNB-to-eNB interference can be controlled by adjusting UE transmission power for the UL traffic.
  • SINR Signal-to-Interference Noise Ratio
  • SE Spectral Efficiency
  • Examples of the present disclosure provide technology for open-loop power control (OLPC) that takes UE-to-UE interference and eNB-to-eNB interference into account for FD systems.
  • OLPC open-loop power control
  • Technology is provided whereby the trade-off between UL and DL performance is characterized as a function of a transmit power setting.
  • Technology is provided to mitigate UE-to-UE interference and eNB-to-eNB interference.
  • technology is provided to identify a power setting that will substantially maximize a sum SE.
  • each eNB sets a target received power level P 0 and a fractional power control (FPC) parameter a. These parameters control the distribution of the UL Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) experienced by the serving UEs in the cell.
  • P 0 and a are typically set based on the noise power at the eNB.
  • Each serving UE can then adjust its transmit power P tx according to the following equation:
  • P max is the maximum transmit power limit of the UE
  • M is the number of Physical resource Blocks (PRBs) allocated to the UE
  • PL is the pathloss between the UE and the eNB
  • min indicates that the lesser of the two quantities enclosed in braces is selected.
  • P 0 and a are typically broadcast to UEs from each eNB.
  • each eNB experiences an additional eNB-to-eNB interference (/ eWB ) which is relatively static.
  • P 0 has to be increased to overcome the eNB-to-eNB interference.
  • I eNB is different for different eNBs.
  • Each eNB can therefore utilize and set its OLPC parameters differently based on its respective l eNB . For example, an eNB with a large I eNB can set a large P 0 , while an eNB with a small I eNB can set a small P 0 .
  • P 0 in order to mitigate UE-to-UE interference (I UE ) in the downlink, P 0 can be decreased.
  • I UE UE-to-UE interference
  • P 0 can also be set in order to substantially maximize a sum of DL SE and UL SE, thereby taking both UE-to-UE interference and eNB-to-eNB interference into account.
  • the uplink performance degrades mainly because of eNB- to-eNB interference (which is typically stronger than the conventional uplink interference from the adjacent cells).
  • This interference can be overcome by increasing the target power level to B ⁇ P 0 uniformly for all eNBs, where B is a boosting factor.
  • B can be chosen such that the UL SI R with eNB-to-NB interference is roughly same as the conventional LTE UL SINR.
  • B can be chosen so that the left-hand term of the following equation and the right-hand term of the following equation are approximately equal:
  • the left-hand term is the UL SINR experienced by a UE in a half-duplex system when the eNB target power level is set to P 0 .
  • the right-hand term is the UL SINR experienced by the same UE in a FD system (with added eNB-to-eNB interference) when all the eNBs set their target power level to B ⁇ P 0 .
  • P Rx is the received signal power from the UE at the serving eNB
  • I UL is the conventional UL interference from adjacent cells (averaged over the UL users in each of the neighboring cells).
  • B can be set to be much greater than the quotient (e.g., by at least one decimal order of magnitude).
  • the statistics of the ratio over all the UEs can be calculated from, for example, network key performance indicator (KPI) statistics.
  • KPI network key performance indicator
  • B can be set approximately equal to a value B UL , where B UL is a 95 th percentile value based the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the interference ratio Other percentiles can be used for this same purpose, though gains in the UL performance of FD systems are marginal once B is set to a value greater than the 95 th percentile.
  • CDF cumulative distribution function
  • the downlink performance degrades because of the UE- to-UE interference (1 UE ).
  • One way to overcome this interference is to decrease the target power level to B ⁇ P 0 uniformly for all eNBs, wherein the boosting factor B is less than 1.
  • B can be chosen such that the DL SINR with UE-to-UE interference is roughly same as the conventional LTE DL SINR. In order to accomplish this, B can be chosen so that the left-hand term of the following equation and the right-hand term of the following equation are approximately equal:
  • the left-hand term is the DL SINR experienced by a UE in a half-duplex system when the eNB target power level is set to P Q .
  • the right-hand term is the DL SINR experienced by the same UE in an FD system (with added UE-to-UE interference) when the eNBs in the FD system set their target power level as B ⁇ P 0 .
  • P rx is the received signal power from the eNB at the serving UE
  • I DL is the conventional DL interference from adjacent cells' eNBs.
  • B can be set to be much less than— . In other words, B « min UE ⁇ — ], where min indicates the minimum ratio over all downlink UEs in the
  • B can be set based on the statistics of the interference ratio conventional DL interference and UE-to-UE interference. For instance, B can be set approximately equal to a value B DL , where B DL is a 5 th percentile value based the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the interference ratio— .
  • CDF cumulative distribution function
  • Other percentiles can be used for this same purpose, though gains in the DL performance of FD systems are marginal once B is set to a value less than the 5 th percentile.
  • option 1 and option 2 are not limited to scenarios where all eNbs have the same original target receive power.
  • the initial target powers of different eNBs can be set differently, though the criterion of the adjustment based on new BS-to- BS interference can still be applied.
  • options 1 and 2 do not necessitate additional signaling.
  • the resulting target power can be broadcast to the UE.
  • the boosting factor B can be set differently for different eNB based on each UEs respective I eNB level.
  • l eNB can be treated as noise and each eNB can set B so as to retain the respective eNB's uplink SNR.
  • B can be chosen to be a value B eNB so that the left-hand term of the following equation and the right-hand term of the following equation are approximately equal:
  • P Rx is the received signal power from the UE at the serving eNB
  • N 0 is the noise term.
  • the left-hand term is the UL SNR experienced by UE in an HD system when the eNB sets a target received power level P 0 .
  • the right-hand term is the UL SNR of the same UE in an FD system with eNB-to-eNB interference when the eNB sets a target received power level of B eNB P 0 .
  • I eNB can be measured at each eNB using an eNB-eNB reference signal.
  • option 3a compared to option 1 is that eNBs with smaller I eNB values will set a smaller target received power level. Hence the corresponding serving UL UEs can transmit with lower power and UE battery power can be saved.
  • each eNB in an FD system can adjust its respective B such that the UL SINR (as opposed to the UL SNR) is retained.
  • B can be chosen to be a value B eNB so that the left-hand term of the following equation and the right-hand term of the following equation are approximately equal:
  • the left-hand term is the UL SINR experienced by a UE in the HD system, when the eNB sets a target received power level P 0 .
  • the right-hand term is the UL SINR of the same UE in an FD system with eNB-to-eNB interference when the eNB sets a target received power level of B eNB P 0 .
  • B eNB P 0 For simplicity in this example, it is assumed that all other eNBs use the same target power level of P 0 .
  • B eNB max fl + ' eNB
  • B UL ⁇ max indicates that the maximum of the two terms in braces is selected.
  • I eNB and 1 UL should be known at each eNB.
  • this adaptive target power level setting saves UE battery power.
  • the receive target power level can be set to substantially maximize the sum spectrum efficiency (SE) in the downlink and uplink.
  • SE spectrum efficiency
  • the sum of downlink SE and uplink SE in an LTE system (with one DL and UL UE associated with each eNB) can be represented as
  • P DL is the received signal power in the downlink.
  • P UL is the received signal power in the uplink when the target received signal power is set to P Q by the eNB.
  • option 4 all interference terms should be known, including the BS-to-BS interference, the UE-to-UE interference, the conventional DL interference, and the conventional UL interference.
  • An appropriate option can be chosen from the options 1 -4 based on the deployment scenario, the availability of the interference terms, and desired system resultsfor uplink and downlink performance.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates functionality 200 of an apparatus of an enhanced small- cell evolved Node B (eNB) in a Full-Duplex (FD) cellular system in accordance with an example.
  • the functionality 200 can be implemented as a method or the functionality can be executed as instructions on a machine (e.g., by one or more processors), where the instructions are included on at least one non-transitory computer-readable storage medium.
  • circuitry at the eNB can be configured to identify an initial target power level Pg.
  • the circuitry at the eNB can be further configured to send the initial target power level Po to one or more user equipments (UEs) in a cell of the eNB.
  • UEs user equipments
  • the circuitry at the eNB can be further configured to identify one or more FD-interference values including one or more of: an eNB-to-eNB interference value I e m that quantifies an interference between downlink (DL) traffic sent from one or more neighboring eNBs and uplink (UL) traffic sent to the eNB, wherein the DL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources, or a user- equipment-to-user-equipment (UE-to-UE) interference value IUE that quantifies an interference between UL traffic sent to the eNB or the one or more neighboring eNBs and DL traffic sent from the eNB, wherein the UL traffic sent to the eNB or the one or more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources.
  • UE-to-UE interference value IUE that quantifies an interference between UL traffic sent to the
  • the circuitry at the eNB is configured to determine the eNB-to-eNB interference value l e
  • the circuitry can be further configured to identify a conventional UL interference value IUL that quantifies an interference between additional UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB; and determine the boosting factor B by calculating a quotient - ' ⁇ and setting the boosting factor B to a value that is greater than the quotient by at least one decimal order of magnitude.
  • the circuitry at the eNB can be configured to set a UL boost factor Bui to a value that is greater than a quotient - ' ⁇ - by at least one decimal order of magnitude; set an eNB boost factor B e to a value equal to an expression 1 + - ' ⁇ , wherein No quantifies a level of signal noise of the UL traffic sent to the eNB; and determine the boosting factor B by setting the boosting factor B to either BUL or B C NB, whichever is greater.
  • the circuitry at the eNB can be configured to set a UL boost factor Bui to a value that is greater than a quotient by at least one decimal order of magnitude; set an eNB boost factor B e m to a value equal to an expression 1 + ' eNB , wherein No quantifies a level of signal noise of the UL traffic sent to the eNB; and determine the boosting factor B by setting the boosting factor B to either But or B e m, whichever is greater.
  • the circuitry at the eNB can also be configured to identify a plurality of ratios for a plurality of user equipments (UEs) in the cell of the UE, wherein: each ratio in the plurality of ratios is a quotient of a first interference value for a respective UE in the plurality of UEs and a second interference value for the respective UE; the first interference value quantifies an interference between the DL traffic sent from one or more neighboring eNBs and UL traffic sent to the eNB from the respective UE, wherein the DL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB from the respective UE use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources; and the second interference value quantifies an interference between additional UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB from the respective UE; determine a 95 th -percentile ratio for the plurality of ratios; and determine the boosting factor B by setting the boosting
  • the circuitry at the eNB is configured to identify the UE-to-UE interference value IUE
  • the circuitry can be further configured to identify a conventional DL interference value IDL that quantifies an interference between additional DL traffic sent from the one more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB; and determine the boosting factor B by calculating a quotient— and setting the boosting factor B to a value that is less than the quotient— by at least one decimal order of magnitude.
  • the circuitry at the eNB can be further configured to identify a plurality of ratios for a plurality of user equipments (UEs) in the cell of the eNB, wherein: each ratio in the plurality of ratios is a quotient of a first interference value for a respective UE in the plurality of UEs and a second interference value for the respective UE; the first interference value quantifies an interference between additional DL traffic sent from the one more neighboring eNBs and DL traffic sent from the eNB to the respective UE; and - the second interference value quantifies an interference between additional UL traffic sent to the eNB or the one or more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB to the respective UE, wherein the additional UL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB to the respective UE use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources; determine a 5 th - percentile ratio for the plurality of ratios; and determine the
  • the circuitry at the UE is configured to identify both the eNB-to-eNB interference value I E NB and the UE-to-UE interference value IUE, then the circuitry can be further configured to identify a conventional UL interference value IUL that quantifies an interference between additional UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB; identify a conventional DL interference value IDL that quantifies an interference between additional DL traffic sent from the one more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB; and determine the boosting factor B by setting the boosting factor B equal to an expression ⁇ ' eNB ' DL .
  • the circuitry at the eNB can be further configured to determine a boosting factor B for the initial target power level Pg based on the one or more FD-interference values that are identified.
  • the circuitry at the eNB can be further configured to determine an adjusted target power level B ⁇ P 0 that equals the boosting factor B multiplied by the initial target power level PQ.
  • the circuitry at the eNB can be further configured to
  • the circuitry at the eNB can be further configured to send the adjusted target power level B ⁇ P 0 to the one or more UEs in the cell.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates functionality 300 of an apparatus of a user equipment
  • the functionality 300 can be implemented as a method or the functionality can be executed as instructions on a machine (e.g., by one or more processors), where the instructions are included on at least one non-transitory computer-readable storage medium.
  • circuitry at the UE can be configured to measure a user-equipment-to-user- equipment (UE-to-UE) interference value IU that quantifies an interference between uplink (UL) traffic sent from other UEs and downlink (DL) traffic sent to the UE from an evolved Node B (eNB), wherein the UL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources.
  • the circuitry at the UE can be further configured to send the UE-to-UE interference value to the eNB.
  • the circuitry at the UE can be further configured to receive, from the eNB, a target power level P 0 .
  • the circuitry at the UE can be further configured to receive a fractional power control (FPC) parameter a from the eNB.
  • FPC fractional power control
  • the circuitry at the UE can be further configured to set a transmit power
  • P tx of the UE to either an upper transmit power limit P max of the UE or P 0 + 10 ⁇ log(M) +a ⁇ PL, whichever is greater, wherein M is a number of Physical Resource Blocks (PRBs) allocated to the UE by the eNB and PL is a path loss between the UE and the eNB.
  • PRBs Physical Resource Blocks
  • the base of the logarithm can be 2, 10, or e, for example.
  • the circuitry at the UE can be further configured to measure a
  • conventional DL interference value IDL that quantifies an interference between DL traffic sent from one more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent to the UE from the eNB; and send the conventional DL interference value IDL to the eNB.
  • FIG. 4 provides an example illustration of a mobile device, such as a user equipment (UE), a mobile station (MS), a mobile wireless device, a mobile
  • the mobile device can include one or more antennas configured to communicate with a node, macro node, low power node (LPN), or, transmission station, such as a base station (BS), an evolved Node B (eNB), a baseband processing unit (BBU), a remote radio head (RRH), a remote radio equipment (RRE), a relay station (RS), a radio equipment (RE), or other type of wireless wide area network (WWAN) access point.
  • the mobile device can be configured to communicate using at least one wireless communication standard such as, but not limited to, 3GPP LTE, WiMAX, High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), Bluetooth, and WiFi.
  • the mobile device can communicate using separate antennas for each wireless communication standard or shared antennas for multiple wireless communication standards.
  • the mobile device can communicate in a wireless local area network (WLAN), a wireless personal area network (WPAN), and/or a WWAN.
  • WLAN wireless local area network
  • WPAN wireless personal area network
  • WWAN wireless wide area network
  • the mobile device can also comprise a wireless modem.
  • the wireless modem can comprise, for example, a wireless radio transceiver and baseband circuitry (e.g., a baseband processor).
  • the wireless modem can, in one example, modulate signals that the mobile device transmits via the one or more antennas and demodulate signals that the mobile device receives via the one or more antennas.
  • the mobile device can include a storage medium.
  • the storage medium can be associated with and/or communication with the application processor, the graphics processor, the display, the non-volatile memory port, and/or internal memory.
  • the application processor and graphics processor are storage mediums.
  • FIG. 4 also provides an illustration of a microphone and one or more speakers that can be used for audio input and output from the mobile device.
  • the display screen can be a liquid crystal display (LCD) screen, or other type of display screen such as an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display.
  • the display screen can be configured as a touch screen.
