WO2017019833A1

WO2017019833A1 - Compositions containing repair cells and cationic dyes

Info

Publication number: WO2017019833A1
Application number: PCT/US2016/044395
Authority: WO
Inventors: Emma MCCULLAGH; Sebastian Bernales; David Hung
Original assignee: Medivation Technologies, Inc.
Priority date: 2015-07-29
Filing date: 2016-07-28
Publication date: 2017-02-02

Abstract

This disclosure describes compositions and methods for delivering and localizing repair cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to the sites of tissue injuries, including cartilage injuries. This disclosure also describes methods for chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs in pellet compositions.

Description

COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING REPAIR CELLS AND CATIONIC DYES

TECHNICAL FIELD

[01] The technical field to which this disclosure relates is targeted therapeutics.

[02] Each reference cited in this disclosure is incorporated herein in its entirety.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[03] FIG. 1. Photomicrographs demonstrating formation of Raj i cell pellets after incubation with 10 uM Compound 20 for 1, 5, 15, or 30 minutes.

[04] FIGS. 2A-B. Stability of Raj i cell pellets after incubation with 1 μΜ or 10 μ,Μ

Compound 20. FIG. 2A, 30 minute incubation. FIG. 2B, 5 minute incubation.

[05] FIGS. 3A-B. Photomicrographs demonstrating chondrogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) after 21 days in chondrogenic medium. FIG. 3A, without Compound 20. FIG. 3B, in the presence of 10 μΜ Compound 20.

[06] FIGS. 4A-D. Photomicrographs demonstrating chondrogenic differentiation of rabbit MSCs in pellet cultures. FIG. 4A, rabbit MSCs incubated in chondrogenic medium without Compound 20. FIG. 4B, rabbit MSCs incubated in chondrogenic medium with Compound 20. FIG. 4C, rabbit MSCs incubated in basal medium without Compound 20. FIG. 4D, rabbit MSCs incubated in basal medium with Compound 20.

[07] FIGS. 5A-B. Photomicrographs demonstrating chondrogenic differentiation in pellet cultures of 100,000 rabbit MSCs after 21 days. FIG. 5A, rabbit MSCs incubated in chondrogenic medium without Compound 20. FIG. SB, rabbit MSCs incubated in chondrogenic medium with Compound 20.

[08] FIG. 6. Graph demonstrating qualitative analysis of targeting of Raji cells stained with Compound 20 on different tissues.

[09] FIG. 7. Photomicrographs demonstrating targeting of rabbit mesenchymal stem ceils (rbMSCs) incubated with Compound 20 to different organs from Balb/c mice,

[10] FIG. 8A. Photomicrographs demonstrating that Compound 4 promotes adherence of Raji cells to meniscus expiants. [11] FIG. 8B. Photomicrographs demonstrating that Compound 4 and Compound 20 (FIG. 3B) promote cell adherence of Raji cells to meniscus expiants.

[12] FIG. 9. Photomicrographs demonstrating the presence of Compound 4 in the knees of rats up to 24 hours after intra-articular injection.

[13] FIGS. 10A-B. Photomicrographs demonstrating that Compound 4 stains the small intestine (FIG. 10A) but not Peyer's patches (FIG. 10B) after oral administration.

[14] FIGS. 11A-11B. Photomicrographs demonstrating the location of safranin-0 and

Compound 4 staining in in various tissues 24 hours after oral administration. FIG. 11 A, thymus, liver, heart, lung. FIG. 11B, spleen, small intestine.

[15] FIGS. 1.2A-12B. Photomicrographs demonstrating the location of Compound 4 staining in in various tissues 24 hours after intravenous administration. FIG. 12A, spleen, heart, kidney, brain. FIG. 12B, liver, lung, bladder, blood.

Definitions

[16] "Aryl" refers to an unsaturated aromatic carbocyclic group having a single ring (e.g., phenyl) or multiple condensed rings (e.g., naphthyl or anthryl) which condensed rings may or may not be aromatic. In one variation, the aryl group contains from 6 to 14 annular carbon atoms (e.g., 6-14, 6-13, 6-12, 6-1 1, 6- 0, 6-9, 6-8, 6-7, 7-14, 7-13, 7- 2, 7-1 1, 7-10, 7-9, 7-8, 8-14, 8- 13, 8-12, 8- 1 1, 8- 10, 8-9, 9-14, 9-13, 9-12, 9-1 1, 9-10, 10-14, 10-13, 10- 12, 10-1 1, 1 1-14, 1 1-13, 1 1 -12, 12-14, 12-13, 13-14, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, or 14). An aryl group having more than one ring where at least one ring is non-aromatic may be connected to the parent structure at either an aromatic ring position or at a non-aromatic ring position . In one variation, an aryl group having more than one ring where at least one ring is non-aromatic is connected to the parent structure at an aromatic ring position.

[17] "Heteroaryl" refers to an unsaturated aromatic carbocyclic group having from 2 to 10 annular carbon atoms (e.g., 2-10, 2-9, 2-8, 2-7, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-10, 3-9, 3-8, 3-7, 3-6, 3-5, 3- 4, 4-10, 4-9, 4-8, 4-7, 4-6, 4-5, 5-10, 5-9, 5-8, 5-7, 5-6, 6- 10, 6-9, 6-8, 6-7, 7- 10, 7-9, 7-8, 8-10, 8-9, 9-10, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) and at least one annular heteroatom, including but not limited to heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. A heteroaryl group may have a single ring (e.g., pyridyl, furyl) or multiple condensed rings (e.g., indolizinyl, benzothienyl) which condensed rings may or may not be aromatic. A heteroaryl group having more than one ring where at least one ring is non-aromatic may be connected to the parent structure at either an aromatic ring position or at a non-aromatic ring position. In one variation, a heteroaryl group having more than one ring where at least one ring is non-aromatic is connected to the parent structure at an aromatic ring position.

[18] "Cycloalkyl" is a saturated cyclic hydrocarbon structure and can consist of one ring, such as cyclohexyl, or multiple rings, such as adamantyl. A cycloalkyl comprising more than one ring may be fused, spiro or bridged, or combinations thereof. A cycloalkyl can be a saturated cyclic hydrocarbon having from 3 to 13 annular carbon atoms (e.g., 3-13, 3-12, 3-1 1 , 3-10, 3-9, 3-8, 3- 7, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-13, 4- 12, 4-1 1, 4-10, 4-9, 4-8, 4-7, 4-6, 4-5, 5- 13, 5-12, 5-1 1, 5-10, 5-9, 5-8, 5- 7, 5-6, 6-13, 6-12, 6-1 1, 6-10, 6-9, 6-8, 6-7, 7-13, 7-12, 7-1 1 , 7-10, 7-9, 7-8, 8- 13, 8-12, 8-1 1 , 8-

10, 8-9, 9- 13, 9-12, 9-1 1, 9- 10, 10-13, 10- 12, 10- 1 1, 1 1-13, 1 1- 12, 12-13, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,

1 1 , 12, or 13 annular carbon atoms). Examples of cycloal kyl groups include adamantyl,

decahydronaphthalenyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl.

[19] "Heterocyclyl" refers to a saturated or an unsaturated non-aromatic group having a single ring or multiple condensed rings, and having from I to 10 annular carbon atoms (e.g., 1- 10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1 -6, 1-5, 1 -4, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-10, 2-9, 2-8, 2-7, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-10, 3-9, 3-8, 3-7, 3-6, 3- 5, 3-4, 4-10, 4-9, 4-8, 4-7, 4-6, 4-5, 5-10, 5-9, 5-8, 5-7, 5-6, 6- 10, 6-9, 6-8, 6-7, 7-10, 7-9, 7-8, 8- 10, 8-9, 9-10, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) and from 1 to 4 annular heteroatoms (e.g., 1-4, 1 -3, 1- 2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, o4 5), such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen. A heterocycle comprising more than one ring may be fused, spiro or bridged, or any combination thereof. In fused ring systems, one or more of the rings can be aryl or heteroaryl. A heterocycle having more than one ring where at least one ring is aromatic may be connected to the parent structure at either a non- aromatic ring position or at an aromatic ring position. In one variation, a heterocycle having more than one ring where at least one ring is aromatic is connected to the parent structure at a non-aromatic ring position.

[01] "R_a and ¾ (or R_aj and ¾i; or R_a2 and Rt>₂; or

O

means "R_a and Rj, (or R_aJ and Rt>i; or R_a2 and Rj,₂; or ^ and ; or Rc₂ and Ry),

, , O

together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, are "^- ^ or "^- ^ ." "R_a and _¾ (or

R_aj and R_¾i; or R_a2 and Rj,₂; or

means "R_a and j, (or R_a! and R_M; or R_a2 and R_is2; or R_cS and R_x; or R_c2 and R_Y) , together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, are ' *^■ ^ ." "R_a and ¾ (or R_ai and ¾j; or R_a2 and Rj_>2; or ^ and Rx; or p

and Rv) are '^¾ ^^-"" means "R_a and j, (or R_ai and ^; or R_a2 and R¾₂; or R^ and Rx; or R^

0

R_Y), together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, areA ^r*'

[02] This disclosure describes compositions and methods for delivering and localizing repair cells to the sites of cartilage injuries, A "repair cell" as used herein includes cells which, when exposed to appropriate conditions, differentiate into an appropriate cell type for repair of a particular target tissue, as well as cells which are at least partially differentiated into the appropriate cell type for the tissue to be repaired. For example, in some variations a repair cell differentiates into a ceil which produces and secretes components needed to repair an injury to a joint (e.g., hyaline cartilage, tendon, meniscus). In some variations of the disclosed methods, a repair cell is a chondrocyte. In some variations of the disclosed methods, a repair cell is a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC). Methods of obtaining, culturing, and expanding populations of MSCs are well known in the art. See, e.g., US 2004/0009157; US 2012/0148548; U.S. Patent 5,486,359; and U.S. Patent 5,226,914. Typically, autologous MSCs are used. In some embodiments, allogenic MSCs are used (e.g., MSCs obtained from banks of umbilical cord MSCs, MHC-matched MSCs, or MSCs engineered to not have comprise immunogenic MHCs).

In the disclosed methods, a population of repair cells, e.g., M SCs, is incubated with a compound which is a cationic dye multimer, described below, under conditions sufficient for the compound to bind to the surface of the repair cells, then the population is subjected to centrifugation to form a pellet composition. A "pellet composition" as used herein, unless otherwise specified, does not imply that the pelleted have been cultured in vitro (as in the optional culture step disclosed below).

Conditions for Incubating Repair Cells with a Cationic Dye Multimer

[04] Examples of conditions sufficient for a cationic dye multimer, such as compound 4 or compound 20, to bind to the surface of cells are provided in the working examples, below. These conditions include incubation with the compound at room temperature for 1, 5, 15, or 30 minutes. Conditions for other compounds disclosed herein can readily be determined using the working examples as a starting point. [05] In some variations, the repair cells (e.g., MSCs) are incubated with a cationic dye multimer for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 minutes.

