WO2017045695A1 - Procédé, système et appareil pour effectuer une commutation entre des communications de dispositif à dispositif (d2d) et des communications cellulaires - Google Patents

Procédé, système et appareil pour effectuer une commutation entre des communications de dispositif à dispositif (d2d) et des communications cellulaires Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2017045695A1
WO2017045695A1 PCT/EP2015/070939 EP2015070939W WO2017045695A1 WO 2017045695 A1 WO2017045695 A1 WO 2017045695A1 EP 2015070939 W EP2015070939 W EP 2015070939W WO 2017045695 A1 WO2017045695 A1 WO 2017045695A1
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Prior art keywords
mode
user equipment
cellular
resource
direct
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PCT/EP2015/070939
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English (en)
Inventor
Richa Gupta
Suresh Kalyanasundaram
Ajith Kumar P R
Shalini Gulati
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Nokia Solutions And Networks Oy
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Priority to PCT/EP2015/070939 priority Critical patent/WO2017045695A1/fr
Publication of WO2017045695A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017045695A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W72/00—Local resource management
    • H04W72/12—Wireless traffic scheduling
    • H04W72/1215—Wireless traffic scheduling for collaboration of different radio technologies
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W76/00—Connection management
    • H04W76/10—Connection setup
    • H04W76/14—Direct-mode setup
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W76/00—Connection management
    • H04W76/20—Manipulation of established connections
    • H04W76/23—Manipulation of direct-mode connections

Definitions

  • the present application relates to a method, apparatus, system and computer program and in particular but not exclusively to device-to-device (D2D) communication.
  • D2D device-to-device
  • a communication system can be seen as a facility that enables communication sessions between two or more entities such as user terminals, base stations and/or other nodes by providing carriers between the various entities involved in the communications path.
  • a communication system can be provided for example by means of a communication network and one or more compatible communication devices.
  • the communication sessions may comprise, for example, communication of data for carrying communications such as voice, electronic mail (email), text message, multimedia and/or content data and so on.
  • Non-limiting examples of services provided comprise two-way or multi-way calls, data communication or multimedia services and access to a data network system, such as the Internet.
  • wireless communication system at least a part of a communication session between at least two stations occurs over a wireless link.
  • wireless systems comprise public land mobile networks (PLMN), satellite based communication systems and different wireless local networks, for example wireless local area networks (WLAN).
  • PLMN public land mobile networks
  • WLAN wireless local area networks
  • the wireless systems can typically be divided into cells, and are therefore often referred to as cellular systems.
  • a user can access the communication system by means of an appropriate communication device or terminal.
  • a communication device of a user is often referred to as user equipment (UE).
  • UE user equipment
  • a communication device is provided with an appropriate signal receiving and transmitting apparatus for enabling communications, for example enabling access to a communication network or communications directly with other users.
  • the communication device may access a carrier provided by a station, for example a base station of a cell, and transmit and/or receive communications on the carrier.
  • the communication system and associated devices typically operate in accordance with a given standard or specification which sets out what the various entities associated with the system are permitted to do and how that should be achieved. Communication protocols and/or parameters which shall be used for the connection are also typically defined.
  • LTE long-term evolution
  • UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
  • 3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project
  • LTE Rel-1 1 LTE Rel-1 1
  • LTE Rel-12 LTE Rel-13
  • LTE-A LTE-Advanced
  • a goal of LTE-A is to provide significantly enhanced services by means of higher data rates and lower latency with reduced cost.
  • a method comprising determining, for a resource in a transmission time interval, a mode of operation selected from a direct mode and a cellular mode, for at least one device-to-device communication capable user equipment of a plurality of user equipments associated with a scheduling entity and scheduling said at least one device-to-device communication capable user equipment to operate in said determined mode on the resource in the transmission time interval.
  • no further user equipments of the plurality of user equipments in cellular mode, or cellular user equipments, may be scheduled to operate on the resource in the transmission time interval.
  • the at least one device-to-device communication capable user equipment may no longer be considered for scheduling in the other of the direct and cellular mode for another resource in the transmission time interval.
  • the determining may comprise determining expected instantaneous data rate in the resource for a given transmission time interval for each user equipment of the plurality of user equipments.
  • the method may comprise, if the user equipment is a device-to-device capable user equipment, determining expected instantaneous data rate for the given transmission time interval if the user equipment is scheduled in direct mode and expected instantaneous data rate for the given transmission time interval if the device is scheduled in cellular mode.
  • Determining may comprise determining a proportional fairness metric for each user equipment of the plurality of user equipments in dependence on the respective expected instantaneous data rate, determining which user equipment of the plurality of user equipments maximises the sum proportional fairness metric, and the associated mode and scheduling the determined user equipment to operate in the associated mode on the resource in the transmission time interval.
  • the proportional fairness metric may be determined in dependence on interference from any user equipments of the plurality of user equipments scheduled on the same resource in the transmission time interval.
  • a method comprising determining a mode of operation selected from a direct mode and a cellular mode, for at least one device-to-device communication capable user equipment of a plurality of user equipments associated with a scheduling entity, in dependence on an expected instantaneous data rate and scheduling the at least one device-to-device communication capable user equipment to operate in said determined mode on an allocated resource.
  • the method may comprise scheduling the at least one device-to-device communication capable user equipment to operate in said determined mode on an allocated resource in every TTI.
  • Determining may comprise determining whether to switch a mode of operation from one of the direct mode and cellular mode to the other of the direct mode and cellular mode.
  • Determining whether to switch a mode of operation may comprise determining a switching metric in dependence on the expected instantaneous data rate.
  • Determining whether to switch a mode of operation may comprise determining that the at least one device-to-device communication capable user equipment has a maximum switching metric of the plurality of user equipments.
  • the method may comprise determining the mode of operation when device to device traffic commences and/or when a change in channel conditions reaches a threshold.
  • the method may comprise determining the mode of operation every transmission time interval or every plurality of transmission time intervals.
  • the mode may be determined per resource, wherein the resource comprises the allocated resource.