  • the touch screen can use capacitive, resistive, or another type of touch screen technology.
  • An application processor and a graphics processor can be coupled to internal memory to provide processing and display capabilities.
  • a non-volatile memory port can also be used to provide data input/output options to a user.
  • the non- volatile memory port can also be used to expand the memory capabilities of the mobile device.
  • a keyboard can be integrated with the mobile device or wirelessly connected to the wireless device to provide additional user input.
  • a virtual keyboard can also be provided using the touch screen.
  • FIG. 5 provides an example illustration of a user equipment (UE) device
  • the UE device 500 can include one or more antennas configured to communicate with a node or transmission station, such as a base station (BS), an evolved Node B (eNB), a baseband unit (BBU), a remote radio head (RRH), a remote radio equipment (RRE), a relay station (RS), a radio equipment (RE), a remote radio unit (RRU), a central processing module (CPM), or other type of wireless wide area network (WW AN) access point.
  • BS base station
  • eNB evolved Node B
  • BBU baseband unit
  • RRH remote radio head
  • RRE remote radio equipment
  • RS relay station
  • RE radio equipment
  • RRU remote radio unit
  • CCM central processing module
  • the UE device 500 can be configured to communicate using at least one wireless communication standard such as, but not limited to, 3GPP LTE, WiMAX, High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), Bluetooth, and WiFi.
  • the UE device 500 can communicate using separate antennas for each wireless communication standard or shared antennas for multiple wireless communication standards.
  • the UE device 500 can communicate in a wireless local area network (WLAN), a wireless personal area network ( WPAN), and/or a WWAN.
  • WLAN wireless local area network
  • WPAN wireless personal area network
  • WWAN wireless wide area network
  • the UE device 500 may include application circuitry 502, baseband circuitry 504, Radio Frequency (RF) circuitry 506, front-end module (FEM) circuitry 508 and one or more antennas 510, coupled together at least as shown.
  • RF Radio Frequency
  • FEM front-end module
  • the application circuitry 502 may include one or more application processors.
  • the application circuitry 502 may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors.
  • the processor(s) may include any combination of general-purpose processors and dedicated processors (e.g., graphics processors, application processors, etc.).
  • the processors may be coupled with and/or may include memory/storage (e.g., storage medium 512) and may be configured to execute instructions stored in the memory/storage (e.g., storage medium 512) to enable various applications and/or operating systems to run on the system.
  • the baseband circuitry 504 may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors.
  • the baseband circuitry 504 may include one or more baseband processors and/or control logic to process baseband signals received from a receive signal path of the RF circuitry 506 and to generate baseband signals for a transmit signal path of the RF circuitry 506.
  • Baseband processing circuity 504 may interface with the application circuitry 502 for generation and processing of the baseband signals and for controlling operations of the RF circuitry 506.
  • the baseband circuitry 504 may include a second generation (2G) baseband processor 504a, third generation (3G) baseband processor 504b, fourth generation (4G) baseband processor 504c, and/or other baseband processors) 504d for other existing generations, generations in development or to be developed in the future (e.g., fifth generation (5G), 6G, etc.).
  • the baseband circuitry 504 e.g., one or more of baseband processors 504a-d
  • the radio control functions may include, but are not limited to, signal
  • modulation/demodulation circuitry of the baseband circuitry 504 may include Fast-Fourier Transform (FFT), precoding, and or constellation
  • encoding/decoding circuitry of the baseband circuitry 504 may include convolution, tail-biting convolution, turbo, Viterbi, and/or Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) encoder/decoder functionality.
  • LDPC Low Density Parity Check
  • Embodiments of modulation/demodulation and encoder/decoder functionality are not limited to these examples and may include other suitable functionality in other embodiments.
  • the baseband circuitry 504 may include elements of a protocol stack such as, for example, elements of an evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (EUTRAN) protocol including, for example, physical (PHY), media access control (MAC), radio link control (RLC), packet data convergence protocol (PDCP), and/or radio resource control (RRC) elements.
  • EUTRAN evolved universal terrestrial radio access network
  • a central processing unit (CPU) 504e of the baseband circuitry 504 may be configured to run elements of the protocol stack for signaling of the PHY, MAC, RLC, PDCP and/or RRC layers.
  • the baseband circuitry may include one or more audio digital signal processors) (DSP) 504f.
  • the audio DSP(s) 504f may include elements for
  • compression/decompression and echo cancellation may include other suitable processing elements in other embodiments.
  • Components of the baseband circuitry may be suitably combined in a single chip, a single chipset, or disposed on a same circuit board in some embodiments.
  • some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry 504 and the application circuitry 502 may be implemented together such as, for example, on a system on a chip (SOC).
  • SOC system on a chip
  • the baseband circuitry 504 may provide for communication compatible with one or more radio technologies.
  • the baseband circuitry 504 may support communication with an evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (EUTRAN) and/or other wireless metropolitan area networks (WMAN), a wireless local area network (WLAN), a wireless personal area network (WPAN).
  • EUTRAN evolved universal terrestrial radio access network
  • WMAN wireless metropolitan area networks
  • WLAN wireless local area network
  • WPAN wireless personal area network
  • multi-mode baseband circuitry Embodiments in which the baseband circuitry 504 is configured to support radio communications of more than one wireless protocol.
  • the RF circuitry 506 may enable communication with wireless networks using modulated electromagnetic radiation through a non-solid medium.
  • the RF circuitry 506 may include switches, filters, amplifiers, etc. to facilitate the communication with the wireless network.
  • RF circuitry 506 may include a receive signal path which may include circuitry to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry 508 and provide baseband signals to the baseband circuitry 504.
  • RF circuitry 506 may also include a transmit signal path which may include circuitry to up-convert baseband signals provided by the baseband circuitry 504 and provide RF output signals to the FEM circuitry 508 for transmission.
  • the RF circuitry 506 may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path.
  • the receive signal path of the RF circuitry 506 may include mixer circuitry 506a, amplifier circuitry 506b and filter circuitry 506c.
  • the transmit signal path of the RF circuitry 506 may include filter circuitry 506c and mixer circuitry 506a.
  • RF circuitry 506 may also include synthesizer circuitry 506d for synthesizing a frequency for use by the mixer circuitry 506a of the receive signal path and the transmit signal path.
  • the mixer circuitry 506a of the receive signal path may be configured to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry 508 based on the synthesized frequency provided by synthesizer circuitry 506d.
  • the amplifier circuitry 506b may be configured to amplify the down-converted signals and the filter circuitry 506c may be a low-pass filter (LPF) or band-pass filter (BPF) configured to remove unwanted signals from the down-converted signals to generate output baseband signals.
  • LPF low-pass filter
  • BPF band-pass filter
  • Output baseband signals may be provided to the baseband circuitry 504 for further processing.
  • the output baseband signals may be zero-frequency baseband signals, although other types of baseband signals may be used .
  • mixer circuitry 506a of the receive signal path may comprise passive mixers, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • the mixer circuitry 506a of the transmit signal path may be configured to up-convert input baseband signals based on the synthesized frequency provided by the synthesizer circuitry 506d to generate RF output signals for the FEM circuitry 508.
  • the baseband signals may be provided by the baseband circuitry 504 and may be filtered by filter circuitry 506c.
  • the filter circuitry 506c may include a low- pass filter (LPF), although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • LPF low- pass filter
  • the mixer circuitry 506a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 506a of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for quadrature down-conversion and/or up-conversion respectively.
  • the mixer circuitry 506a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 506a of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for image rejection (e.g., Hartley image rejection).
  • the mixer circuitry 506a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 506a may be arranged for direct down-conversion and/or direct up-conversion, respectively.
  • the mixer circuitry 506a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 506a of the transmit signal path may be configured for super-heterodyne operation.
  • the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be analog baseband signals, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be digital baseband signals.
  • the RF circuitry 506 may include analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuitry and the baseband circuitry 504 may include a digital baseband interface to communicate with the RF circuitry 506.
  • ADC analog-to-digital converter
  • DAC digital-to-analog converter
  • a separate radio IC circuitry may be provided for processing signals for each spectrum, although the scope of the
  • the synthesizer circuitry 506d may be a fractional-
  • synthesizer circuitry 506d may be a delta-sigma synthesizer, a frequency multiplier, or a synthesizer comprising a phase-locked loop with a frequency divider.
  • the synthesizer circuitry 506d may be configured to synthesize an output frequency for use by the mixer circuitry 506a of the RF circuitry 506 based on a frequency input and a divider control input.
  • the synthesizer circuitry 506d may be a fractional N N+l synthesizer.
  • frequency input may be provided by a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), although the frequency input may also be provided by another type of device.
  • VCO voltage controlled oscillator
  • Divider control input may be provided by either the baseband circuitry 504 or the applications processor 502 depending on the desired output frequency.
  • a divider control input (e.g., N) may be determined from a look-up table based on a channel indicated by the applications processor 502.
  • Synthesizer circuitry 506d of the RF circuitry 506 may include a divider, a delay-locked loop (DLL), a multiplexer and a phase accumulator.
  • the divider may be a dual modulus divider (DMD) and the phase accumulator may be a digital phase accumulator (DPA).
  • the DMD may be configured to divide the input signal by either N or N+l (e.g., based on a carry out) to provide a fractional division ratio.
  • the DLL may include a set of cascaded, tunable, delay elements, a phase detector, a charge pump and a D-type flip-flop.
  • the delay elements may be configured to break a VCO period up into Nd equal packets of phase, where Nd is the number of delay elements in the delay line.
  • Nd is the number of delay elements in the delay line.
  • synthesizer circuitry 506d may be configured to generate a carrier frequency as the output frequency, while in other embodiments, the output frequency may be a multiple of the carrier frequency (e.g., twice the carrier frequency, four times the carrier frequency) and used in conjunction with quadrature generator and divider circuitry to generate multiple signals at the carrier frequency with multiple different phases with respect to each other.
  • the output frequency may be a LO frequency (fLO).
  • the RF circuitry 506 may include an IQ/polar converter.
  • FEM circuitry 508 may include a receive signal path which may include circuitry configured to operate on RF signals received from one or more antennas 510, amplify the received signals and provide the amplified versions of the received signals to the RF circuitry 506 for further processing.
  • FEM circuitry 508 may also include a transmit signal path which may include circuitry configured to amplify signals for transmission provided by the RF circuitry 506 for transmission by one or more of the one or more antennas 510.
  • the FEM circuitry 508 may include a TX/RX switch to switch between transmit mode and receive mode operation.
  • the FEM circuitry may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path.
  • the receive signal path of the FEM circuitry may include a low-noise amplifier (LNA) to amplify received RF signals and provide the amplified received RF signals as an output (e.g., to the RF circuitry 506).
  • LNA low-noise amplifier
  • the transmit signal path of the FEM circuitry 508 may include a power amplifier (PA) to amplify input RF signals (e.g., provided by RF circuitry 506), and one or more filters to generate RF signals for subsequent transmission (e.g., by one or more of the one or more antennas 510.
  • PA power amplifier
  • the UE device 500 may include additional elements such as, for example, memory /storage, display (e.g., touch screen), camera, antennas, keyboard, microphone, speakers, sensor, and/or input/output (I/O) interface.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates a diagram 600 of a node 610 (e.g., eNB and/or a Serving GPRS Support Node) and a wireless device 620 (e.g., UE) in accordance with an example.
  • the node can include a base station (BS), a Node B (NB), an evolved Node B (eNB), a baseband unit (BBU), a remote radio head (RRH), a remote radio equipment (RRE), a remote radio unit (RRU), or a central processing module (CPM).
  • the node can be a Serving GPRS Support Node.
  • the node 610 can include a node device 612.
  • the node device 612 or the node 610 can be configured to communicate with the wireless device 620.
  • the node device 612 can be configured to implement technologies described herein.
  • the node device 612 can include a processing module 614 and a transceiver module 616.
  • the node device 612 can include the transceiver module 616 and the processing module 614 forming a circuitry for the node 610.
  • the transceiver module 616 and the processing module 614 can form a circuitry of the node device 612.
  • the processing module 614 can include one or more processors and memory.
  • the processing module 622 can include one or more application processors.
  • the transceiver module 616 can include a transceiver and one or more processors and memory.
  • the transceiver module 616 can include a baseband processor.
  • the wireless device 620 can include a transceiver module 624 and a processing module 622.
  • the processing module 622 can include one or more processors and memory. In one embodiment, the processing module 622 can include one or more application processors.
  • the transceiver module 624 can include a transceiver and one or more processors and memory. In one embodiment, the transceiver module 624 can include a baseband processor.
  • the wireless device 620 can be configured to implement technologies described herein.
  • the node 610 and the wireless devices 620 can also include one or more storage mediums, such as the transceiver module 616, 624 and/or the processing module 614, 622. Examples
  • Example 1 includes an apparatus of an evolved Node B (eNB) in a Full-
  • FD Duplex
  • the apparatus comprising one or more processors and memory configured to: identify an initial target power level Pol signal transceiver circuitry at the eNB to send the initial target power level Po to one or more user equipments (UEs) in a cell of the eNB; identify one or more FD-interference values including one or more of: an eNB-to-eNB interference value l e m that quantifies an interference between downlink (DL) traffic sent from one or more neighboring eNBs and uplink (UL) traffic sent to the eNB, wherein the DL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources, or a user-equipment-to-user-equipment (UE-to-UE) interference value IUE that quantifies an interference between UL traffic sent to the eNB or the one or more neighboring eNBs and DL traffic sent from the eNB, wherein the UL traffic sent to the
  • Example 2 includes the apparatus of example 1 , wherein the one or more processors and memory are further configured to: identify the eNB-to-eNB interference value I C NB; identify a conventional UL interference value IUL that quantifies an interference between additional UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the
  • Example 3 includes the apparatus of example 1 , wherein the one or more processors and memory are further configured to: identify a plurality of ratios for a plurality of user equipments (UEs) in the cell of the UE, wherein: each ratio in the plurality of ratios is a quotient of a first interference value for a respective UE in the plurality of UEs and a second interference value for the respective UE; the first interference value quantifies an interference between the DL traffic sent from one or more neighboring eNBs and UL traffic sent to the eNB from the respective UE, wherein the DL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB from the respective UE use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources; and the second interference value quantifies an interference between additional UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs
  • UEs user equipments
  • Example 4 includes the apparatus of example 1 , wherein the one or more processors and memory are further configured to: identify the UE-to-UE interference value IUE, identify a conventional DL interference value lot that quantifies an interference between additional DL traffic sent from the one more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB; and determine the boosting factor B by calculating a quotient
  • Example 5 includes the apparatus of example 1 , wherein the one or more processors and memory are further configured to: identify a plurality of ratios for a plurality of user equipments (UEs) in the cell of the eNB, wherein: each ratio in the plurality of ratios is a quotient of a first interference value for a respective UE in the plurality of UEs and a second interference value for the respective UE; the first interference value quantifies an interference between additional DL traffic sent from the one more neighboring eNBs and DL traffic sent from the eNB to the respective UE; and the second interference value quantifies an interference between additional UL traffic sent to the eNB or the one or more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB to the respective UE, wherein the additional UL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB to the respective UE use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources; determine a 5 th - percentile ratio for
  • Example 6 includes the apparatus of example 1, wherein the one or more processors and memory are further configured to: identify the eNB-to-eNB interference value I e m identify a conventional UL interference value IUL that quantifies an interference between additional UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB; set a UL boost factor Bui to a value that is greater than a quotient by at least one decimal order of magnitude; set an eNB boost factor B eNB to a value equal to an expression 1 + - ⁇ , wherein N 0 quantifies a level of signal noise of the UL traffic sent to the eNB; and determine the boosting factor B by setting the boosting factor B to either BUL or B e , whichever is greater.
