WO2017062395A1 - Compositions de béton renforcées par des fibres, à performances ultra-hautes - Google Patents

Compositions de béton renforcées par des fibres, à performances ultra-hautes Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2017062395A1
WO2017062395A1 PCT/US2016/055400 US2016055400W WO2017062395A1 WO 2017062395 A1 WO2017062395 A1 WO 2017062395A1 US 2016055400 W US2016055400 W US 2016055400W WO 2017062395 A1 WO2017062395 A1 WO 2017062395A1
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Prior art keywords
particles
concrete
composition
parts
average
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PCT/US2016/055400
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English (en)
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Shih-ho CHAO
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Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System
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Publication of WO2017062395A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017062395A1/fr

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
    • C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B20/00—Use of materials as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone according to more than one of groups C04B14/00 - C04B18/00 and characterised by shape or grain distribution; Treatment of materials according to more than one of the groups C04B14/00 - C04B18/00 specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Expanding or defibrillating materials
    • C04B20/0076—Use of materials as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone according to more than one of groups C04B14/00 - C04B18/00 and characterised by shape or grain distribution; Treatment of materials according to more than one of the groups C04B14/00 - C04B18/00 specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Expanding or defibrillating materials characterised by the grain distribution
    • C04B20/008—Micro- or nanosized fillers, e.g. micronised fillers with particle size smaller than that of the hydraulic binder
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B7/00—Hydraulic cements
    • C04B7/36—Manufacture of hydraulic cements in general
    • C04B7/48—Clinker treatment
    • C04B7/52—Grinding ; After-treatment of ground cement
    • C04B7/527—Grinding ; After-treatment of ground cement obtaining cements characterised by fineness, e.g. by multi-modal particle size distribution
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
    • C04B2111/80—Optical properties, e.g. transparency or reflexibility
    • C04B2111/802—White cement
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2201/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values
    • C04B2201/50—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values for the mechanical strength
    • C04B2201/52—High compression strength concretes, i.e. with a compression strength higher than about 55 N/mm2, e.g. reactive powder concrete [RPC]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
    • Y02W30/91—Use of waste materials as fillers for mortars or concrete

Definitions

  • This application relates to concrete compositions or cementitious mixtures and, more particularly, to ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) compositions and methods of making and using the same.
  • UHPC ultra-high performance concrete
  • UHPC ultra-high performance concrete
  • UHPC compositions must undergo special processing treatments, such as vacuum mixing, high temperature curing, and/or high-pressure molding treatments in order to increase the compressive strength of the resultant concrete structure. These special processing treatments are not feasible for the on-site, large-scale formation of concrete structures. [0006] Therefore, a need exists for improved UHPC compositions and methods of making and using the same, which are suitable for the on-site formation of concrete structures, as well as for other applications.
  • the concrete compositions are ultra-high performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHP-FRC) compositions.
  • UHP-FRC ultra-high performance fiber-reinforced concrete
  • Such compositions and methods can provide one or more advantages compared to some previous compositions and methods.
  • a composition described herein has an increased flowability and/or an increased compressive strength.
  • a concrete composition described herein has an increased flowability of at least 7.0 inches (178 mm) (when measured according to ASTM C1437 flow test) and a compressive strength of at least 22 ksi (about 150 MPa), which is 5-6 times higher than conventional concrete.
  • a concrete composition exhibits such a flowability and/or compressive strength even when the composition also comprises a non-white pigment, including in an amount suitable for so-called architectural applications.
  • Concrete compositions described herein can also be suitable for the on-site mixing and formation of large-scale concrete structures including, but not limited to, architectural structures (e.g., blast-resistant structures or earth-quake resistant structures), walls, panels, bridges, bridge connectors, underground utilities infrastructures (e.g., precast concrete sump box, culverts, or electrical boxes), tunnel lining, pool surfacing, retaining walls, concrete streets, airfield concrete, columns, and pillars.
  • architectural structures e.g., blast-resistant structures or earth-quake resistant structures
  • walls e.g., panels, bridges, bridge connectors
  • underground utilities infrastructures e.g., precast concrete sump box, culverts, or electrical boxes
  • tunnel lining e.g., pool surfacing, retaining walls, concrete streets, airfield concrete, columns, and pillars.
  • concrete compositions described herein can exhibit an improved amount and/or distribution of entrapped air and/or voids (or defects), compared to some other concrete compositions.
  • the inventor of the present disclosure has discovered that void (or defect) dimensions and the amount and/or distribution of entrapped air can be critical factors in determining concrete strength.
  • the combination of particles in a concrete composition described herein can reduce the number and/or size of voids by establishing a surprisingly high packing density, as described further hereinbelow, including in a manner that provides good flowability and strength and that is not predicted by standard particle-stacking theory.
  • a concrete composition described herein comprises a plurality of particles having differing particle sizes and/or particle shapes, including in specific amounts that have been discovered to provide particularly desirable results.
  • a concrete composition described herein comprises about 0.5-0.7 parts first particles having an average particle size of 300-600 ⁇ , about 0.3-0.4 parts second particles having an average particle size of 70-200 ⁇ , 1 part third particles having an average particle size of 5-40 ⁇ , about 0.2-0.3 parts fourth particles having an average particle size of 0.5-3.5 ⁇ , and about 0.2- 0.3 parts fifth particles having an average particle size of 0.2-1.5 ⁇ .
  • the "parts" refer to weight, such that the weight of first particles is 0.5-0.7 times the weight of the third particles, the weight of the second particles is 0.3-0.4 times the weight of the third particles, the weight of the fourth particles is 0.2-0.3 times the weight of the third particles, and the weight of the fifth particles is 0.2-0.3 times the weight of the third particles.
  • the weight of the third particles is "normalized” to a value of 1. Accordingly, it is to be understood that "parts" of specific components of a concrete composition described herein are not necessarily limited to specific weights in absolute terms but are instead provided to indicate weight ratios of the components relative to one another in a given composition.