  • the method may comprise determining the expected instantaneous data rate in dependence on the number of resources the UE may be allocated in the respective mode under the system load conditions.
  • the cellular mode may use both UL and DL resources.
  • the direct mode may use only UL resources.
  • an apparatus comprising means for determining, for a resource in a transmission time interval, a mode of operation selected from a direct mode and a cellular mode, for at least one device-to-device communication capable user equipment of a plurality of user equipments associated with a scheduling entity and means for scheduling said at least one device-to-device communication capable user equipment to operate in said determined mode on the resource in the transmission time interval. If the determined mode is cellular, no further user equipments of the plurality of user equipments in cellular mode, or cellular user equipments, may be scheduled to operate on the resource in the transmission time interval.
  • the means for determining may comprise means for determining expected instantaneous data rate in the resource for a given transmission time interval for each user equipment of the plurality of user equipments.
  • the apparatus may comprise means for, if the user equipment is a device-to-device capable user equipment, determining expected instantaneous data rate for the given transmission time interval if the user equipment is scheduled in direct mode and expected instantaneous data rate for the given transmission time interval if the device is scheduled in cellular mode.
  • the means for determining may comprise means for determining a proportional fairness metric for each user equipment of the plurality of user equipments in dependence on the respective expected instantaneous data rate, means for determining which user equipment of the plurality of user equipments maximises the sum proportional fairness metric, and the associated mode and means for scheduling the determined user equipment to operate in the associated mode on the resource in the transmission time interval.
  • the proportional fairness metric may be determined in dependence on interference from any user equipments of the plurality of user equipments scheduled on the same resource in the transmission time interval.
  • an apparatus comprising means for determining a mode of operation selected from a direct mode and a cellular mode, for at least one device-to- device communication capable user equipment of a plurality of user equipments associated with a scheduling entity, in dependence on an expected instantaneous data rate and means for scheduling the at least one device-to-device communication capable user equipment to operate in said determined mode on an allocated resource.
  • the apparatus may comprise means for scheduling the at least one device-to-device communication capable user equipment to operate in said determined mode on an allocated resource in every TTI.
  • Means for determining may comprise means for determining whether to switch a mode of operation from one of the direct mode and cellular mode to the other of the direct mode and cellular mode.
  • Means for determining whether to switch a mode of operation may comprise means for determining a switching metric in dependence on the expected instantaneous data rate.
  • the switching metric may be dependent on interference at the plurality of user equipments from the at least one device-to-device communication capable user equipment if the device- to-device communication capable user equipment switches modes from one of the direct mode and cellular mode to the other of the direct mode and cellular mode.
  • Means for determining the switching metric may comprise means for determining a ratio of the expected instantaneous data rate in the other of the direct mode and cellular mode to the expected instantaneous data rate in the current mode of operation and means for switching the mode of operation if the switching metric is greater than 1 .
  • Means for determining whether to switch a mode of operation may comprise means for determining that the at least one device-to-device communication capable user equipment has a maximum switching metric of the plurality of user equipments.
  • the apparatus may comprise means for determining the mode of operation when device to device traffic commences and/or when a change in channel conditions reaches a threshold.
  • the apparatus may comprise means for determining the mode of operation every transmission time interval or every plurality of transmission time intervals.
  • the mode may be determined per resource, wherein the resource comprises the allocated resource.
  • the apparatus may comprise means for determining the expected instantaneous data rate in dependence on the number of resources the UE may be allocated in the respective mode under the system load conditions.
  • the cellular mode may use both UL and DL resources.
  • the direct mode may use only UL resources.
  • the number of resources a UE may be allocated may be dependent on the reuse of resources between direct mode and cellular mode transmission.
  • an apparatus comprising at least one processor and at least one memory including a computer program code, the at least one memory and the computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to determine, for a resource in a transmission time interval, a mode of operation selected from a direct mode and a cellular mode, for at least one device- to-device communication capable user equipment of a plurality of user equipments associated with a scheduling entity and schedule said at least one device-to-device communication capable user equipment to operate in said determined mode on the resource in the transmission time interval.
  • no further user equipments of the plurality of user equipments in cellular mode, or cellular user equipments, may be scheduled to operate on the resource in the transmission time interval.
  • the at least one device-to-device communication capable user equipment may no longer be considered for scheduling in the other of the direct and cellular mode for another resource in the transmission time interval.
  • the apparatus may be configured to determine expected instantaneous data rate in the resource for a given transmission time interval for each user equipment of the plurality of user equipments.
  • the apparatus may be configured to, if the user equipment is a device-to-device capable user equipment, determine expected instantaneous data rate for the given transmission time interval if the user equipment is scheduled in direct mode and expected instantaneous data rate for the given transmission time interval if the device is scheduled in cellular mode.
  • the apparatus may be configured to determine a proportional fairness metric for each user equipment of the plurality of user equipments in dependence on the respective expected instantaneous data rate, determine which user equipment of the plurality of user equipments maximises the sum proportional fairness metric, and the associated mode and schedule the determined user equipment to operate in the associated mode on the resource in the transmission time interval.
  • the proportional fairness metric may be determined in dependence on interference from any user equipments of the plurality of user equipments scheduled on the same resource in the transmission time interval.
  • an apparatus comprising at least one processor and at least one memory including a computer program code, the at least one memory and the computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to determine a mode of operation selected from a direct mode and a cellular mode, for at least one device-to-device communication capable user equipment of a plurality of user equipments associated with a scheduling entity, in dependence on an expected instantaneous data rate and schedule the at least one device- to-device communication capable user equipment to operate in said determined mode on an allocated resource.
  • the apparatus may be configured to schedule the at least one device-to-device
  • the apparatus may be configured to determine whether to switch a mode of operation from one of the direct mode and cellular mode to the other of the direct mode and cellular mode.
  • the apparatus may be configured to determine a switching metric in dependence on the expected instantaneous data rate.
