WO2017034569A1 - Molecules having pesticidal utility, pesticidal compositions, and processes, related thereto - Google Patents

Molecules having pesticidal utility, pesticidal compositions, and processes, related thereto Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2017034569A1
WO2017034569A1 PCT/US2015/047168 US2015047168W WO2017034569A1 WO 2017034569 A1 WO2017034569 A1 WO 2017034569A1 US 2015047168 W US2015047168 W US 2015047168W WO 2017034569 A1 WO2017034569 A1 WO 2017034569A1
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Prior art keywords
active ingredient
grams
per hectare
ingredient per
pest
Prior art date
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PCT/US2015/047168
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Luis E. Gomez
Ricky Hunter
Tony K. Trullinger
Leonel Aviles MORALES
Maria TORNE
Aristidis CHLORIDIS
Antonio FENIO
Cristiane MÜLLER
Kalliopi PAPAGEORGIOU
Jozsef PERENYI
Alistair MCKAY
George Lin
Melissa SIEBERT
Salvador Carrasco Campos
Akos BIRO
Claudia Harumi KUNIYOSHI
Imre MEZEI
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Dow Agrosciences Llc
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Priority to PCT/US2015/047168 priority Critical patent/WO2017034569A1/en
Publication of WO2017034569A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017034569A1/en

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/48—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • A01N43/56—1,2-Diazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2-diazoles

Definitions

  • Molecules having pesticidal utility having pesticidal utility, pesticidal compositions, and processes, related thereto
  • This disclosure relates to the field of molecules having pesticidal utility against pests in Phyla Arthropoda, Mollusca, and Nematoda, pesticidal compositions containing such molecules, and processes of using such pesticidal compositions against such pests.
  • the phrases "pesticidally effective amount” means the amount of a pesticide needed to achieve an observable effect on a pest, for example, the effects of necrosis, death, retardation, prevention, removal, destruction, or otherwise diminishing the occurrence and/or activity of a pest in a locus. This effect may come about when pest populations are repulsed from a locus, pests are incapacitated in, or around, a locus, and/or pests are exterminated in, or around, a locus. Of course, a combination of these effects can occur.
  • pest populations, activity, or both are desirably reduced more than fifty percent, preferably more than 90 percent, and most preferably more than 99 percent.
  • a pesticidally effective amount, for agricultural purposes is from about 0.0001 grams per hectare to about 10000 grams per hectare, preferably from about 0.0001 grams per hectare to about 1000 grams per hectare, and it is even more preferably from about 0.0001 grams per hectare to about 100 grams per hectare.
  • a pesticidally effective amount in laboratory settings, may be from about 0.00001 weight percent active ingredient to carrier to about 0.03 weight percent active ingredient to carrier, preferably from about 0.000625 weight percent active ingredient to carrier to about 0.02 weight percent active ingredient to carrier, and it is even more preferably from about 0.0025 weight percent active ingredient to carrier to about 0.01 weight percent active ingredient to carrier.
  • locus means a habitat, breeding ground, plant, seed, soil, material, or environment, in which a pest is growing, may grow, or may traverse.
  • a locus may be: where crops, trees, fruits, cereals, fodder species, vines, turf, and/or ornamental plants, are growing ; where domesticated animals are residing ; the interior or exterior surfaces of buildings (such as places where grains are stored) ; the materials of construction used in buildings (such as impregnated wood) ; and the soil around buildings.
  • pest means an organism that is detrimental to humans, or human concerns (such as, crops, food, livestock, etc.), where said organism is from Phyla Arthropoda, Mollusca, or Nematoda .
  • ants aphids, bed bugs, beetles, bristletails, caterpillars, cockroaches, crickets, earwigs, fleas, flies,
  • grasshoppers grubs, hornets, jassids, leafhoppers, leaf miners, lice, locusts, maggots, mealybugs, mites, moths, nematodes, plantbugs, planthoppers, psyllids, sawflies, scales, silverfish, slugs, snails, spiders, springtails, stink bugs, symphylans, termites, thrips, ticks, wasps, whiteflies, and wireworms.
  • a non-exhaustive list of particular genera includes, but is not limited to, Adelges spp., Aulacaspis spp., Aphrophora spp., Aphis spp., Bemisia spp., Brevicoryne spp., Cacopsylla spp., Ceroplastes spp., Chionaspis spp.,
  • Therioaphis spp. Toumeyella spp., Toxoptera spp., Trialeurodes spp., Triatoma spp., and Unaspis spp.
  • a non-exhaustive list of particular species includes, but is not limited to, Acrosternum hilare, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aleyrodes proletella, Aleurodicus dispersus, Aleurothrixus floccosus, Amrasca biguttula biguttula, Aonidiella aurantii, Aphis fabae, Aphis gossypii, Aphis glycines, Aphis pomi, Aulacorthum solani, Bactericera cockerelli, Bagrada hilaris, Bemisia argentifolii, Bemisia tabaci, Blissus leucopterus, Boisea trivittata, Brachycorynella asparagi
  • Mahanarva frimbiolata Megacopta cribraria, Metopolophium dirhodum, Mictis longicornis, Myzus persicae, Nasonovia ribisnigri, Nephotettix cincticeps, Neurocolpus longirostris, Nezara viridula, Nilaparvata lugens, Paracoccus marginatus, Paratrioza cockerelli, Parlatoria pergandii, Parlatoria ziziphi, Peregrinus maidis, Phylloxera vitifoliae,
  • Rhopalosiphum maidis Rhopalosiphum padi, Saissetia oleae, Scaptocoris castanea, Schizaphis graminum, Sitobion avenae, Sogatella furcifera, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Trialeurodes abutiloneus, Unaspis yanonensis, and Zulia entrerriana.
  • a non-exhaustive list of particular genera includes, but is not limited to, Aedes spp., Agromyza spp., Anastrepha spp., Anopheles spp., Bactrocera spp., Ceratitis spp., Chrysops spp., Cochliomyia spp., Contarinia spp., Cu/e spp., Culicoides spp., Dasineura spp., Delia spp., Drosophila spp., Fannia spp., Hylemya spp., Liriomyza spp., Musca spp., Phorbia spp., Pollenia spp.
  • a non-exhaustive list of particular species includes, but is not limited to, Agromyza frontella, Anastrepha suspensa, Anastrepha ludens, Anastrepha obliqua, Bactrocera cucurbitae, Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera invadens, Bactrocera zonata, Ceratitis capitata, Dasineura brassicae, Delia platura, Fannia canicularis, Fannia scalaris, Gasterophilus intestinalis, Gracillia perseae, Haematobia irritans, Hypoderma lineatum, Liriomyza brassicae, Liriomyza sativa, Melophagus ovinus, Musca autumnalis, Musca domestica, Oestrus ovis, Oscinella frit, Pegomya beta
  • a non-exhaustive list of particular genera includes, but is not limited to, Adoxophyes spp., Agrotis spp., Argyrotaenia spp., Cacoecia spp., Caloptilia spp., Chilo spp., Chrysodeixis spp., Colias spp., Crambus spp., Diaphania spp., Diatraea spp., Farias spp., Ephestia spp., Epimecis spp., Feltia spp., Gortyna spp., Helicoverpa spp., Heliothis spp., Indarbela spp., Lithocolletis spp., Loxagrotis spp., Malacosoma spp., Nemapogon spp., Ostrinia spp., Peridroma s
  • Nonagrioides Setora nitens, Sitotroga cerealella, Sparganothis pilleriana, Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera eridania, Thecla basilides, Tinea pellionella, Tineola bisselliella, Trichoplusia ni, Tuta absolutea, Zeuzera cof eae, and Zeuzea pyrina.
  • Thysanoptera Order Thysanoptera.
  • a non-exhaustive list of particular genera includes, but is not limited to, Caliothrips spp., Frankliniella spp., Scirtothrips spp., and Thrips spp.
  • a non-exhaustive list of particular species includes, but is not limited to, Caliothrips phaseoli, Frankliniella bispinosa, Frankliniella fusca, Frankliniella occidentalis,
  • Order Coleoptera A non-exhaustive list of particular genera includes, but is not limited to, Aca nth oscel ides spp., Agriotes spp., Anthonomus spp., Apion spp., Apogonia spp., Araecerus spp.
  • Aulacophora spp. Bruchus spp., Cerosterna spp., Cerotoma spp., Ceutorhynchus spp., Chaetocnema spp., Colaspis spp., Ctenicera spp., Curculio spp., Cyclocephala spp., Diabrotica spp., Dinoderus spp. , Gnathocerus spp.,
  • Hemicoelus spp. Heterobostruchus spp., Hypera spp., Ips spp., Lyctus spp., Megascelis spp., Meligethes spp., Mezium spp. , Niptus spp. , Otiorhynchus spp., Pantomorus spp., Phyllophaga spp., Phyllotreta spp., Ptinus spp.
  • Rhizotrogus spp. Rhynchites spp., Rhynchophorus spp., Scolytus spp., Sphenophorus spp., Sitophilus spp., Tenebrio spp., and Tribolium spp.
  • a non-exhaustive list of particular species includes, but is not limited to, Aca nth oscel ides obtectus, Agrilus planipennis, Ahasverus advena, Alphitobius diaperinus, Anoplophora glabripennis, Anthonomus grandis, Anthrenus verbasci,
  • Anthrenus falvipes Ataenius spretulus, Atomaria linearis, Attagenus unicolor,
  • a pesticide is many times not suitable for application in its pure form. It is usually necessary to add other substances so that the pesticide may be used at the required concentration and in an appropriate form, permitting ease of application, handling, transportation, storage, and maximum pesticide activity.
  • pesticides are formulated into, for example, baits, concentrated emulsions, dusts, emulsifiable concentrates, fumigants, gels, granules, microencapsulations, seed treatments, suspension concentrates, suspoemulsions, tablets, water soluble liquids, water dispersible granules, soluble granules, wettable powders, and ultra-low volume solutions.
  • Pesticides are applied most often as aqueous suspensions or oil in water emulsions prepared from concentrated emulsion formulations (EW) of such pesticides.
  • EW concentrated emulsion formulations
  • Such water-soluble, water-suspendable, or emulsifiable formulations are either solids, usually known as wettable powders, water dispersible granules (WG), or liquids usually known as emulsifiable concentrates (EC), or aqueous suspension concentrates (SC) .
  • Wettable powders (WP), which may be compacted to form water dispersible granules, comprise an intimate mixture of the pesticide, a carrier, adjuvants, and/or surfactants.
  • the concentration of the pesticide is usually from about 10% to about 90% by weight.
  • the carrier is usually selected from among the attapulgite clays, the montmorillonite clays, the diatomaceous earths, kaolinite clay, or the purified silicates.
  • Effective surfactants comprising from about 0.5% to about 15% of the wettable powder, are found among sulfonated lignins, condensed naphthalenesulfonates,
  • naphthalenesulfonates alkylbenzenesulfonates, alkyl sulfates, and non-ionic surfactants such as ethylene oxide adducts of C-4 and longer carbon chain length alcohols.
  • Emulsifiable concentrates of pesticides comprise a convenient concentration of a pesticide, such as from about 50 grams per liter to about 500 grams per liter of liquid dissolved in a carrier that is either a water miscible solvent or a mixture of an essentially water-immiscible organic solvent and emulsifiers.
  • Useful organic solvents include aromatics, especially xylenes and petroleum fractions, especially the high-boiling naphthalenic and olefinic portions of petroleum such as heavy aromatic naphtha.
  • Other organic solvents may also be used, such as the terpenic solvents including rosin derivatives, aliphatic ketones such as cyclohexanone, and complex alcohols such as 2- ethoxyethanol.
  • Suitable emulsifiers for emulsifiable concentrates are selected from conventional anionic and non-ionic surfactants.
  • Aqueous suspensions comprise suspensions of water-insoluble pesticides dispersed in an aqueous carrier at a concentration in the range from about 5% to about 50% by weight.
  • Suspensions are prepared by finely grinding the pesticide and vigorously mixing it into a carrier comprised of water and surfactants.
  • Ingredients, such as inorganic salts and synthetic or natural gums may, also be added to increase the density and viscosity of the aqueous carrier. It is often most effective to wet mill and mix the pesticide at the same time by preparing the aqueous mixture and homogenizing it in an implement such as a sand mill, ball mill, or piston-type homogenizer.
  • Oil dispersions comprise suspensions of organic solvent-insoluble pesticides finely dispersed in a mixture of organic solvent and emulsifiers at a concentration in the range from about 2% to about 50% by weight.
  • One or more pesticide might be dissolved in the organic solvent.
  • Useful organic solvents include aromatics, especially xylenes and petroleum fractions, especially the high-boiling naphthalenic and olefinic portions of petroleum such as heavy aromatic naphtha .
  • Other solvents may include vegetable oils, seed oils, and esters of vegetable and seed oils.
  • Suitable emulsifiers for oil dispersions are selected from conventional anionic and non-ionic surfactants. Thickeners or gelling agents are added in the formulation of oil dispersions to modify the rheology or flow properties of the liquid and to prevent separation and settling of the dispersed particles or droplets.
  • Pesticides may also be applied as granular compositions that are particularly useful for applications to the soil .
  • Granular compositions usually contain from about 0.5% to about 10% by weight of the pesticide, dispersed in a carrier that comprises cellulosic materials, naturally occurring minerals including gypsum or limestone, or similar substances.
  • Such compositions are usually prepared by melting the pesticide or dissolving the pesticide in a suitable solvent and applying it to a granular carrier such as a granular fertilizer such as urea, which has been pre-formed to the appropriate particle size, in the range of from about 0.5 mm to about 3 mm .
  • compositions may also be formulated by making a dough or paste of the carrier and molecule, and then crushing and drying to obtain the desired granular particle size.
  • Another form of granules is a water emulsifiable granule (EG) . It is a formulation consisting of granules to be applied as a conventional oil-in-water emulsion of the active ingredient(s), either solubilized or diluted in an organic solvent, after disintegration and dissolution in water.
  • Water emulsifiable granules comprise one or several active ingredient(s), either solubilized or diluted in a suitable organic solvent that is (are) absorbed in a water soluble polymeric shell or some other type of soluble or insoluble matrix.
  • Dusts containing a pesticide are prepared by intimately mixing the pesticide in powdered form with a suitable dusty agricultural carrier, such as kaolin clay, ground volcanic rock, and the like. Dusts can suitably contain from about 1% to about 10% of the pesticide. Dusts may be applied as a seed dressing or as a foliage application with a dust blower machine.
  • a suitable dusty agricultural carrier such as kaolin clay, ground volcanic rock, and the like. Dusts can suitably contain from about 1% to about 10% of the pesticide. Dusts may be applied as a seed dressing or as a foliage application with a dust blower machine.
  • Pesticides can also be applied in the form of an aerosol composition.
  • the pesticide is dissolved or dispersed in a carrier, which is a pressure- generating propellant mixture.
  • the aerosol composition is packaged in a container from which the mixture is dispensed through an atomizing valve.
  • Pesticide baits are formed when the pesticide is mixed with food or an attractant or both. When the pests eat the bait, they also consume the pesticide. Baits may take the form of granules, gels, flowable powders, liquids, or solids. Baits may be used in pest harborages.
  • Fumigants are pesticides that have a relatively high vapor pressure and hence can exist as a gas in sufficient concentrations to kill pests in soil or enclosed spaces.
  • the toxicity of the fumigant is proportional to its concentration and the exposure time. They are characterized by a good capacity for diffusion and act by penetrating the pest's respiratory system or being absorbed through the pest's cuticle. Fumigants are applied to control stored product pests under gas proof sheets, in gas sealed rooms or buildings, or in special chambers.
  • Pesticides may be microencapsulated by suspending the pesticide particles or droplets in plastic polymers of various types. By altering, the chemistry of the polymer or by changing factors in the processing, microcapsules may be formed of various sizes, solubility, wall thicknesses, and degrees of penetrability. These factors govern the speed with which the active ingredient within is released, which in turn, affects the residual performance, speed of action, and odor of the product.
  • the microcapsules might be formulated as a capsule suspension (CS) concentrates or water dispersible granules.
  • CS capsule suspension
  • Oil solution concentrates are made by dissolving pesticide in a solvent that will hold the pesticide in solution.
  • Oil solutions of a pesticide usually provide faster knockdown and kill of pests than other formulations due to the solvents themselves having pesticidal action and the dissolution of the waxy covering of the integument increasing the speed of uptake of the pesticide.
  • Other advantages of oil solutions include better storage stability, better penetration of crevices, and better adhesion to greasy surfaces.
  • Another embodiment is an oil-in-water emulsion, wherein the emulsion comprises oily globules which are each provided with a lamellar liquid crystal coating and are dispersed in an aqueous phase, wherein each oily globule comprises at least one molecule which is agriculturally active, and is individually coated with a monolamellar or oligolamellar layer comprising : (1) at least one non-ionic lipophilic surface-active agent, (2) at least one non-ionic hydrophilic surface-active agent, and (3) at least one ionic surface-active agent, wherein the globules having a mean particle diameter of less than 800 nanometers.
  • Molecules selected from AIGA may be applied to any locus.
  • General loci to apply such molecules include loci where crops, trees, fruits, cereals, fodder species, vines, turf, and/or ornamental plants, are growing or may be planted .