[06] In some variations, about 0.5-1 x 10⁶ repair cells (e.g., MSCs) are incubated with a cationic dye multimer (e.g., compound 4 or compound 20). In some variations, about 10⁵ repair cells (e.g., MSCs) are incubated with a cationic dye multimer (e.g., compound 4 or compound

20),

Pelleting the Repair Cells

[07] Pellet cultures of MSCs are known in the art (e.g., US 2003/0026786; US 2005/0019865; Bosnakovski et al., Experimental Hematology 32, 502-09, 2004; Chen et al., PLoS One 9, e9156I, 1-11, 2014; Miyanashi et al., Tissue Engineering 12, 1419-28, 2006; Ong et al.,

Biomaterials 27, 2-87-08, 2006; Kawaniura et al., Experimental Hematology 33, 865-72, 2005; Safshekan et al., Artificial Organs 36, 1065-71, 2012; Ullah et al., BioResearch Open Access 1, 297-305, 2012), and examples of suitable conditions for forming a pellet of a population of MSCs after incubation of the MSCs with a compound of formula (I) are provided in the working examples, below. Pellet cultures of other types of repair cells can be similarly prepared.

Optio al Culture of Repair Cell Pellet

[08] In some variations, the pellet is not cultured before applying the pellet to the site of the injury. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for varying periods of time before applying the pellet to the site of the injury, as described in the paragraphs below,

[09] In some variations, the pellet is cultured for 1-21 days, 1 -20 days, 1-19 days, 1 -18 days, 1-17 days, 1-16 days, 1-15 days, 1-14 days, 1-13 days, 1-12 days, 1-11 days, 1-10 days, 1-9 days, 1-8 days, 1-7 days, 1-6 days, 1 -5 days, 1-4 days, 1 -3 days, or 1-2 days. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for less than 1-21 days, 1-20 days, 1-19 days, 1-18 days, 1-17 days, 1-16 days, 1-15 days, 1-14 days, 1-13 days, 1-12 days, 1-1 1 days, 1 -10 days, 1-9 days, 1-8 days, 1-7 days,

1- 6 days, 1-5 days, 1 -4 days, 1-3 days, or 1-2 days.

[10] In some variations, the pellet is cultured for 2-21 days, 2-20 days, 2-19 days, 2-18 days,

2- 17 days, 2-16 days, 2-15 days, 2-14 days, 2-13 days, 2-12 days, 2-11 days, 2-10 days, 2-9 days, 2-8 days, 2-7 days, 2-6 days, 2-5 days, 2-4 days, or 2-3 days. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for less than 2-21 days, 2-20 days, 2-19 days, 2-18 days, 2-17 days, 2-16 days, 2-15 days, 2-14 days, 2-13 days, 2-12 days, 2-11 days, 2-10 days, 2-9 days, 2-8 days, 2-7 days, 2-6 days, 2-5 days, 2-4 days, or 2-3 days. [11] In some variations, the pellet is cultured for 3-21 days, 3-20 days, 3-19 days, 3-18 days, 3-17 days, 3-16 days, 3-15 days, 3-14 days, 3-13 days, 3-12 days, 3-11 days, 3-10 days, 3-9 days,

3- 8 days, 3-7 days, 3-6 days, 3-5 days, or 3-4 days. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for less than for 3-21 days, 3-20 days, 3-19 days, 3-18 days, 3-17 days, 3-16 days, 3-15 days, 3-14 days, 3-13 days, 3-12 days, 3-11 days, 3-10 days, 3-9 days, 3-8 days, 3-7 days, 3-6 days, 3-5 days, or 3-4 days.

[12] In some variations, the pellet is cultured for 4-21 days, 4-20 days, 4-19 days, 4-18 days,

4- 17 days, 4-16 days, 4-15 days, 4-14 days, 4-13 days, 4-12 days, 4-1 1 days, 4-10 days, 4-9 days, 4-8 days, 4-7 days, 4-6 days, or 4-5 days. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for less than 4- 21 days, 4-20 days, 4-19 days, 4-18 days, 4-17 days, 4-16 days, 4-15 days, 4-14 days, 4-13 days,

4- 12 days, 4-11 days, 4-10 days, 4-9 days, 4-8 days, 4-7 days, 4-6 days, or 4-5 days.

[13] In some variations, the pellet is cultured for 5-21 days, 5-20 days, 5-19 days, 5-18 days,

5- 17 days, 5-16 days, 5-15 days, 5-14 days, 5-13 days, 5-12 days, 5-1 1 days, 5-10 days, 5-9 days, 5-8 days, 5-7 days, or 5-6 days. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for less than 5-21 days,

5- 20 days, 5-19 days, 5-18 days, 5-17 days, 5-16 days, 5-15 days, 5-14 days, 5-13 days, 5-12 days, 5-1 1 days, 5-10 days, 5-9 days, 5-8 days, 5-7 days, or 5-6 days.

[14] In some variations, the pellet is cultured for 6-21 days, 6-20 days, 6-19 days, 6-18 days,

6- 17 days, 6-16 days, 6-15 days, 6-14 days, 6-13 days, 6-12 days, 6-11 days, 6-10 days, 6-9 days, 6-8 days, or 6-7 days. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for less than 6-21 days, 6-20 days,

6- 19 days, 6-18 days, 6-17 days, 6-16 days, 6-15 days, 6-14 days, 6-13 days, 6-12 days, 6-11 days, 6-10 days, 6-9 days, 6-8 days, or 6-7 days.

[15] In some variations, the pellet is cultured for 7-21 days, 7-20 days, 7-19 days, 7-18 days,

7- 17 days, 7-16 days, 7-15 days, 7-14 days, 7-13 days, 7-12 days, 7-11 days, 7-10 days, 7-9 days, or 7-8 days. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for less than for 7-21 days, 7-20 days, 7-19 days, 7-18 days, 7-17 days, 7-16 days, 7-15 days, 7-14 days, 7-13 days, 7-12 days, 7-1 1 days, 7- 10 days, 7-9 days, or 7-8 days.

[16] In some variations, the pellet is cultured for 8-21 days, 8-20 days, 8-19 days, 8-18 days,

8- 17 days, 8-16 days, 8-15 days, 8-14 days, 8-13 days, 8-12 days, 8-11 days, 8-10 days, or 8-9 days. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for less than 8-21 days, 8-20 days, 8-19 days, 8-18 days, 8-17 days, 8-16 days, 8-15 days, 8-14 days, 8-13 days, 8-12 days, 8-11 days, 8-10 days, or 8-9 days [17] In some variations, the pellet is cultured for 9-21 days, 9-20 days, 9-19 days, 9-18 days, 9-17 days, 9-16 days, 9-15 days, 9-14 days, 9-13 days, 9-12 days, 9-1 1 days, or 9-10 days. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for less than for 9-21 days, 9-20 days, 9-19 days, 9-18 days, 9-17 days, 9-16 days, 9-15 days, 9-14 days, 9-13 days, 9-12 days, 9-11 days, or 9-10 days.

[18] In some variations, the pellet is cultured for 10-21 days, 10-20 days, 10-19 days, 10-18 days, 10-17 days, 10-16 days, 10-15 days, 10-14 days, 10-13 days, 10-12 days, or 10-11 days. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for less than 10-21 days, 10-20 days, 10-19 days, 10-18 days, 10-17 days, 10-16 days, 10-15 days, 10-14 days, 10-13 days, 10-12 days, or 10-1 1 days.

[19] In some variations, the pellet is cultured for 11-21 days, 1 1-20 days, 11-19 days, 11-18 days, 1 1-17 days, 1 1 -16 days, 11-15 days, 11-14 days, 1 1 -13 days, or 11-12 days. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for less than 11-21 days, 11-20 days, 1 1-19 days, 11-18 days, 11- 17 days, 11-16 days, 11-15 days, 1 1 -14 days, 11-13 days, or 1 1 -12 days,

[20] In some variations, the pellet is cultured for 12-21 days, 12-20 days, 12-19 days, 12-18 days, 12-17 days, 12-16 days, 12-15 days, 12-14 days, or 12-13 days. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for less than 2-21 days, 12-20 days, 12-19 days, 12-18 days, 12-17 days, 12-16 days, 12-15 days, 12-14 days, or 12-13 days.

[21] In some variations, the pellet is cultured for 13-21 days, 13-20 days, 13-19 days, 13- 8 days, 13-17 days, 13-16 days, 13-15 days, or 13-14 days. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for less than 13-21 days, 13-20 days, 13-19 days, 13-18 days, 13-17 days, 13-16 days, 13-15 days, or 13-14 days.

[22] In some variations, the pellet is cultured for 14-21 days, 14-20 days, 14-19 days, 14-18 days, 14-17 days, 14-16 days, or 14-15 days. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for less than 14-21 days, 14-20 days, 14-19 days, 14-18 days, 14-17 days, 14-16 days, or 14-15 days,

[23] In some variations, the pellet is cultured for 15-21 days, 15-20 days, 15-19 days, 15-18 days, 15-17 days, or 15-16 days. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for less than 15-21 days, 15-20 days, 15-19 days, 1 5-18 days, 15-17 days, or 15-16 days.

[24] In some variations, the pellet is cultured for 16-21 days, 16-20 days, 16-19 days, 16-18 days, or 16-17 days. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for less than 16-21 days, 16-20 days, 16-19 days, 16-18 days, or 16-17 days. [25] In some variations, the pellet is cultured for 17-21 days, 17-20 days, 17-19 days, or 17-18 days. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for less than 17-21 days, 17-20 days, 17-19 days, or 17-18 days,

[26] In some variations, the pellet is cultured for 18-21 days, 18-20 days, or 18-19 days. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for less than 18-21 days, 18-20 days, or 18-19 days.

[27] In some variations, the pellet is cultured for 19-21 days or 19-20 days. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for less than 19-21 days or 19-20 days.

[28] In some variations, the pellet is cultured for 20-21 days. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for less than 20-21 days.

⁾] In some variations, the peilet is cultured for 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, or 21 days. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for less than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21 , or 21 days.

[30] In some of the variations about in which the peilet, e.g., an MSG pellet, is cultured before applying it to the site of injury, the culture medium does not comprise TGF .

[31] In some of the variations about in which the peilet, e.g., an MSG pellet, is cultured before applying it to the site of injury, the culture medium compri ses TGFp.

[32] In some of the variations about in which the peilet, e.g., an MSG pellet, is cultured before applying it to the site of injury, the culture medium is a basal culture medium.

[33] In some of the variations about in which the peilet, e.g., an MSG pellet, is cultured before applying it to the site of injury, the culture medium is a chondrocyte differentiation medium.

Methods of Chondrogenic Differentiation of MSCs

[34] Using the culture conditions described above, this disclosure also provides methods of differentiating MSCs in pellet cultures which do not require the use of chondrogenic medium or ΤΙϊΡβ. See example B5, below.

