Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. mouth-to-mouth respiration; Tracheal tubes
  • A61M16/021—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. mouth-to-mouth respiration; Tracheal tubes operated by electrical means
  • A61M16/022—Control means therefor
  • A61M16/024—Control means therefor including calculation means, e.g. using a processor
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. mouth-to-mouth respiration; Tracheal tubes
  • A61M16/0057—Pumps therefor
  • A61M16/0066—Blowers or centrifugal pumps
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. mouth-to-mouth respiration; Tracheal tubes
  • A61M16/06—Respiratory or anaesthetic masks
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. mouth-to-mouth respiration; Tracheal tubes
  • A61M16/08—Bellows; Connecting tubes ; Water traps; Patient circuits
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. mouth-to-mouth respiration; Tracheal tubes
  • A61M16/08—Bellows; Connecting tubes ; Water traps; Patient circuits
  • A61M16/0816—Joints or connectors
  • A61M16/0841—Joints or connectors for sampling
  • A61M16/085—Gas sampling
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. mouth-to-mouth respiration; Tracheal tubes
  • A61M16/0003—Accessories therefor, e.g. sensors, vibrators, negative pressure
  • A61M2016/0015—Accessories therefor, e.g. sensors, vibrators, negative pressure inhalation detectors
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M2205/00—General characteristics of the apparatus
  • A61M2205/50—General characteristics of the apparatus with microprocessors or computers
  • A61M2205/502—User interfaces, e.g. screens or keyboards
  • A61M2205/505—Touch-screens; Virtual keyboard or keypads; Virtual buttons; Soft keys; Mouse touches
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M2205/00—General characteristics of the apparatus
  • A61M2205/50—General characteristics of the apparatus with microprocessors or computers
  • A61M2205/52—General characteristics of the apparatus with microprocessors or computers with memories providing a history of measured variating parameters of apparatus or patient
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M2230/00—Measuring parameters of the user
  • A61M2230/40—Respiratory characteristics
  • A61M2230/43—Composition of exhalation
  • A61M2230/432—Composition of exhalation partial CO2 pressure (P-CO2)

Definitions

• the present disclosure is directed generally to methods and systems for measuring C0 2 levels in a non-invasive ventilator system.
• NMV non-invasive positive pressure ventilation
• invasive ventilation uses a dual-limb connecting circuit that separately carries exhaled gases, which prevents rebreathing of C0 2 in invasive ventilation which therefore requires no leak.
• the methods for C0 2 monitoring during non-invasive ventilation include arterial blood gases (ABGs) for partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaC0 2 ) measurement or continuous sampling of exhaled flow with a mainstream or a sidestream sensor for end-tidal carbon dioxide (etC0 2 ) measurement.
• ABSGs arterial blood gases
• etC0 2 end-tidal carbon dioxide
• mainstream sensor measurements can be based on the exhaled flow that flows back to the sensor placed between the mask elbow and the exhalation port connected to the patient circuit, for single-limb non-invasive ventilation.
• the mainstream sensor can be placed between the non-vented mask port and the patient circuit wye, the wye being the connector that joins the inspiratory and expiratory limbs of a two-limb patient circuit to the patient airway.
• the sidestream sensor can be connected to the sampling cannula placed under the mask to collect the exhaled flow via the nasal and oral prongs placed at the nares and mouth.
• the delivery of non-invasive ventilation is usually associated with high leaks around the mask seal on the face, which leads to exhaled gas escaping through the leaks around the mask before a substantial amount reaches the mainstream sensor.
• the sidestream sensor with its sampling cannula placed in the nares may provide better C0 2 measurement, but is affected by the dilution of exhaled flow with the gas flow from the ventilator to maintain expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP).
• EPAP expiratory positive airway pressure
• the placement of the cannula under the mask may lead to an increase in the leak around the mask.
• a minimum EPAP level of approximately four (4) cmH 2 0, of air, 0 2 , or a mixture thereof is typically maintained during exhalation to allow the exhaled gas to escape out of the exhalation port(s) and from the leaks around the mask seal on the face.
• the ventilator delivers more gas to maintain EPAP and thus more of the exhaled gas escapes out of the exhalation port.
• the present disclosure is directed to inventive methods and systems for measuring C0 2 levels in a non-invasive ventilator system.