  • the first particles can comprise coarse aggregate particles (such as coarse sand particles)
  • the second particles can comprise fine aggregate particles (such as fine sand particles)
  • the third particles can comprise cement particles
  • the fourth particles can comprise filler particles (such as glass powder particles)
  • the fifth particles can comprise silica fume particles.
  • most or all of the foregoing particles have an angular, faceted, irregular, or aspherical shape, as opposed to a round or spherical shape.
  • a concrete composition described herein in some embodiments, further comprises a population of round or spherical, or substantially spherical particles. For instance, in some cases, a composition described herein further comprises about 0.1-0.3 parts fly ash particles.
  • spherically shaped particles can improve the flowability of a composition described herein or a concrete mixture formed from a composition described herein, particularly for a composition or mixture comprising water, and particularly when the spherically shaped particles have a sufficiently large average size (such as a size greater than 5 ⁇ or greater than 10 ⁇ ) and/or a size that is the same or similar to (e.g., within 5%, 10%, or 15% of) the average size of cement particles used in the composition.
  • a sufficiently large average size such as a size greater than 5 ⁇ or greater than 10 ⁇
  • a size that is the same or similar to e.g., within 5%, 10%, or 15% of
  • the particles can be part of the population of first particles, the population of second particles, or the population of third particles, in terms of the average sizes described hereinabove.
  • the round or spherical particles have an average particle size of 5-40 ⁇ .
  • Smaller round or spherical particles may also be used (such as round or spherical particles having a size falling within the population of fourth particles or the population of fifth particles), but it has surprisingly been discovered that such smaller round or spherical particles do not necessarily provide a significant improvement in the flowability of the composition, as compared to the effect of larger round or spherical particles.
  • a concrete composition described herein can also comprise about 2-5 vol. % fibers, based on the total volume of the concrete composition.
  • the fibers comprise stainless steel fibers or other metal fibers, non-metallic inorganic fibers such as ceramic or metal oxide fibers, or organic fibers such as ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fibers, plastic fibers, or other fibers formed from one or more organic polymers.
  • Composite fibers may also be used.
  • the fibers are straight (i.e., linear), or substantially straight, and have an average length of about 10-15 mm and an average diameter of about 0.07-0.175 mm. The fibers may also be deformed, bent, crimped, or twisted.
  • a concrete composition described herein further comprises about 0.007-0.015 parts of a high-range water reducer or superplasticizer.
  • the high-range water reducer or superplasticizer may be a liquid or a powder.
  • the high- range water reducer comprises a polycarboxylate ether or a derivative thereof.
  • a concrete composition described herein comprises a pigment, including a pigment that differs from the first particles, the second particles, the third particles, the fourth particles, the fifth particles of the composition, and, if present, the population of round or spherical particles of the composition.
  • the pigment can comprise a non- white pigment.
  • the non-white pigment is combined with white cement particles and white silica fume particles.
  • a composition described herein in some embodiments, further comprises water.
  • the weight ratio of water to particulate material in the composition is 0.15:1 to 0.22:1.
  • the use of a relatively small amount of water in a composition described herein, as compared to some other concrete compositions, can permit a high strength to be obtained without sacrificing high flowability.
  • a concrete composition described herein comprises a population of first particles having an average size of 300-600 ⁇ , a population of second particles having an average size of 70-200 ⁇ , a population of third particles having an average size of 5-40 ⁇ , a population of fourth particles having an average size of less than 5 ⁇ , and a population of fifth particles comprising spherical particles.
  • the first particles comprise coarse aggregate particles (such as coarse sand particles)
  • the second particles comprise fine aggregate particles (such as fine sand particles)
  • the third particles comprise cement particles
  • the fourth particles comprise filler particles
  • the fifth particles comprise round, spherical, or substantially spherical particles (such as fly ash particles).
  • the filler particles can comprise glass powder and silica fume particles.
  • a volume of fibers, superplasticizer, and/or one or more pigments may be added to the composition in an amount described for other embodiments above, where desired.
  • such a method comprises providing a concrete composition described hereinabove, mixing the concrete composition to form a concrete mixture, forming the concrete mixture into a concrete structure, and curing the concrete mixture. Any concrete composition described herein may be used.
  • the concrete composition comprises 0.5-0.7 parts first particles having an average size of 300-600 ⁇ ; 0.3-0.4 parts second particles having an average size of 70-200 ⁇ ; 1 part third particles having an average size of 5-40 ⁇ ; 0.2-0.3 parts fourth particles having an average size of 0.5-3.5 ⁇ ; 0.2- 0.3 parts fifth particles having an average size of 0.2-1.5 ⁇ ; and water, wherein the weight ratio of water to particulate material is 0.15:1 to 0.22:1.
  • a method described herein does not comprise heating the concrete mixture or applying pressure to the concrete mixture.
  • Such a method can include providing a concrete composition comprising a population of first particles having an average size of 300-600 ⁇ , a population of second particles having an average size of 70-200 ⁇ , a population of third particles having an average size of 5-40 ⁇ , a population of fourth particles having an average size of less than 5 ⁇ , and a population of fifth particles comprising spherical particles.
  • the first particles can comprise coarse sand particles
  • the second particles can comprise fine sand particles
  • the third particles can comprise cement particles
  • the fourth particles comprise filler particles
  • the fifth particles can comprise fly ash particles.
  • the filler particles can comprise glass powder and silica fume particles. Additionally, a volume of fibers, superplasticizer, and/or one or more pigments may be added to the composition, where desired. Moreover, in some cases, a method of forming a large-scale concrete structure further comprises mixing the concrete composition with water to form a liquefied mixture, pouring the liquefied mixture into mold, and removing a hardened concrete structure from the mold. Notably, the resultant, hardened concrete structure can have a compressive strength of at least about 22 ksi. Moreover, the resultant concrete structure can also reach very high early strengths, such as a strength of 6 ksi in 12 hours and/or a strength of 12 ksi in 24 hours. Additionally, a method of forming a large-scale concrete structure described herein can be carried out without heating the concrete mixture or applying pressure to the concrete mixture.