Administration of a Pellet Composition to the Site of a Tissue Injury

[35] Pellet compositions comprising repair ceils can be used to treat injured or diseased tissues, including, but not limited to, pancreas, kidney, intestine (e.g., small intestine, cecum), heart, cartilage (e.g., trachea, femoral cartilage), thymus, liver, brain, bladder, blood. Administration of a Pellet Composition to the Site of a Cartilage Injury

[36] Administration of one or more pellet compositions of MSCs can be carried out during an arthroscopic or open joint procedure and can be used to treat cartilage injuries at joints such as the acromioclavicular, carpometacarpal (finger or thumb), coracoclavicular, humeroulnar, humeroradial, radioulnar (distal, intermedial, proximal), intermetacarpal, interphalangeal, metacarpophalangeal, midcarpal, radiocarpal, shoulder, sternoclavicular, wrist,

temporomandibular, sternocostal, xiphisternal, lumbosacral, sacroiliac, talocrural (ankle), hip, metatarsophalangeal, tarsometatarsal, tibiofemoral (knee) joints, and zygapophy seal joints,

[37] Types of cartilage injuries which can be treated include damage to cartilage at a synovial joint occurring as a result of mechanical destruction due to trauma or progressive degeneration (osteoarthrosis; wear and tear) or associated with a disease or disorder, such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, reactive arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, or juvenile arthritis. Other injuries include damage to tendons, ligaments, and the meniscus. Use of tissue engineering, including stem cell therapy, to treat such injuries has been reviewed. See, e.g. Nesic, ei ai. "Cartilage Tissue Engineering for Degenerative Joint Disease," Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews (2006), 58(2): 300-322; Johnstone, et al. "Tissue Engineering for Articular Cartilage Repair - The State of the Art," European Cells and Materials (2013) 25:248-267; Dragoo, et al. "Healing Full- Thickness Cartilage Defects using Adipose-Derived Stem Cells," Tissue Engineering (2007), 13(7): 1615-1621. Use of animal models including chondral / osteochondral defects has been discussed recently. See, e.g. Cook, et al. "Animal Models of Cartilage Repair," Bone Joint Res. (2014), 4:89-94. Bone-marrow derived MSCs, as well as human embryonic stem cells, have been shown to enhance cartilage repair in chondral defect models: Frisbie, et al. "Evaluation of Intra- Articular Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Augment Healing of Microfractures Chondral Defects," Arthroscopy (2011 ), 27(11): 1552-1561; Tsaiwei, et al. "Repair of Cartilage Defects in Arthritic Tissue with Differentiated Human Embryonic Stem Cells," Tissue Engineering Part A (2014) 20(3-4):683-692.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

[38] Pellet compositions can be provided in a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. A "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" carrier is a material that is not biologically or otherwise undesirable, e.g., the material may be incorporated into a pharmaceutical composition administered to an individual without causing significant undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the other components of the composition in which it is contained. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers meet the required standards of toxicological and manufacturing testing and/or are included on the Inactive Ingredient Guide prepared by the U.S. Food and Drug administration.

Compounds

[39] The compounds depicted herein, by virtue of their cationic nature, are typically present as salts even if salts are not depicted and thus are accompanied by a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, forming a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. A "pharmaceutically acceptable counterion" is an ionic portion of a salt that is not toxic when released from the salt upon administration to a recipient. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be formed with many acids, including but not limited to hydrochloric, sulfuric, acetic, lactic, malic, succinic, hydrogen bisulfide, salicylic, tartaric, bitartaric, ascorbic, maleic, besylic, fumaric, gluconic, glucuronic, formic, glutamic, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesuifonic, lactic, oxalic, para- bromophenylsulfonic, carbonic, succinic, citric, benzoic and acetic acid, and related inorganic and organic acids. Such pharmaceutically acceptable counterions thus include sulfate, pyrosulfate, bi sulfate, sulfite, bisulfate, phosphate, monohydrogenphosphate,

dihydrogenphosphate, metaphosphate, pyrophosphate, chloride, bromide, iodide, acetate, propionate, decanoate, caprylate, acrylate, formate, isobutyrate, caprate, heptanoate, propiolate, oxalate, malonate, succinate, suberate, sebacate, fumarate, maleate, butyne-I ,4-dioate, hexyne- 1,6-dioate, benzoate, chlorobenzoate, methylbenzoate, dinitrobenzoate, hydroxybenzoate, methoxybenzoate, phthalate, terephathalate, sulfonate, xylenesulfonate, phenyl acetate, phenvlpropionate, phenvlbutyrate, citrate, lactate, β-hydroxybutyrate, glycolate, maleate, tartrate, methanesulfonate, propanesulfonate, naphthalene- 1 -sulfonate, naphtha! ene-2-sulfonate, mandelate and the like.

[40] Where tautomeric forms may be present for any of the compounds described herein, each and every tautomeric form is intended even though only one or some of the tautomeric forms may be explicitly depicted. The tautomeric forms specifically depicted may or may not be the predominant forms in solution or when used according to the methods described herein.

[41] Compounds useful for preparing pellet compositions described above are cationic dye multimers, as described below,

Cationic Dye Multimers

[42] Cationic dye multimers can be linear, branched, or cyclic. In some variations, a catiomc dye multimer is a dimer, in which two cationic dye moieties are linked with a linker as described below. In other variations, a cationic dye multimer is a trimer or higher order multimer containing, e.g., 3, 4, or 5 cationic dye moieties joined in various configurations by linkers such that the multimer is linear, branched, or cyclic. The cationic dye moieties in a multimer, as well as the linkers, can be the same or different, in various combinations, as set forth in the description below. In some embodiments, the binding capacity of a cationic dye multimer can be tuned based on the polarity /electron density of the charged multimer system such that, for example, the cationic dye multimer exhibits differential binding affinities to, e.g., cartilage and MSCs.

[43] The linker moieties comprise a multivalent, rigid or non-rigid, alky] chain containing appropriate functionality at the termini to bond with the cationic dye moieties, as also set forth in the description below. Such linkers could, for example, comprise a bivalent chain thus having a cationic dye at each end resulting in a dimer. Other combinations and configurations are similarly described herein,

Cationic Dyes

[44] In some variations, cationic dyes which can be used to make catiomc dye multimers as described herein have a planar tri-aromatic core with the potential to have a positive charge at physiological pH. Representative examples of such cationic dyes are shown below, with the "wiggle line" indicating one possible point of attachment to a linker to a dimer or higher oligomer:

[45] The amino groups on cationic dyes such as safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue are unreactive. These amino groups can however be functionalized through reactions that provide "handles" which comprise a carboxyhc acid or an amine; cationic dyes comprising such handles are referred to herein as "cationic dye moieties,"

[46] As provided in the Examples herein, synthetic routes to dyes presented herein can result in positional isomeric products, for example those shown below for Safranin:

3J-diamino-2,6-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium 3J-diamino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium wherein as presented here a methyl group can be at the 6- or 8-position. Commercially available sources of such reagents can comprise a mixture of such regioisomers. All compounds presented herein encompass any and all derivatives from such regioisomeric dyes.

[47] Cationic dye moieties can be functionalized with the appropriately substituted linkers described below using reactions known to those skilled in the art; this is illustrated for safranin-0 in the schematic below:

1. NaH

2. HCl (deproiection)

synthetic handle

[48] For example, compounds 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19 in Table 1, below, can be synthesized using terephthalic acid (CAS # 100-21-0), 2,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (CAS# 100-26-5), 4,5-

X. imidazoledicarboxylic acid (CAS# 570-22-9), 2-(ethoxy carbonyl)- 1 ,3 -thi azole-4-carboxyli c acid (CAS# 91 1466-96-1), 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (CAS# 1076-97-7), and 4-oxo- cycIopentane-l,2-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester (CAS# 914637-96-0), respectively, as a reagent. f 49] In some cationic dye multimers in which at least one of the cationic dye multimers is safranin-O, the pendant phenyl ring of the safranin-0 is unsubstituted. In some cationic dye multimers in which at least one of the cationic dye multimers is safranin-O, the pendant phenyl ring of the safranin-O is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, I, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. Examples of electron-donating groups include— H₂,— HR,— R₂,— OH,— O^",

--NHCOCH₃, N I OR. --OCH₃, OR, --C₂H₅, R and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C 1 -C6 linear or branched aikyi (e.g., C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C 1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched aikyi). Examples of electron-withdrawing groups include— -NO₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g. , F, Br, CI, I), trihalides (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— SO3H,— COOH,— COOR, — CHO, and— COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C 1-C4, C 1-C3, CI-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4- C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[50] In some variations, linkers comprise a positive charge, which can be provided by a positive charged substituent such as an amino al ky] , amino heterocyclyl, or N-containing heteroaromatic group. In some variations, positively charged linkers comprise amino acids such as Lys, Arg, or His, If a rigid linker is desired, one or more aromatic rings, cycloalkyl rings, heteroaromatic rings, or heterocyclyl rings, can be used to provide rigidity. Rigidity can also be increased by restricting rotation of the linker through use of sp- or sj -hybridized carbon atoms in a chain, for example with double- or triple-bonds, keto groups, and the like, as well as by employing bulky side-chains such as, for example, gem-dialkyl groups. Linkers which can be used in cationic dye multimers include linkers (a), (a. l), (a.2), (b), (b. l), (c), (c. l), (c.2), (d), (e), (e. l), (f), (f. l), (f.2), (g), (g. l), (g.2), (h), (h. l), (h.2), (i), (1. 1 ). (i.2), (i), (j . l), (j .2), (k), (1), (1. 1), (1.2), (m), (m. l ), (n), (n. l ), (n.2), (o), (p), (q), (r), and (s), below:

i^a> , in which n is 1-6, nj is 1-4, and each * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety ; ^^{3Λ }} , in which η is 1-6, «_/ is 1 -4, and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety:

(a.2) , in which n is 1-6, n_} is 1-4, and * is an attachment site for cationic dy< moiety;

, in which n is 0-6, tij is 1-4, and each * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

, in which n is 0-6, n_} is 1-4, and * is an attachment site for cationic dye moiety,

, in which n is 0-6; rt is 1 -4; for each independent instance of R_a and

I¾, (1) R and Rj, independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a and ¾ are

or O

'^¾ * is an attachment site for a

H3C CH3 H3C CH3

and

in which n is 0-6; n_} is 1-4; for each independent instance of R_a and

or o

^"¾ or (3) two of CRaRb are X . and each * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety,

, in which n is 0-6, « is 1-4, for each independent instance of R_a and R_b, (1) R_a and R_¾ independently are H or CH or (2) R_a and R_¾ are '^¾ or

and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety,

(d) , where k is 2-10; for each independent instance of R_a and ¾, R_a and ¾ (1)

O

independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a and R¾ are - ^ _or '¾ f- , or (3) two of CRaRb are ; and each * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

, in which n is 0-6, ¾/ is 1-4, and each * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

^('Θ· ' , in which n is 0-6, m is 1-4, and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

(^f) , in which rti is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5 and each * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety,

( ' > , in which n_} is 0-5, n₂ is 1 -5 and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

{^■•2} _^ i_n which n_} is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5 and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety,

(8) , in which is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5 and each * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety,

, in which « is 0-5, !? is 1-5 and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

te-²^ , in which tij i s 0-5, n₂ is 1-5 and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