• Various embodiments and implementations herein are directed to a non-invasive ventilator system that measure C0 2 using a standalone or integrated CO 2 sensor.
• the EPAP level of the noninvasive ventilator system is set by the clinician to a lower level, preferably below four cmH 2 0, for a predetermined number of breaths.
• the CO2 sensor obtains one or more CO 2 measurements.
• the EPAP level is returned to the original EPAP setting.
• a ventilator for measuring a patient's expired CO 2 level in a non-invasive ventilator system while maintaining a positive inspiratory pressure includes the steps of: receiving, by the non-invasive ventilator system, a signal including an instruction to obtain a CO 2 measurement from a patient; lowering, by the non-invasive ventilator system in response to the signal, the expiratory positive airway pressure from a first, higher level to a second, lower level for a first time period comprising one or more breaths; obtaining, by a CO 2 sensor, a CO 2 measurement during the first time period; and returning, after the first time period, the expiratory positive airway pressure to the first, higher level.
• the step of lowering the expiratory positive airway pressure from a first, higher level to a second, lower level comprises sending a control signal to a blower of the non-invasive ventilator.
• the method includes the step of sending a signal from a controller of the non-invasive ventilator system to the CO 2 sensor, the signal comprising instructions to obtain the CO 2 measurement during the first time period.
• the second, lower level is approximately 1 cmt ⁇ O.
• the first period of time is approximately two breaths.
• the method further includes the step of providing the CO2 measurement to a user.
• the receiving step includes configuring the non-invasive ventilator system to obtain a C0 2 measurement at one of a periodic interval of patient-triggered breaths.
• a non-invasive ventilator configured to measure a patient's expired C0 2 level while maintaining a positive inspiratory pressure.
• the non-invasive ventilator system includes: a user interface configured to receive, from a user, a signal comprising an instruction to obtain a C0 2 measurement from the patient during a first time period comprising one or more breaths; a C0 2 sensor configured to obtain one or more expired C0 2 measurements from the patient during the first time period; and a controller in communication with the C0 2 sensor, the controller configured to lower, in response to the signal, the expiratory positive airway pressure from a first, higher level to a second, lower level for the first time period, and further configured to direct the C0 2 sensor to obtain a C0 2 measurement during the first time period, and further configured to return, after the first time period, the expiratory positive airway pressure to the first, higher level.
• the non-invasive ventilator further includes a user interface configured to receive the signal from the user.
• the user interface is a button.
• the C0 2 sensor is an integrated sensor located near a patient interface.
• the non-invasive ventilator further includes a display screen configured to display the obtained C0 2 measurement.
• a controller of a non-invasive ventilator system configured to measure a patient's expired C0 2 level while maintaining a positive inspiratory pressure.
• the controller is configured to: receive, from a user interface of the non-invasive ventilator system, a signal comprising an instruction to obtain a C0 2 measurement from a patient; lower, in response to the signal, the expiratory positive airway pressure of the noninvasive ventilator system from a first, higher level to a second, lower level for a first time period comprising one or more breaths; send a signal to a C0 2 sensor of the non-invasive ventilator system, the signal comprising instructions to obtain the C0 2 measurement during the first time period; and return, after the first time period, the expiratory positive airway pressure to the first, higher level.
• controller is used generally to describe various apparatus relating to the operation of a ventilator apparatus, system, or method.
• a controller can be implemented in numerous ways (e.g., such as with dedicated hardware) to perform various functions discussed herein.
• a "processor” is one example of a controller which employs one or more microprocessors that may be programmed using software (e.g., microcode) to perform various functions discussed herein.
• a controller may be implemented with or without employing a processor, and also may be implemented as a combination of dedicated hardware to perform some functions and a processor (e.g., one or more programmed microprocessors and associated circuitry) to perform other functions. Examples of controller components that may be employed in various embodiments of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, conventional microprocessors, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), and field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs).
• ASICs application specific integrated circuits
• FPGAs field-programmable gate arrays
• a processor or controller may be associated with one or more storage media (generically referred to herein as "memory,” e.g., volatile and non-volatile computer memory such as RAM, PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM, floppy disks, compact disks, optical disks, magnetic tape, etc.).
• the storage media may be encoded with one or more programs that, when executed on one or more processors and/or controllers, perform at least some of the functions discussed herein.