  • FIGs. 1A-1C each illustrate a photograph of a structure formed from a concrete composition according to one embodiment described herein.
  • FIG. 2 graphically illustrates compressive stress-strain curves associated with structures formed from concrete compositions according to some embodiments described herein.
  • FIG. 3 graphically illustrates tensile stress-strain curves associated with structures formed from concrete compositions according to some embodiments described herein.
  • FIG. 4 graphically illustrates tensile stress-strain curves associated with reinforced structures formed from concrete compositions according to some embodiments described herein.
  • any embodiment of any of the compositions, structures, and methods described herein can consist of, or consist essentially of— rather than comprise/include/contain/have— any of the described steps, elements, and/or features.
  • the term “consisting of or “consisting essentially of” can be substituted for any of the open-ended linking verbs recited above, in order to change the scope of a given claim from what it would otherwise be using the open-ended linking verb.
  • the feature or features of one embodiment may generally be applied to other embodiments, even though not specifically described or illustrated in such other embodiments, unless expressly prohibited by this disclosure or the nature of the relevant embodiments.
  • compositions and methods described herein can include any combination of features and/or steps described herein not inconsistent with the objectives of the present disclosure. Numerous modifications and/or adaptations of the compositions and methods described herein will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the present subject matter. Moreover, in some cases, one or more features of a concrete composition described herein can be selected based on a desired application or end-use of the concrete composition. For instance, in some embodiments, a dry solid powder superplasticizer is used in a concrete composition that is to be mixed using a dry-mix shotcrete machine.
  • Compressive and tensile strength values are given in kilopounds per square inch (ksi), Megapascals (MPa), or both. Unless otherwise indicated, all compressive tests are conducted according to ASTM CI 09 and all fiowability tests (i.e., flow diameter) are conducted according to ASTM C1437.
  • a composition described herein is an ultra-high performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHP-FRC) composition.
  • UHP-FRC ultra-high performance fiber-reinforced concrete
  • Some such compositions have a high fiowability and result in concrete or concrete structures that have a high compressive strength without requiring specialty processing treatments, such as high temperature curing and/or high pressure molding treatments.
  • a concrete and/or concrete structure having "high compressive strength,” in some instances, has a compressive strength of at least about 22 ksi (150 MPa), when measured as described herein.
  • concrete compositions described herein result in concrete or concrete structures that have a combination of desirable qualities including, but not limited to, a high compressive strength and toughness, a high tensile strength and ductility, better fiowability, less susceptibility to thermal cracking, and improved scalability for use in large-scale concrete projects (e.g., bridges, buildings) without compromising on strength.
  • concrete compositions described herein comprise a plurality of different particle types and/or particle sizes.
  • a concrete composition described herein in some cases, comprises a particle size graduation, in which different populations of particles have an average size ranging from what can be described or categorized as "extra-large” particles to what can be described or characterized as "small” particles.
  • a concrete composition described herein comprises about 0.5-0.7 parts first particles having an average particle size of 300-600 ⁇ , about 0.3-0.4 parts second particles having an average particle size of 70-200 ⁇ , 1 part third particles having an average particle size of 5-40 ⁇ , about 0.2-0.3 parts fourth particles having an average particle size of 0.5-3.5 ⁇ , and about 0.2-0.3 parts fifth particles having an average particle size of 0.2- 1.5 ⁇ .
  • the first particles comprise coarse aggregate particles (such as coarse sand particles)
  • the second particles comprise fine aggregate particles (such as fine sand particles)
  • the third particles comprise cement particles
  • the fourth particles comprise filler particles (such as glass powder particles)
  • the fifth particles comprise silica fume particles.
  • all of the foregoing particles have an angular or faceted shape, as opposed to a round or substantially spherical shape. It has surprisingly been discovered that the use of a combination of particles having the foregoing sizes in the foregoing amounts can provide concrete and/or concrete structures having unexpectedly good properties, including when the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth particles have the specific chemical identities/compositions described above.
  • a concrete composition described herein in some embodiments, further comprises a population of round or spherical, or substantially spherical particles. For instance, in some cases, a composition described herein further comprises about 0.1-0.3 parts fly ash particles. As described further herein, the use of spherically shaped particles (such as spherically shaped fly ash particles) can improve the flowability of a composition described herein or a concrete mixture formed from a composition described herein, particularly for a composition or mixture comprising water.
  • the particles can be part of the population of first particles, the population of second particles, the population of third particle, the population of fourth particles, or the population of fifth particles, in terms of the average sizes described hereinabove.
  • the round, spherical, or substantially spherical particles have an average particle size of 5-40 ⁇ .
  • a concrete composition described herein comprises a population of first particles having an average size of 300-600 ⁇ , a population of second particles having an average size of 70-200 ⁇ , a population of third particles having an average size of 5-40 ⁇ , a population of fourth particles having an average size of less than 5 ⁇ , and a population of fifth particles comprising spherical particles.
  • the first particles comprise coarse aggregate particles (such as coarse sand particles)
  • the second particles comprise fine aggregate particles (such as fine sand particles)
  • the third particles comprise cement particles
  • the fourth particles comprise filler particles
  • the fifth particles comprise round, spherical, or substantially spherical particles (such as fly ash particles).
  • the filler particles can comprise glass powder and silica fume particles.
  • a composition comprising first, second, third, fourth, and fifth particles or populations of particles as described above can further comprise one or more additional components, other than the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth particles or populations of particles.
  • a composition further comprises one or more reinforcing fibers, superplasticizers, and/or pigments.
  • a concrete composition described herein further comprises about 2-5 vol. % fibers and/or about 0.007-0.015 parts of a high-range water reducer or superplasticizer.
  • a composition described herein may also include one or more pigments and/or water.
  • the weight ratio of water to particulate material in the composition is 0.15:1 to 0.22: 1.
  • Such particulate material for reference purposes herein, may also be called a "cementitious material" or "CM".