, in which nj is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5, and each * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moietv;

iⁿ- ¹ / _; in which nj is 0-5, n? is 1-5, and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

(n.z⁾ _^ j_{n w}hj_c¾ _Hl j_s 0-5₃ n₂ is 1-5, and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moietv;

, in which iti and ¾ independently are 1 -5 and each * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

('·¹ ) . in which it} and n₂ independently are 1-5 and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

('·²) , in which n_t and n₂ independently are 1 -5 and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

, in which n₂ is 1-5 and each * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

, in which n₂ is 1-5 and * is an attachment site for a

cationic dye moiety;

, in which n₂ is 1-5 and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety:

' , in which /_/ and h independently are 1-4, n is 1-4; ring A i s aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocvclyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and ¾i, R_ai and (1 independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a! and _w independently are

or (3) two of CR_aiR_¾i for each independent instance of _a2 and Rj>2, _az and j,? (1) independently are H or CH₃ or (2) R_a2 and R_b2 independently are

or or (3) two of are

^¾ ; and each * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

' , in which _/, /?, w, and o₂ independently are 1 -4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycfyl; for each independent instance of _ai and R_M, R_a} and j,i (1) independently are H or CH₃,

0

or (2) R_ai and R|>i independently are " ^L or '^¾ , or (3) two of CRaiR_bi are '\ t · f_{or eac}h Independent instance of R_a2 and Rj,?, a2 and Rt>₂ ( I )

O

independently are H or C¾, or (2) R_a2 and j,₂ independently are "^{¾ ¾s}" or ' ^fc ^ or (3) two of CR_a2Rj,2 are ~ ^¾ , for each independent instance of R_ci and ¾ι, R_ci and <n (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) ^ and R_<ii independently are

O

or ⁴ , or (3) two of CRaR<u are ^ ·; for each independent instance of Rc2 and R^, «2 and R i 0) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) ¾₂ and R^

O

independently are "^¾ or '^¾ or (3) two of C ^ ^ are and each is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

ιΐ , in which «, and «¾—

1-4; ring A iiss aarryyl, _. heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and RM, R nd R_bi 1) independently ar or CH₃, or (2) R_ai and j,i independently ar :ee

or (3) two of CR_atR *ji are

each independent instance of ^ and j>2, Ra2 and Rj>2¹ (1) independently are H or

O

CH₃, or (2) a2 and Rt>₂ independently are "^¾ or "^{% f"}, or (3) two of C ^ M are " ¹ ; tor each independent instance ot Rci and Rai, ^ and R,n (1)

O

independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R^ and Rai independently are '^¾ or "^- or (3) two of C cj _fj_! are ^¾; for each independent instance of and ¾?, R nd _d2 (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R^ and R_i!2 independently are

for a cationic dye moiety;

(^!·²^ , in which I_ly l₂, n, oi, and o₂ independently are 1-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl; for each independent instance of _ai and ¾ι, R_ai and ¾ι (1) independently are H or CH₃ or (2) R_al and R_bi independently are

or (3) two of CR_aiR_w are

; for each independent instance of R_a2 and Rb2, a2 and R&2 (1) independently are H or C¾, or (2) R_a2 and R&2 independently are "^¾ ^^-* or

O

"^¾ , or (3) two of CRa2Rb2 are ; for each independent instance of ci and R_di, R_ci and Rdj ( I) independently are H or C¾, or (2) R_d and R^i

o

independently are "^¾ or '^% or (3) two of CRciRdi are ^¾ for each independent instance of Ι½ and ^, R_C2 and (1) independently are H or CH₃,

O

or (2) c2 and R^ independently -¾, f- _{or or} i ) two of C _C2 (i2 are ; and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

, in which n is 0-6, n_} is 1-4, and each * is an

attachment site for a catiomc dye moiety;

, in which n is 0-6, n_} is 1-4, and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety:

. in which n₂ is 1-5 and each * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety:

Χ^Λ , in which n₂ is 1-5 and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

^{(n 2}^ , in which «₂ is 1-5 and * is an attachment site for a cationic dyi moiety;

(0) , in which in which ni is 0-5, i₂ is 1-5, u3 is 0-5, and * is the attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

(P) , in which η_} is 0-5, n₂ is 1 -5, n3 is 0-5, and * is the attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

(q) , in which n is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5, and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety:

(^r) , in which nj is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5, n3 is 0-5, and * is the attachment site for a cationic dye moiety: and

, in which ni is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5, «j is 0-5 and * is the attachment site for a cationic dye moiety.

Cationic Dyes Comprising Linkers

[51] This disclosure also provides cationic dye moieties which comprise one or more linkers, which are suitable for preparing the conjugates and the cationic dimers disclosed herein. Cationic dyes useful for these embodiments include, but are not limited to, safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue. In some

embodiments, the cationic dye moiety is present as a monomer. In other embodiments, the cationic dye moiety is present as a multimer. In either of these embodiments, the cationic dye moiety comprises one or more linkers, which may be the same or different. Suitable linkers include, but are not limited to, linkers (a), (a. l), (a.2), (b), (b. I), (c), (c. l), (c.2), (d), (e), (e. l), (f), (f. l), (f.2), (g), (g. l), (g.2), (h), (h. l), (h,2), (i), (i. l), (i.2), (j), (j . l), (j 2), (k), (1), (1, 1), (1.2), (m), (m. l), (n), (n. l ), (n.2), (o), (p), (q), (r), and (s), described above.

Examples of Cationic Dye Dimers

Some cationic dye dimers fall within formula (1):

[53] C ) , in which each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety, n is 1-6, and «_/ is 1.-4. In some variations of formula (1 ), Dl and D2 are different cationic dye moieties. In other variations of formula (1), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (1), Dl and D2 independently are selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[54] In some variations of formula (1) described in the paragraphs above, n is 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1- 3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, I, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[55] In some variations of formula (1) described in the paragraphs above, n_} is 1 -4, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[56] In some variations of formula (1) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (1) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (I) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O.

[57] In some variations of formula (1) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (1) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and— C_&¾, wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, C1-C2, C I , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-

C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched aikyi). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -NO₂,— - R₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihaiide

(e.g. , C! k— CO 3,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN, SO U I.— COOH,— COOR,— CIIO, and

— COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched al kyl (e.g., C 1 -C6, C1-C5, C 1 -C4, C 1 -C3, C l-

C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-

C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[58] In some variations of formula (1) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of 1)2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (1) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1 -2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

--NHCOCH₃,— -NHCOR, Oa k—OR, --C₂H₅, --R, and (\j k wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched aikyi (e.g., C1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, C 1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched aikyi). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -N0₂,— -NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihaiide (e.g., --CF₃, --CCI3, --CBr₃,—CI3),— CN, --SO3H,—COOH,—COOR, --CHO, and —COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1 -C6, C1-C5, C 1 -C4, C 1-C3, Cl- C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[59] Some cationic dye dimers fall within formula (2):

, in which each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety, n is 0-6, and n_} is 1-4.

[60] In some variations of formul a (2), Dl and D2 are different cationic dye moieties. In other variations of formula (2), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (2), Dl and 1)2 are independently selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[61] In some variations of formula (2) described in the paragraphs above, n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0- 3, 0-2, 0-1 , 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, I, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[62] In some variations of formula (2) described in the paragraphs above, n_} is 1-4, 1 -3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1 , 2, 3, or 4,

[63] In some variations of formula (2) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (2) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (2) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O.

[64] In some variations of formula (2) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (2) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 {e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the

substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR, --OCH₃,—OR,— C₂¾, R, and C,l k wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched aikyi {e.g., C1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched aikyi). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -N0₂,— -N ₃ ⁺, halo {e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide {e.g.,— CF₃, CCk— CBr₃, Ch i.— CN, --SO3H,—COOH,— COOR,—CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched aikyi {e.g., C 1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, Cl- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[65] In some variations of formula (2) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (2) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 {e.g., 1-3, 1 -2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the

NHCOCH3,— -NHCOR, --OCH₃,—OR, C₂H₅,— R, and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1 -C6, C 1 -C5, C1 -C4, C 1 -C3, C1 -C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— 0₂,— ΙΙι , halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihaiide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN, SO 1 I,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and —COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C 1-C3, C I - C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

Some cationic dye dimers fall within formula (3):

, in which each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety; n is 0-6, and ti is 1-4; and, for each independent instance of R_a and R_b, (1) R_a and R_¾ independently are

H or CH₃, or (2) R_a and R_b are "^¾ or '^¾ *~ _tor (3) two of CR_aR_b are "^¾- .

[67] In some variations of formula (3), Dl and D2 are different cationic dye moieties. In other variations of formula (3), Dl and 1)2 are the same cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (3), Dl and D2 are independently selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[68] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above, n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0- 3, 0-2, 0-1 , 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, I, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[69] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above, n_} is 1-4, 1 -3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1 , 2, 3, or 4,

[70] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n_} is I, R_a and R_b are both H. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which tii is 1, R_a is H and R_¾ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) descri bed in the paragraphs above in which ηχ is I, R_a and Rj, are both CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which nj is 1, R_a and _& are "^- . In some variations of formula (3)

O

described in the paragraphs above in which m is 1, R_¾ and R& are '¾· ⁱ .

[71] In variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n_} is 2, the two instances of R_a and ¾ are indicated as R_ai and i and R_a2 and _b2, respectively. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which nj is 2, each of R_ai and ϊ½ and Ra2 and R^ is H. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and ¾ι is CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ¾_/ is 2, each of Rai and R_a2 is H and each of w and b₂ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which «z is 2, each of R_a{, R_a2, and R_bi is H and _¾2 is CH₃.

[72] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n_} is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is H and ^ and R₁₍₂ are

In some variations of formula (3) described

o in the paragraphs above in which «_/ is 2, each of R_ai and R i is H and R_a2 and _¾2 are ^'¾· <"\ In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n_} is 2, each of R_ai and _bi is CH₃ and R_a2 and _b2 are "^¾ < . In some variations of tormula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which « _/ is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is CH₃ and R_a2 and R₁₍₂ are ^²- .

In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which nj is 2, R_ai is H,

R_bi is CH₃, and R_a2 and _b2 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (3) described in the

O

paragraphs above in which n_} is 2, R_ai is H, R_bi is C^'l k and R_a2 and R_¾2 are < . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n_} is 2, _ai and R_bi and R_a2 and Rb2 together are . In some variations of formula 3 described in the paragraphs above in which ¾_/ is 2, R_ai an . In some variations of formula (3) described in the pa

ragraphs above in which nj is 2, R_a} an O

and ¾2 are ^{' L} . In some variations ot formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which

O O

iii is 2, R_ai and ¾i are ¾ ^'¾A· and R_a2 and ¾₂ are ¼ <£

[73] In variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which itj is 3, the three instances of R_a and R_b are indicated as R_ai and ^; R_a2 and Rj>₂; and R_a3 and R_b3, respectively. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n_} is 3, In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which _? i s 3, each of R i,Rbi, Ra2, R¾2, _A3, and R_bs is H. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which tii is 3, each of R_ai,R i, R_a2, R_b2, R_as, and _b is CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n_} is 3, each of Rai,Rbi, R_a2, and _bj, is H and each of R_a3 and _b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) descri bed in the paragraphs above in which s? is 3, each of Rai,Rbi, R_a2, and R_b2, is CH₃ and each of R_A3 and R 3 is H. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n_} is 3, R_ai is H and each of Ra2, a3_{, b}i, ¾2, and R_bs is CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n_} is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R₈3_> RM, _b2, and ¾₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) descri bed in the paragraphs above in which «_/ is 3, each of R_ai, Ra2, and _as is H and each of R_bi, R&2, and _B3 is CH₃.