  • Particular loci to apply such molecules include loci where alfalfa, almonds, apples, barley, beans, canola, citrus (for example Grapefruit and Lemons), corn, cotton, crucifers (for example, Broccoli,
  • Cabbage, and Cauliflower cucurbits (for example, Cantaloupe, Cucumber, Squash, and various melons), flowers, fodder species (Rye Grass, Sudan Grass, Tall Fescue, Kentucky Blue Grass, and Clover), fruits, grapes, leaf vegetables (for example Salad Greens and Pigweed), lettuce, oats, oil seed crops, oranges, papayas, peanuts, peaches, pears, peppers, plums, potatoes, rice, sorghum, soybeans, strawberries, sugarcane, sugarbeets, sunflowers, teas, tobacco, tomatoes, wheat (for example, Hard Red Winter Wheat, Soft Red Winter Wheat, White Winter Wheat, Hard Red Spring Wheat, and Durum Spring Wheat), and other valuable crops are growing or the seeds thereof are going to be planted .
  • cucurbits for example, Cantaloupe, Cucumber, Squash, and various melons
  • flowers fodder species (Rye Grass, Sudan Grass,
  • Molecules selected from AIGA may also be applied where plants, such as crops, are growing and where there are levels of pests that can commercially damage such plants. Applying such molecules in such locus is to benefit the plants being grown in such locus.
  • Such phytotonic benefits may include, but are not limited to: helping the plant grow a better root system; helping the plant better withstand stressful growing conditions; improving the health of a plant; improving the yield of a plant (e.g. increased biomass and/or increased content of valuable ingredients) ; improving the vigor of a plant (e.g. improved plant growth and/or greener leaves) ; improving the quality of a plant (e.g. improved content or composition of certain ingredients); and improving the tolerance to abiotic and/or biotic stress of the plant.
  • molecules selected from AIGA may also be applied where rice plants are growing and where there are levels of pests that can commercially damage such plants. Applying such molecules in such a locus is to benefit the plants being grown in such a locus.
  • Such phytotonic benefits may include, but are not limited to: a reduction of deadhearts (a yellowing and drying of the central shoot) ; and a reduction in whiteheads (a rice panicle not filled with grain).
  • Molecules selected from AIGA may also be applied where plants, such as crops, are growing and where there are low levels (even no actual presence) of pests that can commercially damage such plants. Applying such molecules in such locus is to benefit the plants being grown in such locus.
  • Such phytotonic benefits may include, but are not limited to: helping the plant grow a better root system ; helping the plant better withstand stressful growing conditions; improving the health of a plant; improving the yield of a plant (e.g. increased biomass and/or increased content of valuable ingredients) ; improving the vigor of a plant (e.g. improved plant growth and/or greener leaves) ; improving the quality of a plant (e.g. improved content or composition of certain ingredients); and improving the tolerance to abiotic and/or biotic stress of the plant.
  • Molecules selected from AIGA may be applied to the foliar and/or fruiting portions of plants to control pests. Either such molecules will come in direct contact with the pest, or the pest will consume such molecules when eating the plant or while extracting sap or other nutrients from the plant.
  • Systemic movement of pesticides in plants may be utilized to control pests on one portion of the plant by applying (for example by spraying a locus) molecules selected from AIGA to a different portion of the plant.
  • control of foliar-feeding or stem feeding pests may be achieved by flood irrigation, furrow irrigation, or drip (trickle) irrigation, by sprinkler methods, by treating the soil with a drench or an injection, by treating the seeds of a plant before planting.
  • a pesticide may be diluted in water to the target dilution rate to achieve the desired rate of active ingredient per hectare, after which time the solution is evenly distributed in the growing area among all plants or in the growing area prior to introduction of the plants
  • ditches with siphon tubes ditches with spiles (small straight pipes), irrigation pipes with outlets, buried pipe with vertical pipe outlets, sprinkler systems, sprayers such as backpack sprayers or mist sprayers, or simple containers such as watering cans.
  • Molecules selected from AIGA may also be applied to the soil via the process of chemigation, and when applied in this manner, root and stem feeding pests may be controlled.
  • control of root and stem feeding pests may be achieved by flood irrigation, furrow irrigation, or drip (trickle) irrigation, by sprinkler methods, by treating the soil with a drench or an injection, by treating the seeds of a plant before planting .
  • a pesticide may be diluted in water to the target dilution rate to achieve the desired rate of active ingredient per hectare, after which time the solution is evenly distributed in the growing area among all plants or in the growing area prior to introduction of the plants (seedlings) or seeds.
  • Chemigation is an application of a pesticide by an irrigation method. Chemigation offers a series of advantages over foliar spray application methods including but not limited to uniform distribution of pesticide throughout the plant; a reduction in pesticide application inputs including man-power and machinery fuel ; and a reduction in soil compaction, plant disturbance, and applicator exposure to pesticides.
  • Foliar applications are performed either during the transplant of plants or after the plants have already been transplanted into the field or at any time in the lifecycle of the plant.
  • the concentrated pesticide is usually diluted in water to achieve the desired concentration of active ingredient.
  • the desired amount of the pesticide and water mixture is then deposited on the foliar and/or fruiting portions of plants to control pests using a sprayer, such as a backpack sprayer or a sprinkler, or by dipping.
  • Granular applications are performed either during the transplant of plants or after the plants have already been transplanted into the field or at any time in the lifecycle of the plant.
  • the concentrated pesticide is diluted in water to achieve the desired concentration of active ingredient.
  • the desired concentration is then added to a granular carrier and the resulting composition is then dried to form a granular composition.
  • the granular composition may be applied by a scattering method such as by hand or any type of granular spreader.
  • Drench applications are performed either prior to the transplants of plants, during the transplant of plants, after the plants have already been transplanted into the field, or at any time in the lifecycle of the plant.
  • a drench application may be a residual drench or a soil or root drench.
  • Residual pesticides remain active in pesticidally effective amounts from about 1 week to about 3 weeks after application.
  • a residual drench is useful when insects are a continual problem or chemical application needs to be performed in advance of an expected infestation.
  • Residual pesticides in soil offers other benefits such as at-planting treatment, soil shank injection at planting (direct seeded or at-planting), in-furrow spray at planting and/or surface band at planting. Residual pesticide in soil in many cases reduces the number of foliar sprays to control pests.
  • the desired amount of the pesticide and water mixture may be deposited in the transplant hole followed by the transplant of the plant allowing the pesticide to be close to the root zone of the treated plant.
  • the desired amount of the pesticide and water mixture may be deposited at the base of the plant sometime after the transplant of the plant allowing the pesticide to be close to the root zone of the treated plant.
  • Injection applications are performed either during the transplant of plants or after the plants have already been transplanted into the field or at any time in the lifecycle of the plant.
  • the concentrated pesticide is usually diluted in water to achieve the desired concentration of active ingredient.
  • the desired amount of the pesticide and water mixture is then deposited into the soil via injection apparatus at the base of the plant.
  • Root soak applications are routinely preformed prior to the transplant of plants.
  • a root soak seedling drench, transplant drench, or tray drench
  • the concentrated pesticide is usually diluted in water to achieve the desired concentration of active ingredient.
  • the transplant seedling roots are then immersed into the solution for a specified period of time to allow the solution to be translocated into the growing media of the transplant seedlings as well as to allow the seedlings to uptake by the root system some of the pesticide being applied by this method .
  • the period of time may be from about 1 hour to about 24 hours.
  • the seedlings are then planted .
  • Drip (trickle) irrigation applications are performed after the plants have already been transplanted or seeded into the field, or at any time in the lifecycle of the plant.
  • a drip irrigation application the desired amount of the concentrated pesticide is usually diluted in water to achieve the desired concentration of active ingredient.
  • the application is made using a network of plastic pipes or drip tape to carry a low flow of the pesticide and water mixture under low pressure to plants either above or below the soil surface.
  • the pesticide and water mixture is applied through orifices called emitters much more slowly than with sprinkler irrigation.
  • Molecules selected from AIGA may be applied as seed treatments.
  • Seed treatments may be applied to all types of seeds, including those from which plants genetically modified to express specialized traits will germinate.
  • Representative examples include those expressing proteins toxic to invertebrate pests, such as Bacillus thuringiensis or other insecticidal toxins, those expressing herbicide tolerance, such as "Roundup (glyphosate) Ready” seeds or glyphosate and 2,4-D tolerant EnlistTM seeds, or those with "stacked” foreign genes expressing insecticidal toxins in both crystal and vegetative stage, herbicide tolerance, nutrition-enhancement, drought tolerance, or any other beneficial traits.
  • seed treatments with molecules of Formula One may further enhance the ability of a plant to withstand stressful growing conditions better.
  • a process comprising applying a pesticidally effective amount of a pesticidal composition to a locus to control a pest wherein :
  • said applying is by foliar application, granular application, drench application, injection application, root soak application, drip irrigation application, or seed treatment application;
  • said pesticidally effective amount is from about 10 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 200 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
  • said pesticidal composition comprises
  • said locus is where crops, trees, fruits, cereals, fodder species, vines, turf, and/or ornamental plants are growing or may be planted;
  • said pest is selected from the group consisting of Acrosternum hilare,
  • Acyrthosiphon pisum Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aleyrodes proletella, Aleurodicus dispersus, Aleurothrixus floccosus, Amrasca biguttula biguttula, Aonidiella aurantii, Aphis fabae, Aphis gossypii, Aphis glycines, Aphis pomi, Aulacorthum solani, Bactericera cockerelli, Bagrada hilaris, Bemisia argentifolii, Bemisia tabaci, Blissus leucopterus, Boisea trivittata,
  • Brachycorynella asparagi Brevennia rehi, Brevicoryne brassicae, Cacopsylla pyri,
  • Rhopalosiphum maidis Rhopalosiphum padi, Saissetia oleae, Scaptocoris castanea, Schizaphis graminum, Sitobion avenae, Sogatella furcifera, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Trialeurodes abutiloneus, Unaspis yanonensis, Zulia entrerhana, Agromyza frontella, Anastrepha suspensa, Anastrepha ludens, Anastrepha obliqua, Bactrocera cucurbitae, Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera invadens, Bactrocera zonata, Ceratitis capitata,
  • Rachiplusia nu Scirpophaga incertulas, Sesamia inferens, Sesamia nonagrioides, Setora nitens, Sitotroga cerealella, Sparganothis pilleriana, Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera eridania, Thecla basilides, Tinea pellionella, Tineola bisselliella, Trichoplusia ni, Tuta absolutea, Zeuzera coffeae, Zeuzea pyrina, Caliothrips phaseoli, Frankliniella bispinosa, Frankliniella fusca, Frankliniella occidentalis, Frankliniella schultzei, Frankliniella tritici, Frankliniella williamsi, Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis,
  • said pesticidally effective amount is from about 12.5 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 200 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
  • said pesticidal composition comprises
  • an active ingredient selected from the group consisting of M-I, M- II, M-III, and mixtures thereof, and
  • said locus is where crops, trees, fruits, cereals, fodder species, vines, turf, and/or ornamental plants are growing or may be planted;
  • said pest is selected from the group consisting of Aphis fabae, Aphis gossypii, Aphis glycines, Bemisia argentifolii, Bemisia tabaci, Brevicoryne brassicae, Cacopsylla pyri, Cacopsylla pyricola, Coccus pseudomagnoliarum, Empoasca vitis, Erythroneura elegantula, Euschistus servus, Hyalopterus pruni, Jacobiasca formosana, Lecanium corni, Myzus persicae, Dysaphis plantaginea, Nilaparvata lugens, Paracoccus marginatus, Paratrioza cockerelli, Planococcus citri, Planococcus ficus, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Liriomyza sativa, Cydia pomonella, Grapholita mol
  • said pesticidally effective amount is from about 25 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 200 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
  • said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
  • said locus comprises pepper plants
  • said pest is Paratrioza cockerelli.
  • said pesticidally effective amount is from about 100 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 200 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
  • said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
  • said locus comprises pear trees
  • said pest is Cacopsylla pyri. 5D.
  • said pesticidally effective amount is from about 50 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 200 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
  • said pesticidal composition comprises M-II;
  • said locus comprises pear trees
  • said pest is Cacopsylla pyri.
  • said pesticidally effective amount is from about 50 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 200 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
  • said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
  • said locus comprises pear trees
  • said pest is Cacopsylla pyricola.
  • said applying is by foliar application;
  • said pesticidally effective amount is from about 50 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 200 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
  • said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
  • said locus comprises orange trees
  • said pest is Coccus pseudomagnoliarum.
  • said pesticidally effective amount is from about 50 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 200 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
  • said pesticidal composition comprises M-II;
  • said locus comprises plum trees
  • said pesticidally effective amount is from about 50 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 200 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
  • said pesticidal composition comprises M-II;
  • said locus comprises pear trees
  • said pest is Quadraspidiotus perniciosus.
  • said pesticidally effective amount is from about 50 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 150 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
  • said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
  • said locus comprises plum trees
  • said pest is Lecanium corni.
  • said pesticidally effective amount is from about 12.5 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 150 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
  • said pesticidal composition comprises M-II;
  • said locus comprises papaya plants
  • said pesticidally effective amount is from about 100 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 150 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
  • said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
  • said locus comprises soybean plants
  • said pest is Euschistus servus.
  • said pesticidally effective amount is from about 25 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 100 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
  • said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
  • said locus comprises pepper plants
  • said pest is Bemisia tabaci.
  • said pesticidally effective amount is about 25 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 200 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
  • said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
  • said locus comprises oat plants
  • said pesticidally effective amount is about 25 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 200 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
  • said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
  • said locus comprises winter oilseed rape plants
  • said pest is Meligethes aeneus.
  • said pesticidally effective amount is from about 12.5 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 50 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
  • said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
  • said locus comprises broccoli plants; and (e) said pest is Myzus persicae.
  • said pesticidally effective amount is from about 12.5 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 50 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
  • said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
  • said locus comprises cabbage plants
  • said pest is Myzus persicae.
  • said pesticidally effective amount is from about 25 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 100 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
  • said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
  • said locus comprises lettuce plants
  • said pest is Myzus persicae.
  • said pesticidally effective amount is from about 12.5 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 50 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
  • said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
  • said locus comprises winter oilseed rape plants
  • said pest is Myzus persicae.
  • said pesticidally effective amount is from about 25 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 50 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
  • said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
  • said locus comprises cucumber plants
  • said pest is Aphis gossypii.
  • said pesticidally effective amount is from about 25 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 75 grams of active ingredient per hectare; (c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
  • said locus comprises pigweed plants
  • said pest is Aphis fabae. 22D.
  • said pesticidally effective amount is from about 25 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 75 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
  • said pesticidal composition comprises M-II;
  • said locus comprises pigweed plants
  • said pest is Aphis fabae.
  • said pesticidally effective amount is from about 12.5 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 50 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
  • said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
  • said locus comprises broccoli plants
  • said pest is Brevicoryne brassicae.
  • said pesticidally effective amount is from about 12.5 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 50 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
  • said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
  • said locus comprises soybean plants
  • said pest is Aphis glycines.
  • said pesticidally effective amount is from about 12.5 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 50 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
  • said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
  • said locus comprises lettuce plants
  • said pest is Nasonovia ribisnigri.
  • said applying is by foliar application;
  • said pesticidally effective amount is from about 12.5 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 50 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
  • said pesticidal composition comprises M-II;
  • said locus comprises apple trees
  • said pest is Dysaphis plantaginea.
  • said pesticidally effective amount is from about 12.5 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 75 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
  • said pesticidal composition comprises M-II;
  • said locus comprises plum trees
  • said pest is Hyalopterus pruni. 28D.
  • said pesticidally effective amount is from about 25 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 150 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
  • said pesticidal composition comprises M-II;
  • said locus comprises apple trees
  • said pest is Cydia pomonella.
  • said pesticidally effective amount is from about 25 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 150 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
  • said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
  • said locus comprises apple trees
  • said pest is Cydia pomonella.
  • said pesticidally effective amount is from about 75 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 150 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
  • said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
  • said locus comprises peach trees
  • said pest is Grapholita molesta. 31D.
  • a process comprising applying a pesticidally effective amount of a pesticidal composition to a locus to control a pest wherein :
  • said pesticidal composition comprises
  • said pesticidally effective amount is from about 0.00001 weight percent M-I, M-II, M-III, or mixtures thereof to said carrier to about 0.03 weight percent M-I, M-II, M-III, or mixtures thereof to said carrier;
  • said locus is where crops, trees, fruits, cereals, fodder species, vines, turf, and/or ornamental plants are growing or may be planted;
  • said pest is selected from the group consisting of Aphis fabae, Aphis gossypii, Aphis glycines, Bemisia argentifolii, Bemisia tabaci, Brevicoryne brassicae, Cacopsylla pyri, Cacopsylla pyricola, Coccus pseudomagnoliarum, Empoasca vitis,
  • Erythroneura elegantula Euschistus servus, Hyalopterus pruni, Jacobiasca formosana, Lecanium corni, Myzus persicae, Dysaphis plantaginea, Nilaparvata lugens, Paracoccus marginatus, Paratrioza cockerelli, Planococcus citri, Planococcus ficus, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus, Liriomyza sativa, Cydia pomonella, Grapholita molesta, Scirpophaga incertulas, Spodoptera exigua, Caliothrips phaseoli, Meligethes aeneus, and Oulema melanopus.