  • a concrete composition described herein can comprise coarse and/or fine aggregate particles (which can correspond, for instance, to first and second particles or particle populations of the composition). Any aggregate particles not inconsistent with the objectives of the present disclosure may be used in a concrete composition described herein.
  • aggregate particles comprise one or more of sand, gravel, and crushed stone.
  • the aggregate particles described herein are "clean" particles that are free or substantially free of absorbed chemicals or coatings of clay or other fine materials that could cause deterioration of concrete, as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the aggregate particles of a concrete composition described herein are sand particles. Exemplary aggregate particles can include silica sand, limestone sand, calcined bauxite, particulate metallurgical residue, and/or combinations thereof.
  • the coarse aggregate and the fine aggregate each comprise or are formed from the same material (e.g., sand) of different sizes.
  • the coarse and fine aggregate particles comprise or are formed from different materials.
  • the fine aggregate particles can comprise a finely ground mineral, including but not limited to a finely ground vitrified slag, while the coarse aggregate can comprise silica sand, limestone sand, calcined bauxite, or metallurgical residue.
  • the fine aggregate e.g., fine sand
  • the coarse aggregate e.g., coarse sand
  • the particle size distribution ratings of D10 and D90 correspond to the average particle sizes of the smallest 10 percent of the particle population and the largest 10 percent of the particle population.
  • the "extra-large" particles of a concrete composition described herein comprise or are formed from a coarse silica sand having an average particle size of about 0.02 in (500 ⁇ ), and the "large” particles of the concrete composition comprise a fine silica sand having an average particle size of about 0.0047 in. (120 ⁇ ).
  • Concrete compositions described herein can also comprise cement particles (which can correspond, for instance, to the third particles or population of particles of the composition). Any type of cement not inconsistent with the objectives of the present disclosure may be used.
  • the cement particles include a general use (GU) cement, a high early-strength (HE) cement, a moderate sulfate resistance (MS) cement, a high sulfate resistance (HS) cement, a moderate heat of hydration (MH) cement, or a low heat of hydration (LH) cement, as defined by ASTM CI 157.
  • GU general use
  • HE high early-strength
  • MS moderate sulfate resistance
  • HS high sulfate resistance
  • MH moderate heat of hydration
  • LH low heat of hydration
  • the cement particles may also comprise a Type IL (Portland-limestone) cement, Type IS (Portland-slag) cement, Type IP (Portland-pozzolan) cement, or Type IT (ternary blended) cement, as defined by ATSM C595.
  • cement particles described herein can comprise or be formed from a white cement or a colored cement.
  • the cement particles comprise Portland cement or white cement.
  • a concrete composition described herein can also comprise filler particles (which can correspond, for example, to fourth and/or fifth particles or populations of particles in the composition).
  • filler particles refer to particles that fill in or occupy voids that may be disposed between larger particles in a composition or cementitious mixture.
  • filler particles can, by definition, be smaller than the coarse and fine aggregate particles and cement particles of a composition.
  • the use of filler particles in a composition described herein can increase the compressive, flexural, and bond strength of the concrete composition while also providing for a much denser matrix.
  • the use of filler particles can also advantageously prevent the ingress of deleterious materials into the concrete.
  • Filler particles in a concrete composition described herein can have any chemical composition not inconsistent with the objectives of the present disclosure.
  • filler particles comprise or are formed from glass powder particles and/or silica fume particles.
  • a concrete composition described herein further comprises a population of particles that are round or spherical, or substantially round or substantially spherical. Any such particles not inconsistent with the objectives of the present disclosure may be used.
  • round or spherical particles comprise or are formed from fly ash.
  • a concrete composition described herein further comprises fibers.
  • the use of fibers in a concrete composition described herein can increase the toughness, fracture energy, and/or ductility of the hardened concrete composition. Any fibers not inconsistent with the objectives of the present disclosure may be used.
  • the fibers comprise stainless steel fibers or other metal fibers, non-metallic inorganic fibers such as ceramic or metal oxide fibers, or organic fibers such as ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fibers, plastic fibers, or other fibers formed from one or more organic polymers. Composite fibers may also be used.
  • the fibers are straight (i.e., linear or non- curved), or substantially straight, and have an average length of about 10-15 mm and an average diameter (in one or two dimensions) of about 0.07-0.175 mm.
  • the fibers are curved or non-linear (e.g., deformed, bent, crimped, twisted, helical, or curled). Further characteristics of fibers included in a concrete composition described herein are provided hereinbelow with reference to some specific concrete compositions.
  • a concrete composition described herein can also include a high-range water reducer or superplasticizer. As described further herein, the use of a superplasticizer can increase the flowability of the concrete composition.
  • a superplasticizer comprises a polycarboxylate-ether based superplasticizer (PCE).
  • PCE polycarboxylate-ether based superplasticizer
  • Such a PCE comprises or is formed from a methoxy-polyethylene glycol copolymer side chain bonded to a (meth)acrylic acid copolymer main chain or backbone, where "(mefh)acrylic acid” can refer to acrylic acid and/or methacrylic acid.
  • Other superplasticizers may also be used in a concrete composition described herein. It is further to be understood that a superplasticizer of a composition described herein can be a liquid or a solid such as a powder. The use of a superplasticizer in dry powder form can be especially preferred for "pre-blended" concrete compositions.
  • Tables 1A and IB below characterize various aspects (e.g., sizes, shapes, materials, etc.) relating to particles and/or populations of particles used in concrete compositions described herein.
  • particles used in concrete compositions described herein can vary in regards to size, shape, and/or amount. Exemplary sizes, shapes, and amounts are set forth in the tables below.
  • the "parts" in the tables refer to weight, and more particularly to relative weight based on a "normalized" value of 1 for cement particles.
  • concrete compositions set forth herein can also include at least some amount or volume of fibers set forth in more detail hereinabove and hereinbelow.
  • the combination of various particle sizes and fibers in the compositions described herein can advantageously increase the compressive strength of the resultant concrete to at least about 22 ksi (i.e., 150 MPa).