  • the switching metric may be dependent on interference at the plurality of user equipments from the at least one device-to-device communication capable user equipment if the device- to-device communication capable user equipment switches modes from one of the direct mode and cellular mode to the other of the direct mode and cellular mode.
  • the apparatus may be configured to determine a ratio of the expected instantaneous data rate in the other of the direct mode and cellular mode to the expected instantaneous data rate in the current mode of operation and switch the mode of operation if the switching metric is greater than 1.
  • the apparatus may be configured to determine that the at least one device-to-device communication capable user equipment has a maximum switching metric of the plurality of user equipments.
  • the apparatus may be configured to determine the mode of operation when device to device traffic commences and/or when a change in channel conditions reaches a threshold.
  • the apparatus may be configured to determine the mode of operation every transmission time interval or every plurality of transmission time intervals.
  • the mode may be determined per resource, wherein the resource comprises the allocated resource.
  • the apparatus may be configured to determine the expected instantaneous data rate in dependence on the number of resources the UE may be allocated in the respective mode under the system load conditions.
  • the cellular mode may use both UL and DL resources.
  • the direct mode may use only UL resources.
  • the number of resources a UE may be allocated may be dependent on the reuse of resources between direct mode and cellular mode transmission.
  • a computer program embodied on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, the computer program comprising program code for controlling a process to execute a process, the process comprising determining, for a resource in a transmission time interval, a mode of operation selected from a direct mode and a cellular mode, for at least one device-to-device communication capable user equipment of a plurality of user equipments associated with a scheduling entity and scheduling said at least one device-to-device communication capable user equipment to operate in said determined mode on the resource in the transmission time interval. If the determined mode is cellular, no further user equipments of the plurality of user equipments in cellular mode, or cellular user equipments, may be scheduled to operate on the resource in the transmission time interval.
  • the at least one device-to-device communication capable user equipment may no longer be considered for scheduling in the other of the direct and cellular mode for another resource in the transmission time interval.
  • the determining may comprise determining expected instantaneous data rate in the resource for a given transmission time interval for each user equipment of the plurality of user equipments.
  • the process may comprise, if the user equipment is a device-to-device capable user equipment, determining expected instantaneous data rate for the given transmission time interval if the user equipment is scheduled in direct mode and expected instantaneous data rate for the given transmission time interval if the device is scheduled in cellular mode.
  • Determining may comprise determining a proportional fairness metric for each user equipment of the plurality of user equipments in dependence on the respective expected instantaneous data rate, determining which user equipment of the plurality of user equipments maximises the sum proportional fairness metric, and the associated mode and scheduling the determined user equipment to operate in the associated mode on the resource in the transmission time interval.
  • the proportional fairness metric may be determined in dependence on interference from any user equipments of the plurality of user equipments scheduled on the same resource in the transmission time interval.
  • a computer program embodied on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, the computer program comprising program code for controlling a process to execute a process, the process comprising determining a mode of operation selected from a direct mode and a cellular mode, for at least one device-to-device communication capable user equipment of a plurality of user equipments associated with a scheduling entity, in dependence on an expected instantaneous data rate and scheduling the at least one device-to-device communication capable user equipment to operate in said determined mode on an allocated resource.
  • the process may comprise scheduling the at least one device-to-device communication capable user equipment to operate in said determined mode on an allocated resource in every TTI.
  • Determining may comprise determining whether to switch a mode of operation from one of the direct mode and cellular mode to the other of the direct mode and cellular mode.
  • Determining whether to switch a mode of operation may comprise determining a switching metric in dependence on the expected instantaneous data rate.
  • the switching metric may be dependent on interference at the plurality of user equipments from the at least one device-to-device communication capable user equipment if the device- to-device communication capable user equipment switches modes from one of the direct mode and cellular mode to the other of the direct mode and cellular mode.
  • Determining the switching metric may comprise determining a ratio of the expected instantaneous data rate in the other of the direct mode and cellular mode to the expected instantaneous data rate in the current mode of operation and switching the mode of operation if the switching metric is greater than 1 .
  • Determining whether to switch a mode of operation may comprise determining that the at least one device-to-device communication capable user equipment has a maximum switching metric of the plurality of user equipments.
  • the process may comprise determining the mode of operation when device to device traffic commences and/or when a change in channel conditions reaches a threshold.
  • the process may comprise determining the mode of operation every transmission time interval or every plurality of transmission time intervals.
  • the mode may be determined per resource, wherein the resource comprises the allocated resource.
  • the process may comprise determining the expected instantaneous data rate in
  • the cellular mode may use both UL and DL resources.
  • the direct mode may use only UL resources.
  • the number of resources a UE may be allocated may be dependent on the reuse of resources between direct mode and cellular mode transmission.
  • a computer program product for a computer comprising software code portions for performing the steps the method of the first aspect and/or second when said product is run on the computer.
  • Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of an example communication system comprising a plurality of base stations and a plurality of communication devices;
  • Figure 2 shows a schematic diagram of an example mobile communication device
  • Figure 3 shows a flowchart of an example method of mode selection and resource allocation
  • Figure 4 shows a flowchart of an example method of mode selection and resource allocation
  • Figure 5 shows a schematic diagram of interference caused by D2D direct mode transmission of UE2 on other UEs
  • Figure 6 shows a schematic diagram of interference caused by cellular mode transmission of UE1 on other UEs
  • Figure 7 shows a flowchart of an example algorithm for mode selection and resource allocation
  • Figure 8 shows the geometric mean of UEs' throughput gains for joint mode selection and resource allocation
  • Figure 9 shows geometric mean of UE throughput gains for joint scheduling and mode selection and slow and fast scale mode selection
  • Figure 10 shows a schematic diagram of an example control apparatus
  • a wireless communication system 100 such as that shown in figure 1
  • mobile communication devices or user equipment (UE) 102, 104, 105 are provided wireless access via at least one base station or similar wireless transmitting and/or receiving node or point.
  • Base stations are typically controlled by at least one appropriate controller apparatus, so as to enable operation thereof and management of mobile communication devices in communication with the base stations.
