WO2017062590A1 - Aircraft brake and tire condition diagnosis and prognosis - Google Patents
Aircraft brake and tire condition diagnosis and prognosis Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2017062590A1 WO2017062590A1 PCT/US2016/055705 US2016055705W WO2017062590A1 WO 2017062590 A1 WO2017062590 A1 WO 2017062590A1 US 2016055705 W US2016055705 W US 2016055705W WO 2017062590 A1 WO2017062590 A1 WO 2017062590A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- brake
- aircraft
- prognosis
- diagnosis
- wear
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
- B60T8/00—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force
- B60T8/32—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration
- B60T8/88—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration with failure responsive means, i.e. means for detecting and indicating faulty operation of the speed responsive control means
- B60T8/885—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration with failure responsive means, i.e. means for detecting and indicating faulty operation of the speed responsive control means using electrical circuitry
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
- B60T17/00—Component parts, details, or accessories of power brake systems not covered by groups B60T8/00, B60T13/00 or B60T15/00, or presenting other characteristic features
- B60T17/18—Safety devices; Monitoring
- B60T17/22—Devices for monitoring or checking brake systems; Signal devices
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
- B60T17/00—Component parts, details, or accessories of power brake systems not covered by groups B60T8/00, B60T13/00 or B60T15/00, or presenting other characteristic features
- B60T17/18—Safety devices; Monitoring
- B60T17/22—Devices for monitoring or checking brake systems; Signal devices
- B60T17/221—Procedure or apparatus for checking or keeping in a correct functioning condition of brake systems
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
- B60T2270/00—Further aspects of brake control systems not otherwise provided for
- B60T2270/40—Failsafe aspects of brake control systems
- B60T2270/406—Test-mode; Self-diagnosis
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64F—GROUND OR AIRCRAFT-CARRIER-DECK INSTALLATIONS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR USE IN CONNECTION WITH AIRCRAFT; DESIGNING, MANUFACTURING, ASSEMBLING, CLEANING, MAINTAINING OR REPAIRING AIRCRAFT, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; HANDLING, TRANSPORTING, TESTING OR INSPECTING AIRCRAFT COMPONENTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B64F5/00—Designing, manufacturing, assembling, cleaning, maintaining or repairing aircraft, not otherwise provided for; Handling, transporting, testing or inspecting aircraft components, not otherwise provided for
- B64F5/60—Testing or inspecting aircraft components or systems
Definitions
- the invention herein resides in the art of a diagnostic methodology for monitoring the operation of a piece of equipment and providing a prognosis as to when service is required. More particularly, the invention relates to a method for diagnosing the wear of aircraft parts and providing a prognosis for serviceability of those parts. Specificaliy, the invention relates to a method for the diagnosis of aircraft brakes and tires and the development of a prognosis pertaining to their serviceability.
- the depot has to maintain many spares. This leads to tied up cost in spares inventor ⁇ '.
- tires are inspected periodically to ensure that the tread is of sufficient thickness to assure a safe grip on the tarmac and ensure airplane safety.
- the maintenance personnel visually inspect the tire surface to ensure that the grooves (typically four in number around the tire) are of sufficient depth all the way around the tire circumferance. If the grooves (or parts thereof) have eroded away, it is an indication that the tire needes to be changed.
- the depot maintains many pre-mounted tires on wheels so that a wheel assembly can be swapped out during a maintenance shift,
- Any methodology for monitoring brake wear must necessarily take into account a host of parameters that can impact brake wear and weigh those parameters as to their degree of impact on brake wear so that any prognosis for service is sufficiently accurate to assure that the methodology of the invention does not frustrate its intent.
- an analytical way of estimating tire tread wear then an estimate can be made of when a tire (in normal service) will need to be replaced. This will allow for the right number of tires to be ordered at the right time, and obviate the necessity of maintaining a large spares inventory.
- Another aspect of the invention is the provision of an aircraft brake condition diagnosis and prognosis system that can acquire, consider and apply a wide variety of parameters impacting brake wear in order to effectively predict when brake service is required.
- Still a further aspect of the invention is the provision of an aircraft brake condition diagnosis and prognosis system that provides for the development of a model of a particular brake assembly, followed by the actual monitoring of a brake assembly corresponding to that model, measuring the data from the brake assembly against the model.
- Yet another aspect of the invention is the provision of an aircraft brake condition diagnosis and prognosis system that can ensure economic serviceability of aircraft brakes o a just-in-time basis, minimizing costs and consistent with the effective operation of an airline.