  • Example 7 includes the apparatus of example 1 , wherein the one or more processors and memory are further configured to: identify the eNB-to-eNB interference value I s m,' identify a conventional UL interference value IUL that quantifies an interference between additional UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB; set a UL boost factor BUL to a value that is greater than a quotient - ' ⁇ - by at least one decimal order of magnitude; set an eNB boost factor B C NB to a lUL
  • N 0 quantifies a level of signal noise
  • the boosting factor B by setting the boosting factor B to either Bui or B c m, whichever is greater.
  • Example 8 includes the apparatus of example 1 , wherein the one or more processors and memory are further configured to: identify the eNB-to-eNB interference value I eNB ; identify the UE-to-UE interference valueiziz, identify a conventional UL interference value IUL that quantifies an interference between additional UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB; identify a conventional DL interference value IQ that quantifies an interference between additional DL traffic sent from the one more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB; and determine the boosting factor B by setting the boosting factor B equal to an [00104]
  • Example 9 includes an apparatus of a user equipment (UE) compatible with a Full-Duplex (FD) cellular network, the apparatus comprising one or more processors and memory configured to: measure a user-equipment-to-user-equipment (UE- to-UE) interference value IUE that quantifies an interference between uplink (UL) traffic sent from other UEs and
  • Example 10 includes the apparatus of example 9, wherein the one or more processors and memory are further configured to identify a fractional power control (FPC) parameter a received from the eNB,.
  • FPC fractional power control
  • Example 1 1 includes the apparatus of example 10, wherein the one or more processors and memory are further configured to set a transmit power P, x of the UE to either an upper transmit power limit P max of the UE or P 0 + 10 ⁇ log(M) +a ⁇ PL, whichever is greater, wherein M is a number of Physical Resource Blocks (PRBs) allocated to the UE by the eNB and PL is a path loss between the UE and the eNB.
  • PRBs Physical Resource Blocks
  • Example 12 includes the apparatus of example 9, 10, or 1 1 , wherein the one or more processors and memory are further configured to: measure a conventional DL interference value IDL that quantifies an interference between DL traffic sent from one more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent to the UE from the eNB; and signal the transceiver circuitry at the UE to send the conventional DL interference value IDL to the eNB.
  • the one or more processors and memory are further configured to: measure a conventional DL interference value IDL that quantifies an interference between DL traffic sent from one more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent to the UE from the eNB; and signal the transceiver circuitry at the UE to send the conventional DL interference value IDL to the eNB.
  • Example 13 includes a non-transitory or transitory computer-readable storage medium containing instructions thereon which, when executed by one or more processors, perform the following: identifying an initial target power level Pol signaling transceiver circuitry at an eNB to send the initial target power level Po to one or more user equipments (UEs) in a cell of an evolved Node B (eNB) of a Full-Duplex (FD) cellular network; identifying one or more FD-interference values; determining a boosting factor B for the initial target power level Po based on the one or more FD-interference values; determining an adjusted target power level B ⁇ P 0 that equals the boosting factor B multiplied by the initial target power level Po and signaling transceiver circuitry at the eNB to send the adjusted target power level B ⁇ P 0 to the one or more UEs in the cell.
  • UEs user equipments
  • eNB evolved Node B
  • FD Full-Duplex
  • Example 14 includes the computer-readable medium of example 13, further containing instructions thereon which, when executed by one or more processors, perform the following: identifying an eNB-to-eNB interference value I E NB that quantifies an interference between downlink (DL) traffic sent from one or more neighboring eNBs and uplink (UL) traffic sent to the eNB, wherein the DL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources, and wherein the FD-interference values comprise the eNB-to-eNB interference value I E NB', identifying a conventional UL interference value IUL that quantifies an interference between UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB; determining the boosting factor B by calculating a quotient - ' ⁇ and setting the boosting factor B to a value that is greater than the quotient 'UL
  • Example 15 includes the computer-readable medium of example 13, further containing instructions thereon which, when executed by one or more processors, perform the following: identifying a plurality of ratios for a plurality of user equipments (UEs) in the cell of the UE, wherein: each ratio in the plurality of ratios is a quotient of a first interference value for a respective UE in the plurality of UEs and a second interference value for the respective UE; the first interference value quantifies an interference between DL traffic sent from one or more neighboring eNBs and UL traffic sent to the eNB from the respective UE, wherein the DL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB from the respective UE use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources; and the second interference value quantifies an interference between UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB from the respective UE; determining a 95 th -percentile ratio for
  • Example 16 includes the computer-readable medium of example 13, further containing instructions thereon which, when executed by one or more processors, perform the following: identifying a user-equipment-to-user-equipment (UE-to-UE) interference value I UE that quantifies an interference between UL traffic sent to the eNB or the one or more neighboring eNBs and DL traffic sent from the eNB, wherein the UL traffic sent to the eNB or the one or more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources ,and wherein the FD-interference values comprise the UE-to-UE interference value IUE, identifying a conventional DL interference value IDL that quantifies an interference between DL traffic sent from the one more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB; and determining the boosting factor B by calculating a quotient and
  • Example 17 includes the computer-readable medium of example 13, further containing instructions thereon which, when executed by one or more processors, perform the following: identifying a plurality of ratios for a plurality of user equipments (UEs) in the cell of the eNB, wherein: each ratio in the plurality of ratios is a quotient of a first interference value for a respective UE in the plurality of UEs and a second interference value for the respective UE; the first interference value quantifies an interference between DL traffic sent from one more neighboring eNBs and DL traffic sent from the eNB to the respective UE; and the second interference value quantifies an interference between UL traffic sent to the eNB or the one or more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB to the respective UE, wherein the UL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB to the respective UE use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources; determining a 5 ,h
  • Example 18 includes the computer-readable medium of example 13, further containing instructions thereon which, when executed by one or more processors, perform the following: identifying an eNB-to-eNB interference value l em that quantifies an interference between downlink (DL) traffic sent from one or more neighboring eNBs and uplink (UL) traffic sent to the eNB, wherein the DL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources, and wherein the FD-interference values comprise the eNB-to-eNB interference value l e m identifying a conventional UL interference value IUL that quantifies an interference between UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB; setting a UL boost factor By to a value that is greater than a quotient by at least one decimal order of magnitude; setting an eNB boost factor BeNB to a value equal to an expression 1 + wherein N
  • Example 19 includes the computer-readable medium of example 13, further containing instructions thereon which, when executed by one or more processors, perform the following: identifying an eNB-to-eNB interference value I e m that quantifies an interference between downlink (DL) traffic sent from one or more neighboring eNBs and uplink (UL) traffic sent to the eNB, wherein the DL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources, and wherein the FD-interference values comprise the eNB-to-eNB interference value I ENB identifying a conventional UL interference value IUL that quantifies an interference between UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB; setting a UL boost factor BUL to a value that is greater than a quotient by at least one decimal order of magnitude; setting an eNB boost
  • Example 20 includes the computer-readable medium of example 13, further containing instructions thereon which, when executed by one or more processors, perform the following: identifying an eNB-to-eNB interference value I E NB that quantifies an interference between downlink (DL) traffic sent from one or more neighboring eNBs and uplink (UL) traffic sent to the eNB, wherein the DL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources, and wherein the FD-interference values comprise the eNB-to-eNB interference value I E NB ⁇ identifying a user-equipment-to-user-equipment (UE-to-UE) interference value IUE that quantifies an interference between UL traffic sent to the eNB or the one or more neighboring eNBs and DL traffic sent from the eNB, wherein the UL traffic sent to the eNB or the one or more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the e
  • Example 21 includes a means for setting a power level in a Full-Duplex (FD) cellular system, the means comprising: a means for identifying an initial target power level Po; a means for sending the initial target power level Poto one or more user equipments (UEs) in a cell of an evolved Node B (eNB) of a Full-Duplex (FD) cellular network; a means for identifying one or more FD-interference values; a means for determining a boosting factor B for the initial target power level Po based on the one or more FD-interference values; a means for determining an adjusted target power level B ⁇ P 0 that equals the boosting factor B multiplied by the initial target power level Po; and a means for sending the adjusted target power level B ⁇ P 0 to the one or more UEs in the cell.
  • a means for identifying an initial target power level Po the means for sending the initial target power level Poto one or more user equipments (UEs) in a cell of an evolved Node B (
  • Example 22 includes the means of example 21 , further comprising: a means for identifying an eNB-to-eNB interference value I E NB that quantifies an interference between downlink (DL) traffic sent from one or more neighboring eNBs and uplink (UL) traffic sent to the eNB, wherein the DL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources, and wherein the FD-interference values comprise the eNB-to-eNB interference value I e m a means for identifying a conventional UL interference value 1 ⁇ 2 mast that quantifies an interference between UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB; a means for determining the boosting factor B by calculating a quotient - ' ⁇ . anc j setting the boosting factor B to a value that is greater than the quotient by at least one decimal order of magnitude.
  • DL downlink
  • Example 23 includes the means of example 21 , further comprising: a means for identifying a plurality of ratios for a plurality of user equipments (UEs) in the cell of the UE, wherein: each ratio in the plurality of ratios is a quotient of a first interference value for a respective UE in the plurality of UEs and a second interference value for the respective UE; the first interference value quantifies an interference between DL traffic sent from one or more neighboring eNBs and UL traffic sent to the eNB from the respective UE, wherein the DL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB from the respective UE use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources; and the second interference value quantifies an interference between UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB from the respective UE; a means for determining a S ⁇ -percentile ratio for the plurality of ratios; and a means for
  • Example 24 includes the means of example 21 , further comprising: a means for identifying a user-equipment-to-user-equipment (UE-to-UE) interference value IUE that quantifies an interference between UL traffic sent to the eNB or the one or more neighboring eNBs and DL traffic sent from the eNB, wherein the UL traffic sent to the eNB or the one or more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources ,and wherein the FD- interference values comprise the UE-to-UE interference value IUE', a means for identifying a conventional DL interference value IQL that quantifies an interference between DL traffic sent from the one more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB; and a means for determining the boosting factor B by calculating a quotient— and setting the boosting factor B to a value that is less than the quotient— by at least one decimal order of magnitude.
  • Example 25 includes the means of example 21 , further comprising: a means for identifying a plurality of ratios for a plurality of user equipments (UEs) in the cell of the eNB, wherein: each ratio in the plurality of ratios is a quotient of a first interference value for a respective UE in the plurality of UEs and a second interference value for the respective UE; the first interference value quantifies an interference between DL traffic sent from one more neighboring eNBs and DL traffic sent from the eNB to the respective UE; and the second interference value quantifies an interference between UL traffic sent to the eNB or the one or more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB to the respective UE, wherein the UL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB to the respective UE use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources; a means for determining a 5 l -percentile ratio for the plurality of
  • Example 26 includes the means of example 21 , further comprising: a means for identifying an eNB-to-eNB interference value I e that quantifies an interference between downlink (DL) traffic sent from one or more neighboring eNBs and uplink (UL) traffic sent to the eNB, wherein the DL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources, and wherein the FD-interference values comprise the eNB-to-eNB interference value I e a means for identifying a conventional UL interference value I UL that quantifies an interference between UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB; a means for setting a UL boost factor Bui to a value that is greater than a quotient by at least one decimal order of magnitude; a means for setting an eNB boost factor B e to a value equal to an expression 1 + wherein No quantifies a
  • Example 27 includes the means of example 21 , further comprising: a means for identifying an eNB-to-eNB interference value I E NB that quantifies an interference between downlink (DL) traffic sent from one or more neighboring eNBs and uplink (UL) traffic sent to the eNB, wherein the DL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources, and wherein the FD-interference values comprise the eNB-to-eNB interference value l e m a means for identifying a conventional UL interference value IUL that quantifies an interference between UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB; a means for setting a UL boost factor Bui to a value that is greater than a quotient - ' ⁇ - by at least one decimal order of magnitude; a means for setting an eNB boost factor B e m to a value equal to
  • Example 28 includes the means of example 21 , further comprising: a means for identifying an eNB-to-eNB interference value l e m that quantifies an interference between downlink (DL) traffic sent from one or more neighboring eNBs and uplink (UL) traffic sent to the eNB, wherein the DL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources, and wherein the FD- interference values comprise the eNB-to-eNB interference value UNB, a means for identifying a user-equipment-to-user- equipment (UE-to-UE) interference value IUE that quantifies an interference between UL traffic sent to the eNB or the one or more neighboring eNBs and DL traffic sent from the eNB, wherein the UL traffic
  • Various techniques, or certain aspects or portions thereof, may take the form of program code (i.e., instructions) embodied in tangible media, such as floppy diskettes, compact disc-read-only memory (CD-ROMs), hard drives, non-transitory computer readable storage medium, or any other machine-readable storage medium wherein, when the program code is loaded into and executed by a machine, such as a computer, the machine becomes an apparatus for practicing the various techniques.
  • a non-transitory computer readable storage medium can be a computer readable storage medium that does not include signal.
  • the computing device may include a processor, a storage medium readable by the processor (including volatile and non-volatile memory and/or storage elements), at least one input device, and at least one output device.
  • the volatile and non- volatile memory and/or storage elements may be a random-access memory (RAM), erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM), flash drive, optical drive, magnetic hard drive, solid state drive, or other medium for storing electronic data.
  • the node and wireless device may also include a transceiver module (i.e., transceiver), a counter module (i.e., counter), a processing module (i.e., processor), and/or a clock module (i.e., clock) or timer module (i.e., timer).
  • a transceiver module i.e., transceiver
  • a counter module i.e., counter
  • a processing module i.e., processor
  • a clock module i.e., clock
  • timer module i.e., timer
  • One or more programs that may implement or utilize the various techniques described herein may use an application programming interface (API), reusable controls, and the like. Such programs may be implemented in a high level procedural or object oriented programming language to communicate with a computer system. However, the program(s) may be implemented in assembly or machine language, if desired. In any case, the language may be a compiled or interpreted language, and combined with hardware implementations
  • circuitry may refer to, be part of, or include an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), an electronic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group), and/or memory (shared, dedicated, or group) that execute one or more software or firmware programs, a combinational logic circuit, and/or other suitable hardware components that provide the described functionality.
  • ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit
  • the circuitry may be implemented in, or functions associated with the circuitry may be implemented by, one or more software or firmware modules.
  • circuitry may include logic, at least partially operable in hardware.
  • the word “or” indicates an inclusive disjunction.
  • the phrase “A or B” represents an inclusive disjunction of exemplary conditions A and B. Hence, “A or B” is false only if both condition A is false and condition B is false. When condition A is true and condition B is also true, “A or B” is also true. When condition A is true and condition B is false, “A or B” is true. When condition B is true and condition A is false, “A or B” is true. In other words, the term “or,” as used herein, should not be construed as an exclusive disjunction. The term “xor” is used where an exclusive disjunction is intended.
  • processor can include general-purpose processors, specialized processors such as VLSI, FPGAs, and other types of specialized processors, as well as base-band processors used in transceivers to send, receive, and process wireless communications.