  • the controller apparatus may be located in a radio access network (e.g. wireless communication system 100) or in a core network (CN) (not shown) and may be implemented as one central apparatus or its functionality may be distributed over several apparatus.
  • the controller apparatus may be part of the base station and/or provided by a separate entity such as a Radio Network Controller.
  • control apparatus 108 and 109 are shown to control the respective macro level base stations 106 and 107.
  • the control apparatus of a base station can be interconnected with other control entities.
  • the control apparatus is typically provided with memory capacity and at least one data processor.
  • the control apparatus and functions may be distributed between a plurality of control units. In some systems, the control apparatus may additionally or alternatively be provided in a radio network controller.
  • LTE systems may however be considered to have a so-called "flat" architecture, without the provision of RNCs; rather the (e)NB is in communication with a system architecture evolution gateway (SAE-GW) and a mobility management entity (MME), which entities may also be pooled meaning that a plurality of these nodes may serve a plurality (set) of (e)NBs.
  • SAE-GW is a "high-level" user plane core network element in LTE, which may consist of the S-GW and the P-GW (serving gateway and packet data network gateway, respectively). The functionalities of the S-GW and P-GW are separated and they are not required to be co-located.
  • base stations 106 and 107 are shown as connected to a wider communications network 1 13 via gateway 112.
  • a further gateway function may be provided to connect to another network.
  • the smaller base stations 1 16, 1 18 and 120 may also be connected to the network 1 13, for example by a separate gateway function and/or via the controllers of the macro level stations.
  • the base stations 1 16, 1 18 and 120 may be pico or femto level base stations or the like. In the example, stations 1 16 and 1 18 are connected via a gateway 1 1 1 whilst station 120 connects via the controller apparatus 108. In some embodiments, the smaller stations may not be provided. Smaller base stations 1 16, 1 18 and 120 may be part of a second network, for example WLAN and may be WLAN APs.
  • a possible mobile communication device will now be described in more detail with reference to Figure 2 showing a schematic, partially sectioned view of a communication device 200.
  • a communication device is often referred to as user equipment (UE) or terminal.
  • An appropriate mobile communication device may be provided by any device capable of sending and receiving radio signals.
  • Non-limiting examples comprise a mobile station (MS) or mobile device such as a mobile phone or what is known as a 'smart phone', a computer provided with a wireless interface card or other wireless interface facility (e.g., USB dongle), personal data assistant (PDA) or a tablet provided with wireless communication capabilities, or any combinations of these or the like.
  • MS mobile station
  • PDA personal data assistant
  • a mobile communication device may provide, for example, communication of data for carrying communications such as voice, electronic mail (email), text message, multimedia and so on. Users may thus be offered and provided numerous services via their communication devices. Non-limiting examples of these services comprise two-way or multi-way calls, data communication or multimedia services or simply an access to a data communications network system, such as the Internet. Users may also be provided broadcast or multicast data. Non-limiting examples of the content comprise downloads, television and radio programs, videos, advertisements, various alerts and other information.
  • the mobile device 200 may receive signals over an air or radio interface 207 via appropriate apparatus for receiving and may transmit signals via appropriate apparatus for transmitting radio signals.
  • transceiver apparatus is designated schematically by block 206.
  • the transceiver apparatus 206 may be provided for example by means of a radio part and associated antenna arrangement.
  • the antenna arrangement may be arranged internally or externally to the mobile device.
  • a mobile device is typically provided with at least one data processing entity 201 , at least one memory 202 and other possible components 203 for use in software and hardware aided execution of tasks it is designed to perform, including control of access to and communications with access systems and other communication devices.
  • the data processing, storage and other relevant control apparatus can be provided on an appropriate circuit board and/or in chipsets. This feature is denoted by reference 204.
  • the user may control the operation of the mobile device by means of a suitable user interface such as key pad 205, voice commands, touch sensitive screen or pad, combinations thereof or the like.
  • a display 208, a speaker and a microphone can be also provided.
  • a mobile communication device may comprise appropriate connectors (either wired or wireless) to other devices and/or for connecting external accessories, for example hands-free equipment, thereto.
  • the communication devices 102, 104, 105 may access the communication system based on various access techniques, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), or wideband CDMA (WCDMA).
  • CDMA code division multiple access
  • WCDMA wideband CDMA
  • Other non-limiting examples comprise time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and various schemes thereof such as the interleaved frequency division multiple access (IFDMA), single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) and orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), space division multiple access (SDMA) and so on.
  • TDMA time division multiple access
  • FDMA frequency division multiple access
  • IFDMA interleaved frequency division multiple access
  • SC-FDMA single carrier frequency division multiple access
  • OFDMA orthogonal frequency division multiple access
  • SDMA space division multiple access
  • An example of wireless communication systems are architectures standardized by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).
  • 3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project
  • LTE long term evolution
  • UMTS
  • LTE-A LTE Advanced
  • the LTE employs a mobile architecture known as the Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN).
  • Base stations of such systems are known as evolved or enhanced Node Bs (eNBs) and provide E-UTRAN features such as user plane Packet Data Convergence/Radio Link Control/Medium Access Control/Physical layer protocol (PDCP/RLC/MAC/PHY) and control plane Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol terminations towards the communication devices.
  • eNBs evolved or enhanced Node Bs
  • RRC Radio Resource Control
  • Other examples of radio access system comprise those provided by base stations of systems that are based on technologies such as wireless local area network (WLAN) and/or WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access).
  • WLAN wireless local area network
  • WiMax Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
  • D2D communication capable UEs may transmit data to each other in one of two modes: direct mode and cellular mode.
  • direct mode data is transmitted over sidelink (direct link) between D2D UEs.
  • cellular mode transmission is done via infrastructure, i.e., legacy mode of data transmission that includes an uplink transmission followed by a downlink transmission using two-hop communication.
  • Cellular resources are reused in the direct mode of communication between a pair of D2D devices.
  • a pair of D2D devices which is in close proximity to one another may achieve high throughput by transmitting data on direct link, instead of using cellular mode transmission; the spectral efficiency may be larger on the direct link and there may be larger resource availability due to resource reuse.