  • said pesticidal composition comprises
  • said pesticidally effective amount is from about 0.000625 weight percent M-I to said carrier to about 0.02 weight percent M-I to said carrier;
  • said locus comprises lemon trees
  • said pest is Planococcus citri.
  • Plots of bell pepper consisting of 3.6 x 5 meters (2 row of 5 meters) were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a carbon dioxide backpack sprayer, calibrated to deliver a volume of 456 liters of water per hectare through 4 Teejet TXVS-8 hollow cone nozzles at 50 pounds per square inch. Rates of 50, 75, 100, and 200 grams active ingredient per hectare were evaluated. At 0, 1, 3, 7 days after application 1 (DAA1), and 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after application 2 (DAA2).
  • Table 1 Percent Control of foliar application of M-I to potato psyllid ⁇ Paratrioza cockerelli) on pepper plants
  • DAA1 days after application 1
  • DAA2 days after application 2
  • EC emulsifiable concentrate
  • EW concentrated emulsion
  • This example shows the unexpected long lasting effect of M-I against repeated infestations of Paratrioza cockerelli on pepper plants.
  • DAA1 days after application 1
  • DAA2 days after application 2
  • Method 3 Foliar Application of M-II to control pear psylla (Cacopsylla pyri) on pear trees
  • the experimental plots in the trial consisted of 3 trees (1 row of 3m width x 6 m length) and were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a motor knapsack mistblower which was calibrated to deliver 1000 Liters of water per hectare. A second application was made to all plots 10 days later. Rates of 50, 100, 150, and 200 grams active ingredient per hectare were evaluated . Summer oil at 0.02% v/v (0.2 liter per hectare) was added in all tested rates. Pear psylla nymph population assessments were made at 3, 7, and 10 days after application 1 (DAA1), and at 3, 7, and 14 days after application 2 (DAA2).
  • DAA1 days after application 1
  • DAA2 days after application 2
  • the experimental plots in the trial consisted of 3 trees (1 row of 6 m width x 9 m length) and were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Two applications were done with 10 days interval and with a motorized backpack sprayer which was calibrated to deliver 600 Liters of water per hectare at both applications. Growth stage of pear was BBCH 55-56 (stage of the crop between "flower bud visible” and “green bud stage") and BBCH 57-59 (stage of the crop between "pink bud” and "most flowers with petals forming a hollow ball”) at applications. Rates of 50, 100, 150, and 200 grams active ingredient per hectare were evaluated . Actirob B at 1 liter per hectare was added in all tested rates as adjuvant. Pear psylla nymph population assessments were made at 3, 7, and 10 days after application 1 (DAA1), and at 3, 10, and 17 days after application 2 (DAA2) .
  • Table 4 Percent Control of foliar application of M-I to pear psylla ⁇ Cacopsylla pyri) on pear trees Active, Rate 3 7 10 3 10 17 Formulation (gai/ha) DAA1 DAA1 DAA1 DAA2 DAA2 DAA2
  • Quadrants with uniformed pest populations of 2 meter wide by x 4 meter high were selected and labeled on infested trees and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each plot was treated with 2 foliar applications of M-I at a 14 day interval.
  • the 50 gai/ha solution was prepared by diluting a 120 gai/L EC (1.334 mL) formulation with water (14,964.4 mL) . Rates of 50, 100, 150, and 200 grams active ingredient per hectare were evaluated .
  • Foliar treatments were applied with a Stihl® engine powered mist blower at 500 gallons per acre. All treatments contained narrow range summer spray oil (NR-415) at 1% v/v as adjuvant. Assessments were made at 13 days after application 1 (DAA1) and 15 days after application 2 (DAA2).
  • DAA1 Days After application 1
  • DAA2 Days After application 2
  • This example shows the unexpected long lasting effect of M-I against Coccus psedomagnoliarum on orange trees.
  • the experimental plots in the trial consisted of 1 tree (5 meter width x 5 meter length) and were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Rates of 50, 100, 150, and 200 grams active ingredient per hectare were evaluated . Summer oil (0.02% V/V) was used as an adjuvant at 0.02% v/v for all treatments. Foliar treatments were applied with a motor knapsack mistblower which was calibrated to deliver 1000 Liters of water per hectare. Each plot was treated with 2 foliar applications of M-II at an 11 day interval. One assessment was made 35 days after the second application.
  • Method 7 Foliar Application of M-II to control San Jose scale ⁇ Quadraspidiotus perniciosus) on pear trees
  • the experimental plots in the trial consisted of 3 trees (1 row of 3m width x 6 m length) and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Rates of 50, 100, 150, and 200 grams active ingredient per hectare were evaluated. Summer oil (0.02% V/V) was used as an adjuvant at 0.02% v/v for all treatments. Foliar treatments were applied with a motor knapsack mistblower which was calibrated to deliver 1000 Liters of water per hectare. Each plot was treated with 2 foliar applications of M-II at a 10 day interval . Two assessments were made 7 and 36 days after application 2.
  • Method 8 Foliar application of M-I to control European brown scale (Lecanium corni) on plum trees
  • the experimental plots in the trial consisted of 2 trees (1 row of 6 meter width x 8 meter length) and were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Rates of 50, 75, 100, and 150 grams active ingredient per hectare were evaluated. All treatments were tank mixed with Actirob B at 1 liter product per hectare as adjuvant. Foliar treatments were applied with a motorized backpack sprayer which was calibrated to deliver 600 liters of water per hectare. Assessments were carried out at 4, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days after application (DAA) .
  • DAA Days After Application
  • EC emulsifiable concentrate
  • WG water dispersible granules
  • This example shows the unexpected long lasting effect of M-I against Lecanium corni on plum trees.
  • Method 9 Foliar application of M-II to control papaya mealybugs (Paracoccus marginatus) on papaya plants
  • DAA1 days after application 1
  • DAA2 days after application 2
  • Method 10 Foliar application of M-I to control brown stink bug (Euschistus servus) on soybean plants
  • Plots of soybean within the test consisted of 2 rows (1.02 meter x 4.57 meter) which were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Rates of 100 and 150 grams per hectare (gai/ha) were evaluated . Treatments were applied with a hand-held sprayer charged with compressed air calibrated to deliver a volume of 35 gallons of water per acre through Teejet TX 26 hollow cone nozzles (2 per row) at 29 pounds per square inch. A second application was made to all plots 5 days later. At 4 days after application 1 (DAA1) and 3 and 7 days after application 2 (DAA2), large nymphs and adults were sampled in each plot.
  • DDAA1 application 1
  • DAA2 application 2
  • DAA1 days after application 1
  • DAA3 days after application 2
  • Table 10a Percent Control of foliar application of M-I to adult brown stink bug (Euschistus servus) on soybean plants
  • DAA1 days after application 1
  • DAA3 days after application 2
  • Method 11 Foliar application of M-I to control whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) on pepper plants
  • the foliar application volume was 800 liters per hectare at 1500 kPa pressure. Rates of 25, 37.5, and 50 grams active ingredient per hectare were evaluated. All products were applied in mixture with an adjuvant (Silwet). Assessments were done at 1, 3, and 7 days after application 1 (DAA1) and 1, 7, 10, 15 and 22 days after application 2 (DAA2).
  • Table 11 Percent Control of foliar application of M-I to whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) on pepper plants
  • DAA1 days after application 1
  • DAA2 days after application 2
  • EC emulsifiable concentrate
  • EW concentrated emulsion
  • This example shows the unexpected long lasting effect of M-I against Bemisia tabaci on pepper plants.
  • Method 12 Foliar application of M-I to control barley leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus) on oat plants
  • One foliar application was performed with a backpack sprayer charged with compressed air which was calibrated to deliver 300 liters of water volume per hectare. A rate of 200 grams active ingredient per hectare was evaluated . Assessments were done at 1, 3, and 7 days after application.
  • Table 12 Percent Control of foliar application of M-I to barley leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus) on oat plants
  • This example shows the unexpected long lasting effect of M-I against Oulema melanopus on oat plants.
  • Method 13 Foliar application of M-I to control European pollen beetle
  • Method 14 Foliar application of M-I to control green peach aphid ⁇ Myzus persicae) on broccoli plants
  • the trial design was in a randomized complete block with 4 blocks. Each plot size was 2 meter width x 6 meter length. Application was 26 days after broccoli transplant. Plots were applied with a carbon dioxide backpack sprayer with 2 row boom and 3 nozzles per row. Nozzles were TEEJET full cone (TG-1), and spray pressure was 35 pounds per square inch. Each plot was sprayed with a total volume of 0.4 liters per plot. Rates of 12.5, 25, 37.5 and 50 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) were evaluated. All treatments were applied with Dyne-amic (adjuvant) at 0.25% v/v. Assessments were made 8 days after application (DAA).
  • DAA Dyne-amic
  • Table 14 Percent Control of foliar application of M-I to green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) on broccoli plants
  • DAA days after application
  • EC emulsifiable concentrate
  • WG water dispersible granules
  • Method 15 Foliar application of M-I to control green peach aphid ⁇ Myzus persicae) on cabbage plants
  • the trial design was in a randomized complete block with 4 blocks. Each plot size was 43.3 meters squared. Plots were applied with a carbon dioxide backpack sprayer with 2 row boom and 3 nozzles per row. Nozzles were TEEJET full cone (TG-1), and spray pressure was 35 pounds per square inch. Each plot was sprayed with a total volume of 0.4 liters per plot. Rates of 12.5, 25, 37.5 and 50 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) were evaluated. All treatments were applied with Dyne-amic (adjuvant) at 0.25% v/v. Assessments were made 4 and 11 days after application (DAA) .
  • Table 15 Percent Control of foliar application of M-I to green peach aphid ⁇ Myzus persicae) on cabbage plants
  • DAA days after application
  • EC emulsifiable concentrate
  • EW concentrated emulsion
  • This example shows the unexpected long lasting effect of M-I against Myzus persicae on cabbage plants.
  • Method 16 Foliar application of M-I to control green peach aphid ⁇ Myzus persicae) on lettuce plants
  • the trial design was in a randomized complete block with 4 blocks. Each plot size was 12.38 meters squared. Plots were applied with a carbon dioxide backpack sprayer with 6 TXVS-8 Hollow Cone nozzles spaced 0.20 m apart. Rates of 50, 75, and 100 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) were evaluated. All treatments were applied with Dyne-amic (adjuvant) at 0.25% v/v. Assessments were made 10 days after application (DAA) . Table 16: Percent Control of foliar application molecule I to green peach aphid ⁇ Myzus persicae) on lettuce plants
  • This example shows the unexpected long lasting effect of M-I against Myzus persicae on lettuce plants.
  • Method 17 Foliar application of M-I to control green peach aphid ⁇ Myzus persicae) on winter oilseed rape plants
  • the trial design was in a randomized complete block with 3 blocks. Each plot size was 3 meters squared . Plots were applied with a carbon dioxide backpack sprayer with 2 TXVS26 Hollow Cone nozzles spaced 0.51 m apart. Rates of 12.5, 25, 37.5 and 50 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) were evaluated . All treatments were applied with Dyne-amic (adjuvant) at 0.25% v/v. Assessments were made 7 days after application (DAA).
  • Table 17 Percent Control of foliar applications of M-I to green peach aphid ⁇ Myzus persicae) on winter oilseed rape plants
  • DAA days after application
  • EC emulsifiable concentrate
  • WG water dispersible granules
  • This example shows the unexpected long lasting effect of M-I against Myzus persicae on winter oilseed rape plants.
  • Method 18 Foliar application of M-I to control cotton aphid ⁇ Aphis gossypii) on cucumber plants
  • Rates of 25, 37.5, and 50 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) were evaluated.
  • the foliar application volume was 800 liters per hectare at 1300 kPa pressure. All products were applied in mixture with an adjuvant (Li-700).
  • the equipment used was a backpack engine sprayer (pump) with adjustable hollow cone nozzles. Assessments were done at 1, 4, 7, 11, and 14 days after application (DAA).
  • Table 18 Percent Control of foliar application of M-I to cotton aphid ⁇ Aphis gossypii) on cucumber plants
  • DAA days after application
  • EC emulsifiable concentrate
  • WG water dispersible granules
  • This example shows the unexpected long lasting effect of M-I against Aphis gossypii on cucumber plants.
  • Method 19 Foliar application of M-I to control black bean aphid ⁇ Aphis fabae) on pigweed plants
  • the plots in the trial site consisted of 1 row of 1 meter width x 1.5 meter length which were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied on the plant foliage with a hand-held lance sprayer charged with compressed air calibrated to deliver a volume of 500 liters of water per hectare through Teejet TXVK12 hollow cone nozzles at 300 kPa pressure. Rates of 25, 37.5, 50, and 75 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) . Aphid population assessments were made at 1, 4, 7, 11 and 14 days after the application (DAA) .
  • This example shows the unexpected long lasting effect of M-I against Aphis fabae on pigweed plants.
  • Method 20 Foliar application of M-II to control black bean aphid ⁇ Aphis fabae) on pigweed plants
  • the plots in the trial site consisted of 1 row of 1 meter width x 1.5 meter length which were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied on the plant foliage with a hand-held lance sprayer charged with compressed air calibrated to deliver a volume of 500 liters of water per hectare through Teejet TXVK12 hollow cone nozzles at 300 kPa pressure. Rates of 25, 37.5, 50, and 75 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) . Aphid population assessments were made at 1, 4, 7, 11 and 14 days after the application (DAA) .
  • Table 20 Percent Control of foliar application of M-II to black bean aphid ⁇ Aphis fabae) on pigweed plants
  • This example shows the unexpected long lasting effect of M-II against Aphis fabae on pigweed plants.
  • Method 21 Foliar application of M-I to control cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) on broccoli plants
  • the trial design was in a randomized complete block with 4 blocks. Each plot size was 2 meter width x 6 meter length. Application was 26 days after broccoli transplant. Plots were applied with a carbon dioxide backpack sprayer with 2 row boom and 3 nozzles per row. Nozzles were TEEJET full cone (TG-1), and spray pressure was 35 pounds per square inch. Each plot was sprayed with a total volume of 0.4 liters per plot. Rates of 12.5, 25, 37.5 and 50 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) were evaluated. All treatments were applied with Dyne-amic (adjuvant) at 0.25% v/v. Assessments were made 8 days after application (DAA). Table 21: Percent Control of foliar application of M-I to cabbage aphid
  • DAA days after application
  • EC emulsifiable concentrate
  • WG water dispersible granules
  • This example shows the unexpected long lasting effect of M-I against Brevicoryne brassicae on broccoli plants.
  • Method 22 Foliar application of M-I to control soybean aphid ⁇ Aphis glycine) on soybean plants
  • the trial design was in a randomized complete block with 4 blocks. Each plot size was 10 meter squared. Water volume for application was about 300 liters of water per hectare. Rates of 12.5, 25, 37.5 and 50 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) were evaluated . Assessments were made 3 to 5 weeks after application (WAA).
  • This example shows the unexpected long lasting effect of M-I against Aphis glycine on soybean plants.
  • Method 23 Foliar application of M-I to control lettuce aphid (Nasonovia ribisnigri) on lettuce plants
  • the trial design was in a randomized complete block with 4 blocks. Each plot size was 12.38 meters squared .
  • Foliar application was made using a backpack sprayer equipped with 6 TXVS-8 Hollow Cone nozzles spaced 0.20 m apart. Rates of 12.5, 25, 37.5, and 50.0 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) were evaluated . Assessment of insect control was done at 10 days after application.
  • DAA days after application
  • EC emulsifiable concentrate
  • WG water dispersible granules
  • Method 24 Foliar application of M-II to control rosy apple aphid (Dysaphis plantaginea) on apple trees
  • the experimental plots in the trial consisted of 6 trees (1 row of 3 meter width x 6 meter length) . Rates of 12.5, 25, 37.5, and 50.0 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) were evaluated . All treatments were tank mixed with Silwet L-77 at a rate of 0.1% volume per volume as adjuvant. One application was done with a backpack sprayer charged with compressed air which was calibrated to deliver 1000 Liters of water volume per hectare. Aphid population assessments were made at 1, 3, 7 and 10 days after the application (DAA).
  • This example shows the unexpected long lasting effect of M-II against Dysaphis plantaginea on apple trees.
  • Method 25 Foliar application of M-II to control mealy plum aphid (Hyalopterus pruni) on plum trees
  • Method 26 Foliar application of M-II to control codling moth ⁇ Cydia pomoneila) on apple trees
  • One foliar application was performed with a mist sprayer charged with compressed air (450 Kpa) which was calibrated to deliver 1200 liters of water volume per hectare. Rates of 30, 50, and 100 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) were evaluated. All treatments were tank mixed with Silwet L-77 at a rate of 0.05% volume per volume as adjuvant. The applications targeted the egg hatching stage of second generation of codling moth at the crop growth stage of BBCH 78. Assessments were done at 15 days after application.
