WO2017062253A2 - Antibodies with improved stability to intestinal digestion - Google Patents
Antibodies with improved stability to intestinal digestion Download PDFInfo
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- WO2017062253A2 WO2017062253A2 PCT/US2016/054304 US2016054304W WO2017062253A2 WO 2017062253 A2 WO2017062253 A2 WO 2017062253A2 US 2016054304 W US2016054304 W US 2016054304W WO 2017062253 A2 WO2017062253 A2 WO 2017062253A2
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Classifications
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- C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
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- C07K16/241—Tumor Necrosis Factors
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- C07K16/2803—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily
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- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
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- A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
- A61P1/04—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for ulcers, gastritis or reflux esophagitis, e.g. antacids, inhibitors of acid secretion, mucosal protectants
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
- C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
- C07K16/26—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against hormones ; against hormone releasing or inhibiting factors
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
- C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
- C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
- C07K16/2875—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the NGF/TNF superfamily, e.g. CD70, CD95L, CD153, CD154
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- C07K2317/20—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin
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- C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
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- C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
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- C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
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- C07K2317/90—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by (pharmaco)kinetic aspects or by stability of the immunoglobulin
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Definitions
- bovine colostral antibodies have been used experimentally to treat and prevent infection and inflammation in the digestive tract (Jones et al., CritRev Biotechnol 2015; July 15: 1-15). In contrast to other types of antibodies, which are readily digested, bovine colostral antibodies naturally resist intestinal digestion, making them uniquely suited for oral, topical use in the digestive tract. Studies of bovine colostral antibodies have consistently shown that they survive in the human digestive tract (Jaison et al. Nutrition Journal 2015; 14: 1-8).
- Bovine colostrum contains a mixture of immunoglobulins including IgGl, IgG2, IgM, and IgA. In addition to proteins, colostrum contains large quantities of lipids, sugars, and small molecules. In short, bovine colostrum is a complex mixture of bioactive substances, which makes it very difficult to elucidate the relevant factors that confer digestion resistance.
- Immunoglobulins in bovine colostrum are transferred from the serum to the udder shortly before parturition. Most transfer of IgG occurs by active transport via mammary epithelial cells, which secrete substances into the colostrum. During transport through these cells, IgG can be modified by glycosylation or other means. This process adds to the complexity of efforts to identify factors that confer digestion resistance to bovine colostral antibodies. Further complicating these efforts are contradictory results of previous studies that assessed the protease resistance of bovine antibodies.
- the present invention is based, as least in part, on the identification of the structural features of ruminant early colostrum antibodies that impart resistance to proteases and intestinal digestion.
- pharmaceutical compositions comprising recombinant antibodies as described herein advantageously exhibit resistance to proteases and intestinal digestion.
- these pharmaceutical compositions may be delivered to the gastrointestinal tract, particularly for the treatment of diseases of the digestive tract.
- the recombinant antibody retains at least the antigen binding CDRs or variable region (VR) from a parent (non-bovine) antibody, and includes all or a portion of a bovine IgGl constant region (e.g., a bovine IgGl CHI and/or hinge domain).
- a bovine IgGl constant region e.g., a bovine IgGl CHI and/or hinge domain.
- Such antibodies are referred to herein as "bovinized antibodies.”
- the antibody comprises the variable region of a parent (non- bovine) antibody, and the constant region (i.e., CHI domain, hinge region, CH2 domain, and CH3 domain) of a bovine IgGl antibody.
- a parent antibody non- bovine
- CHI domain variable region
- CH2 domain constant region
- CH3 domain constant region of a bovine IgGl antibody.
- Bovine chimeric antibodies Such antibodies are referred to herein as "bovine chimeric antibodies.”
- isolated recombinant monoclonal antibodies comprising (a) heavy and light chain CDR regions from a non-bovine antibody and (b) a constant region comprising all or a portion of a bovine IgGl constant region (e.g., a bovine IgGl constant region selected from any of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3).
- the non- bovine antibody is a human antibody.
- the constant region comprises all or a portion of a bovine IgGl hinge region. In another embodiment, the constant region comprises all or a portion of a bovine IgGl CHI domain. In another embodiment, the constant region comprises all or a portion of a bovine IgGl CH2 domain. In another embodiment, the constant region comprises all or a portion of a bovine IgGl CH3 domain. In another embodiment, the constant region further comprises a portion of a human constant region (e.g., a human IgGl or IgG2 constant region).
- a human constant region e.g., a human IgGl or IgG2 constant region
- bovinized antibodies that incorporate one or more of the following structural features found in bovine IgGl that impart protease resistance to the antibody:
- the parent (non-bovine) antibody comprises a human IgG hinge, wherein sites within the hinge which are susceptible to enzymatic or spontaneous proteolysis are replaced with the equivalent bovine hinge region sequences.
- the parent (non-bovine) antibody comprises a bovinized hinge region, in which some or all of the amino acid residues of the hinge region are replaced with the equivalent portion of the bovine IgGl hinge region sequence.
- isolated recombinant monoclonal human antibodies wherein the constant region of the antibodies comprise one or more of the following features found in bovine IgGl :
- the antibody has fully human sequences, except for one or more of these structural features that exist in bovine IgGl (or structurally equivalent features of IgGl from other ruminants or rabbit) which confer protease resistance.
- the antibodies described herein comprise a constant region comprising one or more of the following substitutions (Kabat numbering): threonine at position 252 is substituted with methionine; glycine at position 255 is substituted with arginine; glutamine at position 309 is substituted with leucine; threonine at position 314 is substituted with leucine; and glycine at position 315 is substituted with asparagine.
- the bovinized or fully bovine recombinant IgGl monoclonal antibodies described herein bind to a biological antigen (e.g., TNF-a).
- the antibody comprises the heavy and light chain variable region sequences of infliximab.
- Bovinized antibodies described herein exhibit greater protease resistance relative to the parent antibody. In some embodiments, the bovinized antibodies also retain greater antigen-binding activity after protease digestion relative to the parent antibody. In some embodiments, the bovinized antibodies, upon being subjected to protease digestion in the GI tract, retain antigen-binding activity.
- provided herein are fully bovine recombinant IgGl monoclonal antibodies, as well as host cells that secrete the antibodies.
- provided herein are bispecific bovinized antibodies or bispecific fully bovine recombinant IgGl antibodies.
- immunoconjugates comprising the bovinized antibodies or fully bovine recombinant IgGl monoclonal antibodies.
- nucleic acid molecules that encode the recombinant antibodies described herein.
- expression vectors that comprise the nucleic acids.
- host cells comprising the nucleic acids or expression vectors.
- compositions containing (e.g., comprising, consisting of or consisting essentially of) the bovinized antibody or fully bovine recombinant IgGl monoclonal antibodies or bovinized antibodies, and optionally a carrier (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier), formulated for oral administration.
- a carrier e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier
- the composition further comprises a preservative.
- the composition is lyophilized.
- kits for treating diseases comprising administering the bovinized antibodies or fully bovine recombinant IgGl monoclonal antibodies to a subject in need thereof.
- the disease is ulcerative colitis.
- the disease is Crohn's disease.
- the antibodies bind specifically to TNF-a.
- kits comprising the bovinized antibodies or fully bovine recombinant IgGl monoclonal antibodies described herein.
- provided herein are methods of producing the bovinized antibodies or fully bovine recombinant IgGl monoclonal antibodies described herein comprising expressing the antibodies in a host cell and isolating the antibodies from the cells.
- Figure 1 is a reducing SDS-PAGE analysis of AVX-470 subjected to pancreatin digestion under conditions discussed in Example 2.
- Figure 2 is a reducing SDS-PAGE analysis of infliximab subjected to pancreatin digestion under conditions discussed in Example 2.
- Figure 3 is a reducing SDS-PAGE analysis of human IgGl subjected to pancreatin digestion under conditions discussed in Example 2.
- Figure 4 is a line graph plotting the pancreatin-mediated degradation of the antibody heavy chain of AVX-470, infliximab, and human IgGl, as shown in Figures 1-3
- Figure 5 is a line graph plotting the TNF-binding activity of AVX-470 and infliximab after pancreatin digestion for the indicated durations.
- Figure 6 is a SDS-PAGE analysis of purified colostral and serum IgG.
- Figure 7 is a SDS-PAGE analysis of serum IgG and milk IgG subjected to pancreatin digestion for the indicated durations.
- Figure 8 is a SDS-PAGE analysis of colostral IgG subjected to pancreatin digestion for the indicated durations.
- Figure 9 is a line graph plotting the pancreatin-mediated degradation of the antibody heavy chain of serum IgG, colostral IgG, and milk IgG.
- Figure 10 is a chromatogram comparing the glycosylation patterns of AVX-470 and human IgG.
- Figure 11 is a chromatogram showing the glycosylation pattern of AVX-470, and assigning oligosaccharide species to the major peaks.
- Figure 12 is a chromatogram comparing the glycosylation patterns of AVX-470, cow serum IgG, and calf serum IgG.
- Figure 13 is a chromatogram comparing the glycosylation patterns of serum IgG (Dec2 bleed, Decl8 bleed) and colostral IgG (Ml, M2, and M3) samples.
- Figure 14 is a chromatogram comparing the glycosylation patterns of serum IgG, colostral IgG, and milk IgG.
- Figure 15 is a line graph plotting the pancreatin-mediated degradation of the antibody heavy chain of colostral IgG treated with or without neuraminidase.
- Figure 16 is a reducing SDS-PAGE analysis of pancreatin digestion of serum IgG and colostral IgG, assigning antibody fragments to the major bands based on molecular weight of the bands and LC/MS/MS analysis.
- Figure 17 is a chromatogram showing the IgGl-enriched fraction from colostrum samples.
- Figure 18 is a chromatogram showing the IgG2-enriched fraction from serum samples.
- Figure 19 is a line graph plotting the pancreatin-mediated degradation of the antibody heavy chain of AVX-470, IgGl, and IgG2 antibodies.
- Figure 20 is a chromatogram comparing glycosylation patterns of IgGl and IgG2 from serum.
- Figure 21 is a chromatogram comparing glycosylation patterns of IgGl and IgG2 from colostrum.
- Figure 22 is a schematic comparing the CHI-hinge region of bovine IgGl and IgG2 (SEQ ID NOS 95-97, respectively, in order of appearance).
- Figure 23 is a schematic comparing the CHI-hinge region of human IgGl (SEQ ID NO: 98) and bovine IgGl (SEQ ID NO: 99). Potential enzymatic and spontaneous proteolysis sites in human IgGl are indicated.
- Figure 24 is a line graph comparing antigen-binding activity of bovinized infliximab, infliximab, AVX-470, and a bovine anti-testosterone monoclonal antibody, as determined by ELISA.
- Figure 25 is a Western blot analysis of anti-testosterone antibody digested with pancreatin (probed with anti-bovine IgGl antibody).
- Figure 26 is a line graph showing titers of TNF-binding antibodies from pooled sera collected from calves immunized with the indicated adjuvants, as determined by ELISA.
- Figure 27 is a bar graph showing titers of TNF-binding antibodies from pooled sera collected from calves of the indicated groups, as determined by ELISA.
- Figure 28 is a line graph showing the TNF neutralizing activity of pooled sera collected from calves of the indicated groups, as determined by the L929 cell-based assay.
- Figure 29 is a schematic of bovinized constructs using infliximab as the parent antibody.
- Figure 30 is a line graph plotting the pancreatin-mediated degradation of the antibody heavy chain of infliximab, minimally bovinized infliximab, and bovine colostral IgGl.
- Figure 31 is schematic representation of the predicted disulfide bond structure of wild-type bovine IgGl and the C127S/C215S variant.
- Figure 32 is schematic representation of the predicted disulfide bond structure of wild-type bovine IgGl and the C128S/C215S variant.
- Figure 33 is schematic representation of the predicted disulfide bond structure of wild-type bovine IgGl and the C127S/C128S variant.
- Figure 34 is a line graph plotting the pancreatin-mediated degradation of the antibody heavy chain of infliximab, bovine colostral IgGl, wild-type bovinized infliximab, and bovinized infliximab with the C127S/C215S, C128S/C215S or C127S/C128S substitutions.
- Figure 35 is a bar graph showing the levels of expression of infliximab, bovinized infliximab, and bovine anti-testosterone antibody.
- an element means one element or more than one element.
- antibody is referred to in the broadest sense and encompasses monoclonal antibodies (including full length monoclonal antibodies), polyclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies (e.g., bispecific antibodies), and antibody fragments including antigen binding fragments.
- antibody fragments include, but are not limited to, (i) the Fab fragment consisting of VL, VH, CL and CHI domains, (ii) the Fd fragment consisting of the VH and CHI domains, (iii) the Fv fragment consisting of the VL and VH domains of a single antibody; (iv) the dAb fragment which consists of a single variable, (v) isolated CDR regions, (vi) F(ab')2 fragments, a bivalent fragment comprising two linked Fab fragments (vii) single chain Fv molecules (scFv), wherein a VH domain and a VL domain are linked by a peptide linker which allows the two domains to associate to form an antigen binding site , (viii) bispecific single chain Fv dimers and (ix) "diabodies” or “triabodies", multivalent or multispecific fragments constructed by gene fusion.
- the antibody fragments may be modified. For example, the molecules may be stabilized by the incorporation
- Antibodies can be intact immunoglobulins derived from natural sources or from recombinant sources and can be immunoreactive portions of intact immunoglobulins.
- Antibodies are typically tetramers of immunoglobulin molecules.
- the antibodies in the present invention may exist in a variety of forms including, for example, polyclonal antibodies and monoclonal antibodies.
- the use of the singular terms “a” or “an” or “the” antibody are not meant to be limited to a single antibody when it is clear that more than one antibody is present in the composition or preparation.
- the singular term for “antibody” may include a collection of antibodies that are not necessarily heterogenous in their structures or specificities unless indicated otherwise.
- Antibodies are generally glycoproteins comprising at least two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains inter-connected by disulfide bonds, i.e., covalent heterotetramers comprised of two identical Ig H chains and two identical L chains that are encoded by different genes.
- Each heavy chain is comprised of a heavy chain variable region (abbreviated herein as HCVR or V H ) and a heavy chain constant region.
- the heavy chain constant region of an IgG subclass of immunoglobulins for example, is comprised of three domains, CHI, CH2 and CH3.
- Each light chain is comprised of a light chain variable region (abbreviated herein as LCVR or V L ) and a light chain constant region.
- the light chain constant region is comprised of one domain, CL.
- CL The V H and V L regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed complementarity determining regions (CDR), interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FR).
- CDR complementarity determining regions
- FR framework regions
- Each VH and VL is composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4.
- variable regions of the heavy and light chains contain a binding domain that interacts with an antigen.
- the constant regions of the antibodies may mediate the binding of the immunoglobulin to host tissues or factors, including various cells of the immune system (e.g., effector cells). Formation of a mature functional antibody molecule can be
- the term "monoclonal antibody” refers to an antibody that displays a single binding specificity and affinity for a particular epitope or a composition of antibodies in which all antibodies display a single binding specificity and affinity for a particular epitope.
- an “isolated antibody” refers to an antibody that is substantially free of other antibodies having different antigenic specificities.
- isotype refers to the antibody class (e.g., IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgM, IgAl, IgA2, IgD, and IgE antibody) that is encoded by the heavy chain constant region genes.
- the recombinant antibody of the invention antibody is an IgG antibody, e.g. IgGl, IgG2.
- the recombinant antibody of the invention is an IgGl antibody.
- Fc or “Fc region”, as used herein is meant the polypeptide comprising the constant region of an antibody excluding the first constant region immunoglobulin domain.
- Fc refers to the last two constant region immunoglobulin domains of IgA, IgD, and IgG, and the last three constant region immunoglobulin domains of IgE and IgM, and the flexible hinge N-terminal to these domains.
- Fc may include the I chain.
- Fc comprises immunoglobulin domains CH2 and CH3 and the hinge between CHI and CH2.
- the "hinge region" of an antibody refers to a stretch of peptide sequence between the CHI and CH2 domains of an antibody. Hinge regions occur between Fab and Fc portions of an antibody. Hinge regions are generally encoded by unique exons, and contain disulfide bonds that link the two heavy chain fragments of the antibody.
- the amino acid sequence of a hinge region can be generally rich in proline, serine, and threonine residues.
- the extended peptide sequences between the CHI and CH2 domains of IgG, IgD, and IgA are rich in prolines.
- IgM and IgE antibodies include a domain of about 110 amino acids that possesses hinge-like features and are included in the term "hinge region" as used herein.
- region equivalent to the hinge region of a ruminant antibody is intended to include naturally occurring allelic variants of the hinge region of a ruminant (e.g., bovine) immunoglobulin of any isotype as well as variants having alterations which produce substitutions, additions, or deletions but which do not decrease substantially the ability of the immunoglobulin to resist enzyme digestion. Such variants can be selected according to general rules known in the art so as to have minimal effect on activity.
- a CHI domain is an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region domain.
- ruminant immunoglobulin CHI domains such as a bovine, ovine or caprine with the bovine CHI domains being preferred.
- the amino acid sequence of immunoglobulin CHI domains of various species are known or are generally available to the skilled artisan (Kabat et al., Sequences of proteins of immunological interest Fifth Ed., U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 91-3242).
- the CHI domain is a bovine IgGl CHI domain.
- the CHI domain is a bovine IgGl CHI domain.
- immunoglobulin CHI domain is of the d allotype.
- region equivalent to CHI domain of a ruminant antibody is intended to include naturally occurring allelic variants of the CHI domain of a ruminant (e.g., bovine) immunoglobulin of any isotype as well as variants having alterations which produce substitutions, additions, or deletions but which do not decrease substantially the ability of the immunoglobulin to resist enzyme digestion. Such variants can be selected according to general rules known in the art so as to have minimal effect on activity.
- a CH2 domain is an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region domain.