[74] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n_} is 3, each of R_ai,Rbi, _a2, and R_b2, is II and ^ and R ₃ are ^ . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n_} is 3, each of R_ai,Rt>i, R^, and R_b2, is CH₃ and R_a3 and Rb3 are '^- . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, R_bi, and R_b2 is CH₃, and _A3 and Rb3 are ^"^- . In some vari ations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n_} is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of Rw and R_b2 is CH₃, and R_a3 and Rb3 are

.

[75] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n_} is 3,

O

each of R_aj,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is H and ^ and Rb3 are ^'¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which tii is 3, each of R_ai,Rjt>i, ¾₂, and ¾2, is CH₃ and R^ O

and ¾3 are ^'- In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which

O

ni is 3, R_ai is H and each of R^, R_bi, and Rb2 is CH₃, and _a3 and Rb3 are ^ . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n_} is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2

O

is H and each of Rj,i and R ₂ is CH₃, and R_as and R¾3 are ^'¾· .

[76] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ηχ is 3, _ai and j,i are ,¾ , R_a2 and ^ are ' 5^¾1, , and each of R_a3 and _b3 is H. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which fij is 3, R_al and ^ are " 5^-L ^ , R_a2 and j,2 are '^¾ , and each of R^ and Rb3 is (Ί I; In some variations of form (3) described in the paragraphs above in which nj is 3, _ai and j>i are " ,

, _as is H, and Rb3is CH₃. In some variations of formu described in the paragraphs above in which «_/ is 3,

R_ai and R¾i are '^¾ R_a2 and

and each of R_¾3 and Rj,₃is H. In some variations of formula cribed in the paragraphs above in which n_t is 3, R_al and _M are " ^L , R_a2 and Rb2 are

and each of _a3 and j,3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n_} is 3, _ai and _&i are "^- , R_¾2 and ¾2 are "^- , _a3 is H, and R_bsis CH₃.

[77] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ηχ is 3, _ai

O

and R_bi are '^¾ _a2 and ._b2 are ^' *· and each of ^ and ^ is H. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ηχ is 3, R_ai and R_bi are "^¾ , ._a2 and

O

I _b2 are , and each of R_as and I _b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) described in the

_Q paragraphs above in which n_} is 3, R_aJ and j,_t are "^- ^" , _a2 and R_b2 are ^'¾· ^¾s\ _as is H, and R_b3is CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 3

O

Riii and M are ^" v^¾v R_a2 and ₂ are ¼ ^'¾<£ and each of as and 3 is H. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which s_? is 3, R_a! and R_¾j are "^¾ ^^*, _A2

O

and j,2 are ^{' <}- < , and each of _A3 and &3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which «_/ is 3, R_ai and R i are

, Ra3 is II, and RMIS CH₃.

[78] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which «_/ is 3, R_ai

O 0

and _bi are ^'^- _A2 and ¾₂ are ^'¾· and each of Ra3 and ¾3 is H. In some variations of

O

formula 3) described in the paragraphs above in which n_} is 3, R_al and _M are ^'¾· R_a2 and

R_b2are

, and each of R_as and sis CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) described in the

O O

paragraphs above in which n_} is 3, R_AJ and M are <^■ , aa and ₂ are ^'¾· ^\ R_A3 is H, and sis CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n_} is 3,

R_ai and i are

and each of and ₃ is H. In some variations of

O

formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which nj is 3, R_ai and i are R_a2 and

R_b2are ^*¾ X· ^"^, and each of and sis CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) described in the

O 0

¼A j

paragraphs above in which n_} is 3, R_AJ and i are ^'¾ aa and ₂ are U ^'¾-U *~, R_A3 is H, and bsis CH₃.

] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ¾_/ is 3, R_AL and _bi and R_a2 and ₂ together are - and each of R_A3 and ₃ is H. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n_} is 3, R_AL and _M and R^ and R_b2 together are "^¾ and each of _as and Rb₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ¾_/ is 3, _ai and Rbi and R_a? and Rj>2 together are

' τ- _A3 is H, and ¾3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which w/ is 3, R_ai and R^i and a2 and bi together are ' ^τ , and _aj and RM are

In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n is 3, R_ai

9

and jji and R_a2 and R¾₂ together are ^ and and R¾3 are .

[80] In variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n_} is 4, the three instances of R_a and j, are indicated as R_ai and !¾; R_a2 and Κ¾₂; R_as and R43; and R_A4 and R¾4, respectively. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ηχ is 4, In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which Hi is 4, each of R_ai,Rj,j, Ra2, fc2, Ras, ¾3. ¾4- and _M is H. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which nj is 4, each of Rai,Rbi, Ra2, Rb2, a3, ¾3, a4, and ¾4 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n_} is 4, each of Rai, ex, _a2, R¾2, a , and R^ is H and each of _A4 and R^ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which nj is 4, each of Rai, Rbi, R_a2, and ₂ is H and each of Ra3, R*3_{, A4}, and ₄ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n_} is 4, each of Rai, Rbi, Ra2, ¾₂, R_as, and ^ i s CH₃ and each of A4 and ¾4 is H.

[81] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, each of R_ai,Ra2, and _A3 is H and each of Rbi, ^, and j,₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n_} is 4, R_ai is H, RM is CH₃, and each of Ra2, R 2, Ra3. and Rj>3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which m is 4, R_ai is H, i is CH₃, and each of R_a2, Rb₂, Ra3, and ¾3 is H. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n_} is 4, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H, each of Rw and Rb₂ is CH₃, and each of R_as and Rb3 is H. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which rij is 4, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H, each of _w and Rt>₂ is CH₃, and each of R_a3 and R_¾3 is CH₃.

[82] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n > i s 4, R_ai and Rbi are H, R_a2 and R«₂ are H, _A and ^ are H, and R_A4 and j, are ^"¾ . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ttj is 4, R_ai and are H,

Ra2 and R¾2 are H, R_a3 and R_¾3 are CH₃, and R_A4 and RM are

. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n,- is 4, _ai and M are H, R_a2 and j>2 are CH₃, aj and Rt>3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and ¾4 are "^- . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which «_/ is 4, R_ai and R^ are CH₃, ₃2 and ¾2 are CH₃

R_a3 and ¾₃ are CH₃, and R_A4 and R_M are "

[83] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n > i s 4, R_ai

and jji are H, , In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n is 4, R_ai and M are H,

R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and Rj,₃ are and R_a4 and _M are "^- . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which «,· is 4, R_ai and jji are CH₃, and R_b2

are CH₃, In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which «_/ is 4, R_aj is H, RJ,J is CH₃, R_a2 and Rj,₂ are CH₃, l_b3 are "^¾ and Rj,₄ and ¾4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n_} is 4, R_AS is H, M is CH₃, R_A2 is H, R_b2 is CH₃, R_A and R₁₍₃

R_a4 and Rj,₄ are '^¾ . [84] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n_} is 4, R_ai and jji are H, R^ and R¾₂ are ^" V^¾Si R_a3 and R ₃ are ^' V^¾-%£ and R_A4 and RM are ^'¾ si . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which η, · is 4, _ai and M are CH₃, R_a2 and ¾ are " V^¾Si R_a3 and j,₃ are Hi and R_a and _b4 are S ^£\ In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which «,· is 4, R_al is H, R_bi is

CH₃, R_A2 and ¾₂ are "*· R_A and R₁₍₃ are "^- and _A4 and R¾4 are , In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n,- is 4, R_AI and M are are Ra3 and I¾₃ are , and _A4 and i>₄ are [85] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which rij is 4, R_ai p

and R_bi are H, R_a2 and Rj>₂ are H, R_a3 and I¾3 are H, and R_¾ and I M are ¼ ^"*A· . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ri ; is 4, R_al and _BI are H,

O

R_a2 and j,₂ are H, R_a3 and Rt>₃ are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_{i i} are ^"^- . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which η,· is 4, R_ai and Rj,i are H, R_a2 and j,₂

O

are CH₃, ^ and j,3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R¾4 are ^'¾· , In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which nj is 4, R_a} and ^i are CH₃, R_a2 and R^ are CH₃,

R_A3 and ¾3 are CH₃, and _A4 and R¾4 are

[86] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which « is 4, R_aj

O

and R_bi are H, R_a2 and Ri,₂ are H, R_a3 and ¾>3 are ^'¾· ^\ and R_a4 and Rb4 are v. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ttj is 4, _ai and are H,

O O

%A %A

Ra2 and (,₂ are CH₃, R_a3 and Rj,3 are ^'¾ and R_A4 and _&4 are ^"¾ ^\ In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ttj is 4, R_ai and ^i are CH₃, ^ and R_b2

O O

% A <*

are CH₃, _A3 and Rb3 are and R_a4 and ϊ¾4 are ^'^- . In some variations of formula (3 ) described in the paragraphs above in which n_} is 4, R_aS is H, R_M is C¾, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃,

O O

R_a3 and j,₃ are and R_a4 and j>₄ are ^\ In some variations of formula (3 ) described in the paragraphs above in which /?_/ is 4, R_a} is H,

are

[87] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which «,< is 4, R_a3

variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which η_}_ is 4, R_ai and _bi are

0 0 o

_¾A A A

CH₃, R_a2 and ¾>₂ are ^\ R_a3 and K_B3 are ^\ and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^¾ . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ttj is 4, R_ai is H, R i is

0 0 o

( ^'! . Rai and ¾₂ are^'¾A R_A3 and R_B3 are ¾ ^"¾ i and R_A4 and ¾4 are ^"¾Α In some variations

O

of tormula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which «7 is 4, R_AI and ¾ι are _¼A ^^*. _A2 and

0 0 0

Rb2 are ^f\ R_A3 and _B3 are ^'¾A· ^ and R_A4 and M are ^"lA ^f\

[88] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which rij is 4, _ai — y O and R_M are ^^*, _A2 and _B2 are H, R_¾3 and _B3 are H, and R_a4 and ¾₄ are ^*"¾· In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n ,- is 4, R_AL and _M are

O

"^¾ Ra2 and R_b2 are CH₃, Raj and ¾₃ are CH₃, and 34 and R¾4 are ^f\ In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which m is 4, R_aJ and ¾ι are " R_a2

O

_¼A_s ^s

and Rj,2 are H, R_a3 and _B3 are CH₃, and R_A4 and R_b4 are ^{' 1} ^ ,

[89] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which «,< is 4, R_a3

~7 v™7 O and R_bi are "^- R_a2 and R_b2 are "Q _a3 and ₃ are H, and R_a4 and R_b are ^'¾A· In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n_} is 4, R_al and R_M are

In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which η_}_ is 4, R_ai and R _i are

. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ttj is 4, _ai and R_bl are

" ¾^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are " ¾ , R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are

.