  • Table 26 Percent Control of foliar application of M-II to codling moth ⁇ Cydia pomoneila) on apple trees
  • One foliar application was performed with a mist sprayer charged with compressed air (450 Kpa) which was calibrated to deliver 1200 liters of water volume per hectare. Rates of 30, 50, and 100 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) were evaluated. All treatments were tank mixed with Silwet L-77 at a rate of 0.05% volume per volume as adjuvant. The applications targeted the egg hatching stage of second generation of codling moth at the crop growth stage of BBCH 78. Assessments were done at 15 days after application.
  • Table 27 Percent Control of foliar application of M-I to codling moth ⁇ Cydia pomonella) on apple trees
  • This example shows the unexpected long lasting effect of M-I against (Cydia pomonella) on apple trees.
  • Method 28 Foliar application of M-I to control peach moth ⁇ Graphoiita moiesta) on peach trees
  • One foliar application was performed with a mist sprayer charged with compressed air (450 Kpa) which was calibrated to deliver 1200 liters of water volume per hectare. A rate of 100 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) was evaluated . M-I was applied twice targeting the egg lay stage of second generation at the crop growth stage of BBCH 73-75 and 75-76, respectively. Assessments were done at 20 days after the second application (28 days after the first application).
  • This example shows the unexpected long lasting effect of M-I against (Grapholita molesta) on peach trees.
  • Method 29 Foliar application of M-I to control citrus mealybugs (Planococcus c/f/7) on lemon trees
  • Table 29 Percent Control of foliar application of M-I to citrus mealybugs (Planococcus c/f/7) on lemon trees

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Abstract

This disclosure relates to the field of molecules having pesticidal utility against pests in Phyla Arthropoda, Mollusca, and Nematoda, pesticidal compositions containing such molecules, and processes of using such pesticidal compositions against such pests.

Description

Molecules having pesticidal utility, pesticidal compositions, and processes, related thereto
Field of this disclosure
This disclosure relates to the field of molecules having pesticidal utility against pests in Phyla Arthropoda, Mollusca, and Nematoda, pesticidal compositions containing such molecules, and processes of using such pesticidal compositions against such pests.
Background of this disclosure
In WO2013/162716 A9 the following molecules having pesticidal utility, and intermediates, compositions, and processes, related thereto are disclosed.
Figure imgf000002_0001
Definitions used in this disclosure
The examples given in these definitions are generally non-exhaustive and must not be construed as limiting this disclosure. The phrase "pesticidally effective amount" means the amount of a pesticide needed to achieve an observable effect on a pest, for example, the effects of necrosis, death, retardation, prevention, removal, destruction, or otherwise diminishing the occurrence and/or activity of a pest in a locus. This effect may come about when pest populations are repulsed from a locus, pests are incapacitated in, or around, a locus, and/or pests are exterminated in, or around, a locus. Of course, a combination of these effects can occur. Generally, pest populations, activity, or both are desirably reduced more than fifty percent, preferably more than 90 percent, and most preferably more than 99 percent. In general, a pesticidally effective amount, for agricultural purposes, is from about 0.0001 grams per hectare to about 10000 grams per hectare, preferably from about 0.0001 grams per hectare to about 1000 grams per hectare, and it is even more preferably from about 0.0001 grams per hectare to about 100 grams per hectare. A pesticidally effective amount, in laboratory settings, may be from about 0.00001 weight percent active ingredient to carrier to about 0.03 weight percent active ingredient to carrier, preferably from about 0.000625 weight percent active ingredient to carrier to about 0.02 weight percent active ingredient to carrier, and it is even more preferably from about 0.0025 weight percent active ingredient to carrier to about 0.01 weight percent active ingredient to carrier. The term "locus" means a habitat, breeding ground, plant, seed, soil, material, or environment, in which a pest is growing, may grow, or may traverse. For example, a locus may be: where crops, trees, fruits, cereals, fodder species, vines, turf, and/or ornamental plants, are growing ; where domesticated animals are residing ; the interior or exterior surfaces of buildings (such as places where grains are stored) ; the materials of construction used in buildings (such as impregnated wood) ; and the soil around buildings.
The term "pest" means an organism that is detrimental to humans, or human concerns (such as, crops, food, livestock, etc.), where said organism is from Phyla Arthropoda, Mollusca, or Nematoda . Particular examples are ants, aphids, bed bugs, beetles, bristletails, caterpillars, cockroaches, crickets, earwigs, fleas, flies,
grasshoppers, grubs, hornets, jassids, leafhoppers, leaf miners, lice, locusts, maggots, mealybugs, mites, moths, nematodes, plantbugs, planthoppers, psyllids, sawflies, scales, silverfish, slugs, snails, spiders, springtails, stink bugs, symphylans, termites, thrips, ticks, wasps, whiteflies, and wireworms.
Additional examples are pests in
(1) Subphyla Chelicerata, Myriapoda, and Hexapoda.
(2) Classes of Arachnida, Symphyla, and Insecta. (3) Order Hemiptera. A non-exhaustive list of particular genera includes, but is not limited to, Adelges spp., Aulacaspis spp., Aphrophora spp., Aphis spp., Bemisia spp., Brevicoryne spp., Cacopsylla spp., Ceroplastes spp., Chionaspis spp.,
Chrysomphalus spp., Coccus spp., Diaphorina spp., Dysaphis spp., Empoasca spp., Erythroneura spp., Euschistus spp., Hyalopterus spp., Jacobiasca spp., Lecanium spp., Lepidosaphes spp., Lagynotomus spp., /.ygus spp., Macrosiphum spp., Myzus spp., Nasonovia spp., Nephotettix spp., Nezara spp., Nilaparvata spp., Paracoccus spp., Paratrioza spp., Philaenus spp., Phytocoris spp., Piezodorus spp., Planococcus spp., Pseudococcus spp., Quadraspidiotus spp., Rhopalosiphum spp., Saissetia spp.,
Therioaphis spp., Toumeyella spp., Toxoptera spp., Trialeurodes spp., Triatoma spp., and Unaspis spp. A non-exhaustive list of particular species includes, but is not limited to, Acrosternum hilare, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aleyrodes proletella, Aleurodicus dispersus, Aleurothrixus floccosus, Amrasca biguttula biguttula, Aonidiella aurantii, Aphis fabae, Aphis gossypii, Aphis glycines, Aphis pomi, Aulacorthum solani, Bactericera cockerelli, Bagrada hilaris, Bemisia argentifolii, Bemisia tabaci, Blissus leucopterus, Boisea trivittata, Brachycorynella asparagi, Brevennia rehi, Brevicoryne brassicae, Cacopsylla pyri, Cacopsylla pyricola, Calocoris norvegicus, Ceroplastes rubens, Cimex hemipterus, Cimex lectularius, Coccus pseudomagnoliarum, Dagbertus fasciatus, Dichelops furcatus, Diuraphis noxia, Diaphorina citri, Dysaphis plantaginea, Dysdercus suturellus, Edessa meditabunda, Empoasca vitis, Eriosoma lanigerum, Erythroneura elegantula, Eurygaster maura, Euschistus conspersus, Euschistus heros, Euschistus servus, Halyomorpha halys, Hyalopterus pruni, Helopeltis antonii, Helopeltis theivora, Icerya purchasi, Idioscopus nitidulus, Jacobiasca formosana, Laodelphax striatellus, Lecanium corni, Leptocorisa oratorius, Leptocorisa varicornis, Lygus hesperus, Maconellicoccus hirsutus, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Macrosiphum granarium, Macrosiphum rosae, Macrosteles quadrilineatus,
Mahanarva frimbiolata, Megacopta cribraria, Metopolophium dirhodum, Mictis longicornis, Myzus persicae, Nasonovia ribisnigri, Nephotettix cincticeps, Neurocolpus longirostris, Nezara viridula, Nilaparvata lugens, Paracoccus marginatus, Paratrioza cockerelli, Parlatoria pergandii, Parlatoria ziziphi, Peregrinus maidis, Phylloxera vitifoliae,
Physokermes piceae, Phytocoris calif ornicus, Phytocoris relativus, Piezodorus guildinii, Planococcus citri, Planococcus ficus, Poecilocapsus lineatus, Psallus vaccinicola,
Pseudacysta perseae, Pseudococcus brevipes, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus,
Rhopalosiphum maidis, Rhopalosiphum padi, Saissetia oleae, Scaptocoris castanea, Schizaphis graminum, Sitobion avenae, Sogatella furcifera, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Trialeurodes abutiloneus, Unaspis yanonensis, and Zulia entrerriana.
(4) Order Diptera. A non-exhaustive list of particular genera includes, but is not limited to, Aedes spp., Agromyza spp., Anastrepha spp., Anopheles spp., Bactrocera spp., Ceratitis spp., Chrysops spp., Cochliomyia spp., Contarinia spp., Cu/e spp., Culicoides spp., Dasineura spp., Delia spp., Drosophila spp., Fannia spp., Hylemya spp., Liriomyza spp., Musca spp., Phorbia spp., Pollenia spp. , Psychoda spp. , Simulium spp. , Tabanus spp., and Tipula spp. A non-exhaustive list of particular species includes, but is not limited to, Agromyza frontella, Anastrepha suspensa, Anastrepha ludens, Anastrepha obliqua, Bactrocera cucurbitae, Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera invadens, Bactrocera zonata, Ceratitis capitata, Dasineura brassicae, Delia platura, Fannia canicularis, Fannia scalaris, Gasterophilus intestinalis, Gracillia perseae, Haematobia irritans, Hypoderma lineatum, Liriomyza brassicae, Liriomyza sativa, Melophagus ovinus, Musca autumnalis, Musca domestica, Oestrus ovis, Oscinella frit, Pegomya betae, Piophila casei, Psila rosae, Rhagoletis cerasi, Rhagoletis pomonella, Rhagoletis mendax, Sitodiplosis mosellana, and Stomoxys calcitrans.
(5) Order Lepidoptera. A non-exhaustive list of particular genera includes, but is not limited to, Adoxophyes spp., Agrotis spp., Argyrotaenia spp., Cacoecia spp., Caloptilia spp., Chilo spp., Chrysodeixis spp., Colias spp., Crambus spp., Diaphania spp., Diatraea spp., Farias spp., Ephestia spp., Epimecis spp., Feltia spp., Gortyna spp., Helicoverpa spp., Heliothis spp., Indarbela spp., Lithocolletis spp., Loxagrotis spp., Malacosoma spp., Nemapogon spp., Ostrinia spp., Peridroma spp., Phyllonorycter spp., Pseudaletia spp., Plutella spp., Scirpophaga spp., Sesamia spp., Spodoptera spp., Synanthedon spp., and Yponomeuta spp. A non-exhaustive list of particular species includes, but is not limited to, Achaea janata, Adoxophyes orana, Agrotis ipsilon,
Alabama argillacea, Amorbia cuneana, Amyelois transitella, Anacamptodes defectaria, Anarsia lineatella, Anomis sabulifera, Anticarsia gemmatalis, Archips argyrospila, Archips rosana, Argyrotaenia citrana, Autographa gamma, Bonagota cranaodes, Borbo cinnara, Bucculatrix thurberiella, Capua reticulana, Carposina niponensis, Chlumetia transversa, Choristoneura rosaceana, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Conopomorpha cramerella, Corey ra cephalonica, Cossus cossus, Cydia caryana, Cydia funebrana, Cydia molesta, Cydia nigricana, Cydia pomonella, Darna diducta, Diaphania nitidalis, Diatraea saccharalis, Diatraea grandiosella, Farias insulana, Farias vittella, Ecdytolopha aurantianum, Elasmopalpus lignosellus, Ephestia cautella, Ephestia elutella, Ephestia kuehniella, Epinotia aporema, Epiphyas postvittana, Erionota thrax, Estigmene acrea, Eupoecilia ambiguella, Euxoa auxiliaris, Galleria mellonella, Grapholita molesta, Hedylepta indicata, Helicoverpa armigera, Helicoverpa zea, Heliothis virescens, Hellula undalis, Keiferia lycopersicella , Leucinodes orbonalis, Leucoptera coffeella, Leucoptera malifoliella, Lobesia botrana, Loxagrotis albicosta, Lymantria dispar, Lyonetia clerkella, Mahasena corbetti, Mamestra brassicae, Manduca sexta, Maruca testulalis, Metisa plana, Mythimna unipuncta, Neoleucinodes elegantalis, Nymphula depunctalis, Operophtera brumata, Ostrinia nubilalis, Oxydia vesulia, Pandemis cerasana, Pandemis heparana, Papilio demodocus, Pectinophora gossypiella, Peridroma saucia, Perileucoptera coffeella, Phthorimaea operculella, Phyllocnistis citrella, Phyllonorycter blancardella, Pieris rapae, Plathypena scabra, Platynota idaeusalis, Plodia interpunctella, Plutella xylostella, Polychrosis viteana, Prays endocarpa, Prays oleae, Pseudaletia unipuncta, Pseudoplusia includens, Rachiplusia nu, Scirpophaga incertulas, Sesamia inferens, Sesamia
nonagrioides, Setora nitens, Sitotroga cerealella, Sparganothis pilleriana, Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera eridania, Thecla basilides, Tinea pellionella, Tineola bisselliella, Trichoplusia ni, Tuta absoluta, Zeuzera cof eae, and Zeuzea pyrina.
(6) Order Thysanoptera. A non-exhaustive list of particular genera includes, but is not limited to, Caliothrips spp., Frankliniella spp., Scirtothrips spp., and Thrips spp. A non-exhaustive list of particular species includes, but is not limited to, Caliothrips phaseoli, Frankliniella bispinosa, Frankliniella fusca, Frankliniella occidentalis,
Frankliniella schultzei, Frankliniella tritici, Frankliniella williamsi, Heliothrips
haemorrhoidalis, Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus, Scirtothrips citri, Scirtothrips dorsalis, Taeniothrips rhopalantennalis, Thrips hawaiiensis, Thrips nigropilosus, Thrips orientalis, Thrips palmi, and Thrips tabaci.
(7) Order Coleoptera. A non-exhaustive list of particular genera includes, but is not limited to, Aca nth oscel ides spp., Agriotes spp., Anthonomus spp., Apion spp., Apogonia spp., Araecerus spp. , Aulacophora spp., Bruchus spp., Cerosterna spp., Cerotoma spp., Ceutorhynchus spp., Chaetocnema spp., Colaspis spp., Ctenicera spp., Curculio spp., Cyclocephala spp., Diabrotica spp., Dinoderus spp. , Gnathocerus spp.,
Hemicoelus spp. , Heterobostruchus spp., Hypera spp., Ips spp., Lyctus spp., Megascelis spp., Meligethes spp., Mezium spp. , Niptus spp. , Otiorhynchus spp., Pantomorus spp., Phyllophaga spp., Phyllotreta spp., Ptinus spp. , Rhizotrogus spp., Rhynchites spp., Rhynchophorus spp., Scolytus spp., Sphenophorus spp., Sitophilus spp., Tenebrio spp., and Tribolium spp. A non-exhaustive list of particular species includes, but is not limited to, Aca nth oscel ides obtectus, Agrilus planipennis, Ahasverus advena, Alphitobius diaperinus, Anoplophora glabripennis, Anthonomus grandis, Anthrenus verbasci,
Anthrenus falvipes, Ataenius spretulus, Atomaria linearis, Attagenus unicolor,
Bothynoderes punctiventris, Bruchus pisorum, Callosobruchus maculatus, Carpophilus hemipterus, Cassida vittata, Cathartus quadricollis, Cerotoma trifurcata, Ceutorhynchus assimilis, Ceutorhynchus napi, Conoderus scalaris, Conoderus stigmosus, Conotrachelus nenuphar, Cotinis nitida, Crioceris asparagi, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Cryptolestes pusillus, Cryptolestes turcicus, Cylindrocopturus adspersus, Deporaus marginatus, Dermestes lardarius, Dermestes maculatus, Epilachna varivestis, Euvrilletta peltata, Faustinus cubae, Hylobius pales, Hylotrupes bajulus, Hypera postica, Hypothenemus hampei, Lasioderma serricorne, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Limonius canus, Liogenys fuscus, Liogenys suturalis, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus, Lophocateres pusillus, Lyctus planicollis, Maecolaspis joliveti, Melanotus communis, Meligethes aeneus, Melolontha melolontha, Necrobia rufipes, Oberea brevis, Oberea linearis, Oryctes rhinoceros, Oryzaephilus mercator, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Oulema melanopus, Oulema oryzae, Phyllophaga cuyabana, Polycaon stoutti, Popillia japonica, Prostephanus truncatus, Rhyzopertha dominica, Sitona lineatus, Sitophilus granarius, Sitophilus oryzae, Sitophilus zeamais, Stegobium paniceum, Tenebroides mauritanicus, Tribolium castaneum, Tribolium confusum, Trogoderma granarium, Trogoderma variabile, Xestobium rufovillosum, and Zabrus tenebrioides.
Detailed description of this disclosure
The following molecules having pesticidal utility are used herein
Figure imgf000007_0001
M-III.