- the CH2 domain is preferably the CH2 domain of one of the five immunoglobulins subtypes indicated above.
- Preferred are ruminant immunoglobulin CH2 domains such as a bovine, ovine or caprine with the bovine CH2 domains being preferred.
- the amino acid sequence of immunoglobulin CH2 domains of various species are known or are generally available to the skilled artisan (Kabat et al., Sequences of proteins of immunological interest Fifth Ed., U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 91-3242).
- a preferred immunoglobulin CH2 domain within the context of the present invention is a bovine IgG and preferably from bovine IgGl, or IgG2, and more preferably a bovine IgGl.
- ruminant antibody molecules reference is made to the IgG class in which an N-linked oligosaccharide is attached to the amide side chain of Asn of the inner face of the CH2 domain of the Fc region. This site is equivalent to Asn 297 of the human IgGl immunoglobulin molecule. It is characteristic of the recombinant antibody of the present invention that it contain or be modified to contain at least a CH2 domain.
- region equivalent to CH2 domain of a ruminant antibody is intended to include naturally occurring allelic variants of the CH2 domain of a ruminant (e.g., bovine) immunoglobulin of any isotype as well as variants having alterations which produce substitutions, additions, or deletions but which do not decrease substantially the ability of the immunoglobulin to resist enzyme digestion. Such variants can be selected according to general rules known in the art so as to have minimal effect on activity.
- a CH3 domain is an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region domain.
- the CH3 domain is preferably the CH3 domain of one of the five immunoglobulins subtypes indicated above.
- Preferred are ruminant immunoglobulin CH3 domains such as a bovine, ovine or caprine with the bovine CH3 domains being preferred.
- the amino acid sequence of immunoglobulin CH3 domains of various species are known or are generally available to the skilled artisan (Kabat et al., Sequences of proteins of immunological interest Fifth Ed., U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 91-3242).
- a preferred immunoglobulin CH3 domain within the context of the present invention is from bovine IgG CH3 domain, and preferably a bovine IgGl CH3 domain or bovine IgG2 CH3 domain, and more preferably a bovine IgGl CH3 domain.
- region equivalent to CH3 domain of a ruminant antibody is intended to include naturally occurring allelic variants of the CH3 domain of a ruminant (e.g., bovine) immunoglobulin of any isotype as well as variants having alterations which produce substitutions, additions, or deletions but which do not decrease substantially the ability of the immunoglobulin to resist enzyme digestion. Such variants can be selected according to general rules known in the art so as to have minimal effect on activity.
- region equivalent to the Fc region of a ruminant antibody is intended to include naturally occurring allelic variants of the Fc region of a ruminant immunoglobulin of any isotype as well as variants having alterations which produce substitutions, additions, or deletions but which do not decrease substantially the ability of the immunoglobulin to resist enzyme digestion. Such variants can be selected according to general rules known in the art so as to have minimal effect on activity.
- host cell covers any kind of cellular system which can be engineered to generate the antibodies disclosed herein
- Host cells include cultured cells, e.g., mammalian cultured cells, such as CHO cells, HEK293T cells, BHK cells, NSO cells, SP2/0 cells, YO myeloma cells, P3X63 mouse myeloma cells, PER cells, PER.C6 cells or hybridoma cells, yeast cells, fungal cells, and insect cells, to name only a few, but also cells comprised within a transgenic animal or cultured tissue.
- mammalian cultured cells such as CHO cells, HEK293T cells, BHK cells, NSO cells, SP2/0 cells, YO myeloma cells, P3X63 mouse myeloma cells, PER cells, PER.C6 cells or hybridoma cells, yeast cells, fungal cells, and insect cells, to name only a few, but also cells comprised within a transgenic animal
- host cells are ruminant mammary epithelial cells including but not limited to: ruminant mammary epithelial cell lines such as Bovine cell lines BMEC+H (Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells of the Hormone-adapted), HH2A (spontaneously immortalized bovine mammary epithelial cell line), ET-C (epithelial and myoepithelial-like characteristics) and Mac-T (Mammary Alveolar Cells).
- ruminant mammary epithelial cell lines such as Bovine cell lines BMEC+H (Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells of the Hormone-adapted), HH2A (spontaneously immortalized bovine mammary epithelial cell line), ET-C (epithelial and myoepithelial-like characteristics) and Mac-T (Mammary Alveolar Cells).
- an “isolated antibody” or “isolated antibodies”, as used herein, is intended to refer to an antibody which is substantially free of other antibodies having different antigenic specificities.
- An isolated antibody may be substantially free of other cellular material and/or chemicals.
- the term “substantially” in any of the definitions herein generally means at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, or more preferably at least about 90%, and still more preferably at least about 95%. Isolated also means separation from ccontaminant components of the antibodies' natural environment that would typically interfere with diagnostic or therapeutic uses of the antibody, such as enzymes, hormones, and other materials. As is apparent to those of skill in the art, a non-naturally occurring antibody, does not require “isolation" to distinguish it from its naturally occurring counterpart.
- a “concentrated”, “separated” or “diluted” antibody is distinguishable from its naturally occurring counterpart in that the concentration or number of molecules per volume is generally greater than that of its naturally occurring counterpart.
- an antibody made by recombinant means and expressed in a host cell is considered to be “isolated.”
- specific binding refers to antibody binding to a predetermined epitope, isoform or variant of an antigen.
- the antibody binds with an affinity that is at least two-fold greater than its affinity for binding to a non-specific antigen other than the predetermined antigen or a closely-related antigen. Therefore, the antibodies provided herein in some embodiments specifically bind a target antigen.
- affinity or “binding affinity” as used herein is meant the strength of interaction between an antibody and its target antigen.
- the strength of affinity is often reported with a equilibrium dissociation constant, K D , which is obtained from the ratio of k d to k a (i.e,. k d /k a ) and is expressed as a molar concentration (M).
- K D values for antibodies can be determined using methods well established in the art (e.g., Biacore surface Plasmon resonance, flow cytometry, Scatchard analysis). Lower values of K D correspond to tighter binding and higher affinity. Higher values of KD correspond to weaker binding and lower affinity.
- target antigen refers to the molecule that is bound specifically by the variable region of a given antibody.
- a target antigen may be a protein, carbohydrate, lipid, or other chemical compound.
- bovine chimeric antibody refers to a recombinant antibody that retains at least the antigen binding CDRs or variable region (VR) from a parent (non-bovine) antibody, and includes at least a portion of a bovine IgGl constant region (e.g., a bovine IgGl CHI and/or hinge domain).
- a bovinized antibody comprises the variable regions and CH2 and CH3 domains of a parent antibody (e.g., a human antibody), and the hinge region and CHI domain of a bovine IgGl antibody.
- a bovinized antibody comprises one or more amino acid residues in the parent antibody that are replaced with the equivalent residue(s) of a bovine constant region, e.g., a bovine IgGl constant region.
- the bovinized antibody comprises the variable region of a parent antibody, and the CHI domain, hinge region, CH2 domain, and CH3 domain of a bovine IgGl antibody (i.e., a "bovine chimeric antibody").
- parent antibody is used in the broadest sense and specifically covers monoclonal antibodies (including full length monoclonal antibodies), polyclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies (e.g., bispecific antibodies), and antibody fragments including antigen binding fragments such as an Fc-fusion protein wherein the "parent antibody” is the basis for modification to generate a variant of the present invention also referred to herein as a "bovinized antibody".
- the term parent antibody may refer to the parent antibody itself, a composition comprising the parent antibody or the amino acid sequence or nucleic acid sequence that encodes the parent antibody.
- the term "fully bovine recombinant monoclonal antibody” is intended to include recombinant antibodies having variable and constant regions derived from bovine germline immunoglobulin sequences.
- the fully bovine antibodies of the invention may include amino acid residues not encoded by the bovine germline immunoglobulin sequences (e.g., mutations introduced by random or site-specific mutagenesis in vitro or by somatic mutation in vivo).
- the term “fully bovine antibody”, as used herein is not intended to include antibodies in which CDR sequences derived from the germline of another mammalian species, such as a mouse have been grafted onto bovine framework sequences.
- the antibody is a full-length antibody.
- the full-length antibody comprises a heavy chain and a light chain.
- a "therapeutic recombinant antibody” as that term is used herein is a recombinant antibody that use useful in preventing or ameliorating a disease, disorder or conditions when administered to a subject in need of treatment.
- recombinant antibody is intended to include antibodies that are prepared, expressed, created or isolated by recombinant means including, but not limited to, antibodies expressed using a recombinant expression vector transfected into a host cell, antibodies isolated from a recombinant, combinatorial antibody library, or antibodies prepared, expressed, created or isolated by any other means that involves splicing of immunoglobulin gene sequences to other DNA sequences.
- N-linked oligosaccharides are those oligosaccharides that are linked to a peptide backbone through asparagine, by way of an asparagine-N-acetylglucosamine linkage. N- linked oligosaccharides are also called “N-linked glycans.” All N-linked oligosaccharides have a common pentasaccharide core of Man 3 GlcNAc 2 . They differ in the presence of, and in the number of branches (also called antennae) of peripheral sugars such as N- acetylglucos amine, galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine, fucose and sialic acid. Optionally, this structure may also contain a core fucose molecule and/or a xylose molecule.
- O-linked oligosaccharides are those oligosaccharides also referred to herein as "O- linked glycans" are linked to a peptide backbone through threonine, serine, hydroxyproline, tyrosine, or other hydroxy-containing amino acids.
- sialic acid refers to any member of a family of nine-carbon carboxylated sugars.
- the most common member of the sialic acid family is N-acetyl- neuraminic acid (2-keto-5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galactononulopyranos-l-onic acid (often abbreviated as Neu5Ac, NeuAc, or NANA).
- a second member of the family is N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid (Neu5Gc or NeuGc), in which the N-acetyl group of NeuAc is hydroxylated.
- a third sialic acid family member is 2-keto-3-deoxy-nonulosonic acid (KDN) (Nadano et al., JBC 1986;261: 11550-7; Kanamori et al., JBC 1990;65:21811-9). Also included are 9-substituted sialic acids such as a 9-0— Ci-C 6 acyl-Neu5Ac like 9-O-lactyl- Neu5Ac or 9-0-acetyl-Neu5Ac, 9-deoxy-9-fluoro-Neu5Ac and 9-azido-9-deoxy-Neu5Ac.
- KDN 2-keto-3-deoxy-nonulosonic acid
- 9-substituted sialic acids such as a 9-0— Ci-C 6 acyl-Neu5Ac like 9-O-lactyl- Neu5Ac or 9-0-acetyl-Neu5Ac, 9-deoxy-9-fluoro-Neu5A
- sialylated or “sialylation” refers to the addition of sialyl acid groups to oligosaccharide groups present on a glycosylated peptide such as an antibody. Such addition may be by natural enzymatic processes taking place in, for example a cell or via chemical glycoengineering.
- isolated nucleic acid refers to a nucleic acid segment or fragment which has been separated from sequences which flank it in a naturally occurring state, e.g., a DNA fragment which has been removed from the sequences which are normally adjacent to the fragment, e.g., the sequences adjacent to the fragment in a genome in which it naturally occurs.
- nucleic acids which have been substantially purified from other components which naturally accompany the nucleic acid, e.g., RNA or DNA or proteins, which naturally accompany it in the cell.
- the term therefore includes, for example, a recombinant DNA which is incorporated into a vector, into an autonomously replicating plasmid or virus, or into the genomic DNA of a prokaryote or eukaryote, or which exists as a separate molecule (e.g., as a cDNA or a genomic or cDNA fragment produced by PCR or restriction enzyme digestion) independent of other sequences. It also includes a recombinant DNA which is part of a hybrid nucleic acid encoding additional peptide sequence.
- a "polynucleotide” means a single strand or parallel and anti-parallel strands of a nucleic acid.
- a polynucleotide may be either a single-stranded or a double-stranded nucleic acid.
- nucleic acid typically refers to large polynucleotides.
- oligonucleotide typically refers to short polynucleotides, generally no greater than about 50 nucleotides. Conventional notation is used herein to describe polynucleotide sequences: the left-hand end of a single-stranded polynucleotide sequence is the 5 '-end; the left-hand direction of a double- stranded polynucleotide sequence is referred to as the 5 '-direction. The direction of 5' to 3' addition of nucleotides to nascent RNA transcripts is referred to as the transcription direction.
- Encoding refers to the inherent property of specific sequences of nucleotides in a polynucleotide, such as a gene, a cDNA, or an mRNA, to serve as templates for synthesis of other polymers and macromolecules in biological processes having either a defined sequence of nucleotides (i.e., rRNA, tRNA and mRNA) or a defined sequence of amino acids and the biological properties resulting therefrom.
- a nucleic acid sequence encodes a protein if transcription and translation of mRNA corresponding to that nucleic acid produces the protein in a cell or other biological system.
- Both the coding strand, the nucleotide sequence of which is identical to the mRNA sequence and is usually provided in sequence listings, and the non-coding strand, used as the template for transcription of a gene or cDNA, can be referred to as encoding the protein or other product of that nucleic acid or cDNA.
- nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence includes all nucleotide sequences that are degenerate versions of each other and that encode the same amino acid sequence. Nucleotide sequences that encode proteins and RNA may include introns.
- Homologous refers to the subunit sequence similarity between two polymeric molecules, e.g., between two nucleic acid molecules, e.g., two DNA molecules or two RNA molecules, or between two peptide molecules. When a subunit position in both of the two molecules is occupied by the same monomeric subunit, e.g., if a position in each of two DNA molecules is occupied by adenine, then they are homologous at that position.
- the homology between two sequences is a direct function of the number of matching or homologous positions, e.g., if half (e.g., five positions in a polymer ten subunits in length) of the positions in two compound sequences are homologous then the two sequences are 50% homologous, if 90% of the positions, e.g., 9 of 10, are matched or homologous, the two sequences share 90% homology.
- the DNA sequences 3'ATTGCC5' and 3'TATGGC share 50% homology.
- NCBI National Center for Biotechnology Information
- BLAST protein searches can be performed with the XBLAST program (designated "blastn” at the NCBI web site) or the NCBI “blastp” program, using the following parameters: expectation value 10.0, BLOSUM62 scoring matrix to obtain amino acid sequences homologous to a protein molecule described herein.
- Gapped BLAST can be utilized as described in Altschul et al. (Nucleic Acids Res 1997;25:3389-402).
- PSI-Blast or PHI-Blast can be used to perform an iterated search which detects distant relationships between molecules (Id.) and relationships between molecules which share a common pattern.
- the default parameters of the respective programs e.g., XBLAST and NBLAST. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
- the percent identity between two sequences can be determined using techniques similar to those described above, with or without allowing gaps. In calculating percent identity, typically exact matches are counted.
- a "heterologous nucleic acid expression unit" encoding a peptide is defined as a nucleic acid having a coding sequence for a peptide of interest operably linked to one or more expression control sequences such as promoters and/or repressor sequences wherein at least one of the sequences is heterologous, i.e., not normally found in the host cell.
- two polynucleotides as "operably linked” is meant that a single- stranded or double-stranded nucleic acid moiety comprises the two polynucleotides arranged within the nucleic acid moiety in such a manner that at least one of the two polynucleotides is able to exert a physiological effect by which it is characterized upon the other.
- a promoter operably linked to the coding region of a nucleic acid is able to promote transcription of the coding region.
- promoter/regulatory sequence means a nucleic acid sequence which is required for expression of a gene product operably linked to the promoter/regulator sequence.
- this sequence may be the core promoter sequence and in other instances, this sequence may also include an enhancer sequence and other regulatory elements which are required for expression of the gene product.
- the promoter/regulatory sequence may, for example, be one which expresses the gene product in a tissue specific manner.
- a "constitutive promoter” is a promoter which drives expression of a gene to which it is operably linked, in a constant manner in a cell.
- promoters which drive expression of cellular housekeeping genes are considered to be constitutive promoters.
- an “inducible" promoter is a nucleotide sequence which, when operably linked with a polynucleotide which encodes or specifies a gene product, causes the gene product to be produced in a living cell substantially only when an inducer which corresponds to the promoter is present in the cell.
- tissue-specific promoter is a nucleotide sequence which, when operably linked with a polynucleotide which encodes or specifies a gene product, causes the gene product to be produced in a living cell substantially only if the cell is a cell of the tissue type corresponding to the promoter.
- a “vector” is a composition of matter which comprises an isolated nucleic acid and which can be used to deliver the isolated nucleic acid to the interior of a cell.
- vectors are known in the art including, but not limited to, linear polynucleotides, polynucleotides associated with ionic or amphiphilic compounds, plasmids, and viruses.
- the term “vector” includes an autonomously replicating plasmid or a virus.
- the term should also be construed to include non-plasmid and non-viral compounds which facilitate transfer of nucleic acid into cells, such as, for example, polylysine compounds, liposomes, and the like.
- viral vectors include, but are not limited to, adenoviral vectors, adeno-associated virus vectors, retroviral vectors, and the like.
- “Expression vector” refers to a vector comprising a recombinant polynucleotide comprising expression control sequences operatively linked to a nucleotide sequence to be expressed.
- An expression vector comprises sufficient cis-acting elements for expression; other elements for expression can be supplied by the host cell or in an in vitro expression system.
- Expression vectors include all those known in the art, such as cosmids, plasmids (e.g., naked or contained in liposomes) and viruses that incorporate the recombinant polynucleotide.
- a “genetically engineered” or “recombinant” cell is a cell having one or more modifications to the genetic material of the cell. Such modifications are seen to include, but are not limited to, insertions of genetic material, deletions of genetic material and insertion of genetic material that is extrachromasomal whether such material is stably maintained or not.
- “native form” means the form of the peptide when produced by the cells and/or organisms in which it is found in nature. When the peptide is produced by a plurality of cells and/or organisms, the peptide may have a variety of native forms.