  • the compressive strength of concrete formed from concrete compositions described herein is at least about 25 ksi, at least 28 ksi, or at least 30 ksi.
  • the compressive strength is 21-35 ksi, 21-31 ksi, 21-30 ksi, 25-35 ksi, 25-31 ksi, 25-30 ksi, 28-35 ksi, or 28-31 ksi.
  • concrete formed from concrete compositions described herein has an early strength of at least 6 ksi, at least 8 ksi, at least 10 ksi, or at least 12 ksi in 12 hours or 24 hours following formation/beginning of curing of the concrete.
  • concrete formed from concrete compositions described herein has an early strength of 6-12 ksi, 6-10 ksi, 8-12 ksi, or 8- 10 ksi in 12 hours or 24 hours following formation/beginning of curing of the concrete.
  • the exemplary compositions of Tables 1A and IB can also include an amount of superplasticizer and/or water described hereinabove, if desired, though the tables generally provide only the particulate materials or cementitious mixture.
  • Tables 1A and IB are exemplary compositions that include some of the same particulates or materials; however, Table IB also includes an exemplary amount of spherical particles that can optionally be used to further improve flowability of the concrete composition during mixing.
  • the various particle sizes noted in Tables 1A and IB provide a dense concrete composition having minimal voids for increasing the compressive strength of the resultant structure formed from the composition.
  • Table IB above also depicts five populations of particles, each having a particular size and/or shape.
  • the "small” particles include glass powder and/or silica fume filler particles, which can each be provided in 0.2-0.3 parts, by weight.
  • the term "small” refers to a population of particles that have an average size of less than about 5 ⁇ . In some embodiments, the "small” particles may average size of less than about 4 ⁇ , less than about 3 ⁇ , less than about 2 ⁇ , or less than about 1 ⁇ .
  • concrete compositions described herein can comprise an optional amount of spherical fly ash particles (e.g., about 0.1- 0.3 parts, by weight) that have an average size of about 5-40 ⁇ .
  • spherical fly ash particles e.g., about 0.1- 0.3 parts, by weight
  • the combination of extra- large, large, medium, small, and round or spherical particles advantageously provides a concrete composition having improved flowability and compressive strength.
  • an exemplary concrete composition can comprise a first, coarse sand (SI), a second, fine sand (S2), a volume of steel fibers, cement (C), Fly Ash (FA) (e.g., Class F, Fly Ash), Glass Powder (GP), Silica Fume (SF), and Superplasticizer particles (SPL).
  • SI coarse sand
  • S2 fine sand
  • C cement
  • F Fly Ash
  • GP Glass Powder
  • SF Silica Fume
  • SPL Superplasticizer particles
  • concrete compositions described herein comprise about 0.007-0.015 parts of a polycarboxylate ether-based superplasticizer and/or about 0.1-0.3 parts by weight of the spherically shaped fly ash particles for improving flowability of the concrete composition.
  • Table 3 depicts seven different "recipes" or “mixes” that form concrete compositions, each of which can include various sizes and/or amounts (i.e., proportions) of particle populations.
  • fly ash and steel fibers are optional. Where used, fly ash particles can comprise rounded particles having a substantially spherically shaped cross-section.
  • concrete compositions described herein can be formed from a plurality of different particles provided in a plurality of different sizes, on average, to achieve a densely packed mixture of particles.
  • the population of spherically shaped fly ash particles can be introduced to the composition.
  • about 0.1 to 0.3 parts of the spherically shaped fly ash particles, by weight, are added to concrete compositions described herein.
  • the spherically shaped fly ash particles can advantageously allow angular particles (e.g., sand and cement particles) to better roll over each other during the mixing stage or process.
  • the spherically shaped fly ash particles can further reduce the frictional forces between particles, and thus increase the flowability of the mixture. Moreover, the density of the fly ash particles is less than that of the cement and/or sand particles, so that partial replacement of cement and/or sand particles with fly ash particles leads to a higher volume of paste, which reduces the frictional forces between particles and enhances the cohesiveness and plasticity, and therefore, increases the mixture workability.
  • incorporating groups of differently sized particles in concrete compositions as described herein also advantageously reduces air voids in the resultant concrete, which further improves the compressive strength of the concrete.
  • groups of particles having different particle sizes are used so that voids between the larger particles can be filled by smaller particles. If the particles in the composition are too densely packed or fitted together, interlocking may occur and hinder the relative movement between particles and the flow of the mix during the mixing phase.
  • the spherical fly ash particles can be advantageously introduced to a concrete composition for allowing easier flow between the particles without significantly compromising the strength.
  • a ratio of coarse sand to fine sand can range from about 50:50 to about 70:30.
  • concrete compositions described herein comprise a sand ratio S1 :S2 of about 60:40, about 65:35, or about 63:37.
  • a sand ratio S1 :S2 of 63:37 minimized the amount of void space and increased the compressive strength to about 29.2 ksi (201.3 MPa) at 28 days as determined using ASTM C109. Flowability was also improved as determined according to ASTM CI 437.
  • a ratio of total sand (S) to silica fume and glass particles can comprise about 4: 1 :1.
  • Exemplary proportions for other particles in a composition or mix can be determined by referencing Table 3 above.
  • an amount of superplasticizer can be added to the concrete composition for further increasing flowability.
  • a high-range water reducer (HRWR) is provided in a fixed amount of approximately 1.1% of the concrete composition, by weight.
  • Fibers in an amount of about 2-5% by volume can be provided in concrete compositions described herein. In some embodiments as indicated in Table 3, fibers are provided in an amount of about 3% by volume. For example, about 3%, by volume, of short, micro straight steel fibers can be provided in concrete compositions set forth herein. Where used, the fibers can comprise an average length of about 10-15 mm and an average diameter of about 0.07- 0.175 mm. In certain embodiments, the fibers can comprise a diameter (d) of about 0.0069 inches (0.175 mm) and a length (L) of about 0.49 inches (12.5 mm).