• Various storage media may be fixed within a processor or controller or may be transportable, such that the one or more programs stored thereon can be loaded into a processor or controller so as to implement various aspects of the present invention discussed herein.
• program or “computer program” are used herein in a generic sense to refer to any type of computer code (e.g., software or microcode) that can be employed to program one or more processors or controllers.
• user interface refers to an interface between a human user or operator and one or more devices that enables communication between the user and the device(s).
• user interfaces that may be employed in various implementations of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, switches, potentiometers, buttons, dials, sliders, track balls, display screens, various types of graphical user interfaces (GUIs), touch screens, microphones and other types of sensors that may receive some form of human-generated stimulus and generate a signal in response thereto.
• GUIs graphical user interfaces
• FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a non-invasive ventilator system in accordance with an embodiment.
• FIG. 2 is a flowchart of a method for measuring C0 2 using a non-invasive ventilator system, in accordance with an embodiment.
• FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of a computer system of a non-invasive ventilator configured to obtain C0 2 measurements, in accordance with an embodiment.
• FIG. 4 is a graph showing a pressure waveform for a non-invasive ventilator system, in accordance with an embodiment. Detailed Description of Embodiments
• the present disclosure describes various embodiments of a ventilator system and method. More generally, Applicant has recognized and appreciated that it would be beneficial to provide a non-invasive ventilation system that accurately measures C0 2 levels using a standalone or integrated C0 2 sensor. To obtain a measurement of C0 2 level, the EPAP level of the noninvasive ventilator system is reduced by the clinician for a predetermined number of breaths during which time C0 2 measurements are obtained by the C0 2 sensor.
• the system includes a controller, in communication with the C0 2 sensor, that controls the EPAP level changes and monitors the number of breaths to determine when to take C0 2 measurements and when to return the EPAP to normal levels.
• the system is a single limb ventilator such that there is a leak flow near the patient connection, and such that patient-exhaled gas has the potential to travel in a reverse direction through the blower during exhalation.
• the system includes a controller 120, which can be a conventional microprocessor, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a system on chip (SOC), and/or a field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), among other types of controllers.
• a controller may be implemented with or without employing a processor, and also may be implemented as a combination of dedicated hardware to perform some functions and a processor (e.g., one or more programmed microprocessors and associated circuitry) to perform other functions.
• the controller 120 can be coupled with or otherwise in communication with any needed memory, power supply, I/O devices, control circuitry, and/or other devices necessary for operation of the system according to the embodiments described or otherwise envisioned herein.
• a processor or controller may be associated with one or more storage media.
• the storage media may be encoded with one or more programs that, when executed on one or more processors and/or controllers, perform at least some of the functions discussed herein.
• Various storage media may be fixed within a processor or controller or may be transportable, such that the one or more programs stored thereon can be loaded into a processor or controller so as to implement various aspects of the present invention discussed herein.
• program or "computer program” are used herein in a generic sense to refer to any type of computer code (e.g., software or microcode) that can be employed to program one or more processors or controllers.
• the non-invasive ventilation system includes a tube or tubing 130 that delivers gas from the remote ventilator component 140 to the patient interface 150.
• Patient interface 150 can be, for example, a face mask that covers all or a portion of the patient's mouth and/or nose. There may be masks of many different sizes to accommodate patients or individuals of different sizes, and/or the mask may be adjustable. As another alternative, patient interface 150 may fit within or on, or otherwise interact with, a tracheostomy tube. Accordingly, the patient interface 150 may be a variety of sizes to accommodate tracheostomies of different shapes and sizes. The patient interface is configured to fit with at least a portion of the patient's airway.
• Tubing 130 and/or patient interface 150 can also include a C0 2 sensor 160.
• the C0 2 sensor 160 is located near the elbow 162 of patient interface 150 or tubing 130.
• the C0 2 sensor 160 is in wired or wireless communication with controller 120. It should be noted that although C0 2 sensor 160 is depicted as an integral C0 2 sensor in FIG. 1 , the sensor may be separate from the ventilator, tubing, or mask.
• System 100 also includes a blower 180 with a motor, which generates flow and pressure for the system.
• the blower motor is controlled by a blower motor controller, which can control, for example, the speed of the motor.
• the blower motor is a component of the blower, which can include an impeller, housing, and motor.