  • modules can be implemented as a hardware circuit (e.g., an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)) comprising custom VLSI circuits or gate arrays, off-the-shelf semiconductors such as logic chips, transistors, or other discrete components.
  • a module can also be implemented in programmable hardware devices such as field programmable gate arrays, programmable array logic, programmable logic devices or the like.
  • Modules can also be implemented in software for execution by various types of processors.
  • An identified module of executable code can, for instance, comprise one or more physical or logical blocks of computer instructions, which can, for instance, be organized as an object, procedure, or function. Nevertheless, the executables of an identified module does not have to be physically located together, but can comprise disparate instructions stored in different locations which, when joined logically together, comprise the module and achieve the stated purpose for the module.
  • a module of executable code can be a single instruction, or many instructions, and can even be distributed over several different code segments, among different programs, and across several memory devices.
  • operational data can be identified and illustrated herein within modules, and can be embodied in any suitable form and organized within any suitable type of data structure. The operational data can be collected as a single data set, or can be distributed over different locations including over different storage devices, and can exist, at least partially, merely as electronic signals on a system or network.
  • the modules can be passive or active, including agents operable to perform desired functions.
  • processor can include general purpose processors, specialized processors such as VLSI, FPGAs, and other types of specialized processors, as well as base band processors used in transceivers to send, receive, and process wireless communications.

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Abstract

Technology described herein relates to technologies for open-loop power control (OLPC) for Full-Duplex (FD) systems that takes UE-to-UE interference and eNB-to-eNB interference into account. Technology is provided whereby a trade-off between UL and DL performance is characterized as a function of a transmit power setting. Technology is provided to mitigate UE-to-UE interference and eNB-to-eNB interference in FD systems. In addition, technology is provided to identify a power setting that will substantially maximize a sum spectral efficiency (SE). In addition, different neighboring cells can set different target power levels based on current interference conditions and current uplink/downlink conditions in each cell.

Description

UPLINK POWER CONTROL FOR INTERFERENCE MITIGATION IN FULL-DUPLEX CELLULAR NETWORKS
BACKGROUND
[0001] Wireless mobile communication technology uses various standards and protocols to transmit data between a node (e.g., a transmission station) and a wireless device (e.g., a mobile device). Some wireless devices communicate using orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) in a downlink (DL) transmission and single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) in an uplink (UL) transmission. Standards and protocols that use orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) for signal transmission include the third generation partnership project (3GPP) long term evolution (LTE), the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.16 standard (e.g., 802.16e, 802.16m), which is commonly known to industry groups as WiMAX (Worldwide interoperability for Microwave Access), and the IEEE 802.1 1 standard, which is commonly known to industry groups as WiFi.
[0002] In 3GPP radio access network (RAN) LTE systems, the node in an
Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) system is referred to as an eNode B (also commonly denoted as evolved Node Bs, enhanced Node Bs, eNodeBs, or eNBs), which communicates with the wireless device, known as a user equipment (UE). The downlink (DL) transmission can be a communication from the node (e.g., eNodeB) to the wireless device (e.g., UE), and the uplink (UL) transmission can be a communication from the wireless device to the node.
[0003] In LTE, data can be transmitted from the eNodeB to the UE via a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH). A physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) can be used to acknowledge that data was received. Downlink and uplink channels or transmissions can use time-division duplexing (TDD) or frequency-division duplexing (FDD).
[0004] In many current LTE cellular systems, a Half-Duplex (HD) scheme is used such that so that transceivers do not simultaneously receive and transmit radio transmissions on the same frequency at the same time. By contrast, in Full-Duplex (FD) systems, transceivers can simultaneously transmit and receive radio transmissions on the same frequency at the same time. Thus, the spectral efficiency of FD systems can therefore exceed the spectral efficiency of HD systems by a factor of 2 because UL and DL transmissions can occur in parallel.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0005] Features and advantages of the disclosure will be apparent from the detailed description which follows, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which together illustrate, by way of example, features of the disclosure; and, wherein:
[0006] FIG. 1 is a diagram that illustrates several types of interference that can occur between two full-duplex (FD) cells in accordance with an example;
[0007] FIG. 2 illustrates functionality of an apparatus of an enhanced small-cell evolved Node B (eNB) in a Full-Duplex (FD) cellular system in accordance with an example;
[0008] FIG. 3 illustrates functionality of an apparatus of a user equipment (UE) compatible with a Full-Duplex (FD) cellular network in accordance with an example;
[0009] FIG. 4 provides an example illustration of a wireless device in accordance with an example;
[0010] FIG. 5 provides an example illustration of a user equipment (UE) device, such as a wireless device, a mobile station (MS), a mobile wireless device, a mobile communication device, a tablet, a handset, or other type of wireless device; And
[0011] FIG. 6 illustrates a diagram of a node (e.g., eNB and/or a Serving GPRS
Support Node) and a wireless device (e.g., UE) in accordance with an example.
[0012] Reference will now be made to the exemplary embodiments illustrated and specific language will be used herein to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of is thereby intended.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0013] Before some embodiments are disclosed and described, it is to be understood that the claimed subject matter is not limited to the particular structures, process operations, or materials disclosed herein, but is extended to equivalents thereof as would be recognized by those ordinarily skilled in the relevant arts. It should also be understood that terminology employed herein is used for the purpose of describing particular examples only and is not intended to be limiting. The same reference numerals in different drawings represent the same element. Numbers provided in flow charts and processes are provided for clarity in illustrating operations and do not necessarily indicate a particular order or sequence.
[0014] An initial overview of technology embodiments is provided below and then specific technology embodiments are described in further detail later. This initial summary is intended to aid readers in understanding the technology more quickly, but is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the technology nor is it intended to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.
[0015] Full-Duplex (FD) cellular systems offer greater spectral efficiency than Half-Duplex (HD) cellular systems. However, since Uplink (UL) and Downlink (DL) transmissions can occur at the same time on the same frequency in FD systems, additional types of interference that do not generally occur in HD systems can occur in FD systems.
[0016] FIG. 1 is a diagram that illustrates an example of several types of interference that can occur in an FD cell 102 and an FD cell 104. A cellular base station 106 can serve the FD cell 102 and a cellular base station 108 can serve the FD cell 104. At a given time, the cellular base station can be receiving a UL transmission from a User Equipment (UE) 1 10 and sending a DL transmission to a UE 1 12. At the same time, the cellular base station 108 can be receiving a UL transmission from a UE 1 14 and sending a DL transmission to a UE 1 16.
[0017] Conventional interferences that occur in HD systems are represented by the arrows 1 18a-b. Arrow 1 18a represents conventional interference between the DL transmission from the cellular base station 108 and the DL transmission from the cellular base station 106. Arrow 1 18a points to the UE 1 12 because the quality of reception at the UE 1 12 of the DL transmission from the cellular base station 106 will be affected by the interference represented by the arrow 1 18a. Arrow 1 18a originates at the cellular base station 108 because the DL transmission that interferes with reception at the UE 1 12 is being sent from the cellular base station 108.
[0018] Arrow 1 18b represents conventional interference between the UL transmission from the UE 1 14 and the UL transmission from the UE 1 10. Arrow 1 18b points to the cellular base station 106 because the quality of reception at the cellular base station 106 of the UL transmission from the UE 1 10 will be affected by the interference represented by the arrow 1 18b. Arrow 1 18b originates at the UE 1 14 because the UL transmission that interferes with reception at the cellular base station 106 is being sent from the UE 1 14. Hence, conventional interference of HD systems tends to be either between DL transmissions of two neighboring cells or between UL transmissions of two neighboring cells (though other types of interference can occur in neighboring HD cells that are asynchronously deployed).
[0019] In FD systems, additional types of interference can occur. Some of these
FD types of interference (FD-interferences) are represented by the arrows 120a-c. Arrow 120a represents FD-interference between the DL transmission sent by the cellular base station 108 and the UL transmission sent by the UE 1 10. Arrow 120a points to the cellular base station 106 because the quality of reception at the cellular base station 106 of the UL transmission from the UE 1 10 will be affected by the interference represented by the arrow 120a. Arrow 120a originates at the cellular base station 108 because the DL transmission that interferes with reception at the cellular base station 106 is being sent from the cellular base station 108.
[0020] Arrow 120b represents FD-interference between the UL transmission sent by the UE 1 14 and the DL transmission sent by the cellular base station 106. Arrow 120b points to the UE 1 12 because the quality of reception at the UE 1 12 of the DL transmission from the cellular base station 106 will be affected by the interference represented by the arrow 120b. Arrow 120b originates at the UE 1 14 because the UL transmission that interferes with reception at the UE 1 12 is being sent from the UE 1 14.
[0021] Arrow 120b represents FD-interference between the UL transmission sent by the UE 1 14 and the DL transmission sent by the cellular base station 106. Arrow 120b points to the UE 1 12 because the quality of reception at the UE 1 12 of the DL transmission from the cellular base station 106 will be affected by the interference represented by the arrow 120b. Arrow 120b originates at the UE 1 14 because a UL transmission that interferes with reception at the UE 1 12 is being sent from the UE 1 14.
[0022] Arrow 120c represents FD-interference between the UL transmission sent by the UE 1 10 and the DL transmission sent by the cellular base station 106. Arrow 120c points to the UE 1 12 because the quality of reception at the UE 1 12 of the DL transmission from the cellular base station 106 will be affected by the interference represented by the arrow 120c. Arrow 120c originates at the UE 1 10 because a UL transmission that interferes with reception at the UE 1 12 is being sent from the UE 1 10.
[0023] Hence, as shown in the example of FIG. 1 , FD systems can experience interference between DL and UL transmissions in addition to interference between DL and DL transmissions and interference between UL and UL transmissions. For the purposes of this disclosure, the terms "BS-to-BS interference" and "eNB-to-eNB interference" (IeNe) will be used to refer to interference between DL traffic sent from one or more cellular base stations (e.g., eNBs) and UL traffic sent to a cellular base station (whose reception of the UL traffic is affected by the eNB-to-eNB interference). In addition, the term "UE-to-UE interference" (IUE) will be used to refer to interference between UL traffic sent to one or cellular base stations and DL traffic sent from a cellular base station to a UE (whose reception of the DL traffic is affected by the UE-to-UE interference).
[0024] UE-to-UE interference and eNB-to-eNB interference can be controlled by adjusting UE transmission power for the UL traffic. However, there is a trade-off: while increasing UE transmission power can improve the Signal-to-Interference Noise Ratio (SINR) for UL transmissions, it can also degrade the SINR for DL transmissions and Spectral Efficiency (SE) by increasing UE-to-UE interference.
[0025] Examples of the present disclosure provide technology for open-loop power control (OLPC) that takes UE-to-UE interference and eNB-to-eNB interference into account for FD systems. Technology is provided whereby the trade-off between UL and DL performance is characterized as a function of a transmit power setting.
Technology is provided to mitigate UE-to-UE interference and eNB-to-eNB interference. In addition, technology is provided to identify a power setting that will substantially maximize a sum SE. These technologies allow different cellular base stations to set different target power levels; this can help conserve UE battery power.
[0026] In FDD LTE systems and TDD LTE systems with OLPC for UL, each eNB sets a target received power level P0 and a fractional power control (FPC) parameter a. These parameters control the distribution of the UL Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) experienced by the serving UEs in the cell. P0 and a are typically set based on the noise power at the eNB. Each serving UE can then adjust its transmit power Ptx according to the following equation:
Ptx = min{Pmax, P0 + 10■ log(M) + a■ PL),
where Pmax is the maximum transmit power limit of the UE, M is the number of Physical resource Blocks (PRBs) allocated to the UE, PL is the pathloss between the UE and the eNB, and min indicates that the lesser of the two quantities enclosed in braces is selected. P0 and a are typically broadcast to UEs from each eNB. [0027] In FD systems, in addition to conventional uplink interference, each eNB experiences an additional eNB-to-eNB interference (/eWB) which is relatively static. Hence, P0 has to be increased to overcome the eNB-to-eNB interference. Moreover, IeNB is different for different eNBs. Each eNB can therefore utilize and set its OLPC parameters differently based on its respective leNB. For example, an eNB with a large IeNB can set a large P0, while an eNB with a small IeNB can set a small P0.
[0028] On the other hand, in order to mitigate UE-to-UE interference (IUE) in the downlink, P0 can be decreased. Thus there is a trade-off in UL and DL performance in FD systems depending on how P0 is set. P0 can also be set in order to substantially maximize a sum of DL SE and UL SE, thereby taking both UE-to-UE interference and eNB-to-eNB interference into account.
Substantially Optimal Uniform Power Setting from the UL Perspective (Option 1)
[0029] For FD systems, the uplink performance degrades mainly because of eNB- to-eNB interference (which is typically stronger than the conventional uplink interference from the adjacent cells). This interference can be overcome by increasing the target power level to B · P0 uniformly for all eNBs, where B is a boosting factor. B can be chosen such that the UL SI R with eNB-to-NB interference is roughly same as the conventional LTE UL SINR. In order to accomplish this, B can be chosen so that the left-hand term of the following equation and the right-hand term of the following equation are approximately equal:
[0030] -^2- * — , for al 1 UL UEs in the network.
1 'l/I +No BlUL+leNB +N0'
[0031] The left-hand term is the UL SINR experienced by a UE in a half-duplex system when the eNB target power level is set to P0. The right-hand term is the UL SINR experienced by the same UE in a FD system (with added eNB-to-eNB interference) when all the eNBs set their target power level to B■ P0. PRx is the received signal power from the UE at the serving eNB and IUL is the conventional UL interference from adjacent cells (averaged over the UL users in each of the neighboring cells). If the noise term N0 is ignored (in most deployments, uplink is interference limited), B can be set to be much greater than the quotient (e.g., by at least one decimal order of magnitude). In other words, B « maxUE j-^}, where maxUE indicates the maximum ratio over all uplink UEs in the network. [0032] In real network, for every individual UE may not be known. However, the statistics of the ratio over all the UEs can be calculated from, for example, network key performance indicator (KPI) statistics. Hence, B can be set based on the statistics of the interference ratio between BS-to-BS interference and conventional UL interference. For instance, B can be set approximately equal to a value BUL, where BUL is a 95th percentile value based the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the interference ratio Other percentiles can be used for this same purpose, though gains in the UL performance of FD systems are marginal once B is set to a value greater than the 95th percentile.
Optimal uniform power setting from the downlink perspective (Option 2)
[0033] For FD systems, the downlink performance degrades because of the UE- to-UE interference (1UE). One way to overcome this interference is to decrease the target power level to B · P0 uniformly for all eNBs, wherein the boosting factor B is less than 1. B can be chosen such that the DL SINR with UE-to-UE interference is roughly same as the conventional LTE DL SINR. In order to accomplish this, B can be chosen so that the left-hand term of the following equation and the right-hand term of the following equation are approximately equal:
[0034] -^— « , for all DL UEs in the network.
'DZ +NO IDL+BIUE+N0'
[0035] The left-hand term is the DL SINR experienced by a UE in a half-duplex system when the eNB target power level is set to PQ. The right-hand term is the DL SINR experienced by the same UE in an FD system (with added UE-to-UE interference) when the eNBs in the FD system set their target power level as B · P0. Prx is the received signal power from the eNB at the serving UE and IDL is the conventional DL interference from adjacent cells' eNBs. Ignoring the noise term N0 (in most deployments, downlink is interference limited), B can be set to be much less than— . In other words, B « minUE {— ], where min indicates the minimum ratio over all downlink UEs in the
UygJ UE
network.