- Peptide refers to a polymer in which the monomers are amino acids and are joined together through amide bonds, alternatively referred to as a peptide. Additionally, unnatural amino acids, for example, ⁇ -alanine, phenylglycine and homoarginine are also included. Amino acids that are not nucleic acid-encoded may also be used in the present invention. Furthermore, amino acids that have been modified to include reactive groups, glycosylation sites, polymers, therapeutic moieties, biomolecules and the like may also be used in the invention. All of the amino acids used in the present invention may be either the D- or L- isomer thereof. The L-isomer is generally preferred. In addition, other peptidomimetics are also useful in the present invention. “Peptides” include, for example, oligopeptides, polypeptides, peptides, proteins, or glycoproteins.
- polypeptide refers to a chain comprising at least two consecutively linked amino acid residues, with no upper limit on the length of the chain.
- One or more amino acid residues in the protein may contain a modification such as, but not limited to, glycosylation, phosphorylation or a disulfide bond.
- a “protein” may comprise one or more polypeptides.
- the present invention also provides for analogs of proteins or peptides which comprise a protein as identified above.
- Analogs may differ from naturally occurring proteins or peptides by conservative amino acid sequence differences or by modifications which do not affect sequence, or by both. For example, conservative amino acid changes may be made, which although they alter the primary sequence of the protein or peptide, do not normally alter its function.
- Conservative amino acid substitutions typically include substitutions within the following groups:
- valine isoleucine, leucine
- Modifications include in vivo, or in vitro, chemical derivatization of peptides, e.g., acetylation, or carboxylation. Also included are modifications of glycosylation, e.g., those made by modifying the glycosylation patterns of a peptide during its synthesis and processing or in further processing steps; e.g., by exposing the peptide to enzymes which affect glycosylation, e.g., mammalian glycosylating or deglycosylating enzymes. Also embraced are sequences which have phosphorylated amino acid residues, e.g., phosphotyrosine, phosphoserine, or phosphothreonine.
- the peptides may incorporate amino acid residues which are modified without affecting activity.
- the termini may be derivatized to include blocking groups, i.e. chemical substituents suitable to protect and/or stabilize the N- and C-termini from "undesirable degradation", a term meant to encompass any type of enzymatic, chemical or biochemical breakdown of the compound at its termini which is likely to affect the function of the compound, i.e. sequential degradation of the compound at a terminal end thereof.
- MALDI is an abbreviation for Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization.
- SA-PEG sialic acid-poly(ethylene glycol)
- N-glycan structure of the glycoprotein can be partially eliminated from the N-glycan structure of the glycoprotein.
- a "ruminant” is any mammal of the suborder Ruminantia which include domestic animals such as camel, deer, cows (bovine), sheep (ovine) and goats (caprine).
- colostrum or “early colostral” includes colostrum produced 1 day to 7 days after the ruminant gives birth.
- early colostrum is the colostrum produced within 1 to 3 days after birth.
- early colostrum is the colostrum produced within 24 to 36 hours after birth.
- the "digestive tract” consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), large intestine (cecum, colon, rectum) and anus.
- the digestive tract is a human digestive tract.
- oral cavity includes the mouth, the pharynx and the esophagus.
- oral degradation of an antibody is used herein to mean degradation of an antibody in the oral cavity by endogenous or exogenous enzymes present in the oral cavity.
- GI tract includes the stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), large intestine (cecum, colon, rectum) and anus.
- intestinal digestion refers to digestion in the small intestine and/or the large intestine.
- intestinal degradation of an antibody refers to degradation of an antibody in the small intestine and/or large intestine by endogenous or exogenous enzymes present in the small intestine and large intestine or due to exposure to acidic conditions during intestinal digestion.
- “enhanced” or “increased” ability to resist cleavage by proteases and/or enhanced or increased resistance to digestion or degradation during intestinal digestion in a mammal is intended to refer to a recombinant antibody or composition thereof that exhibits greater resistance to protease cleavage or intestinal digestion produced by the methods of the invention that impart the unique features of ruminant early colostral IgG antibodies that enable such antibodies to resist cleavage and digestion as compared to a recombinant antibody or composition thereof produced by a method that does not impart such features to the antibodies.
- Proteases to which bovinized antibody variants of the invention have increased resistance may include, but are not limited to, simulated intestinal fluid, papain, pepsin, a matrix metalloproteinase including MMP-7, neutrophil elastase (HNE), stromelysin (MMP- 3), macrophage elastase (MMP-12), trypsin, chymotrypsin, and other proteases as compared to antibodies that do not possess the features of the invention.
- antibody preparation as used herein is used to define a composition comprising antibodies of the invention wherein contaminant components, such as materials which would interfere with diagnostic or therapeutic uses for the antibodies are substantially reduced.
- the antibody preparations of the invention will be purified (1) to greater than 95% by weight of antibody as determined by the Lowry method, and most preferably more than 99% by weight, (2) to a degree sufficient to obtain at least 15 residues of N-terminal or internal amino acid sequence by use of a spinning cup sequenator, or (3) to homogeneity by SDS-PAGE under reducing or nonreducing conditions using Coomassie blue or, preferably, silver stain.
- treatment or “treating,” or “palliating” or “ameliorating” is used interchangeably herein. These terms refer to an approach for obtaining beneficial or desired results including but not limited to a therapeutic benefit and/or a prophylactic benefit.
- therapeutic benefit is meant eradication or amelioration of the underlying disorder being treated.
- a therapeutic benefit is achieved with the eradication or amelioration of one or more of the physiological symptoms associated with the underlying disorder such that an improvement is observed in the subject, notwithstanding that the subject may still be afflicted with the underlying disorder.
- the compositions may be
- a “therapeutic effect”, as used herein, refers to a physiologic effect, including but not limited to the cure, mitigation, amelioration, or prevention of disease in humans or other animals, or to otherwise enhance physical or mental well being of humans or animals, wherein the such therapeutic effect is facilitated by a recombinant antibody of the invention. Determination of a therapeutically effective amount is well within the capability of those skilled in the art, especially in light of the detailed disclosure provided herein.
- terapéuticaally effective amount refers to an amount of a recombinant antibody of the invention, either alone, or in combination with another therapeutic, that is capable of having any detectable, beneficial effect on any symptom, aspect, measured parameter or characteristics of a disease state or condition when administered in one or repeated doses to a subject. Such effect need not be absolute to be beneficial.
- terapéuticaally effective dose regimen refers to a schedule for consecutively administered doses of a recombinant antibody of the invention, either alone or as part of a combination with another therapeutic, wherein the doses are given in therapeutically effective amounts to result in sustained beneficial effect on any symptom, aspect, measured parameter or characteristics of a disease state or condition.
- “Altering the features of an antibody or composition of antibodies” to impart the features of early colostral IgG in accordance with the methods described herein is intended to encompass instances where the alteration of the features of an individual antibody, a subset of the antibodies in the compositions or all of the antibodies in the composition have been made to impart the unique features of a ruminant early colostral IgG antibody (e.g., a bovine colostral IgGl antibody).
- Antibody resistance to proteolysis may be measured by any of the standard proteolysis assays known in the art.
- patient and “subject” refer to any human or non-human animal that receives either prophylactic or therapeutic treatment.
- the methods and compositions described herein can be used to treat a subject having a gastrointestinal disorder.
- non-human animal includes all vertebrates, e.g. , mammals and non- mammals, such as non-human primates, sheep, dog, cow, chickens, amphibians, reptiles, etc.
- bottle refer to members of the subfamily Bovinae, and include the species Bos indicus and Bos taurus. As used herein, “cattle” is intended to encompass calves, mature cows, steers, and bulls. Various aspects described herein are described in further detail in the following subsections.
- Described herein are recombinant antibodies having an increased ability to resist cleavage by proteases and resist degradation during digestion in the digestive tract of a mammal (e.g., during human digestion), as well as methods for preparing the same.
- Bovine antibodies and particularly early colostral bovine IgG, are known to have a natural resistance to digestion in the human gastrointestinal tract (Warny et al., Gut
- the present invention is based, at least in part, on the discovery of the macromolecular basis that imparts to bovine IgGl enhanced resistance to proteases and other digestive enzymes present in the gut in vitro and in vivo.
- colostrum The initial secretion present in the mammary gland at or near the time of parturition is termed colostrum, which arises during a distinct physiological and functional stage of mammary gland development that is completely different from the gland's primary role of milk production.
- colostrogenesis the transfer of immunoglobulins from the maternal circulation into mammary secretions in domestic ruminants begins several weeks prior to parturition and ceases after parturition. During this time 500 g - 3 kg of IgG are transferred into mammary secretions and early studies have established that the source of colostral immunoglobulin is the maternal circulation.
- Colostrum is unique in its composition and function.
- the principal difference between colostrum and milk is the high concentration of colostral immunoglobulin, specifically IgGl.
- IgGl is concentrated to levels 5-10 times that of serum where it accounts for greater than 90% of total colostral protein.
- the process by which immunoglobulin is transferred from maternal circulation into the mammary gland is the result of transcytosis, a process by which various macromolecules including immunoglobulins are transported across the interior bovine mammary epithelial cells. Immunoglobulins are captured in vesicles on the basal-lateral side of the mammary epithelium cell, drawn across the cell and ejected at the apical surface into colostrum.
- recombinant antibodies having unique structural features associated with bovine IgGl antibodies that impart enhanced protease resistance and which can be orally administered for the treatment diseases of the digestive tract.
- recombinant antibodies that retain at least the antigen binding CDRs or variable region (VR) from a parent (non-bovine) antibody, and includes all or a portion of a bovine IgGl constant region (e.g., a bovine IgGl CHI and/or hinge domain).
- bovine IgGl constant region e.g., a bovine IgGl CHI and/or hinge domain
- Such antibodies are referred to herein as "bovinized antibodies.”
- bovinized antibodies which comprises the variable region of a parent antibody, and the constant region (i.e., CHI domain, hinge region, CH2 domain, and CH3 domain) of a bovine IgGl antibody. These antibodies are referred to as "bovine chimeric antibodies.”
- bovinized antibodies that fully or partially replace one or more constant region domain(s) of a parent (i.e., non-bovine) antibody with the equivalent bovine IgGl constant region domain(s).
- bovine IgGl antibody constant regions are presented in Table 1.
- bovinized antibodies that incorporate 1, 2, 3, or all of the following structural features found in bovine IgGl that impart protease resistance to the antibody:
- the bovinized antibody comprises the variable domain, CH2 domain, and CH3 domain of the parent antibody, and at least a portion (i.e., one or more amino acid residues) of a bovine IgGl CHI and/or hinge domain.
- the CHI domain of the antibody is at least 85% identical, for example, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 100% identical, to the bovine IgGl CHI and/or hinge domain.
- the bovinized antibodies described herein comprise a CHI domain from a parent antibody (e.g., a human CHI domain), wherein the amino acid residues equivalent to Cys 127 and Cys 128 (according to Kabat numbering) in bovine IgGl are replaced with cysteine in the parent antibody.
- the antibody comprises a human CHI domain with S127C and/or S128C substitutions (numbering according to Kabat).
- the antibody comprises a human CHI domain with S127C and/or S128C amino acid substitutions, wherein 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acids upstream (N-terminal) and/or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acids downstream (C-terminal) of amino acid residues 127 and 128 are replaced with the equivalent bovine IgGl CHI residues.
- the bovinized antibody comprises a bovinized hinge region.
- the antibody comprises a human IgG hinge, wherein sites within the hinge which are susceptible to enzymatic or spontaneous proteolysis are replaced with the equivalent bovine hinge region sequences.
- the bovine IgGl hinge region sequence differs from the human IgGl hinge region sequence at sites known to be susceptible to protease digestion.
- the bovinized antibody comprises a bovinized hinge region, in which some or all of the amino acid residues of the hinge region are replaced with the equivalent portion of the bovine IgGl hinge region sequence.
- the bovinized antibody comprises a bovinized hinge region which comprises a bovine heavy chain-heavy chain linkage, wherein a cluster of three disulfide bonds link the hinge regions of two heavy chains together.
- the antibody comprises a hinge of the parent antibody, wherein the amino acid residues equivalent to the underlined cysteine residues in the bovine hinge region below are replaced with cysteine (if not already cysteine) in the hinge of the parent antibody.
- DKAVDPRCKPSPCDCCPPPELPGGP (SEQ ID NO: 4)
- the antibody comprises a human hinge region sequence, wherein Pro241 (Kabat numbering) is replaced with a cysteine residue (i.e., a P241C substitution).
- the bovinized antibodies exhibit greater protease resistance relative to the parent antibody.
- the bovinized antibodies retain greater antigen-binding activity after protease digestion relative to the parent antibody.
- the bovinized antibodies upon being subjected to protease digestion in the GI tract, retain antigen-binding activity. In certain embodiments, the bovinized antibodies remain bivalent upon digestion by proteases in the GI tract. In one embodiment, the bovinized antibodies are digested into F(ab')2 fragments by proteases in the GI tract.
- the protease resistance of bovinized antibodies comprising a bovine IgGl hinge is increased by partially incorporating bovine IgG3 hinge region sequences into the IgGl hinge region.
- pepsin cleavage can be prevented by adding a bovine IgG3 hinge domain having a putative O-glycosylation site to the bovine IgGl constant region.
- the antigen-binding region of the bovinized antibodies lack protease-sensitive sequences. Such determinations can be made by comparing the primary sequence of the variable region (e.g., the CDR regions) with known protease consensus sequences, or tested experimentally using pancreatin digestion methods described in the Examples.
- portions of the constant regions of other ruminants that share structural similarities with the bovine constant region that imparts protease stability can be incorporated into the recombinant antibodies described herein.
- Example 9 provides the CHI -hinge region sequences of other ruminant species which share structural similarities with the corresponding bovine sequences.
- these structurally similar sequences are derived from the rabbit IgGl constant region.
- the bovinized antibody comprises one or more additional amino acid substitutions (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 amino acid substitutions) in the hinge or Fc region that increase or decrease antibody effector activity and/or FcRn binding activity.
- additional amino acid substitutions e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 amino acid substitutions
- Particular amino acid substitutions include those that generate an Fc variant that (a) has increased or decreased antibody -dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), (b) increased or decreased complement mediated cytotoxicity (CDC), (c) has increased or decreased affinity for Clq and/or (d) has increased or decreased affinity for a Fc receptor relati ve to the parent Fc.
- ADCC antibody -dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
- CDC complement mediated cytotoxicity
- c has increased or decreased affinity for Clq
- d has increased or decreased affinity for a Fc receptor relati ve to the parent Fc.
- the Fc region is altered by replacing at least one amino acid residue with a different amino acid residue to alter the effector function(s) of the antibody.
- one or more amino acids selected from amino acid residues 234, 235, 236, 237, 297, 318, 320 and 322 can be replaced with a different amino acid residue such that the antibody has an altered affinity for an effector ligand but retains the antigen-binding ability of the parent antibody.
- the effector ligand to which affinity is altered can be, for example, an Fc receptor or the CI component of complement. See, e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 5,624,821 and 5,648,260.
- one or more amino acids selected from amino acid residues 329, 331 and 322 can be replaced with a different amino acid residue such that the antibody has altered Clq binding and/or reduced or abolished complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). See, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 6,194,551.
- one or more amino acid residues within amino acid positions 231 and 239 are altered to thereby alter the ability of the antibody to fix complement. See, e.g., PCT Publication WO 94/29351.
- the Fc region may be modified to increase antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and/or to increase the affinity for an Fey receptor by modifying one or more amino acids at the following positions: 234, 235, 236, 238, 239, 240, 241 , 243, 244, 245, 247, 248, 249, 252, 254, 255, 256, 258, 262, 263, 264, 265, 267, 268, 269, 270, 272, 276, 278, 280, 283, 285, 286, 289, 290, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 298, 299, 301, 303, 305.
- ADCC antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity
- Exemplar ⁇ ' variants include 239D/332E, 236A/332E, 236A/239D/332E, 268F/324T, 267E/268F, 267E/324T, and 267E/268F/324T.
- Other modifications for enhancing FcyR and complement interactions include but are not limited to substitutions 298A, 333A, 334A, 326A, 2471, 339D, 339Q, 280H, 290S, 298D, 298V, 243L, 292P, 300L, 396L, 3051, and 396L. These and other modifications are reviewed in Strohl, 2009, Current Opinion in Biotechnology 20:685-691.
- Fc modifications that increase binding to an Fey receptor include amino acid modifications at any one or more of amino acid positions 238, 239, 248, 249, 252, 254, 255, 256, 258, 265, 267, 268, 269, 270, 272, 279, 280, 283, 285, 298, 289, 290, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 298, 301, 303, 305, 307, 312, 315, 324, 327, 329, 330, 335, 337, 3338, 340, 360, 373, 376, 379, 382, 388, 389, 398, 414, 416, 419, 430, 434, 435, 437, 438 or 439 of the Fc region, wherein the numbering of the residues in the Fc region is that of the EU index as in Kabat (WO00/42072).
- Fc modifications that can be made to Fes are those for reducing or ablating binding to FcyR and/or complement proteins, thereby reducing or ablating Fc-mediated effector functions such as ADCC, ADCP, and CDC.
- Exemplary modifications include but are not limited substitutions, insertions, and deletions at positions 234, 235, 236, 237, 267, 269, 325, and 328, wherein numbering is according to the EU index.
- Exemplary substitutions include but are not limited to 234G, 235G, 236R, 237K, 267R, 269R, 325L, and 328R, wherein numbering is according to the ELi index.
- An Fc variant may comprise 236R/328R.
- modifications for reducing FcyR and complement interactions include substitutions 297A, 234A, 235A, 237A, 318 A, 228P, 236E, 268Q, 309L, 330S, 331 S, 220S, 226S, 229S, 238S, 233P, and 234V, as well as removal of the glycosylation at position 297 by mutational or enzymatic means or by production in organisms such as bacteria that do not glycosylate proteins. See, e.g., Strohl, 2009, Current Opinion in Biotechnology 20:685-691 .