• the flow and pressure of the system is determined in part by the speed of the blower motor, the activity of which in turn is controlled by the blower motor controller.
• the blower motor controller can be the same controller as controller 120, or can be a separate controller preferably in communication with controller 120.
• the controller can be any processor, and can be coupled with or otherwise in communication with any needed memory, power supply, VO devices, control circuitry, and/or other devices necessary for operation of the system according to the embodiments described or otherwise envisioned herein.
• system 100 uses both ambient air and a high-pressure gas source, such as an oxygen source, to produce the gas delivered to the patient.
• a gas source such as an oxygen source
• the gas source can be any gas source that might be utilized, such as surrounding environmental air, an oxygen tank, a nitrogen tank, mixtures thereof, as well as a very wide variety of other gas sources.
• the non-invasive ventilation system 100 also includes a user interface (UI) 170.
• UI 170 includes graphical, textual and/or auditory information that the system presents to the user, such as a clinician, as well as the control sequences - such as keystrokes, computer mouse movements or selections, and/or touchscreen movements or selections, among other control sequences - that the user utilizes to control the system.
• the UI 170 is a graphical user interface.
• UI 170 includes a display screen 172.
• Display screen 172 may include, for example, a touchscreen enabling the user to change one or more settings of the non-invasive ventilation system 100, as well as a graphical output that displays breathing and ventilation information to the user.
• user interface 170 includes an interface such as a button or switch that the user pushes, slides, switches, or otherwise activates in order to activate the C0 2 measurement.
• the display screen can include a touchscreen C0 2 measurement button or other input mechanism using touch, a stylus, or another selection mechanism.
• the user interface can also provide the user with options and variables for the C0 2 measurement routine, including the selection of the inspiratory positive airway pressure (IPAP) and/or expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP) level during C0 2 measurement, as well as the time period or number of breaths over which the C0 2 measurement will occur.
• IIPAP inspiratory positive airway pressure
• EPAP expiratory positive airway pressure
• user interface 170 and controller 120 operate cooperatively to configure the non-invasive ventilator to obtain a C0 2 measurement.
• the user interface 170 can be in communication with controller 120 such that when the user configures the system by selecting one or more functions or options, the controller 120 stores the information and activates the C0 2 measurement accordingly.
• the user can select, via user interface 170, an EPAP level of 1 cmH 2 0 for a period of two breaths during a C0 2 measurement that will be obtained immediately.
• the controller 120 receives the user input from the user interface and activates the C0 2 measurement.
• the user can select, via user interface 170, an EPAP level of 0 cmH 2 0 for a period of four breaths during a C0 2 measurement which will be obtained every 10 minutes.
• the controller 120 receives the user input from the user interface and activates a timing mechanism for the next C0 2 measurement.
• the user may also utilize the user interface to direct the controller to activate a C0 2 measurement if a selected condition is detected, such as a change in average breath rate. Accordingly, the controller 120 receives the information from the user interface 170 and begins monitoring for the triggering condition for C0 2 measurement.
• a non-invasive ventilation system 100 is provided.
• the system is any of the non-invasive ventilation systems described or otherwise envisioned herein, and can include, for example, a controller 120, a blower 180, tubing 130, patient interface 150, and C0 2 sensor 160, among other components. Other embodiments are also possible.
• the user activates a C0 2 measurement from the patient.
• a clinician may determine - after reviewing the patient's condition, lab results, or other information relevant to a C0 2 measurement - that a C0 2 measurement is needed immediately.
• the clinician may determine that a regular or periodic C0 2 measurement is necessary, and thus will configure the system to obtain a C0 2 measurement at regular or periodic intervals.
• the interval may be, for example, every 3 to 5 minutes, every hour, every few hours, or any other desired interval.
• the clinician may alternatively determine that a C0 2 measurement is necessary if a certain condition is triggered, such as a change in patient-triggered breathing or some other trigger.
• the clinician can activate a C0 2 measurement using the UI 170.
• the non-invasive ventilator system receives a signal, such as a signal from the UI, comprising an instruction to obtain a C0 2 measurement from a patient.
• the UI can include a button or switch that the user pushes, slides, switches, or otherwise activates in order to activate the C0 2 measurement.