- An additional aspect of the invention is the provision of an aircraft tire condition diagnosis and prognosis system of the type described in detail herein with regard to aircraft brakes, but with concentration on those parameters specifically impacting tire wear,
- a method of diagnosis and prognosis for aircraft brakes comprising: establishing a model of an aircraft brake by attributing brake wear factor values to various parameters associated with the aircraft brakes; summing magnitudes of said brake wear factor values over a course of time during which actual in-use braking events occur, keeping a running total sum of said brake wear factor values; and providing a first indicia of service necessity when said running total sum exceeds a first threshold.
- a method of diagnosis and prognosis for aircraft tires comprising: establishing a model of an aircraft tire by attributing tire wear factor values to various parameters associated with the aircraft tires; summing magnitudes of said tire wear factor values over a course of time during which tire wear events occur; keeping a running total sum of said tire wear factor values; and providing an indicia of service necessity when said running total sum exceeds a first threshold BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
- FIG. 1 is a flow diagram of the technique employed for generating a reference or training model of aircraft brake wear
- Fig. 2 is a flow diagram of the utilization of the model developed in Fig. 1 and the application of monitoring, diagnosing, and prognosing aircraft brakes in use on an aircraft. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
- the concept of the invention is to use existing data to estimate brake wear and use this estimate to predict when brakes will need to be replaced. This leads to a novel approach for logistics optimization for the spare-part supply chain.
- a health monitoring aspect and a related logistics optimization aspect.
- this invention is applicable to other limited-life components as well, but in the following description, attention is gi ven primarily to brakes, with some correlated attention to tires. Persons skilled in the art can extrapolate this to other life-limited parts with modifications.
- the invention contemplates that the health of an aircraft brake may be evaluated in real time through analysis of relevant performance data and supplemented by environmental condition data.
- the idea is that brakes wear out in a rather predictable fashion if all relevant input factors and operational parameters are known. If some influencing parameters are not known, or if there is uncertainty in the information, it is contemplated that the error in prediction will be negligible enough that sufficient benefit can still be derived in the supply chain. While the invention can never be 100% accurate due to anomalies and the like, verification of the major data sources can ensure accuracy sufficient for signalling a need for service.
- the invention contemplates an extensive dataset to estimate wear every time the brakes are applied, including the following: brake hydraulic pressure; brake temperature; wheel speed, aircraft lateral accelerations; pilot brake pedal position/angle (left and right); park status; thrust reverser status; iCAO (international Civil Aviation Organization) airport code; flap position; time and date,
- brake hydraulic pressure brake temperature
- wheel speed aircraft lateral accelerations
- pilot brake pedal position/angle left and right
- park status thrust reverser status
- iCAO international Civil Aviation Organization
- the invention derives a prediction for brake service/replacement through a predictive analytics algorithm that is unique to the particular brake and its operating conditions.
- the basis for this algorithm may be a model that is used to predict brake wear during testing. During the development of the brakes, extensive tests may be carried out on the brakes with varying loads, temperatures, and the like, The results may be collected and a regression model built. This can form the basis of a prediction algorithm.
- Knowing the ICAO code for an airport along with its weather conditions is informative as to the likelihood for the presence of snow/ice and external factors such as de-icing fluid. Since brakes can wear more or less based on the presence of these external factors, and the influence has been calibrated during test, this can be brought in to influence the prediction. Indeed, it is now known that de-icing fluid can greatly accelerate the degradation of the carbon in carbon disk heat sinks. Such catalytic oxidation resulting from the use of certain runway de-icers accelerates the heat sink mass loss allowing brakes to fail in a relatively short number of landings. Accordingly, knowing or deducing the number of runway de-icer fluid exposures and the number and nature of landings or brake events, catalytic weight loss can be extrapolated and timely inspection undertaken.
- the inventive system there are two embodiments of the inventive system.
- One is onboard the aircraft and the other is offboard.
- the system For the system to reside onboard, it has to operate without some of the external data sources, and the estimates may not be as accurate; the offboard embodiment will typically be more accurate.
- Where to host the algorithm depends on many factors, including the customer preference, the availability of processing power and memory on the brake controller on the aircraft, and the ability to interact with it in a timely fashion.
- a more easily implemented embodiment is that where the algorithm resides on the ground, i.e., offboard, preferably at the brake supplier. The service can then be turned on or off depending on whether the customer (the airline) wants to enter into a service contract with the brake supplier.
- the above beneficial prognostic brake wear estimates may be used to enable the optimization of an airline's logistics associated with ordering, transportation, holding, and installing of spare brakes.
- This optimization includes the streamlining of the logistical flow and a minimization of non-value-added activities utilized to support an operating system that is deficient in effective prognostics.
- the system In use, when an estimate of brake wear is obtained by the system of the invention, and a record of these estimates (calibrated as necessary) is obtained, the system extrapolates these readings into the future. This may be by polynomial regression, but other means can be employed, which wall be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing.