  • fibers having a straight, smooth fiber surface may be provided, which advantageously increases the flowability of the concrete during mixing and reduces clumping during the mixing process even where a high fiber volume (e.g., 4-5% by volume) may be provided.
  • a preferred amount of fibers is calculated according to Equation 1 below:
  • X f V f x (L f )/(d f ) (1), where X f is the fiber factor, V f is the fiber volume, L f is the fiber length, and d f is the fiber diameter. It has been discovered that a fiber factor X f of no greater than 3.0 or, more preferably, of no greater than 2.5 should be used. In some embodiments, the amount of fibers provided in a composition varies from between about 1% and 3%, by volume, of the concrete composition, and in some embodiments at about 2.5% to 3% for improved flowability and mechanical performance.
  • the particulate composition i.e., the cementitious materials, CM
  • W water
  • water is added in a specific weight, part, or ratio compared to the total weight of the concrete composition or total cementitious materials CM.
  • W water
  • the W/CM ratio can range from about 0.15 to 0.25.
  • the W/CM ratio can range from about 0.192 to 0.208.
  • the W/CM is kept at about 0.2 and no fibers may be used.
  • increasing the amount of S2 in the sand ratio increases the liquefaction time of the concrete composition, however, the flow diameter and density decreases as the compressive strength increases.
  • concrete compositions described herein further comprise an optional amount of pigment and/or pigment particles.
  • the pigment can differ from the materials comprising the populations of first particles, second particles, third particles, fourth particles, and fifth particles.
  • the pigment is configured to color the concrete composition so that upon mixing and setting, the resultant hardened concrete can have a non- white color. Table 4 below identifies exemplary pigments that may be added in various amounts to concrete compositions described herein.
  • exemplary red, black, and/or brown pigments may be added to a concrete composition. Any other color that is not inconsistent with the instant disclosure may also be added to concrete compositions described herein, where desired.
  • the pigments can be added to gray or white cement.
  • an exemplary concrete composition described herein includes white cement particles, white silica fume particles, and a non-white pigment. Compositions formed from any combination of gray or white cement and/or gray or white silica fume can be provided and mixed with a non-white pigment, where desired, so long as the colors or mixtures are not inconsistent with the objectives of the present disclosure.
  • concrete compositions described herein can comprise a high flowability (i.e., a high flow diameter) of at least about 5.8 inches (147 mm), 8 inches (203 mm), 9.6 inches (241 mm), or 10 inches (254 mm).
  • a concrete composition has a flowability of 5.5-11 inches, 5.5-10 inches, 8-11 inches, 8-10 inches, or 9.6-11 inches.
  • concrete compositions described herein can comprise a compressive strength of about 20 ksi or more, 22 ksi or more, 24 ksi or more, or 27 ksi or more at 7 days. In some embodiments, concrete compositions described herein can comprise a compressive strength of about 20 ksi to 30 ksi at 7 days. Concrete compositions described herein can comprise a compressive strength of about 22 ksi or more, 24 ksi or more, 27 ksi or more, or 30 ksi or more at 28 days. In some embodiments, concrete compositions described herein can comprise a compressive strength of about 22 ksi to 32 ksi at 28 days.
  • concrete compositions described herein can comprise a compressive strength of about 22 ksi or more, 24 ksi or more, 26 ksi or more, or more than 30 ksi at 56 days. In some embodiments, concrete compositions described herein can comprise a compressive strength of about 25 ksi to 35 ksi at 56 days.
  • compositions described herein can comprise any combination of features described hereinabove not inconsistent with the objectives of the present disclosure.
  • such a method comprises providing a concrete composition described hereinabove, mixing the concrete composition to form a concrete mixture, forming the concrete mixture into a concrete structure, and curing the concrete mixture. Any concrete composition described hereinabove in Section I may be used.
  • the concrete composition comprises 0.5-0.7 parts first particles having an average size of 300-600 ⁇ ; 0.3-0.4 parts second particles having an average size of 70-200 ⁇ ; 1 part third particles having an average size of 5-40 ⁇ ; 0.2-0.3 parts fourth particles having an average size of 0.5-3.5 ⁇ ; 0.2-0.3 parts fifth particles having an average size of 0.2-1.5 ⁇ ; and water, wherein the weight ratio of water to particulate material is 0.15: 1 to 0.22:1.
  • the concrete composition comprises a population of first particles having an average size of 300- 600 ⁇ ; a population of second particles having an average size of 70-200 ⁇ ; a population of third particles having an average size of 5-40 ⁇ ; a population of fourth particles having an average size of less than 5 ⁇ ; a population of fifth particles comprising spherical particles; and water.
  • Other compositions described hereinabove in Section I may also be used.
  • a method described herein does not comprise heating the concrete mixture or applying pressure to the concrete mixture.
  • methods described herein comprise mixing a concrete composition of Section I to form a concrete mixture.
  • Mixing of the concrete composition can be carried out in any manner not inconsistent with the objectives of the present disclosure.
  • the various components of the concrete composition can be mixed with one another in any order and using any mechanical or other mixing means desired.
  • mixing is carried out by first forming a paste from water and cement particles of the composition, followed by mixing the paste with one or more other components of the concrete composition, such as one or more aggregate components.
  • mixing can be carried out using a concrete mixer such as a concrete mixer comprising a rotating drum.
  • mixing is carried out “on site,” where "on site” mixing refers to mixing at the same location at which further steps of the method (such as the forming and curing steps) are also to take place.
  • on site mixing refers to mixing at the same location at which further steps of the method (such as the forming and curing steps) are also to take place.
  • the mixture that is provided by a mixing step described herein can be a liquid or fluid mixture.
  • Methods described herein also comprise forming a concrete mixture into a concrete structure.
  • a concrete mixture can be formed into a concrete structure in any manner not inconsistent with the objectives of the present disclosure.
  • the concrete mixture is poured or otherwise disposed in a mold or other object for defining a shape of the concrete structure.