• the display screen can include a touchscreen CO 2 measurement button or other input mechanism using touch, a stylus, or another selection mechanism.
• the button or touchscreen button activates a preprogrammed routine that lowers the EPAP to a predetermined level for a predetermined number of breaths before raising the EPAP back to normal levels.
• the UI allows the user to select one or both of an EPAP level and a number of breaths for the C0 2 measurement.
• the clinician can select a pre-programmed C0 2 measurement program or setting that adjusts the EPAP level to one (1) cmH 2 0 for a period of two (2) breaths by the patient.
• the maximum number of breaths for a C0 2 measurement can be based on the low leak alarm setting of the non-invasive ventilator system, which can vary by platform.
• the EPAP level is preferably set to a level equal to or greater than 0 cmH 2 0 and lower than 4 cmH 2 0 during expiration.
• a setting of one (1) cmH 2 0 during expiration provides positive pressure that prevents a mask flap - such as the anti-asphyxiation valve - from opening during C0 2 measurement.
• An open anti-asphyxiation valve would negatively affect the C0 2 measurement as exhaled gas from the patient will escape through the open valve before reaching the C02 sensor.
• a setting of three (3) cmH 2 0 during expiration will push too much gas into the system and similarly negatively affect the C0 2 measurement.
• the non- invasive ventilation system 100 lowers the EPAP level for a period of one or more patient breaths.
• the controller 120 receives input from the user activating a pre-programmed C0 2 measurement routine and/or determining one or more settings of a C0 2 measurement routine.
• the controller can for example, execute a program stored in memory to accomplish the lowered EPAP. Since most non-invasive ventilator systems utilize flow from a blower 180 to control inspiratory and expiratory pressures, the controller 120 can send a control signal to the blower 180 to control or adjust the EPAP.
• the system includes a counting mechanism to determine how many breaths are given to or taken by the patient.
• the controller 120 may include a timer and/or counter that tracks the number of breaths, or may use one or more of a pressure or airflow sensing to sense a patient breath.
• the non-invasive ventilation system 100 can be configured to interrupt, disrupt, or otherwise adjust leak compensation in order to lower the EPAP level and obtain the C0 2 measurement.
• Obtaining a C0 2 measurement using the methods and systems described or otherwise envisioned herein may be especially important during periods of high leaks in the noninvasive ventilator system when a larger amount of gas is flowing from the ventilator to the patient in order to compensate for the large leak. This dilutes normal C0 2 measurements, since almost no exhaled flow may reach the C0 2 sensor, and thus increases the need for the C0 2 measurement embodiments described herein.
• the non-invasive ventilation system may include an override to deactivate or pause the leak compensation and allow for proper C0 2 measurements using the described embodiments.
• System 100 can include a standalone or integrated C0 2 sensor such as C0 2 sensor 160 is located near the elbow 162 of patient interface 150 or tubing 130 in FIG. 1.
• the C0 2 sensor can be a standalone sensor in wired or wireless communication with non-invasive ventilator system 100.
• the system such as controller 120, sends a signal to the C0 2 sensor with instructions to obtain one or more C0 2 measurements during the period of lowered EPAP levels.
• the controller 120 may send a wireless signal to the standalone C0 2 sensor.
• the non-invasive ventilation system 100 returns the EPAP to its original pressure.
• the controller 120 determines that the lowered EPAP phase of the selected or pre-programmed C0 2 measurement routine is complete and that the EPAP should be returned to normal levels. Accordingly, the controller 120 sends a control signal to the blower 180 to control or adjust the EPAP.
• controller 120 may include, for example, a timer and/or clock that determines when the next C0 2 measurement is required.
• C0 2 measurements are only obtained in direct response to a user's selection or activation.
• the non-invasive ventilation system 100 provides the output of the C0 2 measurement to the user. This output could be provided, for example, via UI 170 and display screen 172.
• the C0 2 measurement can be presented as a percentage, a concentration, or any other measurement.
• the method can return to step 230 at the appropriate time.
• the clock or timer of controller 120 or another clock or timer of the system, can determine that a predetermined number of breaths or amount of time has expired, and that, according to the pre-programmed routine, a new C0 2 measurement is necessary.
• the system can return to normal EPAP levels and await a user instruction to activate a C0 2 measurement at step 220.