  • the reuse of spectrum may improve system throughput but may create interference for co-scheduled cellular users.
  • the interference introduced on cellular links may be large depending on the distance between direct mode D2D UEs and/or the distance between the D2D transmitter and the cellular receiver.
  • the cellular mode of communication between a pair of D2D devices requires two hop data transmission. If the communicating D2D devices are far apart, then cellular mode
  • communication may provide larger throughput and cause less interference to neighboring UEs when compared to direct mode communication, because smaller transmit power and fewer resources are used to transmit to the eNB.
  • Mode selection for D2D communication may be performed via coalition where UEs randomly pick a coalition given that it satisfies their rate constraint. An algorithm tries to find a stable coalition, which may not provide a globally optimal solution. This method uses an objective of minimizing total power subject to meeting the rate requirements of the users.
  • An efficient mode selection scheme is thus desirable for effective D2D communication. It may be desirable that resources among the cellular UEs and D2D UEs using either cellular mode or direct mode are allocated such that the overall network-wide utility is improved. Mode selection for D2D UEs and resource allocation for all the UEs in the system, i.e., cellular and D2D UEs may be considered together.
  • the D2D Mode is selected on slow time-scale, e.g., when D2D traffic starts between a (source, destination) pair, and when the channel conditions have changed significantly. Once D2D mode is selected, then scheduling, resource allocation, and power control happen in every TTI based on the selected mode.
  • D2D mode is re-evaluated. This may allow the D2D mode to be adapted to current load and channel conditions. Once D2D mode is selected, then scheduling, resource allocation, and power control may happen in every TTI based on the selected mode.
  • an algorithm may allocate resources based on a proportional fairness metric, which is a metric that may achieve a good trade-off between efficiency and fairness among UEs. Resource allocation, and power control happens in every TTI based on the selected mode.
  • D2D mode and UEs to be scheduled is jointly decided in every TTI.
  • the third option may be more complex than the first and second option, but because there is no estimate required before the allocation, and because there is no apriori determination of the mode, better performance may be obtained (as discussed with reference to Figures 8 and 9).
  • Figure 3 shows a flowchart of a method of mode selection for a D2D capable UE.
  • the method comprises, in a first step 320, determining a mode of operation selected from a direct mode and a cellular mode, for at least one device-to-device communication capable user equipment of a plurality of user equipments associated with a scheduling entity, in dependence on an expected instantaneous data rate.
  • the method comprises scheduling the at least one device-to-device communication capable user equipment to operate in said determined mode on an allocated resource.
  • the method may comprise scheduling the at least one device-to-device communication capable user equipment to operate in said determined mode on an allocated resource in every TTI.
  • the method may comprise determining the mode of operation when device to device traffic commences and/or when a change in channel conditions reaches a threshold (referred to as slow or slow scale mode selection).
  • the method may comprise determining the mode of operation every transmission time interval or every plurality of transmission time intervals (referred to as fast or fast scale mode selection).
  • the switching metric is the ratio of the UE's throughput after mode switch to its throughput before mode switch (the ratio of the expected instantaneous data rate in the other of the direct mode and cellular mode to the expected instantaneous data rate in the current mode of operation. More generally, the overall system utility (or geometric mean of all UEs' throughputs) if a D2D UE switched its mode is estimated. The ratio of the system performance if the UE switched its mode to that of the system performance if the UE did not switch the mode is taken. This ratio is known as the switching metric.
  • Switching metric k System performance if UE k switched its mode/System performance if UE k did not switch its mode.
  • Determining whether to switch a mode of operation may comprise determining that at least one device-to-device communication capable user equipment has a maximum switching metric of the plurality of user equipments. Determining the switching metric may comprise determining a ratio of the expected instantaneous data rate in the other of the direct mode and cellular mode to the expected instantaneous data rate in the current mode of operation and switching the mode of operation if the switching metric is greater than 1 .
  • the UE switches UE k * arg max ⁇ switching metric k ⁇ , provided switching metric k * > 1.
  • the source UE may be required to transmit PHR and uplink SRS, assuming the transmissions need to be received at the eNB, and similarly the destination UE transmits the CSI for the eNB to destination UE link.
  • the switching metric may be dependent on interference at the plurality of user equipments from the at least one device-to-device communication capable user equipment if the device- to-device communication capable user equipment switches modes from one of the direct mode and cellular mode to the other of the direct mode and cellular mode.
  • the expected instantaneous data rate may be determined in dependence on the number of resources the UE may be allocated in the respective mode under the system load conditions.
  • the cellular mode may use both UL and DL resources.
  • the direct mode may use only UL resources.
  • the number of resources a UE may be allocated may be dependent on the reuse of resources between direct mode and cellular mode transmission.
  • the target SINR value for a UE in uplink may be determined as follows
  • g is the reciprocal of UE's pathloss, i.e., ⁇ , where PL is pathloss between the transmitter and the receiver
  • SINR max corresponds to the highest allowed MCS and would be an upper bound for target SINR.
  • SINR lget min
  • Estimate of downlink throughput for a UE served by a cell having N DL active UEs may be as follows:
  • R cur is the instantaneous data rate of UE if it is scheduled at the current MCS over the entire bandwidth.
  • Tput _ Est UL min N_RB k Aog 1 Tput h
  • N_RB k is number of RBs that can be allocated to this UE based on the power/buffer limit of this and other UEs.
  • the method to determine N_RB k is illustrated below. For convenience, we have dropped the taking of the minimum with SINR max in the determination of the target SINR.
  • g k is the channel gain of the transmitter UE to the serving cell of the transmitter UE.
  • Tput NT Bs is the max throughput the UE can obtain if the UE cannot handle N_RB k RBs due to its power limitation
  • Estimate of throughput for a UE served on direct D2D link may be as follows:
  • g D 2D is the channel gain from the transmitter to the receiver UE over the direct link
  • PO_D2D is the P 0 value for the direct link
  • N_RB k dire ct and TputN T Bs, direct denote the same parameters as before, just that they now correspond to that of the direct link.