  • concrete compositions described herein can be formed into small-scale or large-scale concrete structures.
  • a large-scale structure includes an architectural column, pillar, panel, or wall.
  • a concrete composition described herein can also be formed into an underground utilities infrastructure (e.g., a precast concrete sump box, a culvert, or an electrical box), a tunnel lining, a pool surfacing, a retaining wall, a bridge or bridge component, a bridge connection, a concrete street, or a concrete airfield.
  • underground utilities infrastructure e.g., a precast concrete sump box, a culvert, or an electrical box
  • a tunnel lining e.g., a precast concrete sump box, a culvert, or an electrical box
  • a tunnel lining e.g., a tunnel lining, a pool surfacing, a retaining wall, a bridge or bridge component, a bridge connection, a concrete street, or a concrete airfield.
  • Other concrete structures are also possible.
  • Methods described herein can further comprise curing a concrete mixture, including after the concrete mixture has been formed into a concrete structure.
  • Curing can be carried out in any manner not inconsistent with the objectives of the present disclosure.
  • curing is carried out under ambient conditions at the site of forming the concrete structure, without the intentional or separate addition of any further energy or mechanical input to the concrete structure.
  • the formed concrete structure is permitted to cure without heating or applying pressure to the structure, other than any heating or application of pressure that may occur naturally in the ambient environment due to the curing process itself and/or due to heating from the sun or atmospheric pressure.
  • ambient conditions can refer to the temperature, humidity, and/or barometric pressure of the geographic region or site at which curing of the concrete mixture/structure occurs.
  • ambient conditions include a temperature of 40-105°F, an atmospheric pressure of 0.9-1.1 atm, and a relative humidity of 10-100%.
  • a method of making concrete and/or forming a concrete structure described herein can be carried out without heating the concrete mixture or applying pressure to the concrete mixture at any stage of the method following (or simultaneous with) forming the concrete mixture into a concrete structure, even in the case of formation of a large-scale concrete structure.
  • methods described herein obviate the need for more costly and/or time-consuming curing or forming steps.
  • concrete compositions and concrete structures formed by a method described herein can have any combination of properties or features described herein not inconsistent with the objectives of the present disclosure.
  • concrete compositions and concrete structures formed by a method described herein can be used to form large structures for use in large-scale projects.
  • large structures comprise concrete slabs, girders, columns, beams, panels, blocks, etc., that are cast in volumes of greater than 20 cubic feet, greater than 30 cubic feet, or greater than 50 cubic feet.
  • a large structure is cast in a volume of 20-100 cubic feet, 20-50 cubic feet, or 30-50 cubic feet.
  • a large structure has length x width x height dimensions of about 1-10 feet x 1-10 feet x 1-10 feet; or 3-10 feet x 3-10 feet x 3-10 feet. Further, in some cases, a large structure has a sectional area of about 200 in. 2 or more; 300 in. 2 or more; 500 in. 2 or more; 750 in. 2 or more; or 1000 in. 2 or more; or a sectional area ranging from about 200 in. 2 to about 2000 in. 2 .
  • a 30% replacement of the coarse sand with fly ash leads to the largest flow diameter and the highest 28-day compressive strength. Note that since fly ash is a cementitious material it is included in the calculation of the W/CM ratio.
  • replacement of coarse sand with fly ash leads to better flowability, while still exhibiting high compressive strength as compared to replacing cement particles with fly ash.
  • FIGs. 1A-1C are photographs of the sectional faces of various cast 2.78-in. cube concrete structures after compressive testing.
  • the concrete specimens shown in these FIGs. can be prepared using any composition described hereinabove in Section I.
  • the concrete compositions described herein result in dense concrete structures have minimal voids and minimal porosity.
  • FIGs. 1A-1C illustrate the fracture surface of each concrete structure after the peak compressive strengths were reached.
  • FIG. 1A is a specimen formed from a concrete composition comprising about 3% by volume of short twisted fibers. The fiber count is estimated to be about 27,750. The face of the concrete specimen in FIG. 1A has the largest number of micro cracks and damage caused via compressive testing.
  • FIG. IB is a specimen formed from a concrete composition comprising about 5% by volume of short twisted fibers.
  • the fiber count is estimated to be about 46,040.
  • Increasing the volume of fibers advantageously increases the toughness and ductility; however, it may decrease the workability.
  • FIG. 1C is a specimen formed from a concrete composition comprising about 3% by volume of micro straight fibers.
  • the fiber count is estimated to be about 253,715.
  • the specimen in FIG. 1C was damaged the least during compressive testing, and experienced the lowest level of micro cracking. This specimen also had the highest compressive strength. Better compressive ductility was observed for specimens having a higher amount of fibers.
  • Table 8 summarizes the data obtained during compression testing of the specimens in FIGs. 1A-1C.
  • the specimen shown in FIG. 1A corresponds to the data for specimen #1 in Table 8
  • the specimen shown in FIG. IB corresponds to the data for specimen #2 in Table 8
  • the specimen shown in FIG. 1C corresponds to the data for specimen #3 in Table 8.
  • Each specimen was prepared according to the concrete composition having recipe #4 in Table 3 described hereinabove.
  • the number of fibers rather than the type and shape of the fibers mostly affect the flowability, compressive strength, and ductility of UHP-FRC.
  • the compressive strength increases and the flow diameter decreases as the number of fibers increases.
  • micro-cracks can be quickly arrested by the fibers once they occur. This provides for better internal stress redistribution, thus preventing localized cracking, which in turn increases the compressive strength as well as the ductility of UHP-FRC.
  • the cube concrete specimens i.e., 2.78 in. cube specimens
  • LVDTs linearly variable differential transformers
  • Specimen 3 above was found to be the most desirable, having the highest compressive strengths.
  • Specimen 3 was molded or cast to form a 2.78-in. cube specimen, using a W/CM ratio of 0.184, a fiber volume fraction of 3%, and 10% replacement of the coarse sand (i.e., SI) with fly ash. This mixture was found to have an average flow diameter of about 7.1 inches (180 mm).