[0036] In a practical network,— may not be known for all UEs. However, the statistics of the ratio— over all the UEs can be calculated from, for example, network
1 PI statistics. Hence, B can be set based on the statistics of the interference ratio conventional DL interference and UE-to-UE interference. For instance, B can be set approximately equal to a value BDL, where BDL is a 5th percentile value based the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the interference ratio— . Other percentiles can be used for this same purpose, though gains in the DL performance of FD systems are marginal once B is set to a value less than the 5th percentile.
[0037] For both option 1 and option 2, the setting of BDL and BUL can rely on applicable desired results for UL performance and DL performance. Specifically, for BDL < B < BUL, there is a trade-off between the UL and DL performance. If BDL > BUL, there is a substantially optimal power setting of B = 0.5(BDi + BUL) for which both the UE-to-UE interference and the eNB-to-eNB interference are almost completely mitigated.
[0038] Although the notation used to describe option 1 and option 2 suggests that all eNbs in the FD network are set to the same initial target power before adjustments are made using the boosting factor, options 1 and 2 are not limited to scenarios where all eNbs have the same original target receive power. The initial target powers of different eNBs can be set differently, though the criterion of the adjustment based on new BS-to- BS interference can still be applied. In addition, options 1 and 2 do not necessitate additional signaling. The resulting target power can be broadcast to the UE.
[0039] Adaptive power setting from the uplink perspective (Option 3a)
[0040] Since the eNB-to-eNB interference (IeNB) is different for different eNBs, the boosting factor B can be set differently for different eNB based on each UEs respective IeNB level. leNB can be treated as noise and each eNB can set B so as to retain the respective eNB's uplink SNR. In order to accomplish this, B can be chosen to be a value BeNB so that the left-hand term of the following equation and the right-hand term of the following equation are approximately equal:
[00411 22. = BeNBPrx
[0042] PRx is the received signal power from the UE at the serving eNB, while
N0 is the noise term. The left-hand term is the UL SNR experienced by UE in an HD system when the eNB sets a target received power level P0. The right-hand term is the UL SNR of the same UE in an FD system with eNB-to-eNB interference when the eNB sets a target received power level of BeNBP0. Thus, BeNB = 1 + Since the maximum B of BUL is generally sufficient to get close to the desired UL performance, each eNB can use an adaptive power control setting such that the respective eNB's target power level is set to BeNBP0, where BeNB = max j 1 + ί≤ϋ£# BUL \ and max indicates that the maximum of the two terms in braces is selected.
[0043] For this setting to be applied, IeNB can be measured at each eNB using an eNB-eNB reference signal. One advantage of option 3a compared to option 1 is that eNBs with smaller IeNB values will set a smaller target received power level. Hence the corresponding serving UL UEs can transmit with lower power and UE battery power can be saved.
Adaptive power setting from the uplink perspective (Option 3b)
[0044] In option 3b, each eNB in an FD system can adjust its respective B such that the UL SINR (as opposed to the UL SNR) is retained. In order to accomplish this, B can be chosen to be a value BeNB so that the left-hand term of the following equation and the right-hand term of the following equation are approximately equal:
prx _ BeNBprx
'UL+No 'uL+'eNB+No
[0045] The left-hand term is the UL SINR experienced by a UE in the HD system, when the eNB sets a target received power level P0. The right-hand term is the UL SINR of the same UE in an FD system with eNB-to-eNB interference when the eNB sets a target received power level of BeNBP0. For simplicity in this example, it is assumed that all other eNBs use the same target power level of P0. Thus,
BeNB = 1 + 'eNB ■ Taking the maximum B of By. into account, each eNB can use an adaptive power control setting such that the respective eNB's target power level is set to BeNBP0, where BeNB = max fl + 'eNB , BUL \ and max indicates that the maximum of the two terms in braces is selected. To apply this adaptive power control setting, IeNB and 1UL should be known at each eNB. As in option 3a, this adaptive target power level setting saves UE battery power.
Adaptive power setting maximizing the uplink and downlink sum performance (Option 4)
[0046] In option 4, the receive target power level can be set to substantially maximize the sum spectrum efficiency (SE) in the downlink and uplink. The sum of downlink SE and uplink SE in an LTE system (with one DL and UL UE associated with each eNB) can be represented as
Figure imgf000012_0001
PDL is the received signal power in the downlink. PUL is the received signal power in the uplink when the target received signal power is set to PQ by the eNB.
The sum of the downlink SE and the uplink SE in an FD system in the presence of eNB-to-eNB interference eNe ar|d UE-to-UE interference QUE), w'tn the e^B target receive
Figure imgf000012_0002
B can be chosen so to substantially maximize this expression. Ignoring the noise terms and assuming the SINR is greater than -1 decibels (dB), this expression reduces to
Figure imgf000012_0003
When this reduced expression is differentiated with respect to B and set equal to zero, the get the solution to maximi is
Figure imgf000012_0004
For option 4 to be applied, all interference terms should be known, including the BS-to-BS interference, the UE-to-UE interference, the conventional DL interference, and the conventional UL interference. An appropriate option can be chosen from the options 1 -4 based on the deployment scenario, the availability of the interference terms, and desired system resultsfor uplink and downlink performance.
[0047] FIG. 2 illustrates functionality 200 of an apparatus of an enhanced small- cell evolved Node B (eNB) in a Full-Duplex (FD) cellular system in accordance with an example. The functionality 200 can be implemented as a method or the functionality can be executed as instructions on a machine (e.g., by one or more processors), where the instructions are included on at least one non-transitory computer-readable storage medium.
[0048] As in block 210, circuitry at the eNB (e.g., comprising one or more processors and memory) can be configured to identify an initial target power level Pg. [0049] As in block 220, the circuitry at the eNB can be further configured to send the initial target power level Po to one or more user equipments (UEs) in a cell of the eNB.
[0050] As in block 230, the circuitry at the eNB can be further configured to identify one or more FD-interference values including one or more of: an eNB-to-eNB interference value Iem that quantifies an interference between downlink (DL) traffic sent from one or more neighboring eNBs and uplink (UL) traffic sent to the eNB, wherein the DL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources, or a user- equipment-to-user-equipment (UE-to-UE) interference value IUE that quantifies an interference between UL traffic sent to the eNB or the one or more neighboring eNBs and DL traffic sent from the eNB, wherein the UL traffic sent to the eNB or the one or more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources.
[0051] If the circuitry at the eNB is configured to determine the eNB-to-eNB interference value le , the circuitry can be further configured to identify a conventional UL interference value IUL that quantifies an interference between additional UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB; and determine the boosting factor B by calculating a quotient - '^ and setting the boosting factor B to a value that is greater than the quotient by at least one decimal order of magnitude.
[0052] Alternatively, the circuitry at the eNB can be configured to set a UL boost factor Bui to a value that is greater than a quotient - '^- by at least one decimal order of magnitude; set an eNB boost factor Be to a value equal to an expression 1 + - '^, wherein No quantifies a level of signal noise of the UL traffic sent to the eNB; and determine the boosting factor B by setting the boosting factor B to either BUL or BCNB, whichever is greater.
[0053] Alternatively, the circuitry at the eNB can be configured to set a UL boost factor Bui to a value that is greater than a quotient by at least one decimal order of magnitude; set an eNB boost factor Bem to a value equal to an expression 1 + 'eNB , wherein No quantifies a level of signal noise of the UL traffic sent to the eNB; and determine the boosting factor B by setting the boosting factor B to either But or Bem, whichever is greater.
[0054] The circuitry at the eNB can also be configured to identify a plurality of ratios for a plurality of user equipments (UEs) in the cell of the UE, wherein: each ratio in the plurality of ratios is a quotient of a first interference value for a respective UE in the plurality of UEs and a second interference value for the respective UE; the first interference value quantifies an interference between the DL traffic sent from one or more neighboring eNBs and UL traffic sent to the eNB from the respective UE, wherein the DL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB from the respective UE use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources; and the second interference value quantifies an interference between additional UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB from the respective UE; determine a 95th-percentile ratio for the plurality of ratios; and determine the boosting factor B by setting the boosting factor to the 95th-percentile ratio.
[0055] If the circuitry at the eNB is configured to identify the UE-to-UE interference value IUE, the circuitry can be further configured to identify a conventional DL interference value IDL that quantifies an interference between additional DL traffic sent from the one more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB; and determine the boosting factor B by calculating a quotient— and setting the boosting factor B to a value that is less than the quotient— by at least one decimal order of magnitude.
[0056] The circuitry at the eNB can be further configured to identify a plurality of ratios for a plurality of user equipments (UEs) in the cell of the eNB, wherein: each ratio in the plurality of ratios is a quotient of a first interference value for a respective UE in the plurality of UEs and a second interference value for the respective UE; the first interference value quantifies an interference between additional DL traffic sent from the one more neighboring eNBs and DL traffic sent from the eNB to the respective UE; and - the second interference value quantifies an interference between additional UL traffic sent to the eNB or the one or more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB to the respective UE, wherein the additional UL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB to the respective UE use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources; determine a 5th- percentile ratio for the plurality of ratios; and determine the boosting factor B by setting the boosting factor to the 5th-percentile ratio.
[0057] If the circuitry at the UE is configured to identify both the eNB-to-eNB interference value IENB and the UE-to-UE interference value IUE, then the circuitry can be further configured to identify a conventional UL interference value IUL that quantifies an interference between additional UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB; identify a conventional DL interference value IDL that quantifies an interference between additional DL traffic sent from the one more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB; and determine the boosting factor B by setting the boosting factor B equal to an expression \'eNB 'DL.
[0058] As in block 240, the circuitry at the eNB can be further configured to determine a boosting factor B for the initial target power level Pg based on the one or more FD-interference values that are identified.
[0059] As in block 250, the circuitry at the eNB can be further configured to determine an adjusted target power level B · P0 that equals the boosting factor B multiplied by the initial target power level PQ.
[0060] As in block 260, the circuitry at the eNB can be further configured to
[0061] The circuitry at the eNB can be further configured to send the adjusted target power level B · P0 to the one or more UEs in the cell.
[0062] FIG. 3 illustrates functionality 300 of an apparatus of a user equipment
(UE) compatible with a Full-Duplex (FD) cellular network in accordance with an example. The functionality 300 can be implemented as a method or the functionality can be executed as instructions on a machine (e.g., by one or more processors), where the instructions are included on at least one non-transitory computer-readable storage medium.
[0063] As in block 310, circuitry at the UE (e.g., comprising one or more processors and memory) can be configured to measure a user-equipment-to-user- equipment (UE-to-UE) interference value IU that quantifies an interference between uplink (UL) traffic sent from other UEs and downlink (DL) traffic sent to the UE from an evolved Node B (eNB), wherein the UL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources. [0064] As in block 320, the circuitry at the UE can be further configured to send the UE-to-UE interference value to the eNB.
[0065] As in block 330, the circuitry at the UE can be further configured to receive, from the eNB, a target power level P0.
[0066] The circuitry at the UE can be further configured to receive a fractional power control (FPC) parameter a from the eNB.
[0067] The circuitry at the UE can be further configured to set a transmit power
Ptx of the UE to either an upper transmit power limit Pmax of the UE or P0 + 10 · log(M) +a · PL, whichever is greater, wherein M is a number of Physical Resource Blocks (PRBs) allocated to the UE by the eNB and PL is a path loss between the UE and the eNB. The base of the logarithm can be 2, 10, or e, for example.
[0068] The circuitry at the UE can be further configured to measure a
conventional DL interference value IDL that quantifies an interference between DL traffic sent from one more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent to the UE from the eNB; and send the conventional DL interference value IDL to the eNB.
[0069] FIG. 4 provides an example illustration of a mobile device, such as a user equipment (UE), a mobile station (MS), a mobile wireless device, a mobile
communication device, a tablet, a handset, or other type of wireless device. The mobile device can include one or more antennas configured to communicate with a node, macro node, low power node (LPN), or, transmission station, such as a base station (BS), an evolved Node B (eNB), a baseband processing unit (BBU), a remote radio head (RRH), a remote radio equipment (RRE), a relay station (RS), a radio equipment (RE), or other type of wireless wide area network (WWAN) access point. The mobile device can be configured to communicate using at least one wireless communication standard such as, but not limited to, 3GPP LTE, WiMAX, High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), Bluetooth, and WiFi. The mobile device can communicate using separate antennas for each wireless communication standard or shared antennas for multiple wireless communication standards. The mobile device can communicate in a wireless local area network (WLAN), a wireless personal area network (WPAN), and/or a WWAN.
[0070] The mobile device can also comprise a wireless modem. The wireless modem can comprise, for example, a wireless radio transceiver and baseband circuitry (e.g., a baseband processor). The wireless modem can, in one example, modulate signals that the mobile device transmits via the one or more antennas and demodulate signals that the mobile device receives via the one or more antennas.
[0071] The mobile device can include a storage medium. In one aspect, the storage medium can be associated with and/or communication with the application processor, the graphics processor, the display, the non-volatile memory port, and/or internal memory. In one aspect, the application processor and graphics processor are storage mediums.
[0072] FIG. 4 also provides an illustration of a microphone and one or more speakers that can be used for audio input and output from the mobile device. The display screen can be a liquid crystal display (LCD) screen, or other type of display screen such as an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display. The display screen can be configured as a touch screen. The touch screen can use capacitive, resistive, or another type of touch screen technology. An application processor and a graphics processor can be coupled to internal memory to provide processing and display capabilities. A non-volatile memory port can also be used to provide data input/output options to a user. The non- volatile memory port can also be used to expand the memory capabilities of the mobile device. A keyboard can be integrated with the mobile device or wirelessly connected to the wireless device to provide additional user input. A virtual keyboard can also be provided using the touch screen.
[0073] FIG. 5 provides an example illustration of a user equipment (UE) device
500, such as a wireless device, a mobile station (MS), a mobile wireless device, a mobile communication device, a tablet, a handset, or other type of wireless device. The UE device 500 can include one or more antennas configured to communicate with a node or transmission station, such as a base station (BS), an evolved Node B (eNB), a baseband unit (BBU), a remote radio head (RRH), a remote radio equipment (RRE), a relay station (RS), a radio equipment (RE), a remote radio unit (RRU), a central processing module (CPM), or other type of wireless wide area network (WW AN) access point. The UE device 500 can be configured to communicate using at least one wireless communication standard such as, but not limited to, 3GPP LTE, WiMAX, High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), Bluetooth, and WiFi. The UE device 500 can communicate using separate antennas for each wireless communication standard or shared antennas for multiple wireless communication standards. The UE device 500 can communicate in a wireless local area network (WLAN), a wireless personal area network ( WPAN), and/or a WWAN.
[0074] In some embodiments, the UE device 500 may include application circuitry 502, baseband circuitry 504, Radio Frequency (RF) circuitry 506, front-end module (FEM) circuitry 508 and one or more antennas 510, coupled together at least as shown.
[0075] The application circuitry 502 may include one or more application processors. For example, the application circuitry 502 may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. The processor(s) may include any combination of general-purpose processors and dedicated processors (e.g., graphics processors, application processors, etc.). The processors may be coupled with and/or may include memory/storage (e.g., storage medium 512) and may be configured to execute instructions stored in the memory/storage (e.g., storage medium 512) to enable various applications and/or operating systems to run on the system.