M-I, M-II, and M-III, each of which is a pesticide, each of which is an active ingredient, and all of which are collectively defined as "AIGA." Formulations
A pesticide is many times not suitable for application in its pure form. It is usually necessary to add other substances so that the pesticide may be used at the required concentration and in an appropriate form, permitting ease of application, handling, transportation, storage, and maximum pesticide activity. Thus, pesticides are formulated into, for example, baits, concentrated emulsions, dusts, emulsifiable concentrates, fumigants, gels, granules, microencapsulations, seed treatments, suspension concentrates, suspoemulsions, tablets, water soluble liquids, water dispersible granules, soluble granules, wettable powders, and ultra-low volume solutions.
Pesticides are applied most often as aqueous suspensions or oil in water emulsions prepared from concentrated emulsion formulations (EW) of such pesticides. Such water-soluble, water-suspendable, or emulsifiable formulations are either solids, usually known as wettable powders, water dispersible granules (WG), or liquids usually known as emulsifiable concentrates (EC), or aqueous suspension concentrates (SC) . Wettable powders (WP), which may be compacted to form water dispersible granules, comprise an intimate mixture of the pesticide, a carrier, adjuvants, and/or surfactants. The concentration of the pesticide is usually from about 10% to about 90% by weight. The carrier is usually selected from among the attapulgite clays, the montmorillonite clays, the diatomaceous earths, kaolinite clay, or the purified silicates. Effective surfactants, comprising from about 0.5% to about 15% of the wettable powder, are found among sulfonated lignins, condensed naphthalenesulfonates,
naphthalenesulfonates, alkylbenzenesulfonates, alkyl sulfates, and non-ionic surfactants such as ethylene oxide adducts of C-4 and longer carbon chain length alcohols.
Emulsifiable concentrates of pesticides comprise a convenient concentration of a pesticide, such as from about 50 grams per liter to about 500 grams per liter of liquid dissolved in a carrier that is either a water miscible solvent or a mixture of an essentially water-immiscible organic solvent and emulsifiers. Useful organic solvents include aromatics, especially xylenes and petroleum fractions, especially the high-boiling naphthalenic and olefinic portions of petroleum such as heavy aromatic naphtha. Other organic solvents may also be used, such as the terpenic solvents including rosin derivatives, aliphatic ketones such as cyclohexanone, and complex alcohols such as 2- ethoxyethanol. Suitable emulsifiers for emulsifiable concentrates are selected from conventional anionic and non-ionic surfactants.
Aqueous suspensions comprise suspensions of water-insoluble pesticides dispersed in an aqueous carrier at a concentration in the range from about 5% to about 50% by weight. Suspensions are prepared by finely grinding the pesticide and vigorously mixing it into a carrier comprised of water and surfactants. Ingredients, such as inorganic salts and synthetic or natural gums may, also be added to increase the density and viscosity of the aqueous carrier. It is often most effective to wet mill and mix the pesticide at the same time by preparing the aqueous mixture and homogenizing it in an implement such as a sand mill, ball mill, or piston-type homogenizer.
Oil dispersions (OD) comprise suspensions of organic solvent-insoluble pesticides finely dispersed in a mixture of organic solvent and emulsifiers at a concentration in the range from about 2% to about 50% by weight. One or more pesticide might be dissolved in the organic solvent. Useful organic solvents include aromatics, especially xylenes and petroleum fractions, especially the high-boiling naphthalenic and olefinic portions of petroleum such as heavy aromatic naphtha . Other solvents may include vegetable oils, seed oils, and esters of vegetable and seed oils. Suitable emulsifiers for oil dispersions are selected from conventional anionic and non-ionic surfactants. Thickeners or gelling agents are added in the formulation of oil dispersions to modify the rheology or flow properties of the liquid and to prevent separation and settling of the dispersed particles or droplets.
Pesticides may also be applied as granular compositions that are particularly useful for applications to the soil . Granular compositions (GR) usually contain from about 0.5% to about 10% by weight of the pesticide, dispersed in a carrier that comprises cellulosic materials, naturally occurring minerals including gypsum or limestone, or similar substances. Such compositions are usually prepared by melting the pesticide or dissolving the pesticide in a suitable solvent and applying it to a granular carrier such as a granular fertilizer such as urea, which has been pre-formed to the appropriate particle size, in the range of from about 0.5 mm to about 3 mm . Such compositions may also be formulated by making a dough or paste of the carrier and molecule, and then crushing and drying to obtain the desired granular particle size. Another form of granules is a water emulsifiable granule (EG) . It is a formulation consisting of granules to be applied as a conventional oil-in-water emulsion of the active ingredient(s), either solubilized or diluted in an organic solvent, after disintegration and dissolution in water. Water emulsifiable granules comprise one or several active ingredient(s), either solubilized or diluted in a suitable organic solvent that is (are) absorbed in a water soluble polymeric shell or some other type of soluble or insoluble matrix.
Dusts containing a pesticide are prepared by intimately mixing the pesticide in powdered form with a suitable dusty agricultural carrier, such as kaolin clay, ground volcanic rock, and the like. Dusts can suitably contain from about 1% to about 10% of the pesticide. Dusts may be applied as a seed dressing or as a foliage application with a dust blower machine.
It is equally practical to apply a pesticide in the form of a solution in an appropriate organic solvent, usually petroleum oil, such as the spray oils, which are widely used in agricultural chemistry. Pesticides can also be applied in the form of an aerosol composition. In such compositions, the pesticide is dissolved or dispersed in a carrier, which is a pressure- generating propellant mixture. The aerosol composition is packaged in a container from which the mixture is dispensed through an atomizing valve.
Pesticide baits are formed when the pesticide is mixed with food or an attractant or both. When the pests eat the bait, they also consume the pesticide. Baits may take the form of granules, gels, flowable powders, liquids, or solids. Baits may be used in pest harborages.
Fumigants are pesticides that have a relatively high vapor pressure and hence can exist as a gas in sufficient concentrations to kill pests in soil or enclosed spaces. The toxicity of the fumigant is proportional to its concentration and the exposure time. They are characterized by a good capacity for diffusion and act by penetrating the pest's respiratory system or being absorbed through the pest's cuticle. Fumigants are applied to control stored product pests under gas proof sheets, in gas sealed rooms or buildings, or in special chambers.
Pesticides may be microencapsulated by suspending the pesticide particles or droplets in plastic polymers of various types. By altering, the chemistry of the polymer or by changing factors in the processing, microcapsules may be formed of various sizes, solubility, wall thicknesses, and degrees of penetrability. These factors govern the speed with which the active ingredient within is released, which in turn, affects the residual performance, speed of action, and odor of the product. The microcapsules might be formulated as a capsule suspension (CS) concentrates or water dispersible granules.
Oil solution concentrates are made by dissolving pesticide in a solvent that will hold the pesticide in solution. Oil solutions of a pesticide usually provide faster knockdown and kill of pests than other formulations due to the solvents themselves having pesticidal action and the dissolution of the waxy covering of the integument increasing the speed of uptake of the pesticide. Other advantages of oil solutions include better storage stability, better penetration of crevices, and better adhesion to greasy surfaces.
Another embodiment is an oil-in-water emulsion, wherein the emulsion comprises oily globules which are each provided with a lamellar liquid crystal coating and are dispersed in an aqueous phase, wherein each oily globule comprises at least one molecule which is agriculturally active, and is individually coated with a monolamellar or oligolamellar layer comprising : (1) at least one non-ionic lipophilic surface-active agent, (2) at least one non-ionic hydrophilic surface-active agent, and (3) at least one ionic surface-active agent, wherein the globules having a mean particle diameter of less than 800 nanometers. Applications
Molecules selected from AIGA may be applied to any locus. General loci to apply such molecules include loci where crops, trees, fruits, cereals, fodder species, vines, turf, and/or ornamental plants, are growing or may be planted . Particular loci to apply such molecules include loci where alfalfa, almonds, apples, barley, beans, canola, citrus (for example Grapefruit and Lemons), corn, cotton, crucifers (for example, Broccoli,
Cabbage, and Cauliflower), cucurbits (for example, Cantaloupe, Cucumber, Squash, and various melons), flowers, fodder species (Rye Grass, Sudan Grass, Tall Fescue, Kentucky Blue Grass, and Clover), fruits, grapes, leaf vegetables (for example Salad Greens and Pigweed), lettuce, oats, oil seed crops, oranges, papayas, peanuts, peaches, pears, peppers, plums, potatoes, rice, sorghum, soybeans, strawberries, sugarcane, sugarbeets, sunflowers, teas, tobacco, tomatoes, wheat (for example, Hard Red Winter Wheat, Soft Red Winter Wheat, White Winter Wheat, Hard Red Spring Wheat, and Durum Spring Wheat), and other valuable crops are growing or the seeds thereof are going to be planted .
Molecules selected from AIGA may also be applied where plants, such as crops, are growing and where there are levels of pests that can commercially damage such plants. Applying such molecules in such locus is to benefit the plants being grown in such locus. Such phytotonic benefits, may include, but are not limited to: helping the plant grow a better root system; helping the plant better withstand stressful growing conditions; improving the health of a plant; improving the yield of a plant (e.g. increased biomass and/or increased content of valuable ingredients) ; improving the vigor of a plant (e.g. improved plant growth and/or greener leaves) ; improving the quality of a plant (e.g. improved content or composition of certain ingredients); and improving the tolerance to abiotic and/or biotic stress of the plant.
Specifically, molecules selected from AIGA may also be applied where rice plants are growing and where there are levels of pests that can commercially damage such plants. Applying such molecules in such a locus is to benefit the plants being grown in such a locus. Such phytotonic benefits, may include, but are not limited to: a reduction of deadhearts (a yellowing and drying of the central shoot) ; and a reduction in whiteheads (a rice panicle not filled with grain).
Molecules selected from AIGA may also be applied where plants, such as crops, are growing and where there are low levels (even no actual presence) of pests that can commercially damage such plants. Applying such molecules in such locus is to benefit the plants being grown in such locus. Such phytotonic benefits, may include, but are not limited to: helping the plant grow a better root system ; helping the plant better withstand stressful growing conditions; improving the health of a plant; improving the yield of a plant (e.g. increased biomass and/or increased content of valuable ingredients) ; improving the vigor of a plant (e.g. improved plant growth and/or greener leaves) ; improving the quality of a plant (e.g. improved content or composition of certain ingredients); and improving the tolerance to abiotic and/or biotic stress of the plant.
Molecules selected from AIGA may be applied to the foliar and/or fruiting portions of plants to control pests. Either such molecules will come in direct contact with the pest, or the pest will consume such molecules when eating the plant or while extracting sap or other nutrients from the plant.
Systemic movement of pesticides in plants may be utilized to control pests on one portion of the plant by applying (for example by spraying a locus) molecules selected from AIGA to a different portion of the plant. For example, control of foliar-feeding or stem feeding pests may be achieved by flood irrigation, furrow irrigation, or drip (trickle) irrigation, by sprinkler methods, by treating the soil with a drench or an injection, by treating the seeds of a plant before planting. For these types of applications, a pesticide may be diluted in water to the target dilution rate to achieve the desired rate of active ingredient per hectare, after which time the solution is evenly distributed in the growing area among all plants or in the growing area prior to introduction of the plants
(seedlings) or seeds. These types of applications may be performed using, ditches with siphon tubes, ditches with spiles (small straight pipes), irrigation pipes with outlets, buried pipe with vertical pipe outlets, sprinkler systems, sprayers such as backpack sprayers or mist sprayers, or simple containers such as watering cans.
Molecules selected from AIGA may also be applied to the soil via the process of chemigation, and when applied in this manner, root and stem feeding pests may be controlled. For example, control of root and stem feeding pests may be achieved by flood irrigation, furrow irrigation, or drip (trickle) irrigation, by sprinkler methods, by treating the soil with a drench or an injection, by treating the seeds of a plant before planting . For these types of applications, a pesticide may be diluted in water to the target dilution rate to achieve the desired rate of active ingredient per hectare, after which time the solution is evenly distributed in the growing area among all plants or in the growing area prior to introduction of the plants (seedlings) or seeds. These types of applications may be performed using, ditches with siphon tubes, ditches with spiles (small straight pipes), irrigation pipes with outlets, buried pipe with vertical pipe outlets, sprinkler systems, sprayers, or simple containers. The roots may absorb such active ingredients thereby taking it up into the foliar portions of the plant (leaves and stems) to control above ground chewing and sap feeding pests. Soil applications may be performed prior to the transplant of plants.
Chemigation is an application of a pesticide by an irrigation method. Chemigation offers a series of advantages over foliar spray application methods including but not limited to uniform distribution of pesticide throughout the plant; a reduction in pesticide application inputs including man-power and machinery fuel ; and a reduction in soil compaction, plant disturbance, and applicator exposure to pesticides.
Foliar applications are performed either during the transplant of plants or after the plants have already been transplanted into the field or at any time in the lifecycle of the plant. In a foliar application, the concentrated pesticide is usually diluted in water to achieve the desired concentration of active ingredient. The desired amount of the pesticide and water mixture is then deposited on the foliar and/or fruiting portions of plants to control pests using a sprayer, such as a backpack sprayer or a sprinkler, or by dipping.
Granular applications are performed either during the transplant of plants or after the plants have already been transplanted into the field or at any time in the lifecycle of the plant. In certain granular applications, the concentrated pesticide is diluted in water to achieve the desired concentration of active ingredient. The desired concentration is then added to a granular carrier and the resulting composition is then dried to form a granular composition. The granular composition may be applied by a scattering method such as by hand or any type of granular spreader.
Drench applications are performed either prior to the transplants of plants, during the transplant of plants, after the plants have already been transplanted into the field, or at any time in the lifecycle of the plant. A drench application may be a residual drench or a soil or root drench.
In a residual drench, the desired amount of a residual pesticide and water mixture is deposited to the soil prior to the transplant of plants or planting of seeds. Residual pesticides remain active in pesticidally effective amounts from about 1 week to about 3 weeks after application. A residual drench is useful when insects are a continual problem or chemical application needs to be performed in advance of an expected infestation. Residual pesticides in soil offers other benefits such as at-planting treatment, soil shank injection at planting (direct seeded or at-planting), in-furrow spray at planting and/or surface band at planting. Residual pesticide in soil in many cases reduces the number of foliar sprays to control pests.
In a soil or root drench, the desired amount of the pesticide and water mixture may be deposited in the transplant hole followed by the transplant of the plant allowing the pesticide to be close to the root zone of the treated plant. Alternatively, the desired amount of the pesticide and water mixture may be deposited at the base of the plant sometime after the transplant of the plant allowing the pesticide to be close to the root zone of the treated plant.
Injection applications are performed either during the transplant of plants or after the plants have already been transplanted into the field or at any time in the lifecycle of the plant. In an injection application, the concentrated pesticide is usually diluted in water to achieve the desired concentration of active ingredient. The desired amount of the pesticide and water mixture is then deposited into the soil via injection apparatus at the base of the plant.
Root soak applications are routinely preformed prior to the transplant of plants.
In a root soak (seedling drench, transplant drench, or tray drench) ; the concentrated pesticide is usually diluted in water to achieve the desired concentration of active ingredient. The transplant seedling roots are then immersed into the solution for a specified period of time to allow the solution to be translocated into the growing media of the transplant seedlings as well as to allow the seedlings to uptake by the root system some of the pesticide being applied by this method . The period of time may be from about 1 hour to about 24 hours. The seedlings are then planted .
Drip (trickle) irrigation applications are performed after the plants have already been transplanted or seeded into the field, or at any time in the lifecycle of the plant. In a drip irrigation application the desired amount of the concentrated pesticide is usually diluted in water to achieve the desired concentration of active ingredient. The application is made using a network of plastic pipes or drip tape to carry a low flow of the pesticide and water mixture under low pressure to plants either above or below the soil surface. The pesticide and water mixture is applied through orifices called emitters much more slowly than with sprinkler irrigation.
Molecules selected from AIGA may be applied as seed treatments. Seed treatments may be applied to all types of seeds, including those from which plants genetically modified to express specialized traits will germinate. Representative examples include those expressing proteins toxic to invertebrate pests, such as Bacillus thuringiensis or other insecticidal toxins, those expressing herbicide tolerance, such as "Roundup (glyphosate) Ready" seeds or glyphosate and 2,4-D tolerant Enlist™ seeds, or those with "stacked" foreign genes expressing insecticidal toxins in both crystal and vegetative stage, herbicide tolerance, nutrition-enhancement, drought tolerance, or any other beneficial traits. Furthermore, such seed treatments with molecules of Formula One may further enhance the ability of a plant to withstand stressful growing conditions better. This results in a healthier, more vigorous plant, which can lead to higher yields at harvest time. Generally, about 1 gram of such molecules to about 500 grams per 100,000 seeds is expected to provide good benefits, amounts from about 10 grams to about 100 grams per 100,000 seeds is expected to provide better benefits, and amounts from about 25 grams to about 75 grams per 100,000 seeds is expected to provide even better benefits.