- the Fe region may comprise a non-naturally occurring amino acid residue at additional and/or alternative positions known to one skilled in the art (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,624,821 ; 6,277,375; 6,737,056; 6,194,551 ; 7,317,091; 8, 101 ,720; PCT Patent Publications WO 00/42072; WO 01/58957; WO 02/06919; WO 04/016750; WO 04/029207; WO 04/035752; WO 04/074455; WO 04/099249; WO 04/063351; WO 05/070963; WO 05/040217, WO 05/092925 and WO 06/020114).
- Fc variants that enhance affinity for an inhibitor)'- receptor FcyRlib may also be used. Such variants may provide an Fc fusion protein with immunomodulatory activities related to FcyRllb + cells, including for example B cells and monocytes. In one embodiment, the Fc variants provide selectively enhanced affinity to FcyRlib relative to one or more activating receptors. Modifications for altering binding to FcyRlib include one or more modifications at a position selected from the group consisting of 234, 235, 236, 237, 239, 266, 267, 268, 325, 326, 327, 328, and 332, according to the EU index.
- Exemplary substitutions for enhancing FcyRlib affinity include but are not limited to 234D, 234E, 234F, 234W, 235D, 235F, 235R, 235Y, 236D, 236N, 237D, 237N, 239D, 239E, 266M, 267D, 267E, 268D, 268E, 327D, 327E, 328F, 328W, 328Y, and 332E.
- Exemplary substitutions include 235Y, 236D, 239D, 266M, 267E, 268D, 268E, 328F, 328W, and 328Y.
- Fc variants for enhancing binding to FcyRlib include 235Y/267E, 236D/267E, 239D/268D, 239D/267E, 267E 268D, 267E/268E, and 267E/328F.
- the hinge is a bovinized hinge, and comprises one or more of the amino acid substitutions described in Example 10.
- IgGl mutants containing L235V, F243L, R292P, Y300L and P396L mutations which exhibited enhanced binding to FcyRIlIa and concomitantly enhanced ADCC activity in transgenic mice expressing human FcyRIlIa in models of B cell malignancies and breast cancer have been identified (Stavenhagen et ah, 2007; Nordstrom et ah, 2011).
- Other Fc mutants include: S298A/E333A/L334A, S239D/I332E, S239D/I332E/A330L,
- Fc variants that enhance affinity for Protein A from Staphylococcus areus may also be used.
- Previous work (US Patent Application US20140154270A1) has shown that IgG from ruminant species binds to Protein A with poor affinity under conditions typically used for manufacturing.
- Variants of the bovine sequence may provide an Fc fusion protein that can be purified by methods commonly used in the manufacture of biological therapeutics.
- the antibody can be modified at positions 250-255, 288, 307-317, or 430-436 to amino-acids found in IgG molecules known to bind Protein A with high affinity.
- substitutions may be chosen to enhance Protein A binding while retaining weak binding to human FcRn.
- the Fc domain contains one or more (i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5) of the following substitutions: T252M, G255R, Q309L, T314L, and G315N.
- the Fc domain contains a T252M/G255R substitution.
- the Fc domain contains a Q309L/T314L/G315N substitution.
- the Fc domains contains a T252M/G255R/Q309L/T314L/G315N substitution.
- the parent antibody comprises a hinge region, or is altered to comprise a hinge region, that is at least 85%, such as at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to the equivalent portion of a hinge region comprising the amino acid sequence of bovine IgGl (S22080): DKAVDPRCKPSPCDCCPPPELPGGP (SEQ ID NO: 4).
- the parent antibody comprises a hinge region, or is altered to comprise a hinge region, that is at least 85%, such as at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to the equivalent portion of a hinge region comprising the amino acid sequence of selected from the following hinge region amino acid sequences of Table 2:
- Lama glama (llama) VDK- -RVEPHG- -GCT CP— QCPAPELPGGP SVF
- the recombinant antibody comprises all or a portion of a hinge region that is at least 85%, such as at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of the equivalent portion of a ruminant antibody hinge region (e.g., a bovine IgGl hinge region) and optionally comprises all or a portion of a CHI domain that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of the equivalent portion of a ruminant antibody (e.g., a bovine IgGl hinge region) and further optionally comprises all or a portion of a CHI domain that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of the equivalent portion of a ruminant antibody (e.g., a bovine IgGl hinge region).
- Exemplary bovine hinge regions are
- the parent antibody comprises or is altered to comprise a hinge region and a CHI domain is at least 85%, such as at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to the equivalent portion of a bovine, CHI domain amino acid sequence (e.g., a bovine IgGl CHI domain).
- a bovine IgGl CHI domain amino acid sequence e.g., a bovine IgGl CHI domain.
- Exemplary bovine IgGl CHI domains are presented in Table 4.
- the parent antibody comprises or is altered to comprise a hinge region and a CH2 domain is at least 85%, such as at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to the equivalent portion of a bovine, CH2 domain amino acid sequence (e.g., a bovine IgGl CH2 domain).
- a bovine, CH2 domain amino acid sequence e.g., a bovine IgGl CH2 domain.
- Exemplary bovine IgGl CH2 domains are presented in Table 5.
- the parent antibody comprises or is altered to comprise a hinge region and a CH3 domain is at least 85%, such as at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to the equivalent portion of a bovine, CH3 domain amino acid sequence (e.g., a bovine IgGl CH3 domain).
- a bovine, CH3 domain amino acid sequence e.g., a bovine IgGl CH3 domain.
- Exemplary bovine IgGl CH3 domains are presented in Table 6. Table 6.
- the parent antibody comprises or is altered to comprise a fusion between a VL domain with specific binding to a desired antigen and a bovine CL domain.
- the parent antibody contains a CL domain corresponding to the encoded protein from the bovine IGLCl, IGLC2, IGLC3 or IGLC4 loci.
- the recombinant antibodies are capable of surviving digestion and reaching their target antigens in the digestive tract.
- the recombinant antibodies are therapeutic antibodies that are bovinized as described herein or variants of existing therapeutic antibodies modified to increase resistance to cleavage by proteases and resist degradation during digestion in the digestive tract of a mammal, such as during human digestion.
- the recombinant parent antibody is specific for a target antigen.
- the target antigen is a biological antigen (e.g., a human protein, a human peptide, or other antigenic molecule specific to humans), such as the antigens described further herein.
- the target antigen is not a synthetic antigen, such as a dye.
- the antibody is not an anti-dansyl antibody.
- the recombinant parent antibody is targeted to an antigen not normally present in a ruminant in the absence of immunization of the ruminant with the target antigen.
- the recombinant parent antibody is specific for a target antigen that is a protein, peptide, or other antigenic molecule derived from another mammal.
- the target antigen is a therapeutic target antigen and the bovinized antibody facilitates a therapeutic effect on a subject when administered to the subject.
- Table 7 provides a partial list of various therapeutic fusion proteins that are suitable as parent antibodies for the production of the bovinized antibodies described herein.
- Table 8 provides a non-limiting list of fusion proteins that are suitable parent antibodies for bovinization in accordance with the invention. Table 8.
- Hylenex ® MediCult A/S, MidAtlantic CHO cells
- Bovinized antibodies can be prepared using standard recombinant technologies.
- Antibody fragments for example, which contain specific binding sites of the target protein of interest may be generated by known techniques.
- fragments include, but are not limited to, F(ab') 2 fragments which can be produced by pepsin digestion of the antibody molecule and the Fab fragments which can be generated by reducing the disulfide bridges of the F(ab') 2 fragments.
- Fab expression libraries may be constructed (Huse et al., Science 1989;246: 1275-81) to allow rapid and easy identification of monoclonal Fab fragments with the desired specificity to the target protein of interest.
- antibodies which bind to the same epitope on a target of interest as a reference antibody (e.g., a therapeutic antibody), or competes with a reference antibody for binding to a target of interest.
- a reference antibody e.g., a therapeutic antibody
- Whether a particular antibody binds to the same epitope on a target antigen as a reference antibody, or competes with binding to the same epitope on a target antigen as a reference antibody can be readily determined by the skilled artisan using art-recognized epitope mapping and competition assays, respectively.
- the antibodies described herein may be used to generate bispecific molecules.
- the antibodies can be derivatized or linked to another functional molecule, e.g. , another peptide or protein (e.g., another antibody or ligand for a receptor) to generate a bispecific molecule that binds to at least two different binding sites or target molecules using methods known in the art.
- immunoconjugates comprising the antibodies (bovinized antibodies and fully bovine recombinant monoclonal IgGl antibodies) described herein conjugated to a therapeutic moiety, e.g., a cytotoxin, drug, or radioisotope.
- cytotoxins include taxol, cytochalasin B, gramicidin D, ethidium bromide, emetine, mitomycin, etoposide, tenoposide, vincristine, vinblastine, colchicin, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, dihydroxy anthracin dione, mitoxantrone, mithramycin, actinomycin D, 1- dehydrotestostexone, glucocorticoids, procaine, tetracaine, lidocaine, propranolol, and puromycin and analogs or homologs thereof.
- Suitable therapeutic agents for forming immunoconjugates include, e.g., akylating agents (e.g., mechlorethamine, thioepa chlorambucil, melphalan, carmustine (BSNU) and lomustine (CCNU), cyclophosphamide, busulfan, dibromomannitol, streptozotocin, mitomycin C, and cis-dichlorodiamine platinum (II) (DDP) cisplatin), antibiotics (e.g., dactinomycin (formerly actinomycin), bleomycin, mithramycin, and anthramycin (AMC)), antimetabolites (e.g., methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, cytarabine, fludarabin, 5-fluorouracil decarbazine), anthracyclines (e.g., daunorubicin (formerly daunomycin) and dox
- the antibodies (bovinized antibodies and fully bovine recombinant monoclonal IgGl antibodies) described herein can be conjugated to a radioisotope, e.g., iodine- 131, yttrium-90 or indium- 111 , to generate cytotoxic radiopharmaceuticals for treating cancers.
- a radioisotope e.g., iodine- 131, yttrium-90 or indium- 111
- the antibody conjugates of the invention can be used to modify a given biological response, and the drug moiety is not to be construed as limited to classical chemical therapeutic agents.
- the drug moiety may be a protein or polypeptide possessing a desired biological activity.
- Such proteins may include, for example, an enzymatically active toxin, or active fragment thereof, such as abrin, ricin A, pseudomonas exotoxin, or diphtheria toxin; a protein such as tumor necrosis factor or interferon- ⁇ ; or, biological response modifiers such as, for example, lymphokines, interleukin-1 ("IL, 1"), interleukin-2 ("IL-2”), interleukin-6 (“IL-6”), granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (“GM-CSF”), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (“G-CSF”), or other growth factors.
- IL-1 interleukin-1
- IL-2 interleukin-2
- IL-6 interleukin-6
- GM-CSF granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor
- G-CSF granulocyte colony stimulating factor
- the antibodies described herein are administered systemically.
- the antibody is not immunogenic in the subject being treated.
- Such antibodies can be designed to avoid increasing the predicted risk for T cell epitopes, for example, as assessed using art-recognized algorithms and databases (see, e.g., Vita et al., Nucleic Acids Res 2015;43:D405-12; Vita et al., Nucleic Acids Res 38:D854-62, Nielsen et al., Protein Sci 2003;12: 1007-17; Bui et al., Immunogenetics 2005;57:304-14; Lundegaard et al., J Immunol Methods 2011;374:226-34).
- mutations are made in the Fc region of the antibodies described herein to increase resistance to host proteases, as described in, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 8,871,204, CA2,822,366, and US2013/0011386.
- IgGl antibodies and related oral compositions are also provided herein.
- Such antibodies can be generated by immunizing cattle (calves or mature cows, steers or bulls) with an antigen of interest, using the methods described in Example 11.
- cattle are immunized with DNA encoding the antigen of interest.
- Genetic vaccines e.g., DNA vaccines
- cattle e.g., Holstein breed
- injected e.g.,
- the antigen of interest formulated together with an adjuvant.
- an adjuvant Any art- recognized adjuvant can be used. Suitable adjuvants include, but are not limited to, Emulsigen-D, Carbigen, Quil A, and Seppic ISA. In a preferred embodiment, the adjuvant is Quil A.
- cattle are inoculated with antigen 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 times, or more, to induce a specific immune response.
- inoculations can be performed in 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 week intervals.
- cattle are inoculated 4 times at 2-3 week intervals.
- the antigen for immunization is injected into the area drained by the target superficial lymph node (targeted for harvesting lymphocytes).
- cattle are immunized 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 days prior to removal of the target lymph nodes for subsequent hybridoma production.
- the optimal concentration of target antigen used in the immunizations can be readily determined by the skilled artisan.
- the antigen is TNFa, which is formulated together with Quil A adjuvant.
- lymph nodes or the spleen
- lymphocytes are isolated and fused with an immortalized cell line using a suitable fusing agent, e.g., polyethylene glycol (PEG), in order to form a hybridoma cell
- PEG polyethylene glycol
- Other suitable methods for generating hybridomas are described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 5,026,646, U.S. Patent No. 5,087,693, Tucker et al. (Hybridoma 1984;3: 171-6), Kennedy et al., Journal of General Virology 1988;69:3023-32), Srikumaran et al. (Veterinary
- immortalized cell lines may be transformed mammalian cells, particularly myeloma cells of rodent, bovine, and human origin. Rat or mouse myeloma cell lines may be used.
- the hybridoma cells may be cultured in a suitable culture medium that preferably contains one or more substances that inhibit the growth or survival of the unfused, immortalized cells.
- a suitable culture medium that preferably contains one or more substances that inhibit the growth or survival of the unfused, immortalized cells.
- the parental cells lack the enzyme hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT or HPRT)
- HGPRT or HPRT hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase
- the culture medium for the hybridomas typically will include hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine ("HAT medium”), which substances prevent the growth of HGPRT- deficient cells.
- Immortalized cell lines suitable for use are those that fuse efficiently, support stable high level expression of antibody by the selected antibody-producing cells, and are sensitive to a medium, such as HAT medium.
- Preferred immortalized cell lines are murine myeloma lines, which can be obtained, for instance, from the Salk Institute Cell Distribution Center, San Diego, Calif, and the American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va.
- the medium in which the hybridoma cells are cultured can then be assayed for the presence of monoclonal antibodies directed against the target of interest (e.g., TNF).
- monoclonal antibodies directed against the target of interest e.g., TNF
- the binding specificity of monoclonal antibodies produced by the hybridoma cells can be determined by inmunoprecipitation or by an in vitro binding assay, such as
- RIA radioimmunoassay
- ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- the clones may be subcloned by limiting dilution procedures and grown by standard methods. Suitable culture media include, for example, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium and RPMI- 1640 medium. Alternatively, the hybridoma cells may be grown in vivo as ascites in a mammal. In certain embodiments, the hybridoma cells are screened for the secretion of target- specific mononclonal IgGl antibodies. The antibody isotype can be determined using standard sequencing procedures known in the art.
- the fully bovine recombinant monoclonal IgGl antibodies secreted by the subclones may be isolated or purified from the culture medium or ascites fluid by conventional immunoglobulin purification procedures, such as, protein A-Sepharose, hydroxy! apatite chromatography, gel electrophoresis, dialysis, or affinity chromatography.
- the monoclonal antibodies purified from hybridoma culture or ascites fluid can also be made using standard recombinant DNA methods known in the art.
- DNA encoding the bovine monoclonal antibodies can be readily isolated and sequenced using conventional procedures (e.g., by using oligonucleotide probes that are capable of binding specifically to genes encoding the heavy and light chains of murine antibodies).
- the hybridoma cells of the invention serve as a preferred source of such DNA.
- the DNA may be placed into expression vectors, which are then transfected into host cells such as simian COS cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, or myeloma cells that do not otherwise produce immunoglobulin protein, to obtain the synthesis of monoclonal antibodies in the recombinant host cells.
- host cells such as simian COS cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, or myeloma cells that do not otherwise produce immunoglobulin protein, to obtain the synthesis of monoclonal antibodies in the recombinant host cells.
- host cells include fungal cells (aspergillus), insect cells, yeast cells, bacterial cells, and other art-recognized host cells.
- fully bovine recombinant monoclonal IgGl antibodies are generated through art-recognized single B ceil sequencing and cloning methods, as described in Example 14. See also, e.g., US2011/0312505, US2012/030855, Murugan et al, Eur J Immunol 2015;45:2698;700, Liao et al., ./ Virol Methods 2009;158: 171-9; Busse et al., Eur J Immunol 2014;44:597-603, the contents of all of which are herein incorporated by reference.
- the fully bovine recombinant monoclonal IgGl antibodies are formulated with a preservative. In another embodiment, the fully bovine recombinant monoclonal IgGl antibodies are lyophilized.
- nucleic acid molecules that encode the bovinized and fully bovine recombinant monoclonal IgGl antibodies described herein. Once an antibody having increased resistance to proteases is identified, the coding nucleic acid sequence can be identified and isolated using art-recognized techniques.
- the nucleic acids may be present in whole cells (e.g., hybridomas, ascites fluid, stable cell lines), in a cell lysate, or in a partially purified or substantially pure form.
- a nucleic acid is "isolated” or “rendered substantially pure” when purified away from other cellular components or other contaminants, e.g., other cellular nucleic acids (e.g., other chromosomal DNA, e.g., the chromosomal DNA that is linked to the isolated DNA in nature) or proteins, by standard techniques, including alkaline/SDS treatment, CsCl banding, column chromatography, restriction enzymes, agarose gel electrophoresis and others well known in the art. See, F.
- a nucleic acid described herein can be, for example, DNA or RNA and may or may not contain intronic sequences.
- the nucleic acid is a cDNA molecule.
- Nucleic acids described herein can be obtained using standard molecular biology techniques.