[0076] The baseband circuitry 504 may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. The baseband circuitry 504 may include one or more baseband processors and/or control logic to process baseband signals received from a receive signal path of the RF circuitry 506 and to generate baseband signals for a transmit signal path of the RF circuitry 506. Baseband processing circuity 504 may interface with the application circuitry 502 for generation and processing of the baseband signals and for controlling operations of the RF circuitry 506. For example, in some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 504 may include a second generation (2G) baseband processor 504a, third generation (3G) baseband processor 504b, fourth generation (4G) baseband processor 504c, and/or other baseband processors) 504d for other existing generations, generations in development or to be developed in the future (e.g., fifth generation (5G), 6G, etc.). The baseband circuitry 504 (e.g., one or more of baseband processors 504a-d) may handle various radio control functions that enable communication with one or more radio networks via the RF circuitry 506. The radio control functions may include, but are not limited to, signal
modulation/demodulation, encoding/decoding, radio frequency shifting, etc. In some embodiments, modulation/demodulation circuitry of the baseband circuitry 504 may include Fast-Fourier Transform (FFT), precoding, and or constellation
mapping/demapping functionality. In some embodiments, encoding/decoding circuitry of the baseband circuitry 504 may include convolution, tail-biting convolution, turbo, Viterbi, and/or Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) encoder/decoder functionality.
Embodiments of modulation/demodulation and encoder/decoder functionality are not limited to these examples and may include other suitable functionality in other embodiments.
[0077] In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 504 may include elements of a protocol stack such as, for example, elements of an evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (EUTRAN) protocol including, for example, physical (PHY), media access control (MAC), radio link control (RLC), packet data convergence protocol (PDCP), and/or radio resource control (RRC) elements. A central processing unit (CPU) 504e of the baseband circuitry 504 may be configured to run elements of the protocol stack for signaling of the PHY, MAC, RLC, PDCP and/or RRC layers. In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry may include one or more audio digital signal processors) (DSP) 504f. The audio DSP(s) 504f may include elements for
compression/decompression and echo cancellation and may include other suitable processing elements in other embodiments. Components of the baseband circuitry may be suitably combined in a single chip, a single chipset, or disposed on a same circuit board in some embodiments. In some embodiments, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry 504 and the application circuitry 502 may be implemented together such as, for example, on a system on a chip (SOC).
[0078] In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 504 may provide for communication compatible with one or more radio technologies. For example, in some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 504 may support communication with an evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (EUTRAN) and/or other wireless metropolitan area networks (WMAN), a wireless local area network (WLAN), a wireless personal area network (WPAN). Embodiments in which the baseband circuitry 504 is configured to support radio communications of more than one wireless protocol may be referred to as multi-mode baseband circuitry.
[0079] The RF circuitry 506 may enable communication with wireless networks using modulated electromagnetic radiation through a non-solid medium. In various embodiments, the RF circuitry 506 may include switches, filters, amplifiers, etc. to facilitate the communication with the wireless network. RF circuitry 506 may include a receive signal path which may include circuitry to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry 508 and provide baseband signals to the baseband circuitry 504. RF circuitry 506 may also include a transmit signal path which may include circuitry to up-convert baseband signals provided by the baseband circuitry 504 and provide RF output signals to the FEM circuitry 508 for transmission.
[0080] In some embodiments, the RF circuitry 506 may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of the RF circuitry 506 may include mixer circuitry 506a, amplifier circuitry 506b and filter circuitry 506c. The transmit signal path of the RF circuitry 506 may include filter circuitry 506c and mixer circuitry 506a. RF circuitry 506 may also include synthesizer circuitry 506d for synthesizing a frequency for use by the mixer circuitry 506a of the receive signal path and the transmit signal path. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 506a of the receive signal path may be configured to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry 508 based on the synthesized frequency provided by synthesizer circuitry 506d. The amplifier circuitry 506b may be configured to amplify the down-converted signals and the filter circuitry 506c may be a low-pass filter (LPF) or band-pass filter (BPF) configured to remove unwanted signals from the down-converted signals to generate output baseband signals. Output baseband signals may be provided to the baseband circuitry 504 for further processing. In some embodiments, the output baseband signals may be zero-frequency baseband signals, although other types of baseband signals may be used . In some embodiments, mixer circuitry 506a of the receive signal path may comprise passive mixers, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.
[0081] In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 506a of the transmit signal path may be configured to up-convert input baseband signals based on the synthesized frequency provided by the synthesizer circuitry 506d to generate RF output signals for the FEM circuitry 508. The baseband signals may be provided by the baseband circuitry 504 and may be filtered by filter circuitry 506c. The filter circuitry 506c may include a low- pass filter (LPF), although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.
[0082] In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 506a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 506a of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for quadrature down-conversion and/or up-conversion respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 506a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 506a of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for image rejection (e.g., Hartley image rejection). In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 506a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 506a may be arranged for direct down-conversion and/or direct up-conversion, respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 506a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 506a of the transmit signal path may be configured for super-heterodyne operation.
[0083] In some embodiments, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be analog baseband signals, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some alternate embodiments, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be digital baseband signals. In these alternate embodiments, the RF circuitry 506 may include analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuitry and the baseband circuitry 504 may include a digital baseband interface to communicate with the RF circuitry 506.
[0084] In some dual-mode embodiments, a separate radio IC circuitry may be provided for processing signals for each spectrum, although the scope of the
embodiments is not limited in this respect.
[0085] In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry 506d may be a fractional-
N synthesizer or a fractional N N+l synthesizer, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect as other types of frequency synthesizers may be suitable. For example, synthesizer circuitry 506d may be a delta-sigma synthesizer, a frequency multiplier, or a synthesizer comprising a phase-locked loop with a frequency divider.
[0086] The synthesizer circuitry 506d may be configured to synthesize an output frequency for use by the mixer circuitry 506a of the RF circuitry 506 based on a frequency input and a divider control input. In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry 506d may be a fractional N N+l synthesizer.
[0087] In some embodiments, frequency input may be provided by a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), although the frequency input may also be provided by another type of device. Divider control input may be provided by either the baseband circuitry 504 or the applications processor 502 depending on the desired output frequency. In some embodiments, a divider control input (e.g., N) may be determined from a look-up table based on a channel indicated by the applications processor 502.
[0088] Synthesizer circuitry 506d of the RF circuitry 506 may include a divider, a delay-locked loop (DLL), a multiplexer and a phase accumulator. In some embodiments, the divider may be a dual modulus divider (DMD) and the phase accumulator may be a digital phase accumulator (DPA). In some embodiments, the DMD may be configured to divide the input signal by either N or N+l (e.g., based on a carry out) to provide a fractional division ratio. In some example embodiments, the DLL may include a set of cascaded, tunable, delay elements, a phase detector, a charge pump and a D-type flip-flop. In these embodiments, the delay elements may be configured to break a VCO period up into Nd equal packets of phase, where Nd is the number of delay elements in the delay line. In this way, the DLL provides negative feedback to help ensure that the total delay through the delay line is one VCO cycle.
[0089] In some embodiments, synthesizer circuitry 506d may be configured to generate a carrier frequency as the output frequency, while in other embodiments, the output frequency may be a multiple of the carrier frequency (e.g., twice the carrier frequency, four times the carrier frequency) and used in conjunction with quadrature generator and divider circuitry to generate multiple signals at the carrier frequency with multiple different phases with respect to each other. In some embodiments, the output frequency may be a LO frequency (fLO). In some embodiments, the RF circuitry 506 may include an IQ/polar converter.
[0090J FEM circuitry 508 may include a receive signal path which may include circuitry configured to operate on RF signals received from one or more antennas 510, amplify the received signals and provide the amplified versions of the received signals to the RF circuitry 506 for further processing. FEM circuitry 508 may also include a transmit signal path which may include circuitry configured to amplify signals for transmission provided by the RF circuitry 506 for transmission by one or more of the one or more antennas 510.
[0091] In some embodiments, the FEM circuitry 508 may include a TX/RX switch to switch between transmit mode and receive mode operation. The FEM circuitry may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of the FEM circuitry may include a low-noise amplifier (LNA) to amplify received RF signals and provide the amplified received RF signals as an output (e.g., to the RF circuitry 506). The transmit signal path of the FEM circuitry 508 may include a power amplifier (PA) to amplify input RF signals (e.g., provided by RF circuitry 506), and one or more filters to generate RF signals for subsequent transmission (e.g., by one or more of the one or more antennas 510. [0092] In some embodiments, the UE device 500 may include additional elements such as, for example, memory /storage, display (e.g., touch screen), camera, antennas, keyboard, microphone, speakers, sensor, and/or input/output (I/O) interface.
[0093] FIG. 6 illustrates a diagram 600 of a node 610 (e.g., eNB and/or a Serving GPRS Support Node) and a wireless device 620 (e.g., UE) in accordance with an example. The node can include a base station (BS), a Node B (NB), an evolved Node B (eNB), a baseband unit (BBU), a remote radio head (RRH), a remote radio equipment (RRE), a remote radio unit (RRU), or a central processing module (CPM). In one aspect, the node can be a Serving GPRS Support Node. The node 610 can include a node device 612. The node device 612 or the node 610 can be configured to communicate with the wireless device 620. The node device 612 can be configured to implement technologies described herein. The node device 612 can include a processing module 614 and a transceiver module 616. In one aspect, the node device 612 can include the transceiver module 616 and the processing module 614 forming a circuitry for the node 610. In one aspect, the transceiver module 616 and the processing module 614 can form a circuitry of the node device 612. The processing module 614 can include one or more processors and memory. In one embodiment, the processing module 622 can include one or more application processors. The transceiver module 616 can include a transceiver and one or more processors and memory. In one embodiment, the transceiver module 616 can include a baseband processor.
[0094] The wireless device 620 can include a transceiver module 624 and a processing module 622. The processing module 622 can include one or more processors and memory. In one embodiment, the processing module 622 can include one or more application processors. The transceiver module 624 can include a transceiver and one or more processors and memory. In one embodiment, the transceiver module 624 can include a baseband processor. The wireless device 620 can be configured to implement technologies described herein. The node 610 and the wireless devices 620 can also include one or more storage mediums, such as the transceiver module 616, 624 and/or the processing module 614, 622. Examples
[0095] The following examples pertain to specific embodiments and point out specific features, elements, or steps that can be used or otherwise combined in achieving such embodiments.
[0096] Example 1 includes an apparatus of an evolved Node B (eNB) in a Full-
Duplex (FD) cellular system, the apparatus comprising one or more processors and memory configured to: identify an initial target power level Pol signal transceiver circuitry at the eNB to send the initial target power level Po to one or more user equipments (UEs) in a cell of the eNB; identify one or more FD-interference values including one or more of: an eNB-to-eNB interference value lem that quantifies an interference between downlink (DL) traffic sent from one or more neighboring eNBs and uplink (UL) traffic sent to the eNB, wherein the DL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources, or a user-equipment-to-user-equipment (UE-to-UE) interference value IUE that quantifies an interference between UL traffic sent to the eNB or the one or more neighboring eNBs and DL traffic sent from the eNB, wherein the UL traffic sent to the eNB or the one or more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources; determine a boosting factor B for the initial target power level PQ based on the one or more FD- interference values that are identified; determine an adjusted target power level B · P0 that equals the boosting factor B multiplied by the initial target power level Po and signal the transceiver circuitry at the eNB to send the adjusted target power level B · PQ to the one or more UEs in the cell.
[0097] Example 2 includes the apparatus of example 1 , wherein the one or more processors and memory are further configured to: identify the eNB-to-eNB interference value ICNB; identify a conventional UL interference value IUL that quantifies an interference between additional UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the
UL traffic sent to the eNB; determine the boosting factor B by calculating a quotient - ' ^-
•UL and setting the boosting factor B to a value that is greater than the quotient - 'ψ^- by at least one decimal order of magnitude. [0098] Example 3 includes the apparatus of example 1 , wherein the one or more processors and memory are further configured to: identify a plurality of ratios for a plurality of user equipments (UEs) in the cell of the UE, wherein: each ratio in the plurality of ratios is a quotient of a first interference value for a respective UE in the plurality of UEs and a second interference value for the respective UE; the first interference value quantifies an interference between the DL traffic sent from one or more neighboring eNBs and UL traffic sent to the eNB from the respective UE, wherein the DL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB from the respective UE use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources; and the second interference value quantifies an interference between additional UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB from the respective UE; determine a 95th-percentile ratio for the plurality of ratios; and determine the boosting factor B by setting the boosting factor to the 95th-percentile ratio.
[0099] Example 4 includes the apparatus of example 1 , wherein the one or more processors and memory are further configured to: identify the UE-to-UE interference value IUE, identify a conventional DL interference value lot that quantifies an interference between additional DL traffic sent from the one more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB; and determine the boosting factor B by calculating a quotient
— and setting the boosting factor B to a value that is less than the quotient— by at least one decimal order of magnitude.
[00100] Example 5 includes the apparatus of example 1 , wherein the one or more processors and memory are further configured to: identify a plurality of ratios for a plurality of user equipments (UEs) in the cell of the eNB, wherein: each ratio in the plurality of ratios is a quotient of a first interference value for a respective UE in the plurality of UEs and a second interference value for the respective UE; the first interference value quantifies an interference between additional DL traffic sent from the one more neighboring eNBs and DL traffic sent from the eNB to the respective UE; and the second interference value quantifies an interference between additional UL traffic sent to the eNB or the one or more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB to the respective UE, wherein the additional UL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB to the respective UE use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources; determine a 5th- percentile ratio for the plurality of ratios; and determine the boosting factor B by setting the boosting factor to the 5,h-percentile ratio.
[00101] Example 6 includes the apparatus of example 1, wherein the one or more processors and memory are further configured to: identify the eNB-to-eNB interference value Iem identify a conventional UL interference value IUL that quantifies an interference between additional UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB; set a UL boost factor Bui to a value that is greater than a quotient by at least one decimal order of magnitude; set an eNB boost factor BeNB to a value equal to an expression 1 + -^, wherein N0 quantifies a level of signal noise of the UL traffic sent to the eNB; and determine the boosting factor B by setting the boosting factor B to either BUL or Be , whichever is greater.
[00102] Example 7 includes the apparatus of example 1 , wherein the one or more processors and memory are further configured to: identify the eNB-to-eNB interference value Ism,' identify a conventional UL interference value IUL that quantifies an interference between additional UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB; set a UL boost factor BUL to a value that is greater than a quotient - '^- by at least one decimal order of magnitude; set an eNB boost factor BCNB to a lUL
value equal to an expression 1 + 'eNB , wherein N0 quantifies a level of signal noise of
>UL +N0
the UL traffic sent to the eNB; and determine the boosting factor B by setting the boosting factor B to either Bui or Bcm, whichever is greater.
[00103] Example 8 includes the apparatus of example 1 , wherein the one or more processors and memory are further configured to: identify the eNB-to-eNB interference value IeNB; identify the UE-to-UE interference value luiz, identify a conventional UL interference value IUL that quantifies an interference between additional UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB; identify a conventional DL interference value IQ that quantifies an interference between additional DL traffic sent from the one more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB; and determine the boosting factor B by setting the boosting factor B equal to an
Figure imgf000026_0001
[00104] Example 9 includes an apparatus of a user equipment (UE) compatible with a Full-Duplex (FD) cellular network, the apparatus comprising one or more processors and memory configured to: measure a user-equipment-to-user-equipment (UE- to-UE) interference value IUE that quantifies an interference between uplink (UL) traffic sent from other UEs and downlink (DL) traffic sent to the UE from an evolved Node B (eNB), wherein the UL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources; signal transceiver circuitry at the UE to send the UE-to-UE interference value to the eNB; and identify a target power level P0 received from the eNB.