- the extrapolated function is compared to predetermined thresholds to assess when the brake thickness will be small enough to warrant a change.
- Two thresholds are established; an ordering threshold and a replacement threshold.
- the ordering threshold is the point at which an order for the spare is generated.
- An airline representative may have to take the necessary action.
- the analytics continue to function to extrapolate the brake wear estimates to see when it crosses the more serious threshold where it becomes unsafe to operate the brake. As this date approaches, the system will notify the operator to get ready for the change. Because of this forewarning, the operator does not have to maintain a large "safety" stock of spares. The operator can save space and money by resorting to a just-in-time inventory ordering system.
- a wear training model As presented above, and in the context of a brake wear system, the invention contemplates the development of a model referred to herein as a wear training model which may then be used as a standard to develop a process for assessing real-time wear and determining when the servicing of the brake is required.
- a wear training model is shown and designated generally by the numeral 10.
- a training model is generated by taking measurements and acquiring data from a brake assembly corresponding to one intended for actual use on aircraft. The process begins at 12 and enters a "DO" loop 14 where a number (n) of brake iterations are undertaken and brake wear assessments made.
- the invention contemplates acquiring data on each of n braking events through the reading of a flight data recorder 22.
- a braking event may be the application or release of brake pressure during landing or taxiing.
- the flight data recorder obtains data regarding aircraft speed, the known aircraft mass, the brake pressure applied, the brake temperature or temperature of the heat stack, ambient temperature, throttle position, and any of a number of other parameters. That data is provided to a calculation block 24 where the kinetic energy dissipated as a consequence of the brake event is calculated from the data of the flight data recorder 22 and, from a look-up table stored at 24, a determination is made as to the wear experienced by the brake disk stack as a consequence of the kinetic energy dissipated. Similarly, at 24, a determination is made as to the weight loss from the heat sink resulting from oxidation. This determination is made based upon a determination of the mass of the heat stack determined from the prior braking event.
- Predicted wear from the braking event and oxidation is determined at 24 for each braking event and is passed to an integrator or summer 26 where that value is added to the prior summed values of predicted wear.
- a calculation of weight loss is made at 28 and passed back to the integrator or summer 24 to provide a new basis for determining a weight loss due to oxidation.
- the assessment ends at 30 and a decision is made at 32 whether the total predicted wear calculated at 26 falls within an accepiable range of the actual wear determined at 20 from the wear pin. If not, the weighting of the various parameters read by the flight data recorder at 22 is adjusted or tuned at 34 and the process continues again as at 14. [0035] It will be appreciated that each of the various parameters that is considered at the calculation block 24 is provided a particular weight or multiplier as to how that parameter influences brake wear. The modifications at 34 are made in order to bring the final model into substantial compliance with an actual brake.
- the process renews through 14-32 with the modified parameters and weighting of the same until the actual wear at 20 is in substantial compliance with the predicted wear as determined at 32.
- the final tuning parameters are set as at 36 and the model is determined by ending the training set at 38.
- the real-time wear model is assessed through the process designated generally by the numeral 40.
- an actual brake assembly on an aircraft is monitored, diagnosed and made the subject of a prognosis of when the brake must be replaced.
- the model generated from the process 10 of Fig. 1 is employed to set the various weights to be given to the parameters of aircraft speed, aircraft mass, brake pressure, brake temperature, ambient temperature, throttle position, and the like in determining the impact of an associated braking activity upon brake wear.
- the process begins at 42 and continues in a loop 44 until the process is completed with the removal and replacement of the aircraft brake.
- the various parameters just described are read from the flight data recorder and fed to the calculating step 24 where the kinetic energy associated with the brake event is calculated as from a look-up table or the like. Similarly, weight loss or effective wear resulting from oxidation is also calculated as a function on of the present brake stack mass. Total predicted brake wear is then determined at 50 and the weight loss determined at 52 and fed back to the calculating step 48 for the next prediction of loss due to oxidation.
- the determination is made at 66 to end the loop at 68, remove and replace the brake at 70, and end the real-time operation and reset the same at 72.