  • the cellular mode uses UL resources to transmit packets from the transmitter UE to its serving eNB, and the serving eNB of the receiver transmits the received packets to the receiver using the DL spectrum.
  • the throughput perceived by the UE would be the minimum of the UL and DL throughputs.
  • Throughput estimate for cellular mode may be computed as follows
  • N_RB k is max number of RBs that can be allocated to this UE based on the power/buffer limit of this and other UEs. The method to determine this quantity is shown at the end of this section.
  • the direct mode might use only uplink resources to transmit data to receiver.
  • the throughput estimate for direct mode may be as follows:
  • N_RB k direct Tput
  • N_RB k direct is number of RBs in direct mode that can be allocated to this UE based the power/buffer limit of this and other UEs.
  • the method to determine N_RB k is illustrated at the end of this section. Note that the l+N T measurement for the cellular mode is made at the eNB and for the direct mode, it is made at the receiver device.
  • the switching metric for switching a UE k from direct mode to cellular mode may be given by
  • the switching metric for switching a UE k from cellular to direct mode may be given by
  • ni n terference,k,ceiiuiar->direct accounts for the impact on other UEs due to the change in interference when UE k switches from cellular to direct mode, and is given by
  • N_RBPUSCH Total RBs for a bandwidth - PUCCH RBs
  • n Reuse is the number of UEs reusing a PRB and is determined by MR filtering the ratio of sum over all UEs of PRBs assigned per TTI/N_RB PU SCH
  • the UEs are sorted in increasing order of number of PRBs that the UE can handle given their power limit/pathloss
  • N T Bs,i is allocated to UE i
  • FIG. 7 shows a flowchart of an example method for jointly selecting the communication mode for D2D devices and allocating resources for all UEs that are in the scope of a decision entity every TTI.
  • the method comprises, in step 420, determining, for a resource in a transmission time interval, a mode of operation selected from a direct mode and a cellular mode, for at least one device to device communication capable user equipment of a plurality of user equipments associated with a scheduling entity.
  • the plurality of user equipments may comprise at least one user equipment capable of operating in direct mode or cellular mode (D2D UE) and at least one user equipment capable of operating only in cellular mode (a cellular UE).
  • step 440 the method comprises scheduling said at least one device-to-device
  • Any number of D2D UE (min 0) and any number of cellular UE (min 0) may be considered for scheduling on a resource, with the provision that maximum one cellular mode transmission is possible.
  • a method for resource allocation for cellular and D2D UEs along with mode selection such as that shown in Figure 4 may maximize system utility.
  • the method provides an algorithm where transmission mode and resource allocation for all the UEs is determined jointly every TTI based on proportional fairness metric that accounts for channel condition, co-scheduling with other UEs, interference in the system, reuse of spectrum, fairness, etc.
  • the joint allocation computes the metrics in real time based on actual interference and realized throughput.
  • the algorithm determines the optimal allocation maximizing system utility considering the impact of resource reuse, number of resources it is expected to receive, interference caused on others due to the allocation, channel conditions of the link, etc. Since there is no estimate required before the allocation and because there is no apriori determination of the mode, better performance may be obtained (as discussed with reference to Figures 8 and 9).
  • Determining a mode of operation may comprise determining expected instantaneous data rate in the resource for a given TTI for each user equipment of the plurality of user equipments.
  • the plurality of UEs associated with a scheduling entity may be a plurality of UEs in the scope of a scheduling entity, e.g. all the UEs in a cell.
  • determining may comprise determining expected instantaneous data rate if the user equipment is scheduled in direct mode and expected instantaneous data rate if the device is scheduled in cellular mode.
  • the method may comprise, in each TTI for a resource, for each of a plurality of UEs, computing a scheduling metric, such as a proportional fairness (PF) metric, for each UE.
  • PF proportional fairness
  • the PF metric may be computed considering the interference from co- scheduled UEs in the same subframe. Note that initially there are no other UEs scheduled in that cell hence no additional interference needs to be accounted due to other links (sidelinks or cellular links). For a cellular UE, the PF metric is denoted as PF ce ii U i ar .
  • PF D2D _direct if the D2D UE is to be scheduled in direct mode
  • PF D2D _ C eiiuiar if the D2D UE is to be scheduled in cellular mode.
  • the expected instantaneous data rate for a cellular UE in a given TTI may be computed using the channel gain for the given link between UE and serving cell and interference introduced due to the co-scheduled UEs within the cell and inter-cell interference from other cells.
  • Other cellular UEs and D2D UEs that are scheduled in cellular mode do not cause any interference for the given cellular UE as these resources are orthogonal to each other (assuming no multi-user MIMO operation). Only the co-scheduled D2D UEs using the same resources in direct mode cause interference to the given cellular UE due to resource reuse.
  • PF metric computed for a pair of D2D UE k is meant for the link that has UE k as transmitter and its corresponding D2D pair UE k as receiver.
  • PF metric computed for a pair of D2D UE k is meant for the link that has UE k as transmitter and its corresponding D2D pair UE k as receiver.
  • PF metric for a cellular UE k may be computed in theory using Shannon's capacity formula as tx&k,BS
  • g k:BS is the channel gain between transmitter UE k and receiver cell for UL link.
  • Ptx is the transmit power of cellular UE that can be based on fractional power control (FPC).
  • FPC fractional power control
  • Ptx mid -> P - max in case of FPC, where P 0 is conveyed from cell to UEs. .
  • a is the fractional power control pathloss compensation coefficient that is conveyed from cell to UEs.
  • P max is the maximum power that the user can use for transmission in serving cell.
  • l B s is the inter-cell interference measured at the receiver, and N 0, BS is the thermal noise in the system.
  • y d e ⁇ 0,1 ⁇ where 0 indicates that the D2D UE d is not scheduled in direct mode in this TTI and 1 indicates that D2D UE d is scheduled in direct mode in this TTI.