[00105] Example 10 includes the apparatus of example 9, wherein the one or more processors and memory are further configured to identify a fractional power control (FPC) parameter a received from the eNB,.
[00106] Example 1 1 includes the apparatus of example 10, wherein the one or more processors and memory are further configured to set a transmit power P,x of the UE to either an upper transmit power limit Pmax of the UE or P0 + 10 · log(M) +a■ PL, whichever is greater, wherein M is a number of Physical Resource Blocks (PRBs) allocated to the UE by the eNB and PL is a path loss between the UE and the eNB.
[00107] Example 12 includes the apparatus of example 9, 10, or 1 1 , wherein the one or more processors and memory are further configured to: measure a conventional DL interference value IDL that quantifies an interference between DL traffic sent from one more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent to the UE from the eNB; and signal the transceiver circuitry at the UE to send the conventional DL interference value IDL to the eNB.
[00108] Example 13 includes a non-transitory or transitory computer-readable storage medium containing instructions thereon which, when executed by one or more processors, perform the following: identifying an initial target power level Pol signaling transceiver circuitry at an eNB to send the initial target power level Po to one or more user equipments (UEs) in a cell of an evolved Node B (eNB) of a Full-Duplex (FD) cellular network; identifying one or more FD-interference values; determining a boosting factor B for the initial target power level Po based on the one or more FD-interference values; determining an adjusted target power level B · P0 that equals the boosting factor B multiplied by the initial target power level Po and signaling transceiver circuitry at the eNB to send the adjusted target power level B · P0 to the one or more UEs in the cell. [00109] Example 14 includes the computer-readable medium of example 13, further containing instructions thereon which, when executed by one or more processors, perform the following: identifying an eNB-to-eNB interference value IENB that quantifies an interference between downlink (DL) traffic sent from one or more neighboring eNBs and uplink (UL) traffic sent to the eNB, wherein the DL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources, and wherein the FD-interference values comprise the eNB-to-eNB interference value IENB', identifying a conventional UL interference value IUL that quantifies an interference between UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB; determining the boosting factor B by calculating a quotient - '^ and setting the boosting factor B to a value that is greater than the quotient 'UL
- '^- by at least one decimal order of magnitude.
[00110] Example 15 includes the computer-readable medium of example 13, further containing instructions thereon which, when executed by one or more processors, perform the following: identifying a plurality of ratios for a plurality of user equipments (UEs) in the cell of the UE, wherein: each ratio in the plurality of ratios is a quotient of a first interference value for a respective UE in the plurality of UEs and a second interference value for the respective UE; the first interference value quantifies an interference between DL traffic sent from one or more neighboring eNBs and UL traffic sent to the eNB from the respective UE, wherein the DL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB from the respective UE use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources; and the second interference value quantifies an interference between UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB from the respective UE; determining a 95th-percentile ratio for the plurality of ratios; and determining the boosting factor B by setting the boosting factor to the S^-percentile ratio.
[00111] Example 16 includes the computer-readable medium of example 13, further containing instructions thereon which, when executed by one or more processors, perform the following: identifying a user-equipment-to-user-equipment (UE-to-UE) interference value IUE that quantifies an interference between UL traffic sent to the eNB or the one or more neighboring eNBs and DL traffic sent from the eNB, wherein the UL traffic sent to the eNB or the one or more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources ,and wherein the FD-interference values comprise the UE-to-UE interference value IUE, identifying a conventional DL interference value IDL that quantifies an interference between DL traffic sent from the one more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB; and determining the boosting factor B by calculating a quotient and
•UE setting the boosting factor B to a value that is less than the quotient— by at least one decimal order of magnitude.
[00112] Example 17 includes the computer-readable medium of example 13, further containing instructions thereon which, when executed by one or more processors, perform the following: identifying a plurality of ratios for a plurality of user equipments (UEs) in the cell of the eNB, wherein: each ratio in the plurality of ratios is a quotient of a first interference value for a respective UE in the plurality of UEs and a second interference value for the respective UE; the first interference value quantifies an interference between DL traffic sent from one more neighboring eNBs and DL traffic sent from the eNB to the respective UE; and the second interference value quantifies an interference between UL traffic sent to the eNB or the one or more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB to the respective UE, wherein the UL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB to the respective UE use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources; determining a 5,h-percentile ratio for the plurality of ratios; and determining the boosting factor B by setting the boosting factor to the 5th-percentile ratio.
[00113] Example 18 includes the computer-readable medium of example 13, further containing instructions thereon which, when executed by one or more processors, perform the following: identifying an eNB-to-eNB interference value lem that quantifies an interference between downlink (DL) traffic sent from one or more neighboring eNBs and uplink (UL) traffic sent to the eNB, wherein the DL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources, and wherein the FD-interference values comprise the eNB-to-eNB interference value lem identifying a conventional UL interference value IUL that quantifies an interference between UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB; setting a UL boost factor By to a value that is greater than a quotient by at least one decimal order of magnitude; setting an eNB boost factor BeNB to a value equal to an expression 1 + wherein N0 quantifies a level of signal noise of the UL traffic sent to the eNB; and determining the boosting factor B by setting the boosting factor B to either BUL or Bem, whichever is greater.
[00114] Example 19 includes the computer-readable medium of example 13, further containing instructions thereon which, when executed by one or more processors, perform the following: identifying an eNB-to-eNB interference value Iem that quantifies an interference between downlink (DL) traffic sent from one or more neighboring eNBs and uplink (UL) traffic sent to the eNB, wherein the DL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources, and wherein the FD-interference values comprise the eNB-to-eNB interference value IENB identifying a conventional UL interference value IUL that quantifies an interference between UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB; setting a UL boost factor BUL to a value that is greater than a quotient by at least one decimal order of magnitude; setting an eNB boost
'UL
factor BENB to a value equal to an expression 1 + 'ENB , wherein N0 quantifies a level of
!UL+N0
signal noise of the UL traffic sent to the eNB; and determining the boosting factor B by setting the boosting factor B to either BUL or BENB, whichever is greater.
[00115] Example 20 includes the computer-readable medium of example 13, further containing instructions thereon which, when executed by one or more processors, perform the following: identifying an eNB-to-eNB interference value IENB that quantifies an interference between downlink (DL) traffic sent from one or more neighboring eNBs and uplink (UL) traffic sent to the eNB, wherein the DL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources, and wherein the FD-interference values comprise the eNB-to-eNB interference value IENB\ identifying a user-equipment-to-user-equipment (UE-to-UE) interference value IUE that quantifies an interference between UL traffic sent to the eNB or the one or more neighboring eNBs and DL traffic sent from the eNB, wherein the UL traffic sent to the eNB or the one or more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources ,and wherein the FD-interference values comprise the UE-to-UE interference value IUE; identifying a conventional UL interference value IU that quantifies an interference between additional UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB; identifying a conventional DL interference value IDL that quantifies an interference between additional DL traffic sent from the one more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB; and determining the boosting factor B by setting the boosting factor B equal to an expression l'eNB >DL.
[00116] Example 21 includes a means for setting a power level in a Full-Duplex (FD) cellular system, the means comprising: a means for identifying an initial target power level Po; a means for sending the initial target power level Poto one or more user equipments (UEs) in a cell of an evolved Node B (eNB) of a Full-Duplex (FD) cellular network; a means for identifying one or more FD-interference values; a means for determining a boosting factor B for the initial target power level Po based on the one or more FD-interference values; a means for determining an adjusted target power level B■ P0 that equals the boosting factor B multiplied by the initial target power level Po; and a means for sending the adjusted target power level B · P0 to the one or more UEs in the cell.
[00117] Example 22 includes the means of example 21 , further comprising: a means for identifying an eNB-to-eNB interference value IENB that quantifies an interference between downlink (DL) traffic sent from one or more neighboring eNBs and uplink (UL) traffic sent to the eNB, wherein the DL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources, and wherein the FD-interference values comprise the eNB-to-eNB interference value Iem a means for identifying a conventional UL interference value ½„ that quantifies an interference between UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB; a means for determining the boosting factor B by calculating a quotient - '^. ancj setting the boosting factor B to a value that is greater than the quotient by at least one decimal order of magnitude.
[00118] Example 23 includes the means of example 21 , further comprising: a means for identifying a plurality of ratios for a plurality of user equipments (UEs) in the cell of the UE, wherein: each ratio in the plurality of ratios is a quotient of a first interference value for a respective UE in the plurality of UEs and a second interference value for the respective UE; the first interference value quantifies an interference between DL traffic sent from one or more neighboring eNBs and UL traffic sent to the eNB from the respective UE, wherein the DL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB from the respective UE use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources; and the second interference value quantifies an interference between UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB from the respective UE; a means for determining a S^-percentile ratio for the plurality of ratios; and a means for determining the boosting factor B by setting the boosting factor to the 95*-percentile ratio.
[00119] Example 24 includes the means of example 21 , further comprising: a means for identifying a user-equipment-to-user-equipment (UE-to-UE) interference value IUE that quantifies an interference between UL traffic sent to the eNB or the one or more neighboring eNBs and DL traffic sent from the eNB, wherein the UL traffic sent to the eNB or the one or more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources ,and wherein the FD- interference values comprise the UE-to-UE interference value IUE', a means for identifying a conventional DL interference value IQL that quantifies an interference between DL traffic sent from the one more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB; and a means for determining the boosting factor B by calculating a quotient— and setting the boosting factor B to a value that is less than the quotient— by at least one decimal order of magnitude.
[00120] Example 25 includes the means of example 21 , further comprising: a means for identifying a plurality of ratios for a plurality of user equipments (UEs) in the cell of the eNB, wherein: each ratio in the plurality of ratios is a quotient of a first interference value for a respective UE in the plurality of UEs and a second interference value for the respective UE; the first interference value quantifies an interference between DL traffic sent from one more neighboring eNBs and DL traffic sent from the eNB to the respective UE; and the second interference value quantifies an interference between UL traffic sent to the eNB or the one or more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB to the respective UE, wherein the UL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB to the respective UE use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources; a means for determining a 5l -percentile ratio for the plurality of ratios; and a means for determining the boosting factor B by setting the boosting factor to the S^-percentile ratio.
[00121] Example 26 includes the means of example 21 , further comprising: a means for identifying an eNB-to-eNB interference value Ie that quantifies an interference between downlink (DL) traffic sent from one or more neighboring eNBs and uplink (UL) traffic sent to the eNB, wherein the DL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources, and wherein the FD-interference values comprise the eNB-to-eNB interference value Ie a means for identifying a conventional UL interference value IUL that quantifies an interference between UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB; a means for setting a UL boost factor Bui to a value that is greater than a quotient by at least one decimal order of magnitude; a means for setting an eNB boost factor Be to a value equal to an expression 1 + wherein No quantifies a level of signal noise of the UL traffic sent to the eNB; and a means for determining the boosting factor B by setting the boosting factor B to either BUL or BENB, whichever is greater.
[00122] Example 27 includes the means of example 21 , further comprising: a means for identifying an eNB-to-eNB interference value IENB that quantifies an interference between downlink (DL) traffic sent from one or more neighboring eNBs and uplink (UL) traffic sent to the eNB, wherein the DL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources, and wherein the FD-interference values comprise the eNB-to-eNB interference value lem a means for identifying a conventional UL interference value IUL that quantifies an interference between UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB; a means for setting a UL boost factor Bui to a value that is greater than a quotient - '^- by at least one decimal order of magnitude; a means for setting an eNB boost factor Bem to a value equal to an expression 1 + 'eNB , wherein No quantifies a level of signal noise of the UL traffic sent lUL+No
to the eNB; and a means for determining the boosting factor B by setting the boosting factor B to either BU or BCNB, whichever is greater. [00123] Example 28 includes the means of example 21 , further comprising: a means for identifying an eNB-to-eNB interference value lem that quantifies an interference between downlink (DL) traffic sent from one or more neighboring eNBs and uplink (UL) traffic sent to the eNB, wherein the DL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources, and wherein the FD- interference values comprise the eNB-to-eNB interference value UNB, a means for identifying a user-equipment-to-user- equipment (UE-to-UE) interference value IUE that quantifies an interference between UL traffic sent to the eNB or the one or more neighboring eNBs and DL traffic sent from the eNB, wherein the UL traffic sent to the eNB or the one or more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources ,and wherein the FD-interference values comprise the UE-to-UE interference value IUE', a means for identifying a conventional UL interference value IUL that quantifies an interference between additional UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB; a means for identifying a conventional DL interference value IDL that quantifies an interference between additional DL traffic sent from the one more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB; and a means for
ng the boosting factor B by setting the boosting factor B equal to an expression
Figure imgf000034_0001
[00124] Various techniques, or certain aspects or portions thereof, may take the form of program code (i.e., instructions) embodied in tangible media, such as floppy diskettes, compact disc-read-only memory (CD-ROMs), hard drives, non-transitory computer readable storage medium, or any other machine-readable storage medium wherein, when the program code is loaded into and executed by a machine, such as a computer, the machine becomes an apparatus for practicing the various techniques. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium can be a computer readable storage medium that does not include signal. In the case of program code execution on programmable computers, the computing device may include a processor, a storage medium readable by the processor (including volatile and non-volatile memory and/or storage elements), at least one input device, and at least one output device. The volatile and non- volatile memory and/or storage elements may be a random-access memory (RAM), erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM), flash drive, optical drive, magnetic hard drive, solid state drive, or other medium for storing electronic data. The node and wireless device may also include a transceiver module (i.e., transceiver), a counter module (i.e., counter), a processing module (i.e., processor), and/or a clock module (i.e., clock) or timer module (i.e., timer). One or more programs that may implement or utilize the various techniques described herein may use an application programming interface (API), reusable controls, and the like. Such programs may be implemented in a high level procedural or object oriented programming language to communicate with a computer system. However, the program(s) may be implemented in assembly or machine language, if desired. In any case, the language may be a compiled or interpreted language, and combined with hardware implementations.
[00125] As used herein, the term "circuitry" may refer to, be part of, or include an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), an electronic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group), and/or memory (shared, dedicated, or group) that execute one or more software or firmware programs, a combinational logic circuit, and/or other suitable hardware components that provide the described functionality. In some embodiments, the circuitry may be implemented in, or functions associated with the circuitry may be implemented by, one or more software or firmware modules. In some embodiments, circuitry may include logic, at least partially operable in hardware.
[00126] While the flowcharts presented for this technology may imply a specific order of execution, the order of execution may differ from what is illustrated. For example, the order of two more blocks may be rearranged relative to the order shown. Further, two or more blocks shown in succession may be executed in parallel or with partial parallelization. In some configurations, one or more blocks shown in the flow chart may be omitted or skipped. Any number of counters, state variables, warning semaphores, or messages may be added to the logical flow for enhanced utility, accounting, performance, measurement, troubleshooting, or other purposes.