- the invention contemplates that the flight schedule of the aircraft will be taken into account in projecting when service will be due such that the aircraft will be at an airport where brake service can be performed. Accordingly, it is contemplated that the flight schedule of the aircraft may be modified to maximize the useful life of the heat sink in order to ensure that the aircraft is at a service facility when decision block 66 is effected.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Transportation (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Braking Arrangements (AREA)
- Valves And Accessory Devices For Braking Systems (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP16785617.8A EP3359433B1 (en) | 2015-10-07 | 2016-10-06 | Aircraft brake condition diagnosis and prognosis |
BR112018007056-4A BR112018007056B1 (en) | 2015-10-07 | 2016-10-06 | PROGNOSIS AND DIAGNOSIS OF AIRCRAFT TIRE AND BRAKE CONDITION |
ES16785617T ES2893430T3 (en) | 2015-10-07 | 2016-10-06 | Diagnosis and prognosis of the state of the brakes of an aircraft |
CA3001348A CA3001348C (en) | 2015-10-07 | 2016-10-06 | Aircraft brake and tire condition diagnosis and prognosis |
US15/766,601 US10787156B2 (en) | 2015-10-07 | 2016-10-06 | Aircraft brake and tire condition diagnosis and prognosis |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US201562238363P | 2015-10-07 | 2015-10-07 | |
US62/238,363 | 2015-10-07 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2017062590A1 true WO2017062590A1 (en) | 2017-04-13 |
Family
ID=57200102
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2016/055705 WO2017062590A1 (en) | 2015-10-07 | 2016-10-06 | Aircraft brake and tire condition diagnosis and prognosis |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US10787156B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP3359433B1 (en) |
BR (1) | BR112018007056B1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA3001348C (en) |
ES (1) | ES2893430T3 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2017062590A1 (en) |
Cited By (3)
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EP3530532A1 (en) * | 2018-02-27 | 2019-08-28 | Airbus Operations Limited | Brake control |
GB2583486A (en) * | 2019-04-29 | 2020-11-04 | Airbus Operations Ltd | Brake characteristics |
EP4056436A1 (en) * | 2021-03-09 | 2022-09-14 | Akebono Brake Industry Co., Ltd. | Method of damage prediction for electric park brake and adaptation thereof |
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CN110654567A (en) * | 2019-09-23 | 2020-01-07 | 刘金营 | Early education-6 airplane brake efficiency measuring device |
GB2587608A (en) * | 2019-09-23 | 2021-04-07 | Airbus Operations Ltd | Predicting the life of consumable components |
EP3862238B1 (en) * | 2020-02-05 | 2023-06-07 | Goodrich Corporation | Direct and indirect methods for aircraft brake wear estimation |
EP4103860A4 (en) * | 2020-02-13 | 2023-09-27 | Meggitt Aircraft Braking Systems Corporation | Aircraft brake wear optimization |
GB2593709A (en) * | 2020-03-30 | 2021-10-06 | Airbus Operations Ltd | Brake mass parameter |
EP4015321B1 (en) * | 2020-12-16 | 2024-03-13 | The Boeing Company | Methods and brake systems to reduce brake wear during aircraft taxiing |
RU2761124C1 (en) * | 2021-02-09 | 2021-12-06 | Федеральное государственное казенное военное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Военный учебно-научный центр Военно-воздушных сил "Военно-воздушная академия имени профессора Н.Е. Жуковского и Ю.А. Гагарина" (г. Воронеж) Министерства обороны Российской Федерации | Method for determining the residual operating life of braking apparatuses of aerial vehicles |
CN114184956B (en) * | 2021-12-08 | 2023-06-06 | 湖南铁道职业技术学院 | Service wind generating set fault prediction method based on big data management |
CN117184445B (en) * | 2023-11-08 | 2024-01-30 | 中国飞机强度研究所 | Model parameter equivalent correction method for aircraft tire rigidity test |
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- 2016-10-06 WO PCT/US2016/055705 patent/WO2017062590A1/en active Application Filing
- 2016-10-06 US US15/766,601 patent/US10787156B2/en active Active
- 2016-10-06 BR BR112018007056-4A patent/BR112018007056B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2016-10-06 EP EP16785617.8A patent/EP3359433B1/en active Active
- 2016-10-06 ES ES16785617T patent/ES2893430T3/en active Active
- 2016-10-06 CA CA3001348A patent/CA3001348C/en active Active
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EP3530531A1 (en) * | 2018-02-27 | 2019-08-28 | Airbus Operations Limited | Brake monitoring |
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EP4056436A1 (en) * | 2021-03-09 | 2022-09-14 | Akebono Brake Industry Co., Ltd. | Method of damage prediction for electric park brake and adaptation thereof |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP3359433B1 (en) | 2021-08-18 |
EP3359433A1 (en) | 2018-08-15 |
BR112018007056B1 (en) | 2023-01-10 |
ES2893430T3 (en) | 2022-02-09 |
CA3001348C (en) | 2023-05-23 |
US10787156B2 (en) | 2020-09-29 |
US20180290639A1 (en) | 2018-10-11 |
BR112018007056A2 (en) | 2018-10-23 |
CA3001348A1 (en) | 2017-04-13 |
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