- cDNAs encoding the light and heavy chains of the antibody made by the hybridoma can be obtained by standard PCR
- VH and VL segments are obtained, these DNA fragments can be further manipulated by standard recombinant DNA techniques, for example to convert the variable region genes to full-length antibody chain genes, to Fab fragment genes or to a scFv gene.
- a VL- or VH-encoding DNA fragment is operatively linked to another DNA fragment encoding another protein, such as an antibody constant region or a flexible linker.
- the term "operatively linked”, as used in this context, is intended to mean that the two DNA fragments are joined such that the amino acid sequences encoded by the two DNA fragments remain in-frame.
- the isolated DNA encoding the VH region or VL chain can be converted to a full- length heavy chain or light chain gene by operatively linking the VH-encoding DNA or VL- encoding DNA to another DNA molecule encoding heavy chain or light chain constant regions. Nucleotide sequences for these regions are known in the art, and DNA fragments encompassing these regions can be obtained by standard PCR amplification. Also provided are nucleic acid molecules with conservative substitutions (i.e., substitutions that do not alter the resulting amino acid sequence upon translation of nucleic acid molecule), e.g., for codon optimization.
- host cell expression systems for producing the bovinized and fully bovine recombinant monoclonal antibodies described herein.
- Such host cell expression systems may be engineered to comprise a recombinant nucleic acid molecule encoding the bovinized antibodies or bovine monoclonal antibodies described herein, operatively linked to an art-recognized regulatory sequences, which include promoters, enhancers, and other expression control elements (e.g. , polyadenylation signals) that control the transcription or translation of the antibody chain genes.
- promoters include promoters, enhancers, and other expression control elements (e.g. , polyadenylation signals) that control the transcription or translation of the antibody chain genes.
- promoters include promoters, enhancers, and other expression control elements (e.g. , polyadenylation signals) that control the transcription or translation of the antibody chain genes.
- promoters include promoters, enhancers, and other expression control elements (e.g. , polyadenylation signals
- regulatory sequences for mammalian host cell expression include viral elements that direct high levels of protein expression in mammalian cells, such as promoters and/or enhancers derived from cytomegalovirus (CMV), Simian Virus 40 (SV40), adenovirus, (e.g. , the adenovirus major late promoter (AdMLP) and polyoma.
- CMV cytomegalovirus
- SV40 Simian Virus 40
- AdMLP adenovirus major late promoter
- polyoma polyoma.
- nonviral regulatory sequences may be used, such as the ubiquitin promoter or ⁇ -globin promoter.
- regulatory elements composed of sequences from different sources, such as the SRa promoter system, which contains sequences from the SV40 early promoter and the long terminal repeat of human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (Takebe, Y. et al. (1988) Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:466-472).
- recombinant expression vectors may include additional sequences that regulate replication of the vector in host cells (e.g. , origins of replication) and selectable marker genes.
- the selectable marker gene facilitates selection of host cells into which the vector has been introduced (see, e.g. , U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,399,216, 4,634,665 and 5,179,017, all by Axel et al), and allows for the establishment of stable cell lines (which can be stored for later use).
- the selectable marker gene confers resistance to drugs, such as G418, hygromycin or methotrexate, on a host cell into which the vector has been introduced.
- Preferred selectable marker genes include the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene (for use in dhfr- host cells with
- methotrexate selection/amplification methotrexate selection/amplification
- neo gene for G418 selection
- expression vector(s) encoding the heavy and light chains is transfected into a host cell using art-recognized techniques.
- Transfection is intended to encompass a wide variety of techniques commonly used for the introduction of exogenous DNA into a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cell, e.g., electroporation, calcium-phosphate precipitation, DEAE-dextran transfection and the like.
- electroporation e.g., electroporation, calcium-phosphate precipitation, DEAE-dextran transfection and the like.
- expression of antibodies in eukaryotic cells, and most preferably mammalian host cells is the most preferred because such eukaryotic cells, and in particular mammalian cells, are more likely than prokaryotic cells to assemble and secrete a properly folded and immunologically active antibody.
- any type of cultured cell line can be used as a background to engineer the host cell lines of the present invention including but not limited to CHO cells (e.g., dhfr- CHO cells used with a DHFR selectable marker), BHK cells, NSO myeloma cells, COS cells, SP2/0 cells, YO myeloma cells, P3X63 mouse myeloma cells, PER cells, PER.C6 cells or hybridoma cells, yeast cells (e.g., pichia pastoris, S. cerevisiae), bacterial cells (e.g., E. coli), fungal cells (e.g., Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus niger var.
- CHO cells e.g., dhfr- CHO cells used with a DHFR selectable marker
- BHK cells e.g., NSO myeloma cells, COS cells, SP2/0 cells, YO myelo
- awamori awamori
- insect cells SF9, SF21, High FiveTM
- plant cells e.g., tobacco
- host cell systems capable of glycosylating the recombinantly produced antibody are used.
- these host cells are used for large-scale production of antibodies. Methods for large-scale production of antibodies are also known in the art (and are described in Example 19), e.g., in Aspergillus (Ward et al., Appl Environ Microb 2004;70:2567-576), yeast (e.g., pichia pastoris, S.
- Aspergillus species are suitable for rapid gram-scale production of antibodies.
- stable expression is generally preferred to transient expression because it typically achieves more reproducible results and also is more amenable to large scale production.
- host cells can be transformed with the respective coding nucleic acids controlled by appropriate expression control elements (e.g., promoter, enhancer, sequences, transcription terminators, polyadenylation sites, etc.), and a selectable marker.
- appropriate expression control elements e.g., promoter, enhancer, sequences, transcription terminators, polyadenylation sites, etc.
- engineered cells may be allowed to grow for 1-2 days in an enriched media, and then switched to a selective media.
- the selectable marker in the recombinant plasmid confers resistance to the selection and allows selection of cells which have stably integrated the plasmid into their chromosomes and grow to form foci which in turn can be cloned and expanded into cell lines.
- the antibodies are produced by culturing the host cells for a period of time sufficient to allow for expression of the antibody in the host cells or, more preferably, secretion of the antibody into the culture medium in which the host cells are grown.
- Antibodies can be recovered from the culture medium using standard protein purification methods.
- compositions e.g., oral pharmaceutical compositions
- bovinized and fully bovine recombinant monoclonal antibodies described herein are provided herein.
- compositions described herein comprise a therapeutically effective amount of a bovinized and/or fully bovine recombinant monoclonal antibody, optionally formulated together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients.
- compositions comprising or consisting essentially of bovinized and/or fully bovine recombinant monoclonal antibodies, and optionally a carrier (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or preservative).
- a carrier e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or preservative.
- the composition is substantially free, e.g., at least 90%, 95%, or 99% free, from other (i.e., non-bovine IgGl or bovinized) antibodies.
- the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for oral
- the compositions can be delivered in a mouthwash, rinse, paste, gel, or other suitable formulation.
- the antibodies described herein can be delivered using formulations designed to increase the contact between the active antibody and the mucosal surface, such as buccal patches, buccal tape, mucoadhesive films, sublingual tablets, lozenges, wafers, chewable tablets, quick or fast dissolving tablets, effervescent tablets, or a buccal or sublingual solid.
- the antibody can be delivered by oral ingestion in the form of a capsule, tablet, liquid formulation or similar form designed to introduce drug to the digestive tract.
- antibody may be administered by suppository or enema for delivery to the lower digestive tract.
- the antibody is administered prior to and/or concurrently with hydrolase inhibitors, antibiotics, and/or protease inhibitors.
- pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient means a non-toxic, inert solid, semi-solid or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any type.
- materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are water, sterile water, sugars such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; glycols such as propylene glycol; esters such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminun hydroxide; alginic acid;
- pyrogen-free water isotonic saline; Ringer's solution; ethyl alcohol, and phosphate buffer solutions, as well as other non-toxic compatible lubricants such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, releasing agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the composition, according to the judgment of the formulator.
- composition may also include a pharmaceutically acceptable antioxidant.
- pharmaceutically acceptable antioxidants include: (1) water soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like; (2) oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propyl gallate, alpha- tocopherol, and the like; and (3) metal chelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.
- water soluble antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like
- oil-soluble antioxidants such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), but
- Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs.
- the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol,
- compositions for rectal administration are preferably suppositories which can be prepared by mixing the compounds of this invention with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.
- suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.
- compositions for rectal administration are in the form of an enema.
- Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules.
- the active compound is mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or: a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, b) binders such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia, c) humectants such as glycerol, d) disintegrating agents such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate, e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin, f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds, g) wetting agents such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and g
- the dosage form may also comprise buffering agents.
- Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.
- enteric coatings take advantage of the post-intestinal change in pH to dissolve a film coating and release the active ingredient. Coatings and formulations have been developed to deliver protein therapeutics to the small intestine and these approaches could be adapted for the delivery of an antibody of the invention. For example, an enteric -coated form of insulin has been developed for oral delivery (Toorisaka et al., / Control Release 2005;107:91-6).
- enteric coating can be prepared with other coatings and shells well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions that can be used include polymeric substances and waxes.
- the antibody is formulated in enterically-coated microparticles delivered as a liquid suspension. In another preferred embodiment, the antibody is formulated in enterically-coated microparticles delivered as a capsule.
- compositions e.g., oral pharmaceutical compositions
- compositions comprising the antibodies described herein also include a preservative.
- therapeutically effective dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; the activity of the specific compound employed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of the specific compound employed; the timing of delivery of the compound relative to food intake; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or contemporaneously with the specific compound employed; and like factors well known in the medical arts.
- composition comprising an antibody of the invention at a dosage of from about 1 mg per day to about 1 g/day, more preferably from about 10 mg/day to about 500 mg/day, and most preferably from about 20 mg/day to about 100 mg/day, to a subject.
- a polyclonal antibody preparation is administered at a dosage of antibody from about 100 mg to about 50 g/day, more preferably from about 500 mg/day to about 10 g/day, and most preferably from about 1 g/day to about 5 g/day, to a subject, wherein the polyclonal antibody preparation has not been enriched for antibodies specific for the target antigen.
- Treatment regimens include administering an antibody composition of the invention one time per day, two times per day, or three or more times per day, to treat a medical disorder disclosed herein.
- an antibody composition of the invention is administered four times per day, 6 times per day or 8 times per day to treat a medical disorder disclosed herein.
- an antibody composition of the invention is administered one time per week, two times per week, or three or more times per week, to treat a medical disorder disclosed herein.
- compositions of the invention include the use of an antibody of the invention in combination with one or more additional therapeutic agents useful in treating the condition with which the patient is afflicted.
- additional therapeutic agents include both proteinaceous and non-proteinaceous drugs.
- dosages may be adjusted accordingly, as is recognized in the pertinent art.
- “Coadministration” and combination therapy are not limited to simultaneous administration, but also include treatment regimens in which an antibody of the invention is administered at least once during a course of treatment that involves administering at least one other therapeutic agent to the patient.
- An antibody to be used for in vivo administration must be sterile. This is readily accomplished by filtration through sterile filtration membranes, prior to or following lyophilization and reconstitution.
- the formulation ordinarily will be stored in lyophilized form, as spray dried particles or in solution.
- Topical administration of antibodies to the digestive tract is challenging because the digestive tract degrades and digests the topically applied antibodies.
- Enzymes in the oral cavity primarily derived from commensal and pathogenic bacteria living within the oral cavity, degrade antibody in the oral cavity.
- the low pH and the protease pepsin degrade ingested immunoglobulin.
- the enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin, among others, degrade ingested antibody.
- bacterially- derived proteases degrade ingested antibody.
- Antibodies with improved stability in the oral cavity and improved stability to gastric and intestinal digestion have numerous in vivo applications, for example, in the treatment of diseases involving the digestive tract (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease).
- the antibodies described herein may be used in the oral cavity for the prevention of dental caries and for the treatment or prevention of periodontal disease as described in U.S. Patent Nos.
- Bovinized and fully bovine recombinant monoclonal antibodies used in the oral cavity may be specific for receptors or other antigens expressed on the apical surface of the oral cavity, against receptors or other antigens expressed on the basolateral surface of the mucosal barrier of the oral cavity, or against receptors or other antigens expressed in the mucosa, submucosa, or any other region of the body accessible to topically applied antibody.
- Such antibodies may be used for the treatment of infections of the oral cavity or diseases of the oral cavity, including but not limited to mucositis, cancers of the oral cavity, nicotinic stomatitis, leukoplakia, hairy tongue, recurrent aphthous stomatitis, geographic tongue, denture stomatitis,
- the antibodies may also be applied topically to the oral cavity as a diagnostic reagent as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,175,430.
- proteases present in the oral cavity are of bacterial origin.
- a topical antibiotic is administered to the oral cavity prior to topical administration of antibody.
- protease inhibitors are administered to the oral cavity prior to and/or concurrently with topical administration of antibody.
- Microbes in the oral cavity also produce hydrolases that remove carbohydrate from antibody, thus making it more susceptible to proteolytic degradation.
- hydrolase inhibitors are administered to the oral cavity prior to and/or concurrently with topical administration of antibody.
- Antibiotics, protease inhibitors, and hydrolase inhibitors may be given in combination.
- the antibodies described herein may be used in the GI tract for the treatment or prevention of diseases, including but not limited to bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections of the gastrointestinal tract, cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, and inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract as a result of injury, surgery, radiation, infection, or autoimmune disease.
- diseases including but not limited to bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections of the gastrointestinal tract, cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, and inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract as a result of injury, surgery, radiation, infection, or autoimmune disease.
- the antibodies described herein are useful in the modulation of apical receptors in the digestive tract, including nutrient receptors, nutrient transporters, pattern recognition receptors, chemokine receptors, cytokine receptors, bile salt transporters, inorganic ion transporters, mineral transporters, peptidases, saccharases, and growth factor receptors.
- the antibodies described herein are useful in the treatment or prevention of food allergies or intolerances, including celiac disease.
- the antibody is specific for gluten or gluten derived peptide and is used to treat celiac disease.
- the antibodies described herein are useful in modulating the function of receptors, cytokines, chemokines, or similar mediators expressed in the lumen of the digestive tract or, in the case of a disease or condition that renders the digestive tract permeable to topically applied antibodies, in modulating the function of receptors, cytokines, chemokines, or similar mediators expressed in the portions of the body below the mucosal barrier that are accessible to the antibody.
- the antibodies described herein are also useful in the treatment of immunodeficiency.
- the antibodies described herein have minimal activity outside of the digestive tract and minimize the induction of a neutralizing immune response.
- compositions comprise antibodies that are delivered topically to the luminal face of the digestive tract.
- the antibodies described herein may be administered topically to the digestive tract by, for example, oral administration, rectal administration, and all forms of administration to the oral cavity such as by buccal, mucoadhesive films and the like.
- the antibodies may cross the mucosal barrier of the digestive tract to enter the submucosal space to interact with their targets, but do not enter the systemic circulation at levels sufficient to be clinically relevant.
- the antibodies described herein bind to antigens associated with disease pathology or the treatment of disease.
- the antibody compositions described herein may be directed at biological targets expressed on or near the luminal surface of the digestive tract as well as below the mucosal barrier such as on the basal side of the epithelium, targets expressed in the submucosa, target expressed in the lateral intercellular space, and targets expressed in the lamina propria.
- antibody compositions described herein cross the mucosal barrier of a patient as a result of pre-existing damage to the mucosal barrier.
- the mucosal barrier of the digestive tract may be breached or compromised through mechanical trauma, including but not limited to dental and oral wounds, esophageal wounds, or surgically induced trauma due to partial gut resection, jejunostomy, ileostomy, colostomy or other surgical procedures.
- the mucosal barrier of the digestive tract may also be breached by ischemia or reperfusion injury.
- the mucosal barrier of the digestive tract may also be breached by damage caused by cancer chemotherapy, cancer radiation therapy, or high dose radiation exposure outside of a therapeutic setting.
- the mucosal barrier of the digestive tract may be breached or compromised through gross inflammation and/or ulceration, including but not limited to periodontal disease, aphthous stomatitis, bacterial, viral, fungal or parasitic infections of the digestive tract, peptic ulcers, ulcers associated with stress or H. pylori infection, damage caused by esophageal reflux, inflammatory bowel disease, damage caused by cancer of the digestive tract, food intolerance, including celiac disease, or ulcers induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or other ingested or systemically delivered drugs.
- the mucosal barrier of the digestive tract may also be breached by genetically-determined pre-disposition to increased intestinal permeability.
- the antibodies described herein cross the mucosal barrier as a result of specific aspects of the formulation that facilitate the transit of antibody across the mucosal barrier.
- exemplary permeation enhancers include but are not limited to chitosan, poly-L-arginine and Carbopol.
- the antibodies described herein are loaded onto inflammation- targeting hydrogels (IT-hydrogel) to reduce systemic exposure and target antibodies to the inflamed colon of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) (see Zhang et al., Sci Transl Med 2015;7:300ral28).
- inflammation- targeting hydrogels INF-hydrogel
- nanodelivery systems for example, those described in Hua et al., Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology, and Medicine 2015; 11: 1117-32.
- the antibodies described herein are specific for target antigens such as cytokines that regulate inflammation, including but not limited to TNF, TNF-kappa, IFN-gamma, IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, IL-18, IL-21, IL-23, IL27, IL- 32, IL-33, and IL-35.
- target antigens such as cytokines that regulate inflammation, including but not limited to TNF, TNF-kappa, IFN-gamma, IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, IL-18, IL-21, IL-23, IL27, IL- 32, IL-33, and IL-35.
- the antibodies described herein are specific for target antigens that are enteric neurotransmitters or their receptors or transporters expressed below the mucosal barrier of the digestive tract, including receptors for serotonin that are expressed in the gut (5-HT1A, 5-HT1B/B, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, 5-HT3, 5-HT4, 5-HT7, 5- HT1P).
- the antibodies described herein re specific for target antigens that are peptides that regulate food intake or the receptors for such peptides.