[90] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n > i s 4, R_ai and R_bi are

In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which m is 4, R_ai

and RJ>I are In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which rii is 4, R_al and R¾i are

In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ^η,· is 4, R_a} and R_t, i are -j O O

¾A ¾A

" ^<- R_a2 and R_I)2 are ^' *· R_a3 and R|, are CH₃, and R_a.i and R_b< are ^f\ in some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ft i is 4, R_¾j &nd R¾ i fti^*c

,

1 21 in some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which «_/ is 4, R_a!

^— 7 O — Q

V*V ^¾^

and R_bi are ^\ R_a2 and R_b2 are ·^■ , R_a3 and R_b3 are ^f" , and R_a4 and R_M are ^'¾^ ⁴. \

[93] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n < i s 4, R_ai and Rj,i are

In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ti t is 4, R_ai and _bi are

In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n -< is 4, R_DI and ¾,_Ϊ are

n some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n_s is 4, R_ai and R _! are

.

[94] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which nj is 4, _ai and _bi are

[95] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which rij is 4, R_ai and Rj>i are H, R_a2 and Rj>2 are H, and Ras and ^ and _A4 and ¾4 together are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n_} is 4, R_a! and Κ_Μ are II, R^ and ^ are CH₃, and R_aa and R 3 and _A and j,4 together are " ^<~ V in some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which η,· is 4, R_a} and _a2 are H,

Rex and j,2 are (Ί f and _as and j,3 and _A4 and R¾4 together are ^x .

[96] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which rij is 4, R_ai and Rj,i are H, R^ and Rj,₂ are

and R_A3 and R3 and _A and R together are '^- , In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which «_,< is 4, _aj and _&j

, R_a2 and j,2 are CH₃, and _A3 and Rj,3 and _A4 and &4 together are - . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n,- is 4, R_ai is H, R_¾i is

CH₃, _a2 and ¾₂ are " ^{N^}

[97] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n_} is 4, R_AL

O

and R_bi are H, Ra2 and j,2 are ^'¾· and _aj and ¾3 and _A4 and ^ together are . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which rij is 4, R_A! and _&j O

are ^' <^{■ ¾} , R_A2 and s,₂ are CH₃, and _A3 and Rj,3 and R_A4 and Rj,4 together are '^<· . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n,- is 4, R_ai is H, R_¾i is

O CH₃, R_a2 and Rj,₂ are ^'¾ A '

*" , and R_A3 and R_B3 and R_A4 and _B4 together are ^x V

[98] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n_} is 4, R_al

O O

and j>i are ¾ ^"¾A / _a2 and ¾2 are ^'¾·^_f and ^ and j,? and _A4 and M together are "^x . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n< is 4, _at and RM

O s— y

are ^'^- <* R_a2 and R 2 are '^¾ and _A3 and R3 and R_A and R together are ' *· , In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which Hi is 4, _ai and R i O O

are ^■· , _a2 and R¾2 are ^'^- and R_A3 and R_B3 and R_A4 and R_B4 together are ^¾

[99] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n_} i s 4, R_AS and RM a

nd R_b2 are and R^ and R¾3 and R_A4 and R_b4 together are

In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which «,< is 4, R_a3 _bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are - and Raj and RM and _A4 and R_B4 together are

[101] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above, 1)2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O.

In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1 -2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— -NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH3,— NHCQR,— OCH3,— OR,— C2H5,— , and—C₆H₅, wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1 -C6, C 1 -C5, C 1 -C4, C 1 -C3, C1 -C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— R₃ ⁺, halo (e.g. , F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g. ,— CF₃,— CCI3,— CBr₃, (^'! =},— CN, SO 1 1,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and —COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C 1-C3, Cl - C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[103] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of 1)2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1 -2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the

substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— -NHR,— -NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH3,— HCOR, ΟΠ I :.— OR,— C₂H₅,— , and G.l k wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1 -C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1 -C3, C1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— R₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihaiide (e.g., CF₃, --CCI3, --CBr₃, --CI3),— CN, -- SO3H, --COOH,—COOR,—CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, CI- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

Some cationic dye dimers fall within formula (4):

'⁴ , in which each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety; k is

2-10 and, for each independent instance of R_a and R_b, R_a and R_t> (1) independently are H or

CH₃, or (2) R_a and R_b are "^¾ or '^{¾ ?} or (3) two of CR_aR_b are " ,

[105] In some variations of formula (4), Dl and D2 are different cationic dye moieties. In other variations of formula (4), Dl and 1)2 are the same cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (4), Dl and D2 are independently selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[106] In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, k is 2-10, 2-9, 2-8, 2-7, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-10, 3-9, 3-8, 3-7, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-10, 4-9, 4-8, 4-7, 4-6, 4-5, 5-10, 5-9, 5- 8, 5-7, 5-6, 6-10, 6-9, 6-8, 6-7, 7-10, 7-9, 7-8, 8-10, 8-9, 9-10, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.

[107] In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, each R_a is H and each R_b is H. In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, each R_a is H and each Rj, is CH₃. In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, each R_a and R_& is . In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, each O

R_a and R₁₍ is " ^•A^¾ t . In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, each two of CRaRb are

)8] In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in a first occurrence of R_a and R_b, each of R_a and R_¾ is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_¾ are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in a first occurrence of R_a and R_b, each of R_a and is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and i, are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in a first occurrence of R_a and R_¾, a first R_a is H, a first R₁₍ is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of Ra and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in a first occurrence of R* and R_b, R_a and ¾ are

'^¾ < , and the remaining occurrences of R_a and ¾ are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in a first occurrence of R_a and

A

b, R_a and ¾ are ^ and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4).

)9] In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in two occurrences of Ra and R_b, each of R_a and Rj> is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and ¾ are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in two occurrences of R_a and ¾, each of R_a and R_¾ is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and Ri, are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in two occurrences of R_a and ¾, two of R_a are H, two of R_b are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in two occurrences of R_a and ¾, R_a and Rj, are

"^¾ f^", and the remaining occurrences of R_a and ¾ are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in two occurrences of R_a and

A

R_b, R_a and ¾ are and the remaining occurrences of R_a and ¾ are as defined above for formula (4). [110] In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in three occurrences of R_a and R_b, each of R_a and Rj, is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and _¾ are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in three occurrences of R_a and , each of R_a and is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and Ri» are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in three occurrences of R_a and , three of R_a are H, three of R_b are O . and the remaining occurrences of R_a and Rj, are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in three occurrences of R_a and R_b, R_a and 1¾_>

and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_¾ are as defined above for formula (4), In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in three occurrences of R_a and

¾, _a and are

and the remaining occurrences of R_a and are as defined above for formula (4).

[I ll] In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in four occurrences of R_a and R_b, each of R_a and _b is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and _¾ are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in four occurrences of R_a and R_b, each of R_a and R_b is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and _b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in four occurrences of R_a and R , four of R_a are H, four of R_b are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in four occurrences of R_a and R_b, R_a and R_b

and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4), In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in four occurrences of R_a and

R_b, R_a and _b

and the remaining occurrences of R_a and _b are as defined above for formula (4).

[112] In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in five occurrences of Ra and R_b, each of R_a and R_b is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in five occurrences of R_a and R_b, each of R_a and R is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and _b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in fi ve occurrences of R_a and , fi ve of R_a are H, fi ve of R_b are C¾, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_¾ are as defined above for formula (4), In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in five occurrences of R_a and j,, R_a and R_b are

the remaining occurrences of R_a and Rj_> are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in fi ve occurrences of R_a and

Q

R_b, R_a and j, are and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4).

[113] In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in six occurrences of Ra and R_¾, each of R_a and Rj, is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and Rj, are as defined above for formula (4), In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in six occurrences of R_a and R_b, each of R_a and R_b is C¾, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and Rj, are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in six occurrences of R_a and R_b, six of R_a are H, six of R_b are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R₁₍ are as defined above for formula (4), In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in six occurrences of R_a and R_b, R_a and Rj, are

the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some vari ations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in six occurrences of R_a and

R_b, Ra and R_b are

and the remaining occurrences of R_a and Rj, are as defined above for formula (4).

[114] In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in seven occurrences of R_a and R_b, each of R_a and R_b is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and _¾ are as defined above for formul a (4), In some vari ations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in seven occurrences of R_a and , each of R_a and is ( I f and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in seven occurrences of R_a and R_b, seven of R_a are H, seven of R_b are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in seven occurrences of R_a and ,

Ra and R ar

and the remaining occurrences of R_a and _b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in seven occurrences of R_a and R , R* and R_b are

and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4).

[115] In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in eight occurrences of R_a and Rj,, each of R_a and R is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and 1¾ are as defined above for formula (4), In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in eight occurrences of R_a and R_b, each of R_a and R_b is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and Rj, are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in eight occurrences of R_a and R_b, eight of R_a are H, eight of R_b are CI¾, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in eight occurrences of R_a and R_b, R_a and R_b

and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_¾ are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in eight occurrences of R_a and

R_b, R_a and R_b are

[116] In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in nine occurrences of R_a and R_b, each of R_a and R_b is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in nine occurrences of R_a and R , each of R_a and R_b is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in nine occurrences of R_a and R_b, nine of R_a are H, nine of R_b are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in nine occurrences of R_a and R_b, R_a and R

and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in nine occurrences of R_a and

R , R_a and R_b are

[117] In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in ten occurrences of R_a and R_b, each of R_a and R_b is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R are as defined above for formula (4), In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in ten occurrences of R_a and R_b, each of R_a and R_b is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and Rj, are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in ten occurrences of R_a and Rj,, ten of R_a are H, ten of R_b are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R₁₍ are as defined above for formula (4), In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in ten occurrences of R_a and I¾>, R_a and R_b are

the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in ten occurrences of R_a and

R_b, R_a and are

[118] In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, two occurrences of

R_a and I¾ are ^z , and the remaining occurrences of R_a and _b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, four occurrences of R_a and R_b are , and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, six occurrences of R_a and ¾ are and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, eight occurrences of R_a and are ^¾ and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R₁₍ are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, ten occurrences of R_a and R_b are ¹ .

[119] In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O.