[00127] As used herein, the word "or" indicates an inclusive disjunction. For example, as used herein, the phrase "A or B" represents an inclusive disjunction of exemplary conditions A and B. Hence, "A or B" is false only if both condition A is false and condition B is false. When condition A is true and condition B is also true, "A or B" is also true. When condition A is true and condition B is false, "A or B" is true. When condition B is true and condition A is false, "A or B" is true. In other words, the term "or," as used herein, should not be construed as an exclusive disjunction. The term "xor" is used where an exclusive disjunction is intended.
[00128] As used herein, the term processor can include general-purpose processors, specialized processors such as VLSI, FPGAs, and other types of specialized processors, as well as base-band processors used in transceivers to send, receive, and process wireless communications.
[00129] It should be understood that many of the functional units described in this specification have been labeled as modules, in order to more particularly emphasize their implementation independence. For example, a module can be implemented as a hardware circuit (e.g., an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)) comprising custom VLSI circuits or gate arrays, off-the-shelf semiconductors such as logic chips, transistors, or other discrete components. A module can also be implemented in programmable hardware devices such as field programmable gate arrays, programmable array logic, programmable logic devices or the like.
[00130] Modules can also be implemented in software for execution by various types of processors. An identified module of executable code can, for instance, comprise one or more physical or logical blocks of computer instructions, which can, for instance, be organized as an object, procedure, or function. Nevertheless, the executables of an identified module does not have to be physically located together, but can comprise disparate instructions stored in different locations which, when joined logically together, comprise the module and achieve the stated purpose for the module.
[00131] Indeed, a module of executable code can be a single instruction, or many instructions, and can even be distributed over several different code segments, among different programs, and across several memory devices. Similarly, operational data can be identified and illustrated herein within modules, and can be embodied in any suitable form and organized within any suitable type of data structure. The operational data can be collected as a single data set, or can be distributed over different locations including over different storage devices, and can exist, at least partially, merely as electronic signals on a system or network. The modules can be passive or active, including agents operable to perform desired functions.
[00132] As used herein, the term "processor" can include general purpose processors, specialized processors such as VLSI, FPGAs, and other types of specialized processors, as well as base band processors used in transceivers to send, receive, and process wireless communications.
[00133] Reference throughout this specification to "an example" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the example is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, appearances of the phrases "in an example" in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment.
[00134] As used herein, a plurality of items, structural elements, compositional elements, and/or materials can be presented in a common list for convenience. However, these lists should be construed as though each member of the list is individually identified as a separate and unique member. Thus, no individual member of such list should be construed as a de facto equivalent of any other member of the same list solely based on their presentation in a common group without indications to the contrary. In addition, various embodiments and examples can be referred to herein along with alternatives for the various components thereof. It is understood that such embodiments, examples, and alternatives are not to be construed as de facto equivalents of one another, but are to be considered as separate and autonomous.
[00135] Furthermore, the described features, structures, or characteristics can be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. In the foregoing description, numerous specific details are provided, such as examples of layouts, distances, network examples, etc., to provide a thorough understanding of some embodiments. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize, however, that the some embodiments can be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with other methods, components, layouts, etc. In other instances, well-known structures, materials, or operations are not shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of different embodiments.
[00136] While the forgoing examples are illustrative of the principles used in various embodiments in one or more particular applications, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that numerous modifications in form, usage and details of implementation can be made without the exercise of inventive faculty, and without departing from the principles and concepts of the embodiments. Accordingly, it is not intended that the claimed matter be limited, except as by the claims set forth below.

Claims

What is claimed is: 1. An apparatus of an evolved Node B (eNB) in a Full-Duplex (FD) cellular system, the apparatus comprising one or more processors and memory configured to:
identify an initial target power level Po;
signal transceiver circuitry at the eNB to send the initial target power level Po to one or more user equipments (UEs) in a cell of the eNB;
identify one or more FD-interference values including one or more of:
an eNB-to-eNB interference value IENB that quantifies an interference between downlink (DL) traffic sent from one or more neighboring eNBs and uplink (UL) traffic sent to the eNB, wherein the DL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources, or
a user-equipment-to-user-equipment (UE-to-UE) interference value IUE that quantifies an interference between UL traffic sent to the eNB or the one or more neighboring eNBs and DL traffic sent from the eNB, wherein the UL traffic sent to the eNB or the one or more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources;
determine a boosting factor B for the initial target power level Po based on the one or more FD-interference values that are identified;
determine an adjusted target power level B■ P0 that equals the boosting factor B multiplied by the initial target power level P0; and
signal the transceiver circuitry at the eNB to send the adjusted target power level B · P0 to the one or more UEs in the cell.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the one or more processors and memory are further configured to:
identify the eNB-to-eNB interference value Iem identify a conventional UL interference value IUL that quantifies an interference between additional UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB; and
determine the boosting factor B by calculating a quotient - '^- and setting
>UL
the boosting factor B to a value that is greater than the quotient by at least one
LUL
decimal order of magnitude.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the one or more processors and memory are further configured to:
identify a plurality of ratios for a plurality of user equipments (UEs) in the cell of the UE, wherein:
each ratio in the plurality of ratios is a quotient of a first interference value for a respective UE in the plurality of UEs and a second interference value for the respective UE;
the first interference value quantifies an interference between the DL traffic sent from one or more neighboring eNBs and UL traffic sent to the eNB from the respective UE, wherein the DL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB from the respective UE use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources; and
the second interference value quantifies an interference between additional UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB from the respective UE; determine a 95th-percentile ratio for the plurality of ratios; and determine the boosting factor B by setting the boosting factor B to the 95th- percentile ratio.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the one or more processors and memory are further configured to:
identify the UE-to-UE interference value I HE,' identify a conventional DL interference value lot that quantifies an interference between additional DL traffic sent from the one more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB; and
determine the boosting factor B by calculating a quotient— and setting lUE
the boosting factor B to a value that is less than the quotient— by at least one lUE
decimal order of magnitude.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the one or more processors and memory are further configured to:
identify a plurality of ratios for a plurality of user equipments (UEs) in the cell of the eNB, wherein:
each ratio in the plurality of ratios is a quotient of a first interference value for a respective UE in the plurality of UEs and a second interference value for the respective UE;
the first interference value quantifies an interference between additional DL traffic sent from the one more neighboring eNBs and DL traffic sent from the eNB to the respective UE; and the second interference value quantifies an interference between additional UL traffic sent to the eNB or the one or more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB to the respective UE, wherein the additional UL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB to the respective UE use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources;
determine a S^-percentile ratio for the plurality of ratios; and determine the boosting factor B by setting the boosting factor B to the 5th- percentile ratio.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the one or more processors and memory are further configured to:
identify the eNB-to-eNB interference value Ie identify a conventional UL interference value IU that quantifies an interference between additional UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB;
set a UL boost factor BU to a value that is greater than a quotient - '^ by lUL at least one decimal order of magnitude;
set an eNB boost factor Be to a value equal to an expression 1 + IsS .^ wherein No quantifies a level of signal noise of the UL traffic sent to the eNB; and determine the boosting factor B by setting the boosting factor B to either BUL or Be , whichever is greater.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the one or more processors and memory are further configured to:
identify the eNB-to-eNB interference value m
identify a conventional UL interference value IUL that quantifies an interference between additional UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB;
set a UL boost factor Bui to a value that is greater than a quotient by at least one decimal order of magnitude;
set an eNB boost factor Be to a value equal to an expression 1 + 'eNB ,
•UL+N0 wherein No quantifies a level of signal noise of the UL traffic sent to the eNB; and determine the boosting factor B by setting the boosting factor B to either BUL or Beim, whichever is greater.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the one or more processors and memory are further configured to:
identify the eNB-to-eNB interference value lem
identify the UE-to-UE interference value IUE,
identify a conventional UL interference value IUL that quantifies an interference between additional UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB; identify a conventional DL interference value IDL that quantifies an interference between additional DL traffic sent from the one more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB; and
boosting factor B by setting the boosting factor B equal to an
Figure imgf000042_0001
9. An apparatus of a user equipment (UE) compatible with a Full-Duplex (FD) cellular network, the apparatus comprising one or more processors and memory configured to:
measure a user-equipment-to-user-equipment (UE-to-UE) interference value IUE that quantifies an interference between uplink (UL) traffic sent from other UEs and downlink (DL) traffic sent to the UE from an evolved Node B (eNB), wherein the UL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources;
signal transceiver circuitry at the UE to send the UE-to-UE interference value to the eNB; and
identify a target power level P0 received from the eNB.
10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the one or more processors and memory are further configured to identify a fractional power control (FPC) parameter a received from the eNB.
1 1. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the one or more processors and memory are further configured to set a transmit power Pu of the UE to either an upper transmit power limit Pmax of the UE or P0 + 10 · log( ) +a · PL, whichever is greater, wherein M is a number of Physical Resource Blocks (PRBs) allocated to the UE by the eNB and PL is a path loss between the UE and the eNB.
12. The apparatus of claim 9, 10, or 1 1 , wherein the one or more processors and memory are further configured to: measure a conventional DL interference value IDL that quantifies an interference between DL traffic sent from one more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent to the UE from the eNB; and
signal the transceiver circuitry at the UE to send the conventional DL interference value IDL to the eNB.
13. A computer-readable storage medium containing instructions thereon which, when executed by one or more processors, perform the following:
identifying an initial target power level Ρο',
signaling transceiver circuitry at the eNB to send the initial target power level i¾ to one or more user equipments (UEs) in a cell of an evolved Node B (eNB) of a Full-Duplex (FD) cellular network;
identifying one or more FD-interference values;
determining a boosting factor B for the initial target power level Po based on the one or more FD-interference values;
determining an adjusted target power level B · P0 that equals the boosting factor B multiplied by the initial target power level Po and
signaling the transceiver circuitry at the eNB to send the adjusted target power level B · P0 to the one or more UEs in the cell.
14. The computer-readable medium of claim 13, further containing instructions thereon which, when executed by one or more processors, perform the following:
identifying an eNB-to-eNB interference value Iem that quantifies an interference between downlink (DL) traffic sent from one or more neighboring eNBs and uplink (UL) traffic sent to the eNB, wherein the DL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources, and wherein the FD- interference values comprise the eNB-to-eNB interference value Iem,
identifying a conventional UL interference value IU that quantifies an interference between UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB; determining the boosting factor B by calculating a quotient—— and setting the boosting factor B to a value that is greater than the quotient by at least one decimal order of magnitude.
15. The computer-readable medium of claim 13, further containing instructions thereon which, when executed by one or more processors, perform the following:
identifying a plurality of ratios for a plurality of user equipments (UEs) in the cell of the UE, wherein:
each ratio in the plurality of ratios is a quotient of a first interference value for a respective UE in the plurality of UEs and a second interference value for the respective UE;
the first interference value quantifies an interference between DL traffic sent from one or more neighboring eNBs and UL traffic sent to the eNB from the respective UE, wherein the DL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB from the respective UE use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources; and
the second interference value quantifies an interference between UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB from the respective UE;
determining a 95Λ-ρεπ;εηΐΠε ratio for the plurality of ratios; and determining the boosting factor B by setting the boosting factor to the 95th- percentile ratio.
16. The computer-readable medium of claim 13, further containing instructions thereon which, when executed by one or more processors, perform the following:
identifying a user-equipment-to-user-equipment (UE-to-UE) interference value IUE that quantifies an interference between UL traffic sent to the eNB or the one or more neighboring eNBs and DL traffic sent from the eNB, wherein the UL traffic sent to the eNB or the one or more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources ,and wherein the FD-interference values comprise the UE-to-UE interference value IUE,'
identifying a conventional DL interference value ½. that quantifies an interference between DL traffic sent from the one more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB; and
determining the boosting factor B by calculating a quotient - '^- and setting the boosting factor B to a value that is less than the quotient— by at least one decimal order of magnitude.
17. The computer-readable medium of claim 13, further containing instructions thereon which, when executed by one or more processors, perform the following:
identifying a plurality of ratios for a plurality of user equipments (UEs) in the cell of the eNB, wherein:
each ratio in the plurality of ratios is a quotient of a first interference value for a respective UE in the plurality of UEs and a second interference value for the respective UE;
the first interference value quantifies an interference between DL traffic sent from one more neighboring eNBs and DL traffic sent from the eNB to the respective UE; and
the second interference value quantifies an interference between UL traffic sent to the eNB or the one or more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB to the respective UE, wherein the UL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB to the respective UE use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources;
determining a S^-percentile ratio for the plurality of ratios; and determining the boosting factor B by setting the boosting factor to the 5th- percentile ratio.
18. The computer-readable medium of claim 13, further containing instructions thereon which, when executed by one or more processors, perform the following: identifying an eNB-to-eNB interference value IENB that quantifies an interference between downlink (DL) traffic sent from one or more neighboring eNBs and uplink (UL) traffic sent to the eNB, wherein the DL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources, and wherein the FD- interference values comprise the eNB-to-eNB interference value Ι£ΝΒ\
identifying a conventional UL interference value IUL that quantifies an interference between UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB;
setting a UL boost factor Bui to a value that is greater than a quotient
' UL by at least one decimal order of magnitude;
setting an eNB boost factor Bem to a value equal to an expression 1 + wherein No quantifies a level of signal noise of the UL traffic sent to the eNB; and determining the boosting factor B by setting the boosting factor B to either BUL or BENB, whichever is greater.
19. The computer-readable medium of claim 13, further containing instructions thereon which, when executed by one or more processors, perform the following:
identifying an eNB-to-eNB interference value Ie that quantifies an interference between downlink (DL) traffic sent from one or more neighboring eNBs and uplink (UL) traffic sent to the eNB, wherein the DL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources, and wherein the FD- interference values comprise the eNB-to-eNB interference value Icm\
identifying a conventional UL interference value IUL that quantifies an interference between UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB;
setting a UL boost factor Bui to a value that is greater than a quotient by at least one decimal order of magnitude; setting an eNB boost factor BENB to a value equal to an expression 1 +
I eNB
·, wherein No quantifies a level of signal noise of the UL traffic sent to the lUL+No
eNB; and
determining the boosting factor B by setting the boosting factor B to either BUL or Bene, whichever is greater.
20. The computer-readable medium of claim 13, further containing instructions thereon which, when executed by one or more processors, perform the following:
identifying an eNB-to-eNB interference value IENB that quantifies an interference between downlink (DL) traffic sent from one or more neighboring eNBs and uplink (UL) traffic sent to the eNB, wherein the DL traffic sent from the one or more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources, and wherein the FD- interference values comprise the eNB-to-eNB interference value lem
identifying a user-equipment-to-user-equipment (UE-to-UE) interference value I{jE that quantifies an interference between UL traffic sent to the eNB or the one or more neighboring eNBs and DL traffic sent from the eNB, wherein the UL traffic sent to the eNB or the one or more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB use overlapping time resources and overlapping frequency resources ,and wherein the FD-interference values comprise the UE-to-UE interference value IUE,
identifying a conventional UL interference value I<JL that quantifies an interference between additional UL traffic sent to the one more neighboring eNBs and the UL traffic sent to the eNB;
identifying a conventional DL interference value I L that quantifies an interference between additional DL traffic sent from the one more neighboring eNBs and the DL traffic sent from the eNB; and
boosting factor B by setting the boosting factor B equal to
Figure imgf000047_0001
PCT/US2015/000353 2015-12-24 2015-12-24 Uplink power control for interference mitigation in full- duplex cellular networks WO2017111807A1 (en)

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