- Such peptides include but are not limited to CCK, GLP1, GIP, oxyntomodulin, PYY3-36, enterostatin, APOAIV, PP, amylin, GRP and NMB, gastric leptin, and ghrelin.
- the antibodies described herein are specific for target antigens that are biological targets that enhance wound healing, that alter the function of tight junctions such as occludin, claudins, junctional adhesion molecule, ZO-1, E-cadherin, coxackie adenovirus receptor, and serine proteases such as elastase that are involved in the release of claudins.
- the antibodies described herein are specific for EGFR on colorectal cancer cells.
- the antibodies described herein are specific for Toll-like receptors expressed on the basolateral face of mucosal epithelial cells, and are applied to the mucosa of the digestive tract of a patient with an intestinal inflammatory disease.
- the antibodies described herein are specific for target antigens that are apical intestinal receptors.
- "Apical intestinal receptors" as used herein are endogenous transmembrane proteins, expressed in the cell membrane of cells facing the luminal side of the intestinal tract.
- Classes of apical intestinal receptors include but are not limited to: nutrient receptors and transporters (including sugar receptors and transporters, taste receptors, amino acid transporters, and free fatty acid receptors); pattern recognition receptors (including the Toll-like receptors); chemokine and cytokine receptors; bile salt transporters; transporters for calcium iron, and other ions and minerals; peptidases;
- GI tract GI tract ⁇ GI tract ⁇ GI tract ⁇ GI tract ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇
- the antibody is specific for tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF).
- compositions comprising such anti-TNF antibodies are suitable for use in the treatment of inflammation, and particularly inflammatory bowel disease, which includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
- compositions comprising anti-TNF antibodies are suitable for use in the treatment of oral or intestinal mucositis.
- the mucositis may, for example, be caused by radiation therapy, chemotherapy or any combination thereof. Mucositis may also be caused by exposure to high doses of radiation, including total body irradiation, outside of the context of radiation therapy.
- Chemotherapeutic agents which may induce mucositis when used alone or in combination include, but are not limited to, platinum, cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, azathioprine,
- mercaptopurine vincristine, vinblastine, vinorelbine, vindesine, etoposide and teniposide, paclitaxel, docetaxel, irinotecan, topotecan, amsacrine, etoposide, etoposide phosphate, teniposide, 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, methotrexate, gemcitabine, taxane, leucovorin, mitomycin C, tegafur-uracil, idarubicin, fludarabine, mitoxantrone, ifosfamide, and doxorubicin.
- compositions comprising the anti-T F antibodies are suitable for use in the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis, eosinophilic esophagitis, eosinophilic gastritis, and other conditions involving hypereosinophilic activity in a part of the gastrointestinal tract.
- the compositions may be administered topically, for example, to the oral cavity to treat oral mucositis and aphthous stomatitis, or orally or rectally to the digestive tract, for example, to treat intestinal mucositis.
- the antibodies described herein can be administered at the earliest manifestation of an ulcer.
- the antibodies can be administered on a regular basis throughout the course of manifestation of the ulcer.
- the antibodies can be administered on a regular basis to prevent the recurrence of ulcer formation.
- a method of treating recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) in a patient comprising administering to the patient by topical application to the oral cavity a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising an antibody specific for TNF (an anti-TNF antibody).
- the anti-TNF antibody is a bovinized or fully bovine recombinant monoclonal antibody, as described herein. In one embodiment, the anti-TNF antibody is an antibody with enhanced mucosal permeability. In another embodiment anti-TNF antibody is administered topically to the oral cavity as described herein.
- the anti-TNF antibodies are co-administered with additional therapeutic agents to treat, e.g., inflammatory bowel disease.
- agents suitable for co- administration include, but are not limited to, oral steriods, IFN- ⁇ , budenoside; epidermal growth factor; corticosteroids; cyclosporin, sulfasalazine; aminosalicylates; 6- mercaptopurine; azathioprine; metronidazole; lipoxygenase inhibitors; mesalamine;
- olsalazine balsalazide; antioxidants; thromboxane inhibitors; IL-1 receptor antagonists; anti- IL- ⁇ monoclonal antibodies; anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibodies; growth factors; elastase inhibitors; pyridinyl-imidazole compounds; CDP-571/BAY-10-3356 (humanized anti-TNF antibody; Celltech/Bayer); 75 kdTNFR-IgG (75 kD TNF receptor- IgG fusion protein;
- Immunex see e.g., Arthritis & Rheumatism 1994;37:5295; J Invest Med 1996;44:235A); 55 kdTNFR-IgG (55 kD TNF receptor-IgG fusion protein; Hoffmann-LaRoche); interleukin-10 (SCH 52000; Schering Plough); IL-4; IL-10 and/or IL-4 agonists (e.g., agonist antibodies); interleukin-11; glucuronide- or dextran-conjugated prodrugs of prednisolone, dexamethasone or budesonide; ICAM-1 antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides (ISIS 2302; Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.); soluble complement receptor 1 (TP10; T Cell Sciences, Inc.); slow- release mesalazine; methotrexate; antagonists of Platelet Activating Factor (PAF);
- PAF Platelet Activating Factor
- Additional potential co-therapeutic agents suitable for treating TNF modulated disease are commercially available or are currently in clinical development and include the following: 5-ASA (generic); MMX Mesalazine (Cosmo); MMX Budesonide (Cosmo); MMX LMW Heparin (Cosmo); ER Mesalazine (Salix); Azathioprine (generic); 6- mercaptopurine; Infliximab (Centocor, J&J); Adalimumab (Abbott); Certolizumab pegol (UCB); Atrosab (BalioPharma); Natalizumab (Elan); Golimumab (Centocor J&J);
- antibodies delivered to the digestive tract that are specific for soluble cytokines reduce levels of those cytokines in the digestive tract, but not in the systemic circulation.
- Levels of cytokine can be determined by direct measurement of the cytokine or by analysis of a surrogate marker that responds to the cytokine.
- antibodies delivered to the digestive tract that are specific for soluble cytokines reduce levels of those cytokines in both the digestive tract and systemic circulation.
- antibodies delivered to the digestive tract that have clinical benefit do not induce an antibody response to the administered antibody that is sufficient to inhibit the response to subsequent doses of the antibody or to cause an injurious response to subsequent doses of the antibody.
- the lack of an induced antibody response is seen following maintenance therapy.
- the lack of an induced antibody response is seen following episodic dosing.
- the antibody response can be measured by direct measurement of antibody specific for the therapeutic antibody or by assessment of the physiological response to repeated doses of the therapeutic antibody.
- fewer than 2% of patients develop antibodies to the therapeutic antibodies of the invention after exposure to 3 or more doses of therapeutic antibody.
- administration of 3 or more doses of the antibody does not lower the efficacy of the antibody.
- the efficacy of the antibody is not diminished after administration of 1, 2, 3 or more doses over a period of about 1 month from the date of first administration of the antibody, and preferably over a period of about 6 months from the date of the first administration of the antibody, more preferably over a period of about 1 year from first administration of the antibody, and even more preferably over a period of about 10 years from first administration of the antibody.
- Measurements of the antibody response to the therapeutic antibody can be accomplished using standard assays as are known in the prior art, such as RIA and solid phase RIA. Assays for assessing the antibody response to a therapeutic antibody can be adapted to the specific situation and the methods and considerations are well understood (Gorovits, The AAPS Journal, Vol. 11, No. 1, March 2009).
- a direct comparison of the pretreatment and post-treatment sample results for a given patient is preferred.
- a patient is defined as having an induced antibody response against the therapeutic antibody if the levels of anti-TA antibody significantly increase during the course of treatment with the therapeutic antibody.
- a patient is defined as having an induced antibody response against the therapeutic antibody if the antibody response is greater than two- fold above background.
- the antibodies described herein may also be applied to other tissues with mucosal barriers, including the urogenital system and the respiratory system.
- the antibodies described herein may also be applied to other tissues with an epithelial system, including the eye and the skin.
- kits comprising the antibody compositions (pharmaceutical compositions) described herein (e.g., bovinized antibodies, fully bovine recombinant monoclonal antibodies, bispecific antibodies, or immunoconjugates) and instructions for use.
- the kit further contains at least one additional reagent.
- Kits typically include a label indicating the intended use of the contents of the kit. The term label includes any writing, or recorded material supplied on or with the kit, or which otherwise accompanies the kit.
- Example 1 Bovine colostral antibodies are resistant to intestinal digestion
- AVX-470 is a bovine colostral polyclonal antibody that binds to human tumor necrosis factor (TNF).
- TNF tumor necrosis factor
- Patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) were administered AVX-470 in a delayed-release, enteric-coated capsule formulation to evaluate the presence of AVX-470 in stool using a sandwich ELISA assay specific for bovine immunoglobulin (Ig).
- Bovine Ig was detected in six out of 32 (19%) pre-dose stool samples. An increased number of stool samples collected from patients at the end of the study, a total of 15 out of 32 (47%), were positive for bovine Ig after 28 days of dosing. Three of eight (38%) patients who received low dose AVX-470 (0.2 g/d) were positive for bovine Ig in stool, which was equivalent to the number of positive samples in the placebo group. In patients who received 1.6 g/d, six of ten (60%) stool samples were positive for bovine Ig. In the highest dose group (3.5 g/d) four of the six (67%) stool samples had detectable bovine Ig. Thus, there was a dose-dependent increase in the frequency of detectable bovine Ig in stool.
- ELISA plates were coated with commercially available recombinant human TNF (Cell Sciences: Canton, MA, cat#CRT100C) at a concentration of 100 ng/well. After a one hour incubation at room temperature, ELISA plates were washed and blocked with Superblock (ThermoFisher, cat# 37515). After an additional wash step, serial dilutions of AVX-470 (used as a positive control) or stool samples diluted at both 1:5 and 1:25 were added to ELISA plates. AVX-470 and stool samples were incubated at room temperature for one hour.
- TNF binding activity was associated with bovine Ig was detected in an ELISA assay in the three stool samples with the highest levels of bovine Ig, and TNF binding activity was absent from all placebo and pre-dose samples. This demonstrates the presence of active AVX-470 in stool and confirms intestinal stability of AVX-470, and more generally that bovine colostral antibodies are resistant to intestinal digestion.
- Example 2 Pancreatin digestion of AVX-470 compared to human IgG and infliximab
- AVX-470 a polyclonal bovine colostral antibody
- pancreatin a polyclonal bovine colostral antibody
- human serum IgGl Athens Research &Technology cat #16-16-090707-1
- infliximab a recombinant human-mouse chimeric antibody specific for human TNF.
- Solutions for human IgGl, infliximab, and AVX-470 were diluted and 5 mg/mL pancreatin in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) was prepared.
- SIF simulated intestinal fluid
- AVX-470, Infliximab and Human IgGl were added to tubes containing SIF and various points were selected to stop the reaction with Protease Inhibitor (Lot#P8340-5mL, Sigma Aldrich).
- the pancreatin: substrate ratio was 10: 1.
- AVX-470 was more resistant to digestion with pancreatin compared to human IgG and infliximab.
- pancreatin digest samples described above were assessed for antigen-binding activity by ELISA.
- ELISA plates were coated with 10 g/mL recombinant human TNF and blocked with SuperBlock. Samples were applied to selected wells at dilutions of either 1 :10 and 1:20 (AVX-470) or 1: 100,000 and 1:200,000 (infliximab) in PBS + 0.05% polysorbate 20 + 2% SuperBlock. Reference standards of undigested AVX-470 or infliximab were added to separate wells. The samples and standards were allowed to bind to the plate for 1 hour.
- the plates were then washed, probed with either HRP-rabbit anti-bovine IgG (H+L) or HRP- mouse anti-human IgG secondary antibody.
- HRP-rabbit anti-bovine IgG H+L
- HRP- mouse anti-human IgG secondary antibody HRP-rabbit anti-bovine IgG
- Example 3 Pancreatin digests of serum, milk, and colostral bovine IgG from the same cow
- results from Example 2 demonstrated that human IgG and inflixmab exhibit higher susceptibility to protease digestion than AVX-470, suggesting that molecular differences exist between these antibodies that restrict proteolysis of the bovine colostral antibody.
- a series of experiments were performed with bovine IgG from colostrum, milk, and serum. All IgG samples were purified by Protein G affinity chromatography from bodily fluids of cows that had been immunized with recombinant human TNF in the final trimester of pregnancy. Serum IgG was purified from a serum sample collected on the day of parturition.
- Colostral IgG was isolated from the first milking taken on the day of parturition. Milk IgG was purified from pooled milk samples taken 12-30 days post-parturition. Purified colostral IgG and serum IgG samples subjected to SDS-PAGE are shown in Figure 6.
- IgG solutions were prepared in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). Samples were pre- warmed to 37°C, then combined with porcine pancreatin as follows:
- colostral IgG is the most stable against proteolysis. Milk IgG is degraded somewhat more rapidly, and serum IgG is proteolyzed si nificantly faster than colostral IgG and milk IgG.
- pancreatin resistance This data suggests that a factor associated only with colostral antibodies is responsible for pancreatin resistance. Potential factors that could, in theory, confer this resistance include glycosylation, a stabilizing entity present in the colostrum, and bovine immunoglobulin isotype.
- Example 4 Carbohydrate profiles of serum, milk, and colostral antibodies
- one factor that could confer protease resistance to colostral antibodies is glycosylation.
- the glycosylation pattern between AVX-470 and human IgG, and between bovine IgG from colostrum and serum were compared by hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC)-ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography (UPLC) analysis.
- HILIC hydrophilic interaction chromatography
- UPLC ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography
- the UPLC column was able to resolve 55 discrete peaks in the released sample.
- the retention times for each species were compared against those observed for a calibration standard consisting of glucose homopolymers to convert the peak retention times to Glucose Units (GU).
- the GU values are then compared to a reference database of known oligosaccharide species to identify the likely species in each peak. As shown in Table 11, most of the peaks with >10 abundance (highlighted in bold) in the chromatogram can be assigned by this method.
- HILIC analysis was also used to assess differences in glycosylation patterns between bovine IgG derived from serum, colostrum, and milk.
- IgG was prepared by Protein G affinity chromatography, and the associated N-glycans from each sample were released with PNGase F, labeled with 2-AB, and separated on a GlycoSep N column.
- Both serum IgGs have substantially less of the later-eluting species (likely mono- and disialylated oligosaccharides) than the colostral IgG sample (AVX-470).
- IgG N-glycosylation over time were also assessed by HILIC on samples taken from a single cow (cow #6003 from the ACICC-2 immunization study). Two serum samples were analyzed: one sample collected on 12/2/2013 (peak titer for anti-TNF binding activity) and another collected on 12/18/2013 (parturition date). IgG purified from colostrum collected in the first three milkings from this cow (collected over 1.5 days post-parturition) was also analyzed. As shown in Figure 13, the N-glycosylation patterns for the serum samples are nearly identical to each other. Likewise, the three colostral IgG samples have very similar profiles.
- colostral IgG glycosylation is the most distinct from the other fluids.
- Serum and milk IgG have similarly low levels of the later-eluting species which were tentatively identified as sialylated oligosaccharides.
- bovine colostral antibodies have a unique carbohydrate profile as compared with serum and milk antibodies.
- Example 5 Glvcosylation does not confer protease resistance to colostral antibodies
- the previous Example demonstrated differences in glycosylation pattern between bovine serum antibodies and colostral antibodies, with colostral antibodies having heavily sialylated N-linked oligosaccharides linked to the Fc domain of colostral antibodies.
- the present experiment was conducted to determine whether this difference is responsible for conferring the unique protease resistance characteristic of colostral antibodies.
- pancreatin digestions of colostral IgG were carried out as described in Example 2, except that the pancreatin: substrate ratio was 2.5: 1.
- One set of samples was also treated with neuraminidase (sialidase A). N-glycan analysis of this sample confirmed the complete removal of terminal sialic acid groups.
- the enhanced stability of the colostral IgG is independent of the presence of terminal sialic acid groups on the N-linked oligosaccharides, as
- Example 6 Stabilizing entity in colostrum is not responsible for protease resistance of colostral antibodies
- Table 13 (SEQ ID NOS 100-102, 100-101, 103-117, 114-115 and 118, respectively, in order of appearance).
- each band was assigned to a fragment of the original antibody.
- the 20 kDa bands from the early (1 hour) time point in the serum IgG digest map to the Fc domain, consistent with cleavage in the hinge.
- the 10 kDa band that appears later in the serum IgG digestion reaction maps only to peptides in the CH3 domain, suggesting that the Fc is further degraded over time.
- IgG was prepared from colostrum and serum by Protein G affinity chromatography, and separated into IgGl- and IgG2-enriched fractions with a DEAE Sepharose column ( Figures 17 and 18, respectively).
- calf serum was used as the source of serum IgGl.
- the DEAE flow-through fraction was pure IgG2, as determined by a sandwich ELISA method with subtype-specific antibodies.
- the fraction eluted with the salt gradient was enriched in IgGl, but often contained trace amounts of IgG2.
- Others have also observed this phenomenon, and linked it to the presence of variable domains that have unusually low isoelectric points (Butler et al., 1987).
- the DEAE eluates were passed over a column containing immobilized anti-IgG2, which removed the contaminating IgG2 and yielded a pure IgGl fraction (Table 14, 6003M1 DEAE + anti- IgG2 and calf#24 DEAE + anti-IgG2).
- Example 8 Pancreatin digestion of bovine IgGl and IgG2
- IgGl fractions were relatively stable against pancreatin digestion, with half-lives ranging from 7.7 to 8.8 hours.
- IgG2 fractions from both serum and colostrum were rapidly degraded, with half-lives of 0.8-0.9 hours.
- IgGl showed a 10-fold increase in half-life relative to IgG2.
- Carbohydrates on bovine isotypes from serum were also compared between IgGl and
- IgG2 N-linked glycans were released enzymatically, fluorescently labeled with 2- aminobenzamidine and separated by hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) for quantitation.