Consequently, in light of the above, the following embodiments (D) are envisioned . ID. A process comprising applying a pesticidally effective amount of a pesticidal composition to a locus to control a pest wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application, granular application, drench application, injection application, root soak application, drip irrigation application, or seed treatment application;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 10 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 200 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises
(1) an active ingredient selected from the group consisting of M-I, M-
II, M-III, and mixtures thereof, and
(2) a carrier;
(d) said locus is where crops, trees, fruits, cereals, fodder species, vines, turf, and/or ornamental plants are growing or may be planted; and
(e) said pest is selected from the group consisting of Acrosternum hilare,
Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aleyrodes proletella, Aleurodicus dispersus, Aleurothrixus floccosus, Amrasca biguttula biguttula, Aonidiella aurantii, Aphis fabae, Aphis gossypii, Aphis glycines, Aphis pomi, Aulacorthum solani, Bactericera cockerelli, Bagrada hilaris, Bemisia argentifolii, Bemisia tabaci, Blissus leucopterus, Boisea trivittata,
Brachycorynella asparagi, Brevennia rehi, Brevicoryne brassicae, Cacopsylla pyri,
Cacopsylla pyricola, Calocoris norvegicus, Ceroplastes rubens, Cimex hemipterus, Cimex lectularius, Coccus pseudomagnoliarum, Dagbertus fasciatus, Dichelops furcatus, Diuraphis noxia, Diaphorina citri, Dysaphis plantaginea, Dysdercus suturellus, Edessa meditabunda, Empoasca vitis, Eriosoma lanigerum, Erythroneura elegantula, Eurygaster maura, Euschistus conspersus, Euschistus heros, Euschistus servus, Halyomorpha halys, Hyalopterus pruni, Helopeltis antonii, Helopeltis theivora, Icerya purchasi, Idioscopus nitidulus, Jacobiasca formosana, Laodelphax striatellus, Lecanium corni, Leptocorisa oratorius, Leptocorisa varicornis, Lygus hesperus, Maconellicoccus hirsutus, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Macrosiphum granarium, Macrosiphum rosae, Macrosteles quadrilineatus, Mahanarva frimbiolata, Megacopta cribraria, Metopolophium dirhodum, Mictis longicornis, Myzus persicae, Nasonovia ribisnigri, Nephotettix cincticeps, Neurocolpus longirostris, Nezara viridula, Nilaparvata lugens, Paracoccus marginatus, Paratrioza cockerelli, Parlatoria pergandii, Parlatoria ziziphi, Peregrinus maidis, Phylloxera vitifoliae,
Physokermes piceae, Phytocoris calif ornicus , Phytocoris relativus, Piezodorus guildinii, Planococcus citri, Planococcus ficus, Poecilocapsus lineatus, Psallus vaccinicola,
Pseudacysta perseae, Pseudococcus brevipes, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus,
Rhopalosiphum maidis, Rhopalosiphum padi, Saissetia oleae, Scaptocoris castanea, Schizaphis graminum, Sitobion avenae, Sogatella furcifera, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Trialeurodes abutiloneus, Unaspis yanonensis, Zulia entrerhana, Agromyza frontella, Anastrepha suspensa, Anastrepha ludens, Anastrepha obliqua, Bactrocera cucurbitae, Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera invadens, Bactrocera zonata, Ceratitis capitata,
Dasineura brassicae, Delia platura, Fannia canicularis, Fannia scalaris, Gasterophilus intestinalis, Gracillia perseae, Haematobia irritans, Hypoderma lineatum, Liriomyza brassicae, Liriomyza sativa, Melophagus ovinus, Musca autumnalis, Musca domestica, Oestrus ovis, Oscinella frit, Pegomya betae, Piophila casei, Psila rosae, Rhagoletis cerasi, Rhagoletis pomonella, Rhagoletis mendax, Sitodiplosis mosellana, Stomoxys calcitrans, Achaea janata, Adoxophyes orana, Agrotis ipsilon, Alabama argillacea, Amorbia cuneana, Amyelois transitella, Anacamptodes defectaria, Anarsia lineatella, Anomis sabulifera, Anticarsia gemmatalis, Archips argyrospila, Archips rosana, Argyrotaenia citrana, Autographa gamma, Bonagota cranaodes, Borbo cinnara, Bucculatrix thurberiella, Capua reticulana, Carposina niponensis, Chlumetia transversa, Choristoneura rosaceana, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Conopomorpha cramerella, Corcyra cephalonica, Cossus cossus, Cydia caryana, Cydia funebrana, Cydia molesta, Cydia nigricana, Cydia pomonella, Darna diducta, Diaphania nitidalis, Diatraea saccharalis, Diatraea
grandiosella, Farias insulana, Farias vittella, Ecdytolopha aurantianum, Elasmopalpus lignosellus, Ephestia cautella, Ephestia elutella, Ephestia kuehniella, Epinotia aporema, Epiphyas postvittana, Erionota thrax, Estigmene acrea, Eupoecilia ambiguella, Euxoa auxiliaris, Galleria mellonella, Grapholita molesta, Hedylepta indicata, Helicoverpa armigera, Helicoverpa zea, Heliothis virescens, Hellula undalis, Keiferia lycopersicella, Leucinodes orbonalis, Leucoptera coffeella, Leucoptera malifoliella, Lobesia botrana, Loxagrotis albicosta, Lymantria dispar, Lyonetia clerkella, Mahasena corbetti, Mamestra brassicae, Manduca sexta, Maruca testulalis, Metisa plana, Mythimna unipuncta,
Neoleucinodes elegantalis, Nymphula depunctalis, Operophtera brumata, Ostrinia nubilalis, Oxydia vesulia, Pandemis cerasana, Pandemis heparana, Papilio demodocus, Pectinophora gossypiella, Peridroma saucia, Perileucoptera coffeella, Phthorimaea operculella, Phyllocnistis citrella, Phyllonorycter blancardella, Pieris rapae, Plathypena scabra, Platynota idaeusalis, Plodia interpunctella, Plutella xylostella, Polychrosis viteana, Prays endocarpa, Prays oleae, Pseudaletia unipuncta, Pseudoplusia includens,
Rachiplusia nu, Scirpophaga incertulas, Sesamia inferens, Sesamia nonagrioides, Setora nitens, Sitotroga cerealella, Sparganothis pilleriana, Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera eridania, Thecla basilides, Tinea pellionella, Tineola bisselliella, Trichoplusia ni, Tuta absoluta, Zeuzera coffeae, Zeuzea pyrina, Caliothrips phaseoli, Frankliniella bispinosa, Frankliniella fusca, Frankliniella occidentalis, Frankliniella schultzei, Frankliniella tritici, Frankliniella williamsi, Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis,
Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus, Scirtothrips citri, Scirtothrips dorsalis, Taeniothrips rhopalantennalis, Thrips hawaiiensis, Thrips nigropilosus, Thrips orientalis, Thrips palmi, Thrips tabaci, Acanthoscelides obtectus, Agrilus planipennis, Ahasverus advena, Alphitobius diaperinus, Anoplophora glabripennis, Anthonomus grandis, Anthrenus verbasci, Anthrenus falvipes, Ataenius spretulus, Atomaria linearis, Attagenus unicolor, Bothynoderes punctiventris, Bruchus pisorum, Callosobruchus maculatus, Carpophilus hemipterus, Cassida vittata, Cathartus quadricollis, Cerotoma trifurcata, Ceutorhynchus assimilis, Ceutorhynchus napi, Conoderus scalaris, Conoderus stigmosus, Conotrachelus nenuphar, Cotinis nitida, Crioceris asparagi, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Cryptolestes pusillus, Cryptolestes turcicus, Cylindrocopturus adspersus, Deporaus marginatus, Dermestes lardarius, Dermestes maculatus, Epilachna varivestis, Euvrilletta peltata, Faustinus cubae, Hylobius pales, Hylotrupes bajulus, Hypera postica, Hypothenemus hampei, Lasioderma serricorne, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Limonius canus, Liogenys fuscus, Liogenys suturalis, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus, Lophocateres pusillus, Lyctus planicollis, Maecolaspis joliveti, Melanotus communis, Meligethes aeneus, Melolontha melolontha, Necrobia rufipes, Oberea brevis, Oberea linearis, Oryctes rhinoceros, Oryzaephilus mercator, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Oulema melanopus, Oulema oryzae, Phyllophaga cuyabana, Polycaon stoutti, Popillia japonica, Prostephanus truncatus, Rhyzopertha dominica, Sitona lineatus, Sitophilus granarius, Sitophilus oryzae, Sitophilus zeamais, Stegobium paniceum, Tenebroides mauritanicus, Tribolium castaneum, Tribolium confusum, Trogoderma granarium, Trogoderma variabile, Xestobium rufovillosum, and Zabrus tenebrioides.
2D. A process according to ID, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 12.5 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 200 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises
(1) an active ingredient selected from the group consisting of M-I, M- II, M-III, and mixtures thereof, and
(2) a carrier;
(d) said locus is where crops, trees, fruits, cereals, fodder species, vines, turf, and/or ornamental plants are growing or may be planted; and
(e) said pest is selected from the group consisting of Aphis fabae, Aphis gossypii, Aphis glycines, Bemisia argentifolii, Bemisia tabaci, Brevicoryne brassicae, Cacopsylla pyri, Cacopsylla pyricola, Coccus pseudomagnoliarum, Empoasca vitis, Erythroneura elegantula, Euschistus servus, Hyalopterus pruni, Jacobiasca formosana, Lecanium corni, Myzus persicae, Dysaphis plantaginea, Nilaparvata lugens, Paracoccus marginatus, Paratrioza cockerelli, Planococcus citri, Planococcus ficus, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Liriomyza sativa, Cydia pomonella, Grapholita molesta, Scirpophaga incertulas, Spodoptera exigua, Caliothrips phaseoli, Meligethes aeneus, and Oulema melanopus.
3D. A process according to any one of ID or 2D, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 25 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 200 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
(d) said locus comprises pepper plants; and
(e) said pest is Paratrioza cockerelli.
4D. A process according to any one of ID or 2D, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 100 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 200 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
(d) said locus comprises pear trees; and
(e) said pest is Cacopsylla pyri. 5D. A process according to any one of ID or 2D, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 50 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 200 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-II;
(d) said locus comprises pear trees; and
(e) said pest is Cacopsylla pyri.
6D. A process according to any one of ID or 2D, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 50 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 200 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
(d) said locus comprises pear trees; and
(e) said pest is Cacopsylla pyricola.
7D. A process according to any one of ID or 2D, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application; (b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 50 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 200 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
(d) said locus comprises orange trees; and
(e) said pest is Coccus pseudomagnoliarum.
8D. A process according to any one of ID or 2D, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 50 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 200 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-II;
(d) said locus comprises plum trees; and
(e) said pest is Quadraspidiotus perniciosus. 9D. A process according to any one of ID or 2D, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 50 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 200 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-II;
(d) said locus comprises pear trees; and
(e) said pest is Quadraspidiotus perniciosus.
10D. A process according to any one of ID or 2D, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 50 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 150 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
(d) said locus comprises plum trees; and
(e) said pest is Lecanium corni.
11D. A process according to any one of ID or 2D, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 12.5 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 150 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-II;
(d) said locus comprises papaya plants; and
(e) said pest is Paracoccus marginatus. 12D. A process according to any one of ID or 2D, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 100 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 150 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
(d) said locus comprises soybean plants; and
(e) said pest is Euschistus servus.
13D. A process according to any one of ID or 2D, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 25 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 100 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
(d) said locus comprises pepper plants; and
(e) said pest is Bemisia tabaci.
14D. A process according to any one of ID or 2D, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is about 25 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 200 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
(d) said locus comprises oat plants; and
(e) said pest is Oulema melanopus. 15D. A process according to any one of ID or 2D, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is about 25 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 200 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
(d) said locus comprises winter oilseed rape plants; and
(e) said pest is Meligethes aeneus.
16D. A process according to any one of ID or 2D, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 12.5 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 50 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
(d) said locus comprises broccoli plants; and (e) said pest is Myzus persicae.
A process according to any one of ID or 2D, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 12.5 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 50 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
(d) said locus comprises cabbage plants; and
(e) said pest is Myzus persicae.
18D. A process according to any one of ID or 2D, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 25 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 100 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
(d) said locus comprises lettuce plants; and
(e) said pest is Myzus persicae.
19D. A process according to any one of ID or 2D, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 12.5 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 50 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
(d) said locus comprises winter oilseed rape plants; and
(e) said pest is Myzus persicae.
20D. A process according to any one of ID or 2D, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 25 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 50 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
(d) said locus comprises cucumber plants; and
(e) said pest is Aphis gossypii.
21D. A process according to any one of ID or 2D, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 25 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 75 grams of active ingredient per hectare; (c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
(d) said locus comprises pigweed plants; and
(e) said pest is Aphis fabae. 22D. A process according to any one of ID or 2D, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 25 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 75 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-II;
(d) said locus comprises pigweed plants; and
(e) said pest is Aphis fabae.
23D. A process according to any one of ID or 2D, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 12.5 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 50 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
(d) said locus comprises broccoli plants; and
(e) said pest is Brevicoryne brassicae.
24D. A process according to any one of ID or 2D, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 12.5 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 50 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
(d) said locus comprises soybean plants; and
(e) said pest is Aphis glycines.
25D. A process according to any one of ID or 2D, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 12.5 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 50 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
(d) said locus comprises lettuce plants; and
(e) said pest is Nasonovia ribisnigri.
26D. A process according to any one of ID or 2D, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application; (b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 12.5 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 50 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-II;
(d) said locus comprises apple trees; and
(e) said pest is Dysaphis plantaginea.
27D. A process according to any one of ID or 2D, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 12.5 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 75 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-II;
(d) said locus comprises plum trees; and
(e) said pest is Hyalopterus pruni. 28D. A process according to any one of ID or 2D, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 25 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 150 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-II;
(d) said locus comprises apple trees; and
(e) said pest is Cydia pomonella.
29D. A process according to any one of ID or 2D, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 25 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 150 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
(d) said locus comprises apple trees; and
(e) said pest is Cydia pomonella.
30D. A process according to any one of ID or 2D, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 75 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 150 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
(d) said locus comprises peach trees; and
(e) said pest is Grapholita molesta. 31D. A process comprising applying a pesticidally effective amount of a pesticidal composition to a locus to control a pest wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application;
(b) said pesticidal composition comprises
(1) an active ingredient selected from the group consisting of M-I, M-
II, M-III, and mixtures thereof, and
(2) a carrier;
(c) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 0.00001 weight percent M-I, M-II, M-III, or mixtures thereof to said carrier to about 0.03 weight percent M-I, M-II, M-III, or mixtures thereof to said carrier;
(d) said locus is where crops, trees, fruits, cereals, fodder species, vines, turf, and/or ornamental plants are growing or may be planted; and
(e) said pest is selected from the group consisting of Aphis fabae, Aphis gossypii, Aphis glycines, Bemisia argentifolii, Bemisia tabaci, Brevicoryne brassicae, Cacopsylla pyri, Cacopsylla pyricola, Coccus pseudomagnoliarum, Empoasca vitis,
Erythroneura elegantula, Euschistus servus, Hyalopterus pruni, Jacobiasca formosana, Lecanium corni, Myzus persicae, Dysaphis plantaginea, Nilaparvata lugens, Paracoccus marginatus, Paratrioza cockerelli, Planococcus citri, Planococcus ficus, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus, Liriomyza sativa, Cydia pomonella, Grapholita molesta, Scirpophaga incertulas, Spodoptera exigua, Caliothrips phaseoli, Meligethes aeneus, and Oulema melanopus.
32D. A process according to 31D, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application;
(b) said pesticidal composition comprises
(1) M-I, and
(2) a carrier;
(c) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 0.000625 weight percent M-I to said carrier to about 0.02 weight percent M-I to said carrier;
(d) said locus comprises lemon trees; and
(e) said pest is Planococcus citri.
EXAMPLES
Method 1: Foliar Application of M-I to control potato psyllid {Paratrioza cockerelli) on pepper plants
Plots of bell pepper consisting of 3.6 x 5 meters (2 row of 5 meters) were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a carbon dioxide backpack sprayer, calibrated to deliver a volume of 456 liters of water per hectare through 4 Teejet TXVS-8 hollow cone nozzles at 50 pounds per square inch. Rates of 50, 75, 100, and 200 grams active ingredient per hectare were evaluated. At 0, 1, 3, 7 days after application 1 (DAA1), and 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after application 2 (DAA2).
Table 1: Percent Control of foliar application of M-I to potato psyllid {Paratrioza cockerelli) on pepper plants
Figure imgf000025_0001
DAA1 = days after application 1, DAA2 = days after application 2, EC = emulsifiable concentrate, EW = concentrated emulsion
This example shows the unexpected long lasting effect of M-I against repeated infestations of Paratrioza cockerelli on pepper plants.
Method 2: Foliar Application of M-I to control pear psylla {Cacopsylla pyri) on pear trees
Two consecutive foliar applications at 8 day intervals were carried out on young pear trees at first signs of the second Cacopsylla pyri generation start, which meant 6% eggs hatching and presence of young nymphs (N1-N2) only. Adjuvants used in this study were summer oil, EcoSurf EH-6, and Actirob B. Equipment used was a handgun sprayer with adjustable hollow cone nozzles at 20 atmospheres pressure and 1300 liters per hectare water spray volume for the two applications. Air temperature varied between 20.9 °C and 23.3 °C on the first day of application and between 14.8 °C and 19 °C on the second day of application. Rates of 100 and 200 grams active ingredient per hectare were evaluated . Twenty centimeters of 5 vigorous shoots were marked per plot to assess the number of eggs as well as life young (N1-N2-N3) and old nymphs (L4-L5) present at 1, 3, and 7 days after the first application (DAA1), and 1, 4, 6, and 12 days after the second application (DAA2).