[120] In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1 -2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— H₂,— -NHR,— -NR₂,— OH,— O^",— NHCOCH3,— -NHCOR, --OCH3, OR, --C2H5,—R, and ---C₆H₅, wherein i s C1 -C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2- C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃, --CCI3,— CBr₃, --CI3),— CN,— S0₃H, --CQOH,— COOR,—CHO, and —COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, Cl- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[121] In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of 1)2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1 -2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— -NHR,— -NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— HCOCH₃,— HCOR, GO I : .— OR,— C₂¾,— , and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1 -C6, C 1 -C5, C1 -C4, C 1 -C3, C1 -C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃, --CCI₃, --CBr₃, --CI₃),— CN, SO I i, --COOH, COOR. CI 10, and —COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C 1-C3, Cl - C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[122] In some of the variations of formula (4) described above, Dl and D2 are safranin-0 moieties, as shown in formula (4a):

, in which k, R_a, and Rj, are as described in the paragraphs above, Ri, R₂, R3, Ri, R¾, and Rg independently are absent or independently are selected from— -NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",— ^'NHCOCH₃,

— NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR, CM k— R,— C₆H₅,— N0₂,— R₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), triha!ide (e.g. , Π\— CC ,— CBr₃, C h i— CN,— S0₃H,— COOH,— COOR, ( HO. and—COR), and R is C1 -C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C 1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C1-C3, C I - C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[123] In some of the variations of formula (4a), k is 2- 10, each R_a and R_b is II, and R_} to ^ are as described above for formula (4). In some of these variations, k is 6 or 8, each R_a and ϊ¾> is H, and each of j to R<, independently is absent or is a halo. In particular variations, k is 6 or 8, each R_a and ¾ is H, and Ri to Re are all absent.

[124] In some of the variations of formula (4a), k is 2-10, R_a and R_b are either H or

, and i to c, are as described above for formula (4). In some of these variations, k is 6 or 8, R_a and

R_b are either H or "^- and each of Ri to R¾ independently is absent or is a halo. In particular ariations, k is 6 or 8, R_a and Rj, are either H or

and j to ¾ are all absent.

O

[125] In some of the variations of tormula (a4), k is 2- 10, R_a and j, are either H or "^¾ , and i to ¾ are as described above for formula (4). In some of these variations, A is 6 or 8, R_a and

O

Rj, are either H or '^¾ and each of Ri to _f, independently is absent or is a halo. In particular

O

variations, k is 6 or 8, R_a and Rj, are either H or '^¾ and R_s to R₆ are all absent.

[126] In some of the variations of formula (4a), k is 2- 10, each R_a and R_¾ is H or two of CR_aR_b are ^ and i to e are as described above for formula (4). In some of these variations, k is

6 or 8, each R_a and R_b is H or two of CR_a¾ are ' ^L , and each of Ri to ¾ independently is absent or is a halo. In particular variations, k is 6 or 8, each R_a and Rj, is H or two of CR_aR_b are

' ^L and Ri to s are all absent. [127] One of skill in the art can readily visualize and prepare other cationic mul timers falling within formula (4) in which other cationic dye moieties are used in place of one or both of the safranin-0 moieties.

Some cationic dye dimers fall within formula (5):

, wherein each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety, n is 0-6, and nj is 1-4.

[129] In some variations of formula (5), Dl and D2 are different cationic dye moieties. In other variations of formula (5), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (5), Dl and D2 are independently selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[130] In some variations of formula (5) described in the paragraphs above, n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0- 3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, I, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[131] In some variations of formula (5) described in the paragraphs above, n_} is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1 , 2, 3, or 4,

[132] In some variations of formula (5) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some vaiiations of formula (5) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (5) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O.

[133] In some variations of formula (5) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (5) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the

substituents are selected independently from— -NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH₃, --NHCOR, --OCH₃,—OR, --C₂H₅,—R, and C,,l k wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alky! (e.g., C1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, C1-C2, C I , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— 0₂,— NR₃ ^†, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihaiide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃, (^' ! : )..— CN,— S0₃H,— COOH,— COOR,— CIIO, and — COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1 -C6, C 1-C5, C1 -C4, C 1-C3, C l- C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched aikyi ).

[134] In some variations of formula (5) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of 1)2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (5) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position 011 the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH₃, -- HCOR, --OCH₃,—OR, --C₂H₅,—R, and C,,l k wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, C1-C2, C I , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -N0₂,— -NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihaiide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CCI₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— SO₃H, -—COOH, -—COOR,— CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C1.-C6 linear or branched al kyl (e.g., C 1 -C6, C1-C5, C 1 -C4, C 1 -C3, C l- C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[135] Some cationic dye dimers fall within formula (6):

, wherein each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety, fir is 0-5, and n₂ is 1-5.

[136] In some variations of formula (6), Dl and D2 are different cationic dye moieties. In other variations of formula (6), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (6), Dl and D2 are independently selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue. [137] In some variations of formula (6) described in the paragraphs above, n_} is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3,

0- 2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[138] In some variati ons of formula (6) described in the paragraphs above, n₂ is 1 -5, 1-4, 1-3,

1- 2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[139] In some variati ons of formula (6) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (6) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (6) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O.

[140] In some variations of formula (6) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (6) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1 -3, 1-2, 1 , 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— ICOCH3, XI li OR. (X I k—OR,— C2H5,— R, and G,! k wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, C1-C2, CI , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— O?,— NR₃ ^†, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihaiide (e.g.,— CF₃, --CCI3, ---CBr₃, --CI3),— CN, SO;! !, --COOH, --COOR, --CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, Cl- C2, CI , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[141] In some variati ons of formula (6) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (6) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH3,— NHCOR,— OCH3,—OR,— C2H5,— R, and— C₆¾, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, CI , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl ). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -N0₂,— -N ₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— SO₃H,^■— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, Cl- C2, CI, ( ^'2 ·⁽·(>, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-

(26, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl),

[142] Some cationic dye dimers fall within formula (7):

(7) , in which each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety,

Uj is 0-5, and « is 1-5

[143] In some variations of formula (7), Dl and D2 are different cationic dye moieties. In other variations of formula (7), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (7), Dl and D2 are independently selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[144] In some variations of formula (7) described in the paragraphs above, tj is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3,

0- 2, 0-1 , 1 -5, 1-4, 1 -3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5,

[145] In some variations of formula (7) described in the paragraphs above, n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3,

1 - 2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[146] In some variations of formula (7) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (7) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (7) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O.

[147] In some variations of formula (7) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is un substituted. In some variations of formula (7) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, I, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electro -with drawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— -NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^", --NHCOCH₃,— -NHCOR, --OCH₃,—OR, --C2H5, R, and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃, CCk— CBr₃,—CI3),— CN,— S0₃H, COOH,— COOR,—CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, Cl- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[148] In some variations of formula (7) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (7) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of 1)2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1 -2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— -NHR,— -NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH₃,— HCOR, GO I :.— OR,— C₂¾,— , and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1 -C6, C 1 -C5, C1 -C4, C1 -C3, C1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃, --CCI₃, --CBr₃, --CI₃),— CN, SO I i, COOH, COOR. CI 10, and —COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, Cl - C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

Some cationic dye dimers fall within formula (8):

(8) , in which each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety, n_} is 0-5, and n₂ is 1-5. [150] In some variations of formula (8), Dl and D2 are different cationic dye moieties. In other variations of formula (8), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety. In some variations of fomiula (8), Dl and D2 are independently selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[151] In some variations of formula (8) described in the paragraphs above, n_} is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3,

0- 2, 0-1, 1-5, 1 -4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[152] In some variations of formula (8) described in the paragraphs above, n₂ is 1 -5, 1-4, 1-3,

1- 2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5,

[153] In some variations of formula (8) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (8) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (8) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O.

[154] In some variations of formula (8) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (8) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 {e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— M k— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH3,— HCOR,— OCH3,—OR,— C2H5,— R, and— C₆¾, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alky! {e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, CI , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -NO₂,— - R₃ ⁺, halo {e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide {e.g.,— CF₃,— CCI3,— CBr₃, ( O..— CN, SO: I f .— COOH,— COOR,— CIIO, and — COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl {e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, Cl- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[155] In some variations of formula (8) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of 1)2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (8) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 {e.g., 1-3, 1-2, I, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^", — NHCOCH₃,— -NHCOR, --OCH3,—OR, --C2H5, R, and --C₆H₅, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched aikyi (e.g., C1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, C 1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched aikyi). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— R₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g., ---CF₃, CCk --CBr₃,—CI3),— CN, - -SO3H,—COOH,— COOR,—CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched aikyi (e.g., C 1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, Cl- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched aikyi).

[156] Some cationic dye dimers fall within formula (9):

(9) , in which each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety and

«_/ and n₂ independently are 1-5.

[157] In some variations of formula (9), Dl and D2 are different cationic dye moieties. In other variations of formula (9), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (9), Dl and D2 are independently selected from the group consi sting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[158] In some variations of formula (9) described in the paragraphs above, rij is 1-5, 1 -4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, I , 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[159] In some variations of formula (9) described in the paragraphs above, «₂ is 1-5, 1 -4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, I , 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[160] In some variations of formula (9) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (9) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (9) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O.

[161] In some variations of formula (9) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (9) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1 -2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electro -with drawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— - HCOCH₃,—NHCOR, --OCH₃, OR, C -Ι !·:,— R, and ---C₆H₅, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1 -C6, C 1 -C5, C 1-C4, C 1 -C3, C 1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— ^'NR₃ ^T, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g. ,— CF-i, ^~~CCU,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and —COR, wherein R is C1 -C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C1 -C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, Cl - C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[162] In some variations of formula (9) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (9) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1 -3, 1-2, 1 , 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH?,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— -NHCOCH₃,— HCOR, --OCH₃, OR, --C₂H₅,— R, and O.l k wherein R is C1 -C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C 1-C4, C 1-C3, C 1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— 0₂,— R₃ ¹, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g. , --CF₃, --CCI3, ---CBi-3, --CI3),— CN, --SO3H, COOH, COOR, --CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, C l - C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). 63] Some cationic dye mul timers fall within formula (10):

(10) . wherein each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety and n is 1-6,

[164] In some variations of formula (10), Dl and D2 are different cationic dye moieties. In some variations of formula (10), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (10), Dl and D2 independently are selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toiuidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acrifiavine, and methylene blue.

[165] In some variations of formula (32) described above, n is 1 -6, 1-5, 1 -4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 12-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6,

[166] In some variations of formula (10) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (10) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula ( 10) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O.

[167] In some variations of formula (10) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (10) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the

— NHCOCH₃, --NHCOR, --OCH₃,—OR, --C₂H₅,—R, and C,,l k wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alky! (e.g., C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, C1-C2, C I , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched aikyi). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -N0₂,— -N ₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CCI3,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— SO3H,^■— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched al ky] (e.g., C 1 -C6, C1-C5, C 1 -C4, C 1 -C3, C l- C2, CI , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-

C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[1 8] In some variations of formula (10) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (10) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1 -3, 1-2, 1 , 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the

— NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR,— OCH3,—OR,— C2H5,— R, and— C₆¾, wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, C1-C2, CI , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl ). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of 1)2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -NO₂,— -NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g. ,— CF₃,— CCI3,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1 -C6, C 1-C5, C1 -C4, C 1-C3, C l- C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[169] In some of the variations of formula (10) described above, Dl and D2 are safranin-0 moieties, as shown in formula (10a):

in which n is 1 -6, Rj, R₂, R3, R4, R5, and R independently are absent or independently are selected from \i k—NHR,— NR₂,—OH,— O^",— NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,

--C₂H₅, --R,--C₆H₅, NO ,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g., --CF₃, --CCI₃, — CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— SO₃H,—COOH,—COOR,—CHO, and—COR), and R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1 -C6, C 1 -C5, C1 -C4, C 1 -C3, C1 -C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[170] In some variations of formula (10a), n is 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3- 5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[171] One of skill in the art can readily visualize and prepare other cationic multimers falling within formula ( 10) in which other cationic dye moieties are used in place of one or both of the safranin-0 moieties.