- HILIC hydrophilic interaction chromatography
- Figure 20 there were no significant differences in fucosylation, galactosylation, and sialylation between bovine IgGl and bovine IgG2 from serum.
- bovine IgGl and bovine IgG2 from colostrum both isotypes were sialylated, with higher sialylation and less fucosylation found in IgGl ( Figure 21).
- Example 9 Differences in amino acid sequences between bovine IgGl, bovine IgG2, and human IgGl, and comparisons with other ruminant IgGl sequences
- bovine IgGl To gain further insight into factors that contribute to the stability of bovine IgGl antibodies, the primary structures of bovine IgGl, bovine IgG2, and human IgGl were compared.
- Figure 22 shows a comparison of the CHI -hinge region sequences from bovine IgGl and bovine IgG2.
- Bovine IgGl has four cysteine residues in the hinge region, whereas the Al and A2 allotypes of bovine IgG2 have two or three cysteine residues, respectively.
- bovine IgGl has a higher incidence of proline residues than the IgG2 sequences.
- Proline residues are known to inhibit cleavage by many endoproteinases, and can induce a more rigid structure to the hinge.
- the IgG2 upper hinge also has a two-residue insertion "GV", which may introduce additional structural flexibility.
- Figure 23 shows a comparison of the CHI -hinge region of human IgGl and bovine
- IgGl IgGl.
- Several of the sequence differences between human IgGl and bovine IgGl occur at sites known to be labile towards degradation by human proteases (Brezski et al., mAbs 2011 ;3:558-67) or spontaneous peptide bond cleavage at acidic pH (Cordoba et al., / Chromatography B 2005;818: 115-21).
- the absence of these sites in the bovine IgGl hinge may also contribute to the proteolytic stability of bovine IgGl.
- Bovine IgGl (AAB37381.2): DKAVDPRCKTTCDCCPPPELPGGP (SEQ ID NO: 91)
- the three Bos taurus sequences reflect individual allotypes.
- the most closely related sequence is the sheep IgGl, which retains the key features of the bovine hinge (three inter- HC disulfide bonds, deletion of the known proteolysis sites).
- the dromedary IgGl sequences (llama, alpaca and camel) are also very similar.
- the next closest hits are from gerbil and cat IgGl, which do not align as well.
- the cat sequence has only two inter-heavy-chain disulfide bonds.
- the gerbil sequence contains three cysteines, but it is unclear if the most N-terminal cysteine forms an inter-HC disulfide bond, or a HC-LC linkage.
- the rabbit IgG sequence contains the disulfide link between the N-terminus of the CHI domain and the upper hinge, but only a single inter-HC disulfide bond and a significantly shorter hinge than is observed for IgGl from other species.
- Example 10 Expression and pancreatin stability of bovine IgGl anti-testosterone monoclonal antibody
- a bovine IgGl anti-testosterone antibody was generated based on the anti- testosterone antibody produced by the heterohybridoma described in Jackson et al.
- Bovine anti-testosterone IgGl antibody (heavy chain):
- DNA constructs encoding the heavy and light chains above were produced and expressed, and the resulting antibodies (50 ⁇ /mL) were subjected to pancreatin digestion (1 mg/mL) and tested for anti-testosterone activity by ELISA. Pancreatin digestion was performed as described in Example 3.
- pancreatin-digested anti-testosterone antibody lost binding activity to testosterone at a much faster rate than AVX-470 and bovinized infliximab. This result appears to be inconsistent with bovine IgGl being stable to digestion by intestinal proteases.
- SDS-PAGE digested anti-testosterone antibody samples were subjected to SDS-PAGE (probed with anti-bovine IgGl) as shown in Figure 25
- multiple bands appear at slightly lower molecular weights, suggesting that small pieces of the antibody are being clipped off by the proteases, possibly in the antigen-binding region. This suggests that potential protease cut sites in the antigen-binding region is also a consideration when generating a stable bovine IgGl antibody.
- the current immunization method used in the production of AVX-470 drug product for the Phase lb clinical trial consists of a series of three subcutaneous injections of recombinant human TNF plus Quil A adjuvant at 2-3 week intervals in pregnant Holstein dairy cows prior to calving. These conditions were selected based on the outcome of a short series of studies conducted in calves that evaluated multiple adjuvants, antigen levels, and dosing frequency, as discussed below.
- Serum was prepared from pre-immunization bleeds ("pre-bleed") and after each of 4 inoculations from individual calves as shown in Table 16. Thus, 5 separate Calf Study 1 sample sets were generated for each adjuvant; however, only sample set 1 (pre-bleed), set 4 (after 3 inoculations), and set 5 (after 4 inoculations), were analyzed for rhTNF-binding activity by direct ELISA on rhTNF-coated plates and for rhTNF-neutralizing activity in the L929 cytotoxicity assay, which was carried out as described in US2012/0258118.
- TNF-binding activity was analyzed for TNF-binding activity in anti-TNF ELISA assays at dilutions ranging from 1: 10 to 1: 10E6. TNF-binding titers were calculated as the inverse dilutions giving 50% of maximal binding (1/ EC50).
- Calf sera were then analyzed for TNF-neutralizing antibody titers in the L929 cytotoxicity assay. As shown in Table 18, Quil A showed the highest TNF-neutralizing antibody titers relative to the other adjuvant groups.
- rhTNF rhTNF with Quil A
- the 0.5 mg rhTNF dose was tested with three different adjuvants - Quil A, Montanide ISA-25, and Montanide ISA-201.
- An additional group of calves received an even larger dose of rhTNF (1 mg) with Quil A.
- Three vaccinations at 3 week intervals were conducted, and an extended series of immunizations was also included, with 4 th and 5 th vaccinations.
- Serum was prepared from individual calves from pre-immunization bleeds ("pre- bleed") and 3 weeks after each of 5 inoculations. Sera from individual calves and pooled sera from each group were analyzed for rhTNF-binding activity by direct ELISA on rhTNF- coated plates and for rhTNF-neutralizing activity in the L929 cytotoxicity assay as in Calf Study 1.
- the immunization regimen used in Group 2 which consisted of 0.5 mg of rhTNF plus Quil A, was found to produce the highest peak titer of anti-TNF antibodies after each of the first three immunizations as measured in a TNF ELISA assay (Figure 27), and the highest TNF neutralizing potency in the L929 cell-based assay ( Figure 28).
- a comparison among Groups 3, 4 and 5 showed that Quil A was the most effective adjuvant.
- the difference in both TNF binding titers and neutralization potency between Group 1 and 2 was considered insignificant after 3 vaccinations. Therefore the lower amount of antigen (0.05 mg rhTNF) was selected for immunization regimens involving three vaccinations.
- This study evaluated a single immunization regimen in pregnant cows based on results from Calf Studies 1 and 2, and evaluated whether the calf data could be extrapolated to pregnant cows.
- antigens or antigen combinations were used to immunize male dairy calves to generate polyclonal bovine colostral antibodies for potential use as gut-targeted therapeutics.
- Certain antigens such as IL-6Ra, IL-12/23p40 and MAdCAM-1, were selected based on known expression in gastrointestinal tissues, especially in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, and their promising potential as targets for antibody-based therapies (Veldman, 2006; Reenaers et al., 2012).
- the gluten/gliadin-derived peptide antigens PT-gliadin van de Wal et al., 1998) and gliadin 33-mer (peptide 56-88; Shan et al., 2002) relate to the concept of generating gluten-neutralizing antibodies for reduction of trace gluten levels in the gut lumen in celiac disease patients.
- the gliadin 33-mer peptide has been shown to be the immunodominant peptide in the gluten/gliadin molecule in celiac disease patients (Shan et al., 2002; Matysiak-Budnik et al., 2003).
- a Peptic/Tryptic digest of gliadin was prepared in house using methodology adapted from van de Wal et al, 1998. Briefly, 1 gram of gliadin (Sigma, Cat #G3375) was dissolved in 10 mL 1M acetic acid for 3 days at room temperature, then boiled for 10 minutes and treated with 10 mg pepsin (Sigma Cat # P6887) for 4 hours at 37°C. The pH was adjusted to 7.8 with NaOH and then treated with 10 mg trypsin (Sigma Cat #T1426- 50) for 4 hours at 37°C. Digestion was stopped by adding 10 mg trypsin inhibitor (Sigma Cat#T6522) and incubating at 2-4°C overnight.
- Particulates were removed by centrifugation and the solution was dialyzed against phosphate buffered saline (PBS) pH 7.4 using a Spectra/Por Float-a-Lyzer G2 device with an 8-10 kDal cutoff.
- PBS phosphate buffered saline
- the final PT-gliadin preparation showed bands of 20 kDal and below by SDS-PAGE, whereas the dominant bands in uundigested gliadin were 40-50 kDal.
- Peptide content was measured by bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay calibrated with gliadin.
- BCA bicinchoninic acid
- Gliadin 33-mer H-Leu-Gln-Leu-Gln-Pro-Phe-Pro-Gln-Pro-Gln-Leu-Pro-Tyr-Pro- Gln-Pro-Gln-Leu-Pro-Tyr-Pro-Gln-Pro-Gln-Leu-Pro-Tyr-Pro-Gln-Pro-Gln-Pro-Phe-NH2; SEQ ID NO: 25) peptide was synthesized by Bachem (Torrance, CA, catalog #4077401) and represents residues 56-88 in the gliadin molecule (Shan et al., 2002).
- PBS-T PBS pH 7.4 with 0.05% Tween-20
- Wells in the plate were blocked by adding 300 uL per well of 2% Superblock solution (Thermo Fisher #37515) for 30 minutes to an hour at room temperature.
- Serum samples were initially diluted to a 1 :200 initial dilution and tittered down 96 V-well dilution plates using serial three-fold dilutions for a seven-point curve.
- Reference curves were diluted to appropriate starting concentration depending on the ELISA and were tittered down the plate using serial three-fold dilutions for a seven-point curve. Dilutions were made in 2%
- Group A was immunized with PT-gliadin peptides and the group sera were evaluated using ELISAs for binding to PT-gliadin, gliadin in urea, and gliadin in acetic acid in order to compare different forms of gliadin that may display immunogenic epitopes to different extents.
- Group B was immunized with a gliadin 33-mer peptide and the group sera were also evaluated using a gliadin 33-mer, gliadin in urea, and gliadin in acetic acid ELISAs.
- a polyclonal Rabbit anti-gliadin (Sigma#G9144) was used as reference curve in all of the gliadin ELISA formats.
- Table 23 provides a summary of the maximal antibody titers of the individual and pooled calf sera from each of the five Groups tested in various ELISAs.
- calf 28 was a high responder after the second, third and fourth immunizations, while calf 33 did not show a clear response to PT-gliadin immunization at any time point.
- Calf 26 was a weak responder to PTgliadin, with antibody titers slightly elevated after 2 immunizations. Pooled sera of calves 26, 28 and 33 had intermediate antibody titers relative to the individual calves as would be expected.
- Group B sera was analyzed to determine if antibodies would bind to the Gliadin 33- mer peptide coated plates, as well as whole gliadin prepared in acetic acid and in urea. There were significantly higher titers for calves 22 and 32 to gliadin 33-mer compared to gliadin in either acetic acid or urea, suggesting that the dominant immunogenic epitopes on the 33-mer peptide may not be exposed or conformationally present on either form of the gliadin molecule. Calf 30 sera had little or no antibody titers vs any of the three gliadin preparations.
- Group C sera were analyzed using a direct ELISA to IL-6Ra, using the same antigen in the ELISA as was used in the immunization of the calves.
- Calf 34 was a high responder in the ELISA while calves 21 and 27 showed lower antibody titers.
- Group D calves were immunized with both IL-6 and IL-6Ra, and sera were analyzed using separate direct ELISAs to IL-6 and IL-6Ra using the same antigens in the ELISAs as were used in the immunization of the calves.
- Calf 36 had the highest peak antibody response among the three calves after the second immunization for both IL-6 and IL-6Ra, but the antibody response decreased with subsequent immunizations, particularly vs IL-6.
- the antibody responses of the three calves vs IL-6 had a greater range than those vs IL-6Ra, although all three calves clearly responded to both antigens when they were administered together.
- the antibody titers of the pooled Group D sera vs IL-6Ra were comparable to those from pooled Group C sera, suggesting that the presence of IL-6 in Group D did not greatly affect the response to IL-6RCC.
- Group E calves were immunized with a cocktail of IL-6Ra, IL-12/IL-23p40, and
- 6Rci may simply reflect that variability. All 3 calves had comparable antibody titers to the heterodimeric molecules IL-12p70 and IL-23, although the titers were lower than vs the IL- 12/23p40 chain alone. These results collectively show the feasibility of generating therapeutic bovine antibodies to Gliadin, IL-6Ra, IL-6 and MAdCAM-1 for evaluation in animal models or human therapy of celiac disease, IBD or other GI indications.
- a strong antibody response to a protein antigen can be induced by vaccination of cattle with a DNA vector containing a gene encoding the desired antigen (see, e.g., van Drunen Little-van den Hurk et al., Clin Vaccine Immunol 2013;20: 166-73).
- Individual animals are injected in the right gluteus maximus muscle with 1.5 mg of plasmid DNA in 1 niL, followed by application of a 250-V/cm electrical field for 400 ms at a 10% duty cycle, using a TriGrid electrode array (Ichor Medical Systems).
- the immunizations are repeated two or three times, 21 days apart, and are expected to induce a significant antibody response.
- Hybridomas can be generated from immunized cows to establish bovine antibody- secreting cell lines, essentially as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,026,646.
- SP2/0 murine myeloma cells are fused with right prescapular calf lymph nodes cells in a 3: 1 mixture to generate bovine Ig secreting primary cell lines. After secretion ceases, the lines are selected for methotrexate sensitivity by passage in media containing 6-thioguanine and 8-azaguanine.
- Methotrexate-sensitive bovine: murine heterohybridomas are combined in a 1: 1 ratio and mixed with lymph node cells from the immunized and extracted left prescapular lymph node from the same calf used previously at a 1:1 ratio. This fusion results in transiently bovine Ig secreting cell lines, which are then selected for methotrexate sensitivity once secretion ceases.
- Cells from the methotrexate-sensitive bovine x murine heterohybridomas are combined in a 1: 1 ratio and fused with fresh lymph node cells from an immunized, right prefemoral lymph node from the same calf as before at a 1 :2 mixture, respectively.
- the fusion results in bovine x murine primary heterohybridomas that secrete bovine antibodies.
- Stable heterohybridomas secreting antibodies having the function of interest e.g., binding to TNF
- heterohybridomas can be further screened for those which produce IgGl antibodies by sequencing using routine methods.
- Single B cells are sequenced essentially as described by Tiller et al. (J Immunol Methods 2008;329: 122-4). Mononuclear cells are isolated from peripheral venous blood or serum of cows immunized as described in Examples 11 and 12, purified by Ficoll-Paque density gradient centrifugation, and optionally followed by enrichment of B cells using anti- CD19 magnetic beads. Single mononuclear cells are sorted by flow cytometry into 96-well PCR plates. cDNA is synthesized directly in each well.
- RNA from single cells are reverse transcribed with random hexamers using the Superscript III reverse transcriptase kit, and IgG, 3 ⁇ 4 ⁇ and IgK V transcripts are amplified with gene-specific primers using the isolated cDNA as template. Aliquots of the VH, VK and ⁇ chain PCR products are purified and sequenced. Sequences are analyzed by IgBLAST comparison with GenBank to identify germline V(D)J gene segments with highest identity.
- PCR products are purified using the Qia-Quick 96 PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen). PCR samples are digested and ligated into the multiple cloning site of human Igyl, IgK and Igl expression vectors. Ligation products are transformed into competent DH10B bacteria cells, and colonies are PCR screened for the presence of bands of the expected size. Plasmid DNA is isolated from bacterial cultures using QIAprep Spin columns (Qiagen) and purified.
- Antibodies are produced by transiently transfecting the purified plasmids into HEK293 cells or 293T cells cultured in 150 mm plates. Six days after transfection, culture supernatants are harvested and antibodies are purified using Protein G beads. Recombinant antibody concentrations are then determined by ELISA.
- Antibodies produced according to Example 14 or 15 are sequenced to determine whether they have the structural properties that confer resistance to proteases as described herein, and tested for functional activity (e.g., binding to target antigen) and stability using methods described in the preceding Examples. Further, as discussed supra, potential protease cut sites in the antigen-binding region are also considered when generating stable bovine IgGl antibodies. Thus, the antibodies are tested for both antigen binding and pancreatin stability using the methods described in Examples 2 and 10 to confirm they retain antigen binding and stability from pancreatin digestion.
- the heavy and light chains of antibodies found to have the desired properties are cloned into expression vectors, expressed, harvested, and purified using standard recombinant methods.
- Example 17 Construct design for fully bovine recombinant monoclonal antibodies and bovinized antibodies
- a parent antibody may be modified to impart the features of a bovine early colostral antibody such that the modified antibody has enhanced resistance to protease digestion.
- Figure 29 shows the various constructs that can made (using infliximab as an exemplary parent antibody) and inserted into expression vectors in host cells that may be any mammalian host cell or a ruminant mammary epithelial cell line such as MAC-T for expression.
- minimally bovinized human IgGl, 2, and 4 constant region sequences which exhibit protease resistance and be incorporated into parent antibodies (e.g., combined with the variable regions of the parent antibody) to create highly stable, digestion resistant antibodies which can be administered orally.
- the constant regions of the parent antibody are replaced with the minimally bovinized sequences using routine recombinant techniques. Protease resistance can then be tested using the art-recognized methods described herein.
- the minimally bovinized human IgGl construct was purified and tested by pancreatin digestion, as described in Example 3, and shown to have comparable protease stability to bovine colostral IgGl and significantly greater protease stability than the parent human IgGl molecule (infliximab) (Figure 30).