  • Compressive tests on the 2.78-in. cube specimens showed average 7-, 28-, and 56-day compressive strengths of 21.8 ksi (150.3 MPa), 27.8 ksi (191.7 MPa), and 27.8 ksi (191.7 MPa), respectively.
  • the 28-day compressive strength of the larger cubes is still well above the compressive strength of 25 ksi (172.4 MPa), and thus qualifies as UHP Concrete.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the average compressive stress-strain curves of UHP-FRC (small- scale batches) based on 2.78-in. cube specimens. Each curve is based on the average of two 2.78- in. cube specimens. Based on the average compressive stress-strain curves, the strain was found to be about 0.84%) at the peak strength. In addition, the specimen maintained about 90.5% and 61.7%) of its peak strength at 1.5% and 3.0% of strains, respectively.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates tensile stress-strain curves and results obtained from both larger- scale and smaller-scale tensile specimens.
  • the tensile specimens are summarized in Table 9 below.
  • Larger-scale tensile specimens can be formed from any composition described hereinabove in Section I.
  • the tensile specimens were prepared from mix #4 in Table 3 above.
  • the larger-scale tensile specimens have a cross-sectional area of at least about 16 in 2 (10,323 mm 2 ) or more whereas smaller-scale tensile specimens have a cross- sectional area of at least about 2 in 2 .
  • Two types of fibers including short twisted steel fibers and short micro straight steel fibers were used to determine the effects of the fiber geometry on the tensile behavior of UHP-FRC.
  • vibration may be needed to achieve a uniform mix.
  • a percentage of coarse sand is replaced with fly ash (e.g., 10 %, mix #2, Table 3); vibration is obviated by virtue of the mixture having a high flowability.
  • fly ash e.g. 10 %, mix #2, Table 3
  • the increased workability of concrete compositions described herein essentially eliminates the need of internal or external vibration during the casting.
  • the highest internal temperature of a small-scale sample batch from the large pour measured about 87°F (about 31°C).
  • the highest temperature on the surface of UHP-FRC measured about 148°F (64°C).
  • this temperature should not affect the mechanical properties of this column, a higher temperature may result if UHP-FRC is used in mass concrete construction.
  • a higher portion of fly ash replacement, such as 20%, with a W/CM ratio of 0.184 can reduce the heat of hydration while gaining approximately the same material properties.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the tensile stress-strain curves of three three-scale tensile specimens that were cast and tested. Some specimens included rebar, and some specimens did not. The average tensile average peak tensile strength of 1.11 ksi (7.7 MPa) and corresponding average tensile strain of 0.15% were measured. Although a slightly higher W/CM ratio of 0.2 was used to assure adequate flowability instead of the 0.184.
  • a No. 3 rebar was placed at the middle of the specimen and three strain gauges were installed on the rebar (e.g., one at the middle of the rebar and two towards the end of the gauge length on both sides) in order to check where and when the rebar started yielding/unloading; to calculate the force being carried by the rebar.
  • the load carried by the rebar was calculated based on the strain values measured by the strain gauges and then subtracted from the total load. For this purpose, another No.
  • FIG. 4 shows the total (UHP- FRC + rebar) and pure (only UHP-FRC) tensile stress-strain curves as well as the tensile stress- strain curve of (UHP-FRC with no rebar).
  • FIG. 4 illustrates that, while the tensile strength did not change, the presence of rebar considerably enhanced the tensile ductility of UHP-FRC.
  • FIG. 4 also shows that while the peak tensile stress (1.11 ksi (7.7 MPa)) was approximately similar to the one with no rebar, the strain- hardening was maintained up to a strain of 1.3%, which is nearly 7.5 times larger than the one with no rebar.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des compositions de béton et des procédés pour leur préparation et leur utilisation. Dans certains modes de réalisation, une composition de béton décrite dans la description comprend 0,5-0,7 partie de premières particules présentant une grosseur moyenne de particule de 300-600 µm, 0,3-0,4 partie de deuxièmes particules présentant une grosseur moyenne de particule de 70-200 μm, 1 partie de troisièmes particules présentant une grosseur moyenne de particule de 5-40 µm, 0,2-0,3 partie de quatrièmes particules présentant une grosseur moyenne de particule de 0,5-3,5 µm et 0,2-0,3 partie de cinquièmes particules présentant une grosseur moyenne de particule de 0,2-1,5 µm. Dans certains cas, les premières particules comprennent des particules de sable grossier, les deuxièmes particules comprennent des particules de sable fin, les troisièmes particules comprennent des particules de ciment, les quatrièmes particules comprennent des particules de poudre de verre et les cinquièmes particules comprennent des particules de fumées de silice.
PCT/US2016/055400 2015-10-05 2016-10-05 Compositions de béton renforcées par des fibres, à performances ultra-hautes WO2017062395A1 (fr)

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CN110905555A (zh) * 2019-12-11 2020-03-24 湘潭大学 一种隧道用uhpc衬砌结构及其施工方法
CN113480256A (zh) * 2021-06-29 2021-10-08 成都宏基建材股份有限公司 高工作性能的stc超高韧性混凝土及其生产方法
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Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2019215139A1 (fr) * 2018-05-09 2019-11-14 Baustoffe Schollberg Ag Béton à très hautes performances
CN110905555A (zh) * 2019-12-11 2020-03-24 湘潭大学 一种隧道用uhpc衬砌结构及其施工方法
CN113480256A (zh) * 2021-06-29 2021-10-08 成都宏基建材股份有限公司 高工作性能的stc超高韧性混凝土及其生产方法
CN115745498A (zh) * 2022-10-12 2023-03-07 中交二航武汉港湾新材料有限公司 低粘度大流态超高性能混凝土及其制备方法
CN115745498B (zh) * 2022-10-12 2023-08-22 中交二航武汉港湾新材料有限公司 低粘度大流态超高性能混凝土及其制备方法

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