• FIG. 3 in one embodiment, is a block diagram of a computer system 300, such as a computer system of ventilator system 100, in accordance with an embodiment.
• the computer system 300 includes, for example, a controller 120, memory 330, and I/O interface 350, among other possible components.
• Controller 120 can be a processor, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a system on chip (SOC), and/or a field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), among other types of controllers.
• the controller may be implemented with or without employing a processor, and also may be implemented as a combination of dedicated hardware to perform some functions and a processor (e.g., one or more programmed microprocessors and associated circuitry) to perform other functions.
• the controller 120 is coupled with or otherwise in communication with storage media such as memory 330.
• the storage media may be encoded with one or more computer programs that, when executed on one or more processors and/or controllers, perform at least some of the functions discussed herein.
• memory 330 may include one or more computer program products 335 configured to execute one or more embodiments of the C0 2 measurement system and method.
• Computer system 300 communicates with one or more external devices, such as a C0 2 sensor or measurement device 160, blower 180, and/or user interface 170, all described herein. Communication with any one of these devices can be achieved via an input/output (I/O) interface 350. Communication can also or alternatively occur with any one of these devices via a direct wired connection, or via one or more networks 360, for example, the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network, and/or a wireless network.
• the C0 2 sensor or measurement device 160 is an external device, and the computer system 300 communicates via network 360.
• the C0 2 sensor or measurement device is an integrated component of the system and the computer system communicates via a direct connection.
• FIG. 3 in one embodiment, is a graph 400 showing an exemplary noninvasive ventilator pressure curve 410 in cmH 2 0.
• the curve illustrates the pressure applied to the patient with rising portions 420 of the curve to create the prescribed inspiratory positive airway pressure (IPAP) to the patient's respiratory system during inhalation, and on falling portions 430 of the curve when exhalation begins to create the prescribed expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP) to the respiratory system during exhalation.
• the IPAP is approximately 10 cmH 2
• the EPAP is approximately 4 cmH 2 0.
• the pressure is controlled by controlling the blower as described herein.
• the user activates the system to obtain a C0 2 measurement from the patient.
• the clinician may determine that a C0 2 measurement is needed immediately, or may determine that a regular or periodic C0 2 measurement is necessary, and thus will configure the system to obtain a C0 2 measurement at regular or periodic intervals.
• the non-invasive ventilation system 100 lowers the IPAP and/or EPAP levels for a period of one or more patient breaths.
• the controller 120 applies a signal to the blower 180 to establish the lower prescribed IPAP pressure during inhalation and the lower prescribed EPAP pressure during exhalation. As shown in the curve in FIG. 4, the lowered IPAP is approximately 7 cmH 2 0, and the lowered EPAP is approximately 1 cmH 2 0, for a period of two breaths during time T.
• System 100 can include a standalone or integrated C0 2 sensor such as C0 2 sensor 160 is located near the elbow 162 of patient interface 150 or tubing 130 in FIG. 1.
• the C0 2 sensor can be a standalone sensor in wired or wireless communication with non-invasive ventilator system 100.
• the system such as controller 120, sends a signal to the C0 2 sensor to obtain one or more C0 2 measurements during the period of lowered EPAP levels.
• the controller 120 may send a wireless signal to the standalone C0 2 sensor.
• the non-invasive ventilation system 100 raises the IPAP and EPAP levels to pre-measurement levels. As shown in the curve in FIG. 4, the IPAP level is returned to approximately 10 cmH 2 0, and the EPAP is returned to approximately 4 cmH 2 0. According to an embodiment, the controller 120 determines that the lowered EPAP phase of the selected or preprogrammed C0 2 measurement routine is complete and that the EPAP should be returned to normal levels. Accordingly, the controller 120 sends a signal to the blower 180 to control or adjust the EPAP.
• the phrase "at least one,” in reference to a list of one or more elements, should be understood to mean at least one element selected from any one or more of the elements in the list of elements, but not necessarily including at least one of each and every element specifically listed within the list of elements and not excluding any combinations of elements in the list of elements.
• This definition also allows that elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified within the list of elements to which the phrase "at least one" refers, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified.
• inventive embodiments are presented by way of example only and that, within the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereto, inventive embodiments may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described and claimed.
• inventive embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to each individual feature, system, article, material, kit, and/or method described herein.

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