  • g d:BS is the channel gain between transmitter D2D UE d and the victim receiver, i.e., the eNB in this case. More generally, higher rank transmissions, beamformers, and practical limitations such as use of quantized MCS levels may be taken into account by inserting suitable approximation constants in the above equation.
  • Ptx_D2D is the transmit power of D2D UE in direct mode.
  • P TX _D2D in
  • Figure 5 shows a schematic diagram of interference caused by D2D direct mode
  • the computation of the throughput and the achievable rate may account for the allowed set of MCS levels, outer-loop link adaptation (OLLA) offsets, SRS measurement errors, etc.
  • OLLA outer-loop link adaptation
  • the achievable rate for a D2D UE in cellular mode in a given TTI may be computed using the channel gain for the given link between UE and serving cell and interference introduced due to the co-scheduled UEs within the cell and inter-cell interference from other cells.
  • Cellular UEs and other D2D UEs that are scheduled using cellular mode do not cause any interference for the given D2D UE to be scheduled in cellular mode as these resources are orthogonal to each other (assuming no multi-user MIMO operation). Only the co-scheduled D2D UEs using the same resources in direct mode may cause interference to the given UE due to resource reuse.
  • PF metric for a D2D UE k to be scheduled in cellular mode may be computed as
  • the achievable rate for a D2D UE in direct mode in a given TTI may be computed using the spectral efficiency for the given link between pair of D2D UE, i.e., using the channel gain between the transmitter and receiver D2D UE and the interference introduced due to the co- scheduled UEs.
  • Cellular UEs and D2D UEs that are scheduled using cellular mode and the co-scheduled D2D UEs in direct mode may cause interference to the given UE due to resource reuse.
  • Figure 6 shows a schematic diagram of interference caused by cellular mode transmission (cellular UE or D2D UE) of UE1 on UE2 and UE3.
  • PF metric for a D2D UE k to be scheduled in direct mode may be computed
  • g k:k is the channel gain between pair of transmitter and receiver D2D UE k
  • l DR is the inter-cell interference measured at the receiver D2D UE k
  • N o D is the thermal noise at the D2D receiver UEs.
  • Interference from a co-scheduled cellular UE c or D2D UE d scheduled in cellular mode may be determined based on P tx transmit power and channel gain between transmitting UE and receiver D2D UE k, i.e., g c,k Or g d:k as appropriate.
  • Interference from a co-scheduled D2D UE d scheduled in direct mode may be determined based on transmit power and channel gain between transmitting UE d and receiver UE k g d k .
  • Other notations correspond to those defined previously. Considering the change in interference caused due to a resource allocation for the selected mode may be important to achieve the desired gains.
  • Determining a mode of operation may comprise determining which user equipment maximises a sum scheduling metric (for example, PF metric) when co-scheduled with other UEs on this resource and the associated mode and scheduling said user equipment to operate in said mode on the resource in the transmission time interval.
  • the sum scheduling metric is the summation of the scheduling metric of all the UEs scheduled on this resource.
  • determining a mode of operation may comprise determining a proportional fairness metric for each user equipment of the plurality of user equipments in dependence on the respective expected instantaneous data rate, determining which user equipment of the plurality of user equipments maximises the sum proportional fairness metric, and the associated mode in which the UE maximises the sum PF if the UE is a D2D UE and scheduling the determined user equipment to operate in the mode that maximises the sum PF on the resource in the transmission time interval.
  • the objective in the method is to maximize the network-wide utility of users, which is defined as the sum of the utilities achieved by each user, where each user's utility may be defined as the logarithm of user's achieved throughput.
  • the final scheduling on a resource is such that any number of direct mode UEs can be scheduled (including 0), and at most one cellular mode UE (assuming no multi-user MIMO operation) can be scheduled (min can be 0) based on the allocation that maximizes sum PF.
  • embodiments may provide an algorithm which is a greedy heuristic to the following utility maximization resource allocation problem:
  • M CfieMar , M dD2D _ceiiuiarMode, M d , D 2D_directMode is the PF metric for the cellular UE, D2D UE d in cellular mode, and D2D UE d in direct mode communication, respectively and C is the total number of cellular UEs and D is the total number of D2D UEs in the system.
  • y d where 0 indicates that D2D UE d is not scheduled in cellular mode in this TTI and 1 indicates that D2D UE d is scheduled in cellular mode in this TTI.
  • y d G ⁇ 0,1 ⁇ W , where 0 indicates that D2D UE d is not scheduled in direct mode in this TTI and 1 indicates that D2D UE d is scheduled in direct mode in this TTI.
  • a D2D UE may be scheduled in either direct mode or cellular mode but not both, i.e.
  • the UEs are sorted by their associated PF in descending order.
  • the UE that has max PF(max_pf) is determined. If the UE with max_pf is a D2D UE, the mode in which it has max PF is selected.
  • This UE is removed from the candidate list, scheduled for that resource and mode allocation is assigned.
  • a D2D UE is scheduled using one of the modes, the scheduled D2D UE should not be considered for the other mode. If said determined mode is cellular, assuming no multi-user MIMO operation, no further user equipments may be scheduled to operate in cellular mode on the resource in the
  • transmission time interval For example, if a cellular UE is scheduled, or if a D2D UE is scheduled in cellular mode, all other cellular UEs are removed, and all other D2D UEs in cellular mode are removed from further consideration in this TTI.
  • This process may be continued until the sum PF can no longer be improved and/or when all UEs have been considered. While embodiments have been described with reference to resource allocation of a single resource per TTI, an extension of this scheme for multiple resources/frequency-selective scheduling may be performed in a similar fashion by doing a "cherry picking" over all UEs and resource block group(s). Note that depending on whether a given user's transmission needs to be contiguous or not in a TTI, slightly different methods would be needed.
  • the D2D UE is scheduled in one of the direct and cellular modes, it may no longer be considered for scheduling in the other of the direct and cellular mode for another resource in the transmission time interval.
  • Figure 7 shows a flowchart of an algorithm which may be used for performing a method such as that described above.