Table 2: Percent Control of foliar application of M-I to pear psylla (Cacopsylla pyri) on pear trees
Figure imgf000026_0001
DAA1 = days after application 1, DAA2 = days after application 2
Method 3: Foliar Application of M-II to control pear psylla (Cacopsylla pyri) on pear trees
The experimental plots in the trial consisted of 3 trees (1 row of 3m width x 6 m length) and were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a motor knapsack mistblower which was calibrated to deliver 1000 Liters of water per hectare. A second application was made to all plots 10 days later. Rates of 50, 100, 150, and 200 grams active ingredient per hectare were evaluated . Summer oil at 0.02% v/v (0.2 liter per hectare) was added in all tested rates. Pear psylla nymph population assessments were made at 3, 7, and 10 days after application 1 (DAA1), and at 3, 7, and 14 days after application 2 (DAA2).
Table 3: Percent Control of foliar application of M-II to pear psylla {Cacopsylla pyri) on pear trees
Figure imgf000027_0001
DAA1 = days after application 1, DAA2 = days after application 2
Method 4: Foliar Application of M-I to control pear psylla {Cacopsylla pyricola) on pear trees
The experimental plots in the trial consisted of 3 trees (1 row of 6 m width x 9 m length) and were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Two applications were done with 10 days interval and with a motorized backpack sprayer which was calibrated to deliver 600 Liters of water per hectare at both applications. Growth stage of pear was BBCH 55-56 (stage of the crop between "flower bud visible" and "green bud stage") and BBCH 57-59 (stage of the crop between "pink bud" and "most flowers with petals forming a hollow ball") at applications. Rates of 50, 100, 150, and 200 grams active ingredient per hectare were evaluated . Actirob B at 1 liter per hectare was added in all tested rates as adjuvant. Pear psylla nymph population assessments were made at 3, 7, and 10 days after application 1 (DAA1), and at 3, 10, and 17 days after application 2 (DAA2) .
Table 4: Percent Control of foliar application of M-I to pear psylla {Cacopsylla pyri) on pear trees Active, Rate 3 7 10 3 10 17 Formulation (gai/ha) DAA1 DAA1 DAA1 DAA2 DAA2 DAA2
M-I, EC 50 25 43 14 29 30 50
M-I, EC 100 39 61 40 56 56 74
M-I, EC 150 51 69 59 78 69 77
M-I, EC 200 67 71 71 82 74 86
M-I, WG 50 23 53 19 37 38 55
M-I, WG 100 42 63 42 60 54 73
M-I, WG 150 47 69 61 80 66 80
M-I, WG 200 58 72 72 85 77 89
UNTREATED
- 0 0 0 0 0 0 CONTROL
DAA1 = days after application 1, DAA2 = days after application 2, EC = emulsifiable concentrate, EW = concentrated emulsion Method 5: Foliar Application of M-I to control citricola scale {Coccus
psedomagnoliarum) on orange trees
Quadrants with uniformed pest populations of 2 meter wide by x 4 meter high were selected and labeled on infested trees and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each plot was treated with 2 foliar applications of M-I at a 14 day interval. The 50 gai/ha solution was prepared by diluting a 120 gai/L EC (1.334 mL) formulation with water (14,964.4 mL) . Rates of 50, 100, 150, and 200 grams active ingredient per hectare were evaluated . Foliar treatments were applied with a Stihl® engine powered mist blower at 500 gallons per acre. All treatments contained narrow range summer spray oil (NR-415) at 1% v/v as adjuvant. Assessments were made at 13 days after application 1 (DAA1) and 15 days after application 2 (DAA2).
Table 5: Percent Control of foliar application of M-I to citricola scale {Coccus psedomagnoliarum) on orange trees
Figure imgf000028_0001
M-I 150 90 99
M-I 200 86 92
UNTREATED CONTROL - 0 0
DAA1 = Days After application 1, DAA2 = Days After application 2
This example shows the unexpected long lasting effect of M-I against Coccus psedomagnoliarum on orange trees.
Method 6: Foliar Application of M-II to control San Jose scale {Quadraspidiotus perniciosus) on plum trees
The experimental plots in the trial consisted of 1 tree (5 meter width x 5 meter length) and were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Rates of 50, 100, 150, and 200 grams active ingredient per hectare were evaluated . Summer oil (0.02% V/V) was used as an adjuvant at 0.02% v/v for all treatments. Foliar treatments were applied with a motor knapsack mistblower which was calibrated to deliver 1000 Liters of water per hectare. Each plot was treated with 2 foliar applications of M-II at an 11 day interval. One assessment was made 35 days after the second application.
Table 6: Percent Control of foliar application of M-II to San Jose scale
{Quadraspidiotus perniciosus) on plum trees
Figure imgf000029_0001
DAA2 = Days After application 2
Method 7: Foliar Application of M-II to control San Jose scale {Quadraspidiotus perniciosus) on pear trees
The experimental plots in the trial consisted of 3 trees (1 row of 3m width x 6 m length) and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Rates of 50, 100, 150, and 200 grams active ingredient per hectare were evaluated. Summer oil (0.02% V/V) was used as an adjuvant at 0.02% v/v for all treatments. Foliar treatments were applied with a motor knapsack mistblower which was calibrated to deliver 1000 Liters of water per hectare. Each plot was treated with 2 foliar applications of M-II at a 10 day interval . Two assessments were made 7 and 36 days after application 2.
Table 7: Percent Control of foliar application of M-II to San Jose scale
(Quad rasp id iotus perniciosus) on pear trees
Figure imgf000030_0001
DAA2 = Days After application 2
Method 8: Foliar application of M-I to control European brown scale (Lecanium corni) on plum trees
The experimental plots in the trial consisted of 2 trees (1 row of 6 meter width x 8 meter length) and were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Rates of 50, 75, 100, and 150 grams active ingredient per hectare were evaluated. All treatments were tank mixed with Actirob B at 1 liter product per hectare as adjuvant. Foliar treatments were applied with a motorized backpack sprayer which was calibrated to deliver 600 liters of water per hectare. Assessments were carried out at 4, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days after application (DAA) .
Table 8: Percent Control of foliar application of M-I to European brown scale
(Lecanium corni) on plum trees
Figure imgf000030_0002
M-I, EC 150 75 86 85 94 92 89
M-I, WG 50 24 53 50 73 56 36
M-I, WG 75 47 67 66 82 74 71
M-I, WG 100 79 81 80 88 88 84
M-I, WG 150 73 88 88 94 92 88
UNTREATED CONTROL - 0 0 0 0 0 0
DAA = Days After Application, EC = emulsifiable concentrate, WG = water dispersible granules
This example shows the unexpected long lasting effect of M-I against Lecanium corni on plum trees.
Method 9: Foliar application of M-II to control papaya mealybugs (Paracoccus marginatus) on papaya plants
About 36 pots of papaya seedlings were planted and prepared in 0.8 m square pot with soil native to Taiwan. Seven days before chemical application, about 100 papaya mealybugs (mixed stages) were manually infested into leaves of a tested papaya tree to allow a period of time of stabilization and proliferation. Two foliar applications with a spraying volume of 2300 liters per hectare were performed at an interval of 7 days. At the first chemical application, tested samples were mixed with 0.01% S-408 silicone-isohexadecyl adjuvant (MicroGreen Co. Taiwan). At the second chemical application, the content of adjuvant was increased to 0.1%. Rates of 12.5, 25, 37.5, 50, and 78 grams active ingredient per hectare were evaluated. Assessments were made at 7 days after application a (DAA1) and 7, 14, and 21 days after application 2 (DAA2) .
Table 9: Percent Control of foliar application of M-II to papaya mealybugs
{Paracoccus marginatus) on papaya plants
Figure imgf000031_0001
M-II 78 80 100 99 99
UNTREATED CONTROL - 0 0 0 0
DAA1 = days after application 1, DAA2 = days after application 2
This example shows the unexpected long lasting effect of M-II against
Paracoccus marginatus on papaya plants.
Method 10: Foliar application of M-I to control brown stink bug (Euschistus servus) on soybean plants
Plots of soybean within the test consisted of 2 rows (1.02 meter x 4.57 meter) which were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Rates of 100 and 150 grams per hectare (gai/ha) were evaluated . Treatments were applied with a hand-held sprayer charged with compressed air calibrated to deliver a volume of 35 gallons of water per acre through Teejet TX 26 hollow cone nozzles (2 per row) at 29 pounds per square inch. A second application was made to all plots 5 days later. At 4 days after application 1 (DAA1) and 3 and 7 days after application 2 (DAA2), large nymphs and adults were sampled in each plot.
Table 10: Percent Control of foliar application of M-I to large nymph brown stink bug (Euschistus servus) on soybean plants
Figure imgf000032_0001
DAA1 = days after application 1, DAA3 = days after application 2
Table 10a: Percent Control of foliar application of M-I to adult brown stink bug (Euschistus servus) on soybean plants
Figure imgf000032_0002
UNTREATED
0 0 0 0 0
CONTROL
DAA1 = days after application 1, DAA3 = days after application 2
Method 11: Foliar application of M-I to control whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) on pepper plants
The trial design was completely randomized with 20 plants per plot (plot = 8.8 meters squared). Two consecutive applications at an interval of 7 days were carried out with a backpack engine sprayer (pump) with adjustable hollow cone nozzles. The foliar application volume was 800 liters per hectare at 1500 kPa pressure. Rates of 25, 37.5, and 50 grams active ingredient per hectare were evaluated. All products were applied in mixture with an adjuvant (Silwet). Assessments were done at 1, 3, and 7 days after application 1 (DAA1) and 1, 7, 10, 15 and 22 days after application 2 (DAA2).
Table 11: Percent Control of foliar application of M-I to whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) on pepper plants
Figure imgf000033_0001
DAA1 = days after application 1, DAA2 = days after application 2, EC = emulsifiable concentrate, EW = concentrated emulsion
This example shows the unexpected long lasting effect of M-I against Bemisia tabaci on pepper plants.
Method 12: Foliar application of M-I to control barley leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus) on oat plants One foliar application was performed with a backpack sprayer charged with compressed air which was calibrated to deliver 300 liters of water volume per hectare. A rate of 200 grams active ingredient per hectare was evaluated . Assessments were done at 1, 3, and 7 days after application.
Table 12: Percent Control of foliar application of M-I to barley leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus) on oat plants
Figure imgf000034_0001
DAA = days after application
This example shows the unexpected long lasting effect of M-I against Oulema melanopus on oat plants.
Method 13: Foliar application of M-I to control European pollen beetle
(Meligethes aeneus) on winter oil seed rape plants
One foliar application was performed with a backpack sprayer charged with compressed air which was calibrated to deliver 250 liters of water volume per hectare. A rate of 200 grams active ingredient per hectare was evaluated . Assessments were done at 1, 3, and 7 days after application. Table 13: Percent Control of foliar application of M-I to European pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus) on winter oil seed rape plants
Figure imgf000034_0002
DAA = days after application
This example shows the unexpected long lasting effect of M-I against Meligeth aeneus on winter oil seed rape plants. Method 14: Foliar application of M-I to control green peach aphid {Myzus persicae) on broccoli plants
The trial design was in a randomized complete block with 4 blocks. Each plot size was 2 meter width x 6 meter length. Application was 26 days after broccoli transplant. Plots were applied with a carbon dioxide backpack sprayer with 2 row boom and 3 nozzles per row. Nozzles were TEEJET full cone (TG-1), and spray pressure was 35 pounds per square inch. Each plot was sprayed with a total volume of 0.4 liters per plot. Rates of 12.5, 25, 37.5 and 50 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) were evaluated. All treatments were applied with Dyne-amic (adjuvant) at 0.25% v/v. Assessments were made 8 days after application (DAA).
Table 14: Percent Control of foliar application of M-I to green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) on broccoli plants
Figure imgf000035_0001
DAA = days after application, EC = emulsifiable concentrate, WG = water dispersible granules
This example shows the unexpected long lasting effect of M-I against Myzus persicae on broccoli plants. Method 15: Foliar application of M-I to control green peach aphid {Myzus persicae) on cabbage plants
The trial design was in a randomized complete block with 4 blocks. Each plot size was 43.3 meters squared. Plots were applied with a carbon dioxide backpack sprayer with 2 row boom and 3 nozzles per row. Nozzles were TEEJET full cone (TG-1), and spray pressure was 35 pounds per square inch. Each plot was sprayed with a total volume of 0.4 liters per plot. Rates of 12.5, 25, 37.5 and 50 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) were evaluated. All treatments were applied with Dyne-amic (adjuvant) at 0.25% v/v. Assessments were made 4 and 11 days after application (DAA) .
Table 15: Percent Control of foliar application of M-I to green peach aphid {Myzus persicae) on cabbage plants
Figure imgf000036_0001
DAA = days after application, EC = emulsifiable concentrate, EW = concentrated emulsion
This example shows the unexpected long lasting effect of M-I against Myzus persicae on cabbage plants.
Method 16: Foliar application of M-I to control green peach aphid {Myzus persicae) on lettuce plants
The trial design was in a randomized complete block with 4 blocks. Each plot size was 12.38 meters squared. Plots were applied with a carbon dioxide backpack sprayer with 6 TXVS-8 Hollow Cone nozzles spaced 0.20 m apart. Rates of 50, 75, and 100 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) were evaluated. All treatments were applied with Dyne-amic (adjuvant) at 0.25% v/v. Assessments were made 10 days after application (DAA) . Table 16: Percent Control of foliar application molecule I to green peach aphid {Myzus persicae) on lettuce plants
Figure imgf000037_0001
DAA = days after application
This example shows the unexpected long lasting effect of M-I against Myzus persicae on lettuce plants.
Method 17: Foliar application of M-I to control green peach aphid {Myzus persicae) on winter oilseed rape plants
The trial design was in a randomized complete block with 3 blocks. Each plot size was 3 meters squared . Plots were applied with a carbon dioxide backpack sprayer with 2 TXVS26 Hollow Cone nozzles spaced 0.51 m apart. Rates of 12.5, 25, 37.5 and 50 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) were evaluated . All treatments were applied with Dyne-amic (adjuvant) at 0.25% v/v. Assessments were made 7 days after application (DAA).
Table 17: Percent Control of foliar applications of M-I to green peach aphid {Myzus persicae) on winter oilseed rape plants
Figure imgf000037_0002
M-I, WG 12.5 96
M-I, WG 25 100
M-I, WG 37.5 98
M-I, WG 50 100
UNTREATED
- 0
CONTROL
DAA = days after application, EC = emulsifiable concentrate, WG = water dispersible granules
This example shows the unexpected long lasting effect of M-I against Myzus persicae on winter oilseed rape plants.
Method 18: Foliar application of M-I to control cotton aphid {Aphis gossypii) on cucumber plants
One thousand and two hundred and fifty plants of Derya cucumber variety were transplanted to a greenhouse. The trial design was factorial with 24 plants per plot. A natural infestation of Aphis gossypii was established one month after the date of transplant, and, once the aphid infestation was homogeneous, 10 leaves per plot were marked and numbered in order to make the assessments.
Rates of 25, 37.5, and 50 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) were evaluated. The foliar application volume was 800 liters per hectare at 1300 kPa pressure. All products were applied in mixture with an adjuvant (Li-700). The equipment used was a backpack engine sprayer (pump) with adjustable hollow cone nozzles. Assessments were done at 1, 4, 7, 11, and 14 days after application (DAA). Table 18: Percent Control of foliar application of M-I to cotton aphid {Aphis gossypii) on cucumber plants
Figure imgf000038_0001
M-I, EW 50 35 88 94 95 95
UNTREATED CONTROL - 0 0 0 0 0
DAA = days after application, EC = emulsifiable concentrate, WG = water dispersible granules
This example shows the unexpected long lasting effect of M-I against Aphis gossypii on cucumber plants.
Method 19: Foliar application of M-I to control black bean aphid {Aphis fabae) on pigweed plants
The plots in the trial site consisted of 1 row of 1 meter width x 1.5 meter length which were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied on the plant foliage with a hand-held lance sprayer charged with compressed air calibrated to deliver a volume of 500 liters of water per hectare through Teejet TXVK12 hollow cone nozzles at 300 kPa pressure. Rates of 25, 37.5, 50, and 75 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) . Aphid population assessments were made at 1, 4, 7, 11 and 14 days after the application (DAA) .
Table 19: Percent Control of foliar application of M-I to black bean aphid {Aphis fabae) on pigweed plants
Figure imgf000039_0001
DAA = days after application
This example shows the unexpected long lasting effect of M-I against Aphis fabae on pigweed plants.
Method 20: Foliar application of M-II to control black bean aphid {Aphis fabae) on pigweed plants
The plots in the trial site consisted of 1 row of 1 meter width x 1.5 meter length which were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied on the plant foliage with a hand-held lance sprayer charged with compressed air calibrated to deliver a volume of 500 liters of water per hectare through Teejet TXVK12 hollow cone nozzles at 300 kPa pressure. Rates of 25, 37.5, 50, and 75 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) . Aphid population assessments were made at 1, 4, 7, 11 and 14 days after the application (DAA) .