- bovinized antibodies comprising a bovine constant region, wherein the heavy chain comprises amino acid substitutions that remove particular disulfide bond linkages. Such antibodies are useful for testing the contribution of the CHl-hinge disulfide linkage and CHI -light chain disulfide linkage for conferring protease resistance to the parent antibody.
- the bovinized infliximab construct is degraded more slowly by intestinal proteases than infliximab.
- the C127S/C215S, C128S/C215S and C127S/C128S variants (all of which are depicted in Figures 31-33) have intermediate stabilities between that of infliximab and bovinized infliximab. This supports the hypothesis that bovine IgGl antibodies are stabilized by the combination of the CHl-hinge and CHl-LC disulfide bonds, as removing either disulfide bond destabilizes the molecule.
- chimeric antibodies e.g., chimeric infliximab
- the heavy chain sequences for the constructs below were designed by fusing the VH domain of infliximab with the CHl-hinge-CH2-CH3 sequences of the closest sequence match to the bovine IgGld sequence used in Example 8.
- the light chain sequence contains the VL domain for infliximab fused to the CL domain with the closest sequence match to the infliximab CL domain, in order to maximize favorable interactions between the VL and CL domains of each construct.
- CAA49451.1 for heavy chain CAA38046.1 for light chain
- bovinized antibodies with amino acid substitutions that modulate biological activity. Specifically, shown below are amino acid substitutions to the bovine IgGl hinge region for modulating FcR binding activity.
- Pepsin cleavage can be prevented by adding a bovine IgG3 hinge domain having a putative O-glycosylation site to the bovine IgGl constant region.
- Alternative hinge #1 contains a shorter sequence for the lower hinge, mimicking the bovine IgG2 sequence.
- Alternative hinge #2 has the same length as the bovine IgGl hinge, but replaces the lower hinge sequence with proline residues, which inhibit degradation by most proteases.
- Alternative hinge #3 replaces the lower hinge sequence with alternating glycine and serine residues, which provide a hydrophilic, flexible sequence that maintains the conformational flexibility of the original sequence while removing potential proteolysis sites.
- Recombinant IgG therapeutics are commonly purified by a Protein A affinity chromatography step.
- bovine IgGl sequences do not bind to Protein A resins, due to differences in the amino-acid sequences of the CH2 and CH3 domains.
- Protein A binding may be reinstated by introducing amino-acid substitutions in the bovine CH2 and CH3 domains that re-create the binding interface between Protein A and human IgGl.
- the substitutions made should avoid introducing strong binding to the human neonatal Fc receptor, as this would impact the biodistribution of the antibody in vivo.
- Exemplary amino acid substitutions to the bovine IgGl sequence that may enhance Protein A binding, but not binding to human FcRn include T252M, G255R, Q309L, T314L, G315N, or any combination thereof.
- bovinized infliximab and infliximab expressed in HEK293 cells was compared. As shown in Figure 35, the expression of bovinized infliximab and infliximab in HEK293 cells was comparable.
- Bovine monoclonal and chimeric antibodies e.g., bovine anti-TNF antibodies
- Bovine anti-TNF antibodies such as those described in Examples 16 and 17
- bovine anti-TNF antibodies can be recombinantly produced in large-scale in various host organisms for use in research and clinical settings, as described below.
- Nucleic acids encoding the heavy and light chain of an antibody of interest e.g., anti-
- TNF antibody are cloned into appropriate yeast expression vectors.
- Yeast cells are grown in YEPD medium containing 2% glucose at 30°C in a shaker for 4-6 hours to create a stock. 100 ml of the same media is inoculated with the stock and grown to an OD600 of 1.3-1.5. Cells are harvested by centrifugation, washed with water, and washed with sterile 1M sorbitol at 4° C. The cells are resuspended in 100 ul of 1M sorbitol, and 40 ul of cell suspension is added.
- plasmid DNA Approximately 1 ⁇ g of plasmid DNA (two plasmids: one encoding the heavy chain and the other encoding the light chain, or alternatively one plasmid comprising sequences encoding both heavy and light chains) are added to the cells. The cells and plasmid DNA are incubated on ice for 5 min and transferred to 0.2 cm electroporation cuvettes. A Bio-Rad Gene Pulser (Richmond, Calif.) is used to perform the electroporation. Transformants are selected on YNB media lacking uracil.
- a preculture is grown in 100 ml YNB media (ura-, leu + ) + 2% glucose for 24 hrs at 30°C, followed by inoculation in 200 ml fermentation media, (ura-, leu-) + 2% glucose, at 0.5 OD.
- Cultures are grown and harvested and samples taken at various time points and induced with 2% galactose. Cells are separated from the culture media by centrifugation, and culture supernatants are concentrated with Centricon 30 filters by ultrafiltration and used for SDS-PAGE analysis. Antibody purity and yield can be detected by running concentrated supernatant on SDS-PAGE.
- Nucleic acids encoding the heavy and light chain of an antibody of interest are cloned into separate expression vectors with selectable markers known in the art (e.g., pGAMpR, or those described for filamentous fungi in Sambrook et al., 1989 and Ausubel FM et al., 1989).
- Aspergillus nigei or Aspergillus niger var. awamori strain (which has a deletion in the gene encoding a major secreted aspartyl protease) are used as host cells. Transformations and large-scale fermentations are carried out as described in Ward et al. (Appl Environ Microb 2004;70:2567-576). Yields using the protocol described in Ward et al. can reach 0.2- 0.9 g/L.
- cells are incubated at 37°C in flasks on a shaker for 2 days.
- 2-day-old medium is transferred and incubated at 30°C on a shaker for 5 days.
- Transformants producing high levels of antibody and balanced amounts of light and heavy chains are identified by SDS-PAGE or ELISAs, and subsequently used for large-scale production.
- Selected transformants are grown in large (i.e., 14-liter) fermentors. After 48 to 60 hours of incubation at 30°C on a shaker, cultures are transferred and incubated overnight on a shaker at 30°C. Antibodies in culture supernatants are quantified by ELISA. Antibodies are purified from the culture supernatant by removal of the fungal cells by filtration through a cellulose pad and filtration of the supernatant. Hydrophobic charge induction chromatography (HCIC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) are used to purify the supernatant. Antibody purity and yield are detected by running concentrated supernatant on SDS-PAGE. Production in mammalian cells
- Mammalian cells e.g., Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, and NSO murine myeloma cells
- Nucleic acids encoding the heavy and light chain of an antibody of interest e.g., anti-TNF antibody
- adherent cell lines are adapted to suspension culture formats for large-scale production (see, e.g., Sinacore et al., Biotechnol Bioeng 1996;52: 518-28).
- Stable cell line clones are selected using methods known in the art, such as through metabolic markers, including methotrexate (MTX).
- MTX methotrexate
- To identify high-producing clones cells are separated from the culture media by centrifugation, and culture supernatants are concentrated by ultrafiltration and used for SDS-PAGE analysis. Antibody purity and yield can be detected by running concentrated supernatant on SDS-PAGE.
- the top yielding clones are selected for further evaluation in large-scale bioreactors (e.g., 2,000 liters) to determine the final production clone.
- Insect cells can be used in the large-scale production of antibodies of interest.
- Nucleic acids encoding the heavy and light chain of an antibody of interest e.g., anti-TNF antibody
- TPM-FH Grace's Supplemented
- the antibodies described herein may be purified by several procedures commonly used in the production of recombinant antibodies, including precipitation by ammonium sulfate, antigen affinity chromatography, thioaffinity chromatography, or binding to bacterial proteins that have high affinity for mammalian immunoglobulins. Beads coupled to recombinant Streptococcus Protein G have been used to purify the IgG molecules described herein.
- a 5 mL Protein G Sepharose HiTrap column (GE Healthcare cat #17-0405-01) was equilibrated with lx PBS (10 mM sodium phosphate, 150 mM sodium chloride, pH 7.4).
- the sample was loaded onto the column, washed with PBS, and the antibody was eluted with 5 column volumes of 100 mM glycine, pH 2.7.
- the fraction collection tubes contained 100 ⁇ , 1 M TrisCl, pH 9 to neutralize the eluate fractions.
- the elution fractions were pooled and concentrated with an Amicon 10k MWCO spin filter to purify the antibodies.
- Example 21 Treatment of DSS and DNBS mouse colitis model with bovine
- C57BL/6 mice are used to induce artificial colitis, essentially as described in
- DSS dextran sulfate sodium
- Mice are administered a bovinized or fully bovine recombinant monoclonal anti-TNF antibody (selected and produced as described in Examples 14-16) or an isotype control antibody (e.g., IgGl antibody) for 6 days starting one day prior to exposure to DSS.
- IgGl antibody an isotype control antibody
- Onset of colitis is assessed using the disease activity index (DAI).
- DAI is a combined score of weight loss, stool consistency, and fecal bleeding.
- the scoring system is as follows: weight loss: 0, no loss; 1, 1-5%; 2, 5-10%; 3, 10-20%; 4, 20%+; stool: 0, normal; 2, loose stool; 4, diarrhea; and bleeding: 0, no blood, 2, Hemoccult positive; and 4, gross blood (blood around anus).
- DAI is measured on all 5 days of DSS treatment.
- DNBS-induced colitis C57BL/6 mice are anesthetized, and a 10-cm long tubing attached to a tuberculin syringe is intrarectally inserted 3.5 cm into the colon and in order to induce colitis. 100 of 5 mg of DNBS solution dissolved in 50% ethanol is administered and left for 3 days. Controls receive vehicle (50% ethanol) for the same duration.
- mice are sacrificed 5 days post-DSS or 3 days post- DNBS administration, the abdominal cavity is opened, and observations on colonic distension, fluid content, hyperemia, and erythema are recorded. The colon is removed and macroscopic damage assessed on the full section of the colon. Macroscopic scores are performed using previously described scoring systems for DSS colitis (Cooper et al. Lab Invest 1993;69:238-49) and DNBS (Khan et al., Infect Immun 2002;70:5931-5937).
- colon segments are fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin, followed by sectioning and staining with hematoxylin and eosin. Colonic damage is blindly scored based on the DSS colitis scoring system described above. The scoring system considers loss of architecture (0, normal- 3, severe), cellular infiltration (0, normal- 3, severe), muscle thickening (0, normal- 3, severe), goblet cell depletion (0, absent; 1, present), crypt abscess (0, absent; 1, present).
- MPO activity is expressed in units per milligram of wet tissue, where 1 unit is the quantity of enzyme able to convert 1 ⁇ of hydrogen peroxide to water in 1 minute at room temperature.
- DAI scores, histology, and MPO activity are compared between treatment groups.
- Example 22 Treatment of mouse model of TNBS-induced colitis with oral fully bovine recombinant monoclonal IgGl or bovinized anti-TNF antibodies
- mice ((8-9 weeks old) Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Mass.) are administered 0.1 niL TNBS (trinitrobenzene sulfonate) (4 mg) in 50% echanol intraiectally.
- TNBS trinitrobenzene sulfonate
- the TNBS model is a well-accepted model of inflammatory bowel disease. Control animals are dosed with ethanol alone. Twelve animals are used in TNBS-treated group and eight animals in each of the other groups.
- Animals are dosed with 0.05 mg, 0.015 mg, or 0.005 mg of a bovinized or fully bovine recombinant monoclonal anti-TNF IgGl antibody (selected and produced as described in Examples 14-16), 0.015 mg of an isotype control antibody (e.g., IgGl antibody), or saline twice per day by oral gavage in 0.1 ml. All samples contain 0.2 mg ovalbumin as an excipient. Antibody is administered from day -1 to day 3.
- a bovinized or fully bovine recombinant monoclonal anti-TNF IgGl antibody selected and produced as described in Examples 14-16
- an isotype control antibody e.g., IgGl antibody
- All samples contain 0.2 mg ovalbumin as an excipient.
- Antibody is administered from day -1 to day 3.
- Chronic CD45Rb h,gh transfer colitis is induced essentially as described in U.S. Patent No. 8,119,401. Briefly, BALB/c splenocytes are first enriched for CD4 + cells by red cell lysis and negati ve selection using the following rat anti-mouse mAbs to B220 (clone RA3- 6B2), Mac- 1 (clone Ml/70), and CD8ot . MAb-stained cells are removed in a magnetic field using sheep anti rat IgG coated magnetic beads (Dynal, Hamburg, Germany).
- CD4 enriched cells are stained with cychrome (Cy)-conjugated CD4 and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated CD45RB mAbs.
- Subpopulations of CD4 cells are generated by two color sorting on the FACS sorter (Becton Dickinson).
- CD45RB high CD4 + cells (l-4xl0 5 ) are transferred to the SCID mice. Starting on the day of transfer, the mice are administered 0.1 mg of a bovinized or fully bovine recombinant monoclonal anti-TNF IgGl antibody (selected and produced as described in Examples 14-16), or an isotype control antibody (e.g., IgGl) in saline buffer once a day. Antibodies are formulated in 10 mg bovine serum albumin.
- mice are weighed twice a week and wasting disease is determined by percentage of weight loss from baseline body weight.
- Peripheral blood is drawn at different time points by retro-orbital sinus puncture for plasma cytokine measurements.
- mice are scarified approximately 4-6 weeks after transfer, colons are isolated and fixed in 4% formalin, embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histological grading. Inflammation is scored by an experienced pathologist blinded to treatment allocation on a scale of 0-4, representing no change to severe changes, as described in Powrie et al. (Induction of inflammatory bowel disease in immunodeficient mice by depletion of regulatory T cells. In: Coico R, ed. Current protocols in immunology. Vol. 4: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1999:15.3.1-0.3.0).
- Efficacy of the antibodies described herein can be tested in vitro using the ELISA, TNF neutralization, and pancreatin digestion assays described in Examples 2, 3, and 11.
- the in vivo efficacy of the antibodies can be tested using animal models relevant to the target of interest. For instance, for bovinized and fully bovine recombinant monoclonal anti-TNF IgGl antibodies, the animal model systems described in Examples 21-23 can be used.
- the efficacy of these antibodies can be determined in parallel with that of AVX-470 and/or infliximab and compared.
- Antibodies having the desired properties are selected.
- Example 25 Antibody biodistribution
- Bovinized and fully bovine recombinant monoclonal antibodies described herein are conjugated to a detectable label (e.g., a radioactive label such as 99m Tc) using standard methods (see, e.g., D'Alessandria et al., Q JNucl Med Mol Imaging 2007;51 :334-42) in order evaluate their biodistribution in mice. Briefly, mice are orally dosed with the labeled antibodies, and sacrificed at different time points after antibody dosing (e.g., 30 min, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours after injection). Serum is collected after sacrifice.
- a detectable label e.g., a radioactive label such as 99m Tc
- the gastrointestinal tract is removed, lavaged with a fixed volume of saline, sectioned, and weighed, and, if the label is radioactive, assessed for radioactivity.
- Organ activity is expressed as a percentage of administered activity (%AD)/gram tissue or /mL of serum or gut lavage fluid.
- %AD administered activity
- the biodistribution of the antibodies described herein can be determined in parallel with a known antibody. For instance, for bovinized and fully bovine recombinant monoclonal anti-TNF IgGl antibodies, the biodistribution of these antibodies can be determined and compared in parallel with that of AVX-470 and/or infliximab.
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US15/765,958 US11891440B2 (en) | 2015-10-05 | 2016-09-29 | Antibodies with improved stability to intestinal digestion, polynucleotides thereof and methods of use thereof to treat disease |
AU2016335912A AU2016335912B2 (en) | 2015-10-05 | 2016-09-29 | Antibodies with improved stability to intestinal digestion |
EP16854106.8A EP3359190A4 (en) | 2015-10-05 | 2016-09-29 | Antibodies with improved stability to intestinal digestion |
JP2018536696A JP7235287B2 (en) | 2015-10-05 | 2016-09-29 | Antibodies with improved stability against intestinal digestion |
BR112018006953A BR112018006953A2 (en) | 2015-10-05 | 2016-09-29 | antibodies with improved stability for intestinal digestion |
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US18/344,311 US20240067715A1 (en) | 2015-10-05 | 2023-06-29 | Antibodies with improved stability to intestinal digestion, polynucleotides thereof and methods of use thereof to treat disease |
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WO2020123798A1 (en) * | 2018-12-12 | 2020-06-18 | President And Fellows Of Harvard College | Bovine versions of fcmbl for the detection and treatment of bovine microbial infections |
US11312773B2 (en) * | 2016-08-15 | 2022-04-26 | Fuso Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd. | Anti-PD-L1 antibody |
WO2022109313A1 (en) * | 2020-11-20 | 2022-05-27 | Zoetis Services Llc | Bovine antibody variants |
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US6194551B1 (en) * | 1998-04-02 | 2001-02-27 | Genentech, Inc. | Polypeptide variants |
US7670595B2 (en) | 2004-06-28 | 2010-03-02 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Fc-interferon-beta fusion proteins |
CA2734139C (en) * | 2007-10-02 | 2019-12-24 | Avaxia Biologics, Inc. | Antibody therapy for use in the digestive tract |
US8647626B2 (en) * | 2007-10-02 | 2014-02-11 | Avaxia Biologics, Incorporated | Compositions comprising TNF-specific antibodies for oral delivery |
AU2010318542B2 (en) * | 2009-10-29 | 2015-08-27 | Janssen Biotech Inc. | Antibody glycosylation variants |
AR084210A1 (en) | 2010-12-08 | 2013-05-02 | Abbott Lab | PROTEINS OF UNION TO TNF-a |
CA2819947C (en) * | 2010-12-27 | 2020-03-24 | Japan Health Sciences Foundation | Monoclonal antibody recognizing human papillomavirus (hpv) l2 protein and method for measuring hpv-neutralizing antibody titer using the same |
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EP3498839A4 (en) * | 2016-08-15 | 2020-01-08 | National University Corporation Hokkaido University | ANTI-PD-1 ANTIBODIES |
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US11312773B2 (en) * | 2016-08-15 | 2022-04-26 | Fuso Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd. | Anti-PD-L1 antibody |
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