  • Figure 8 shows simulation results for the proposed joint mode selection and resource allocation scheme.
  • a single cell of radius 866 m (3GPP case 3, ISD 1732m) is considered and cellular UEs and D2D UEs are distributed randomly in the cell.
  • the D2D UEs are dropped such that the distance between a pair of receiver and transmitter D2D UEs is uniformly distributed in the range 3m to a maximum defined distance, which is a parameter we set in the range (30m to 500m).
  • a parameter we set in the range which is a parameter we set in the range (30m to 500m).
  • the interference due to scheduling in neighbor cells is less when compared to the intra-cell interference due to resource reuse, we consider a fixed inter-cell interference value.
  • the simulations are also done for various values of the proportion of D2D UEs as a fraction of all the UEs in the cell.
  • the results of Figure 8 show the gains in the geometric mean of UE throughputs with respect to the case where all D2D UEs use cellular mode. Across the different cases of 10%, 20% and 40% of D2D UEs in the system, the total number of UEs in the simulation is fixed at 50. The results show that the maximum gains are at lower distances between D2D UE pairs. This is because the ratio of D2D UEs transmitting in direct mode decreases with increase in distance between D2D UEs transmitter and receiver pair (results for the same are not shown here). This is because with increasing distance between the transmitter and receiver both the spectral efficiency of the D2D direct link decreases and there is a larger interference impact on other UEs due to the D2D direct link.
  • FIG. 10 shows an example of a control apparatus for a communication system, for example to be coupled to and/or for controlling a station of an access system, such as a RAN node, e.g. a base station, (e) node B or 5G AP, or a node of a core network such as an MME or S-GW, a scheduling entity, or a server or host.
  • a station of an access system such as a RAN node, e.g. a base station, (e) node B or 5G AP, or a node of a core network such as an MME or S-GW, a scheduling entity, or a server or host.
  • the method may be implanted in a single control apparatus or across more than one control apparatus.
  • the control apparatus may be integrated with or external to a node or module of a core network or RAN.
  • base stations comprise a separate control apparatus unit or module.
  • control apparatus can be another network element such as a radio network controller or a spectrum controller.
  • each base station may have such a control apparatus as well as a control apparatus being provided in a radio network controller.
  • the control apparatus 300 can be arranged to provide control on communications in the service area of the system.
  • the control apparatus 300 comprises at least one memory 301 , at least one data processing unit 302, 303 and an input/output interface 304. Via the interface the control apparatus can be coupled to a receiver and a transmitter of the base station.
  • the receiver and/or the transmitter may be implemented as a radio front end or a remote radio head.
  • the control apparatus 300 can be configured to execute an appropriate software code to provide the control functions.
  • Control functions may comprise determining, for a resource in a transmission time interval, a mode of operation selected from a direct mode and a cellular mode, for at least one device-to-device communication capable user equipment of a plurality of user equipments associated with a scheduling entity and scheduling said at least one device-to-device communication capable user equipment to operate in said determined mode on the resource in the transmission time interval.
  • control functions may comprise determining a mode of operation selected from a direct mode and a cellular mode, for at least one device-to-device
  • apparatuses may comprise or be coupled to other units or modules etc., such as radio parts or radio heads, used in or for transmission and/or reception.
  • apparatuses have been described as one entity, different modules and memory may be implemented in one or more physical or logical entities.
  • the various embodiments may be implemented in hardware or special purpose circuits, software, logic or any combination thereof. Some aspects of the invention may be implemented in hardware, while other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device, although the invention is not limited thereto. While various aspects of the invention may be illustrated and described as block diagrams, flow charts, or using some other pictorial representation, it is well understood that these blocks, apparatus, systems, techniques or methods described herein may be implemented in, as non-limiting examples, hardware, software, firmware, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.
  • the embodiments of this invention may be implemented by computer software executable by a data processor of the mobile device, such as in the processor entity, or by hardware, or by a combination of software and hardware.
  • Computer software or program also called program product, including software routines, applets and/or macros, may be stored in any apparatus-readable data storage medium and they comprise program instructions to perform particular tasks.
  • a computer program product may comprise one or more computer- executable components which, when the program is run, are configured to carry out embodiments.
  • the one or more computer-executable components may be at least one software code or portions of it.
  • any blocks of the logic flow as in the Figures may represent program steps, or interconnected logic circuits, blocks and functions, or a combination of program steps and logic circuits, blocks and functions.
  • the software may be stored on such physical media as memory chips, or memory blocks implemented within the processor, magnetic media such as hard disk or floppy disks, and optical media such as for example DVD and the data variants thereof, CD.
  • the physical media is a non-transitory media.
  • the memory may be of any type suitable to the local technical environment and may be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as semiconductor based memory devices, magnetic memory devices and systems, optical memory devices and systems, fixed memory and removable memory.
  • the data processors may be of any type suitable to the local technical environment, and may comprise one or more of general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), application specific integrated circuits (ASIC), FPGA, gate level circuits and processors based on multi core processor architecture, as non-limiting examples.
  • Embodiments of the inventions may be practiced in various components such as integrated circuit modules.
  • the design of integrated circuits is by and large a highly automated process.
  • Complex and powerful software tools are available for converting a logic level design into a semiconductor circuit design ready to be etched and formed on a semiconductor substrate.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
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Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé qui consiste à déterminer, pour une ressource dans un intervalle de temps de transmission, un mode de fonctionnement sélectionné parmi un mode direct et un mode cellulaire, pour au moins un équipement utilisateur ayant une capacité de communication de dispositif à dispositif d'une pluralité d'équipements utilisateur associés à une entité de planification, et à planifier ledit ou lesdits équipements utilisateur ayant une capacité de communication de dispositif à dispositif pour que ces derniers fonctionnent dans ledit mode déterminé sur la ressource dans l'intervalle de temps de transmission.
PCT/EP2015/070939 2015-09-14 2015-09-14 Procédé, système et appareil pour effectuer une commutation entre des communications de dispositif à dispositif (d2d) et des communications cellulaires WO2017045695A1 (fr)

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