Table 20: Percent Control of foliar application of M-II to black bean aphid {Aphis fabae) on pigweed plants
Figure imgf000040_0001
DAA = days after application
This example shows the unexpected long lasting effect of M-II against Aphis fabae on pigweed plants.
Method 21: Foliar application of M-I to control cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) on broccoli plants
The trial design was in a randomized complete block with 4 blocks. Each plot size was 2 meter width x 6 meter length. Application was 26 days after broccoli transplant. Plots were applied with a carbon dioxide backpack sprayer with 2 row boom and 3 nozzles per row. Nozzles were TEEJET full cone (TG-1), and spray pressure was 35 pounds per square inch. Each plot was sprayed with a total volume of 0.4 liters per plot. Rates of 12.5, 25, 37.5 and 50 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) were evaluated. All treatments were applied with Dyne-amic (adjuvant) at 0.25% v/v. Assessments were made 8 days after application (DAA). Table 21: Percent Control of foliar application of M-I to cabbage aphid
(Brevicoryne brassicae) on broccoli plants
Figure imgf000040_0002
M-I, EC 12.5 91
M-I, EC 25 90
M-I, EC 37.5 90
M-I, EC 50 92
M-I, WG 12.5 90
M-I, WG 25 91
M-I, WG 37.5 93
M-I, WG 50 93
UNTREATED
- 0
CONTROL
DAA = days after application, EC = emulsifiable concentrate, WG = water dispersible granules
This example shows the unexpected long lasting effect of M-I against Brevicoryne brassicae on broccoli plants.
Method 22: Foliar application of M-I to control soybean aphid {Aphis glycine) on soybean plants
The trial design was in a randomized complete block with 4 blocks. Each plot size was 10 meter squared. Water volume for application was about 300 liters of water per hectare. Rates of 12.5, 25, 37.5 and 50 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) were evaluated . Assessments were made 3 to 5 weeks after application (WAA).
Table 22: Percent Control of foliar application of M-I to soybean aphid (Aph glycine) on soybean plants
Figure imgf000041_0001
WAA = weeks after application
This example shows the unexpected long lasting effect of M-I against Aphis glycine on soybean plants.
Method 23: Foliar application of M-I to control lettuce aphid (Nasonovia ribisnigri) on lettuce plants
The trial design was in a randomized complete block with 4 blocks. Each plot size was 12.38 meters squared . Foliar application was made using a backpack sprayer equipped with 6 TXVS-8 Hollow Cone nozzles spaced 0.20 m apart. Rates of 12.5, 25, 37.5, and 50.0 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) were evaluated . Assessment of insect control was done at 10 days after application.
Table 23: Percent Control of foliar application of M-I to lettuce aphid
(Nasonovia ribisnigri) on lettuce plants
Figure imgf000042_0001
DAA = days after application, EC = emulsifiable concentrate, WG = water dispersible granules
This example shows the unexpected long lasting effect of M-I against Nasonovia ribisnigri on lettuce plants. Method 24: Foliar application of M-II to control rosy apple aphid (Dysaphis plantaginea) on apple trees
The experimental plots in the trial consisted of 6 trees (1 row of 3 meter width x 6 meter length) . Rates of 12.5, 25, 37.5, and 50.0 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) were evaluated . All treatments were tank mixed with Silwet L-77 at a rate of 0.1% volume per volume as adjuvant. One application was done with a backpack sprayer charged with compressed air which was calibrated to deliver 1000 Liters of water volume per hectare. Aphid population assessments were made at 1, 3, 7 and 10 days after the application (DAA).
Table 24: Percent Control of foliar application of M-II to rosy apple aphid
{Dysaphis plantaginea) on apple trees
Figure imgf000043_0001
DAA = days after application
This example shows the unexpected long lasting effect of M-II against Dysaphis plantaginea on apple trees.
Method 25: Foliar application of M-II to control mealy plum aphid (Hyalopterus pruni) on plum trees
The experimental plots in the trial consisted of 2 trees (1 row of 5 meter width x
3 meter length) and were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Rates of 12.5, 25, 37.5, and 50.0 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) were evaluated. All treatments were tank mixed with Silwet L-77 at a rate of 0.1% volume per volume as adjuvant. Application was performed with a backpack sprayer charged with compressed air which was calibrated to deliver 1000 liters of water per hectare. Aphid population assessments were made at 1, 3, 7, 10 and 14 days after the application (DAA).
Table 25: Percent Control of foliar application of M-II to mealy plum aphid
(Hyalopterus pruni) on plum trees
Figure imgf000043_0002
M-II 12.5 29 61 72 72 62
M-II 25 51 67 84 83 75
M-II 37.5 62 76 86 83 76
M-II 50 65 85 87 88 86
UNTREATED CONTROL - 0 0 0 0 0
DAA = days after application
This example shows the unexpected long lasting effect of M-II against
Hyalopterus pruni on plum trees.
Method 26: Foliar application of M-II to control codling moth {Cydia pomoneila) on apple trees
One foliar application was performed with a mist sprayer charged with compressed air (450 Kpa) which was calibrated to deliver 1200 liters of water volume per hectare. Rates of 30, 50, and 100 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) were evaluated. All treatments were tank mixed with Silwet L-77 at a rate of 0.05% volume per volume as adjuvant. The applications targeted the egg hatching stage of second generation of codling moth at the crop growth stage of BBCH 78. Assessments were done at 15 days after application.
Table 26: Percent Control of foliar application of M-II to codling moth {Cydia pomoneila) on apple trees
Figure imgf000044_0001
DAA = days after application
This example shows the unexpected long lasting effect of M-II against (Cydia pomoneila) on apple trees. Method 27: Foliar application of M-I to control codling moth {Cydia pomonella) on apple trees
One foliar application was performed with a mist sprayer charged with compressed air (450 Kpa) which was calibrated to deliver 1200 liters of water volume per hectare. Rates of 30, 50, and 100 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) were evaluated. All treatments were tank mixed with Silwet L-77 at a rate of 0.05% volume per volume as adjuvant. The applications targeted the egg hatching stage of second generation of codling moth at the crop growth stage of BBCH 78. Assessments were done at 15 days after application.
Table 27: Percent Control of foliar application of M-I to codling moth {Cydia pomonella) on apple trees
Figure imgf000045_0001
DAA = days after application
This example shows the unexpected long lasting effect of M-I against (Cydia pomonella) on apple trees.
Method 28: Foliar application of M-I to control peach moth {Graphoiita moiesta) on peach trees
One foliar application was performed with a mist sprayer charged with compressed air (450 Kpa) which was calibrated to deliver 1200 liters of water volume per hectare. A rate of 100 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) was evaluated . M-I was applied twice targeting the egg lay stage of second generation at the crop growth stage of BBCH 73-75 and 75-76, respectively. Assessments were done at 20 days after the second application (28 days after the first application).
Table 28: Percent Control of foliar application of M-I to peach moth {Graphoiita moiesta) on peach trees
Figure imgf000045_0002
M-I, WG 100 100
UNTREATED - 0
CONTROL
DAAB = days after second application
This example shows the unexpected long lasting effect of M-I against (Grapholita molesta) on peach trees.
Method 29: Foliar application of M-I to control citrus mealybugs (Planococcus c/f/7) on lemon trees
Serial tested doses of 0.000625, 0.00025, 0.005, and 0.02 weight percent of M-I to carrier (0.025% Tween-20) were prepared and evaluated. Cleaned lemon leaves were treated with tested solutions by foliar dipping application. Treated lemon leaves were then placed in fume hood to let the surfaces dry for at least 1 hour. The treated lemon leaves were then individually placed into petri dishes and then infested with 16 2nd instar crawler of citrus mealybugs. Bioassays in perti dishes were carried out with temperature at 28°C and light-dark cycle of 14 : 10 hours. Assessments were made at 3 and 6 days after infestation (DAI).
Table 29: Percent Control of foliar application of M-I to citrus mealybugs (Planococcus c/f/7) on lemon trees
Figure imgf000046_0001
DAI = days after infestation

Claims

1. A process comprising applying a pesticidally effective amount of a pesticidal composition to a locus to control a pest wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application ;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 12.5 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 200 grams of active ingredient per hectare ;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises
( 1) an active ingredient selected from the group consisting of M-I, M- II, M-III, and mixtures thereof, and
(2) a carrier;
(d) said locus is where crops, trees, fruits, cerea ls, fodder species, vines, turf, and/or ornamental plants are growing or may be planted ; and
(e) said pest is selected from the group consisting of Aphis fabae, Aphis gossypii, Aphis glycines, Bemisia argentifolii, Bemisia tabaci, Brevicoryne brassicae, Cacopsylla pyri, Cacopsylla pyricola, Coccus pseudomagnoliarum, Empoasca vitis,
Erythroneura elegantula, Euschistus servus, Hyalopterus pruni, Jacobiasca formosana, Lecanium corni, Myzus persicae, Dysaphis plantaginea, Nilaparvata lugens, Paracoccus marginatus, Paratrioza cockerelli, Planococcus citri, Planococcus ficus, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Liriomyza sativa, Cydia pomonella, Grapholita molesta, Scirpophaga incertulas, Spodoptera exigua, Caliothrips phaseoli, Meligethes aeneus, and Oulema melanopus.
2. A process according to claim 1, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application ;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 25 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 200 grams of active ingredient per hectare ;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
(d) said locus comprises pepper plants; and
(e) said pest is Paratrioza cockerelli.
3. A process according to claim 1, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application ;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 100 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 200 grams of active ingredient per hectare ;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
(d) said locus comprises pear trees; and
(e) said pest is Cacopsylla pyri.
4. A process according to claim 1, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application ;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 50 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 200 grams of active ingredient per hectare ;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-II;
(d) said locus comprises pear trees; and
(e) said pest is Cacopsylla pyri.
5. A process according to claim 1, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application ;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 50 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 200 grams of active ingredient per hectare ;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
(d) said locus comprises pear trees; and
(e) said pest is Cacopsylla pyricola .
6. A process according to claim 1, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application ;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 50 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 200 grams of active ingredient per hectare ;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
(d) said locus comprises orange trees ; and
(e) said pest is Coccus pseudomagnoliarum.
7. A process according to claim 1, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application ;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 50 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 200 grams of active ingredient per hectare ;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-II;
(d) said locus comprises plum trees; and
(e) said pest is Quadraspidiotus perniciosus.
8. A process according to claim 1, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application ;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 50 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 200 grams of active ingredient per hectare ;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-II;
(d) said locus comprises pear trees; and (e) said pest is Quadraspidiotus perniciosus.
9. A process according to claim 1, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application ;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 50 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 150 grams of active ingredient per hectare ;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
(d) said locus comprises plum trees; and
(e) said pest is Lecanium corni.
10. A process according to claim 1, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application ;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 12.5 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 150 grams of active ingredient per hectare ;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-II;
(d) said locus comprises papaya plants; and
(e) said pest is Paracoccus marginatus.
11. A process according to claim 1, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application ;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 100 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 150 grams of active ingredient per hectare ;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
(d) said locus comprises soybean plants; and
(e) said pest is Euschistus servus.
12. A process according to claim 1, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application ;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 25 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 200 grams of active ingredient per hectare ;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
(d) said locus comprises pepper plants; and
(e) said pest is Bemisia tabaci.
13. A process according to claim 1, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application ;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is about 25 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 200 grams of active ingredient per hectare; (c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
(d) said locus comprises oat plants; and
(e) said pest is Oulema melanopus.
14. A process according to claim 1, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application ;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is about 25 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 200 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
(d) said locus comprises winter oilseed rape plants; and
(e) said pest is Meligethes aeneus.
15. A process according to claim 1, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application ;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 12.5 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 50 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
(d) said locus comprises broccoli plants; and
(e) said pest is Myzus persicae.
16. A process according to claim 1, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application ;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 12.5 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 50 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
(d) said locus comprises cabbage plants; and
(e) said pest is Myzus persicae.
17. A process according to claim 1, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application ;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 25 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 100 grams of active ingredient per hectare ;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
(d) said locus comprises lettuce plants; and
(e) said pest is Myzus persicae.
18. A process according to claim 1, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application ; (b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 12.5 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 50 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
(d) said locus comprises winter oilseed rape plants; and
(e) said pest is Myzus persicae.
19. A process according to claim 1, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application ;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 25 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 50 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
(d) said locus comprises cucumber plants; and
(e) said pest is Aphis gossypii.
20. A process according to claim 1, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application ;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 25 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 75 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
(d) said locus comprises pigweed plants; and
(e) said pest is Aphis fabae.
21. A process according to claim 1, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application ;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 25 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 75 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-II;
(d) said locus comprises pigweed plants; and
(e) said pest is Aphis fabae.
22. A process according to claim 1, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application ;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 12.5 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 50 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
(d) said locus comprises broccoli plants; and
(e) said pest is Brevicoryne brassicae.
23. A process according to claim 1, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application ;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 12.5 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 50 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
(d) said locus comprises soybean plants; and
(e) said pest is Aphis glycines.
24. A process according to claim 1, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application ;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 12.5 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 75 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
(d) said locus comprises lettuce plants; and
(e) said pest is Nasonovia ribisnigri.
25. A process according to claim 1, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application ;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 12.5 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 75 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-II;
(d) said locus comprises apple trees ; and
(e) said pest is Dysaphis plantaginea.
26. A process according to claim 1, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application ;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 12.5 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 75 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-II;
(d) said locus comprises plum trees; and
(e) said pest is Hyalopterus pruni.
27. A process according to claim 1, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application ;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 25 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 150 grams of active ingredient per hectare ;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-II;
(d) said locus comprises apple trees ; and (e) said pest is Cydia pomonella.
28. A process according to claim 1, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 25 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 150 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
(d) said locus comprises apple trees; and
(e) said pest is Cydia pomonella.
29. A process according to claim 1, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application;
(b) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 75 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 150 grams of active ingredient per hectare;
(c) said pesticidal composition comprises M-I;
(d) said locus comprises peach trees; and
(e) said pest is Grapholita molesta.
30. A process comprising applying a pesticidally effective amount of a pesticidal composition to a locus to control a pest wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application;
(b) said pesticidal composition comprises
(1) an active ingredient selected from the group consisting of M-I, M- II, M-III, and mixtures thereof, and
(2) a carrier;
(c) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 0.00001 weight percent M-I, M-II, M-III, or mixtures thereof to said carrier to about 0.03 weight percent M-I, M-II, M-III, or mixtures thereof to said carrier;
(d) said locus is where crops, trees, fruits, cereals, fodder species, vines, turf, and/or ornamental plants are growing or may be planted; and
(e) said pest is selected from the group consisting of Aphis fabae, Aphis gossypii, Aphis glycines, Bemisia argentifolii, Bemisia tabaci, Brevicoryne brassicae, Cacopsylla pyri, Cacopsylla pyricola, Coccus pseudomagnoliarum, Empoasca vitis, Erythroneura elegantula, Euschistus servus, Hyalopterus pruni, Jacobiasca formosana, Lecanium corni, Myzus persicae, Dysaphis plantaginea, Nilaparvata lugens, Paracoccus marginatus, Paratrioza cockerelli, Planococcus citri, Planococcus ficus, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Liriomyza sativa, Cydia pomonella, Grapholita molesta, Scirpophaga incertulas, Spodoptera exigua, Caliothrips phaseoli, Meligethes aeneus, and Oulema melanopus.
31. A process according to claim 30, wherein :
(a) said applying is by foliar application ;
(b) said pesticidal composition comprises
( 1) M-I, and
(2) a carrier;
(c) said pesticidally effective amount is from about 0.000625 weight percent M-I to said carrier to about 0.02 weight percent M-I to said carrier;
(d) said locus comprises lemon trees; and
(e) said pest is Planococcus citri.
PCT/US2015/047168 2015-08-27 2015-08-27 Molecules having pesticidal utility, pesticidal compositions, and processes, related thereto WO2017034569A1 (en)

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Citations (4)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20130291227A1 (en) * 2012-04-27 2013-10-31 Dow Agrosciences Llc Pesticidal compositions and processes related thereto
US20140039013A1 (en) * 2010-10-25 2014-02-06 Laurence Zwiebel Composition for Inhibition of Insect Host Sensing
WO2014128188A1 (en) * 2013-02-20 2014-08-28 Basf Se Anthranilamide compounds, their mixtures and the use thereof as pesticides
WO2015061176A1 (en) * 2013-10-22 2015-04-30 Dow Agrosciences Llc Synergistic pesticidal compositions and related methods

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US20140039013A1 (en) * 2010-10-25 2014-02-06 Laurence Zwiebel Composition for Inhibition of Insect Host Sensing
US20130291227A1 (en) * 2012-04-27 2013-10-31 Dow Agrosciences Llc Pesticidal compositions and processes related thereto
WO2014128188A1 (en) * 2013-02-20 2014-08-28 Basf Se Anthranilamide compounds, their mixtures and the use thereof as pesticides
WO2015061176A1 (en) * 2013-10-22 2015-04-30 Dow Agrosciences Llc Synergistic pesticidal compositions and related methods

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