[172] Some cationic dye dimers fall within formula (1 1 ):

^ I , in which each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety; lj and

I₂ independently are 1-4; n is 1-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl; for each independent instance of _ai and J¾₍i_, R_ai and ¾i (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_al and i_bi are

or or (3) two of CRaiR_bi are ; and, for each independ instance of R¾2 and Rb₂, a2 and R ₂ (1 ) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and R¾₂ are

or

or (3) two of C _a2R!)2 are

[173] In some variations of formula (1 1 ), Dl and D2 are different catiomc dye moieties. In other variations of formula (1 1), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (1 1 ), Dl and D2 are independently selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[174] In some variations of formula (1 1), h is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, l , 2, 3, or 4.

[175] In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above, L is 1 -4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1 , 2, 3, or 4, [176] In some variations of formula (1 ) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 1 , R_ai and ¾_ί are both H. In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 1 , R_ai is H and R_¾i is CH₃. In some variations of formula (1 1 ) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 1 , _ai and R_bi are both CH₃. In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which 1_} is 1, R_ai and i are "^¾ . In some variations of

O

formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which h is I, R_ai and _&j are ^\

[177] In variations of formula (1 1 ) described in the paragraphs above in which is 2, the two instances of R_a and Rj, are indicated as _ai and i and R_a2 and Rb2, respectively. In some variations of formula (1 1 ) described in the paragraphs above in which i s 2, each of R_ai and R_bi and Ra2 and ₂ is H. In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi and ^ and j,₂ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (1 ) described in the paragraphs above in which is 2, each of Rai and R_a2 is H and each of R_bi and Rs,2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 2, each of R_ai, R_a2, and R_bi is H and _¾2 is CH₃.

[178] In some variati ons of formul a (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 2, each of R_a{ and R i is H and R_a2 and _¾2 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (1 1)

described in the paragraphs above in which i_} is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is H and ^ and Rj,₂ are O

^'¾· . In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 2, each of _ai and _M is CH₃ and R_a2 and _b2 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 2, each of R_ai and R₁₍i is CH₃ and R_a2 and ¾₂ O

are ^"¾

In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which I_} i s 2, R_a3 is H, bi is CH₃, and R_a2 and ₂ are '^¾¾ . In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the

O

paragraphs above in which ¾ is 2, R_ai is H, i is CH₃, and R_a2 and _¾2 are ^' <- . In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, R_a! and _¾i and R_A2 and R¾2 together are ' ^¾ . In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which ; is 2, R_ai and ¾i are '^- *^* ¾ and ¾₂ are '^- . In some variations of formula 1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 2, R_al and Rbi are ^ R_a2 and

Rb2 are

In some variations of formula (1 1 ) described in the paragraphs above in which

O O

is 2, R_al and Rbi are ^'¾ R_a2 and _b2 are ^\

[179] In variations of formula (1 1 ) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 3, the three instances of R_a and R_b are indicated as _ai and _bi; R_a2 and R_b2; and R_a3 and ¾. respectively. In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, In some variations of formula ( 1 1 ) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 3, each of R_ai,Rbi, R_a2, R¾2, a3, and R_bs is H. In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which Ij is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, ¾₂, R_as, and

is CH₃. In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, each of Rai,Rbj, R_a2, and Rb₂, is H and each of Ra3 and R^ i s CH₃. In some variations of formula ( 1 1 ) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 3, each of Rai,Rbi, _a2, and ¾₂, is CH₃ and each of Ra3 and Rj,₃ is H. In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which Ij is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, _A3. Rbi, Rb₂, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which !_} is 3, each of Rai and R_a2 is H and each of R_aj, R_bi, ¾2, and R¾3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 3, each of Rai, R_a2, and ₃3 is H and each of Rbi, RM, and bs s (Ί \ .

[180] In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which Ij is 3, each of R_ai,Rbi, a2, and Rb₂, is H and

. In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_A2, and R_b2, is CH₃ and _A3 and Rb3 are " . In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which li is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, Rbi , and R_b2 is CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 are "^- . in some variations of formula (1 1 ) described in the paragraphs above in which i s 3, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of Rbi and R₁₍₂ is CH₃, and ₃3 and s are

[181] In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 3,

O

each of R_ai,R_w, R_a2, and ¾>2, is H and Ra3 and 1¾3 are ^"¾ ^\ In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 3, each of R_ai,¾i, Ra2, and ¾2, is CH₃ and _a3

O

and Rj,₃ are ^'^- In some variations of formula (1 1 ) described in the paragraphs above in which

O

/ is 3, Rai is H and each of R_a2, R_bj, and i,₂ is CH₃, and R^ and Rj,3 are ^\ In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2

O

is H and each of R_bi and ¾₂ is CH₃, and R_as and R¾3 are ^"¾

[182] In some variations of formu 1 described in the paragraphs above in which _/ is 3, _ai and R_M a , and each of and ¾₃ is H. In some variations ot formula (

1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 3, R_a! and _¾i are ₂ and

Rj,₂ re '^¾ , and each of R_a3 and ^s i CH₃. In some variations ot formula (1 1 ) described in the paragraphs above in which lj_ is 3, R_aJ and R_bi are '^¾ R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ is H, and Rb3 i s CH₃. In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which

, Ra2 and Rj,2 are ^"¾ , and each of _as and Rb3 is H. In some

ribed in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi are

_ancf each of R_{a3 an(}j R_b3 i_s en _. In some variations of formula

(1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ R_a2 and R_b2 are

[183] In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which _/ is 3, _ai

*r O

and R i are R_a2 and _¾2 are , and each of R^ and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (1 1 ) descri bed in the paragraphs above in which i s 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾· R_a2 and O

¾₂ are ^' *· and each of R_a3 and ₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in

O

the paragraphs above in which lj is 3, _ai and ¾i are "^¾ _A2 and ¾₂ are ^"¾ _A3 is H, and Rb3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l_}

O

is 3, R_ai and R_¾i are "^¾ R_a2 and Rj,₂are ^'¾· and each of _A3 and ^is H. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which ; is 3, R_ai and RM are

O

'^¾ Ra2 and R^are ^f\ and each of R_A3 and s^i CH₃. In some variations of formula

(11) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 3, R_ai and i are '^¾ , R_A2 and ¾₂ are O

-\ R_a3 i_s H, and R_b3 is CH₃.

[184] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 3, R_ai

O O

and Rj,i are R_a2 and R_b2are ^*¾^■ and each of R_as and b3is H. In some variations of

O

formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which ; is 3, _ai and M are ^'¾· R_a2 and

O

j₎₂ are ^f\ and each of _aj and ¾₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in

O O

the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_AI and R_t>i are , R_A2 and ¾₂ are ^'¾· _A is H, and b3¾ s CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 3, _ai and Rbi are

and each of _as and bsis H. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 3, _aj and R^ are O O

^' <* a2 and R_b2 are ^'¾· and each of _aj and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11)

o o described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 3, R_ai and _bi are "*· R_a2 and ₂ are ^'¾·

[185] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 3, R_al and ¾i and R_A2 and j,₂ together are " and each of _aa and Rj>₃ is H. In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which i_} is 3, R_aJ and R_h{ and R_a2 and ^ together are ' ^x, and each of R_A3 and _bs is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 3, R_a5 and M and R_a2 and s,₂ together are )■ (

' ^L , Ra3 is H, and t,₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 3, R_ai and Rj,i and R^ and Κ_¾2 together are '^x and R_A3 and ¾₃ are

In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 3, R_aX

O

and Rbi and R_a2 and Rj>₂ together are "^"*· ^v a anndd R„a3¾ anηάd ¾3 are

[186] In vari ations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which // is 4, the three instances of R_a and j, are indicated as R_ai and Rbi; R_a2 and Rj,₂; _A3 and j,3; and _A4 and ¾₄, respectively. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 4, In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, each of Rai,R¾i, Ra2, Rb2, ¾3, ¾3. R_A4, and R& is H. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 4, each of Rai,Rt>i, ¾2, 2, a3, 3, _A , and ¾4 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which // is 4, each of Rai, Ra2, i>2, a3, a d R^ is H and each of R_A4 and ^ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which !_} is 4, each of R_ai, _¾i, R_a2, and Rj,₂ is H and each of Ra3, Rj>₃. R_A4_, and R^ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which i_} is 4, each of R_ai, Ra2, Rb2, a3, and ^ is CH₃ and each of R_A4

[187] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, each of R_a{,R_a2, and R_a3 is II and each of RM, (,₂, and j,₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 4, R_ai is H, *i is CH₃, and each of Ra2, ¾2, a3, and j,3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R¾i is CH₃, and each of R^, M, _A3_, and R 3 is H. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which ; is 4, each of Rai and R_a2 is H, each of M and j,₂ is CH₃, and each of R_a3 and !½ is H. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, each of Rai and R_a2 is H, each of RM and Rb2 is (Ί f and each of R_a3 and _¾3 is CH₃. [188] In some variations of formula (1 ) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_ai

and ¾ι are H, are . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which i_} is 4, R_a! and _&j are H,

Ra2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and Ra₄ and R ₄ are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in whic !_} is 4, R_ai and ¾ι are H, R^ and ¾₂ are CII₃, ¾ and ¾₃ are CH₃, and R_A4 and ¾₄ are '^¾ , In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and _bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃,

R_a3 and _B3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_¾4 are "^¾ <^ .

[189] In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above i which is 4, R_aj

and jji are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and ¾₃ are "^- and R_a4 and R_b are . In some variations of formula (1 1 ) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 4, R_ai and R_M are H,

R_a2 and R ₂ are CH₃, _A3 and *_»3 are

, In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which i_} is 4, R_a! and _&j are CH₃, R_a2 and

Rb2 are CH₃, R^ and Rb3 are "^- , and R_a4 and R ₄ are "^¾ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_al is H, R_¾i is CH₃, R_a2 and R ₂ are

CH , R_a3 and ¾>₃ are ^L and R_a4 and R_¾4 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (1 1) described in is H, R_b2 is CH₃, _A3

and Rb3 are , and R_a4 a d R¾₄ are ^ .

] In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_aJ and _bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are *^" , R_a3 and &3 are

In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which !_} is 4, R_al and R_bl are CH₃, R^ and R ₂ are "*· _aj and R_t,₃ are "^¾ ^", and R_a4 and RM are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which i_} is 4, R_a! is H, R_bi is a₂ and ¾2 are "^¾ ^\ _as and _B are "^- and R_a4 and R_b4 are . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which ¾ is 4, _ai and R i are

[191] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_ai

9

and RM are H, R_a2 and ¾₂ are H, R_a3 and R&j are II, and R_A4 and RM are '*> ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which I_} is 4, R_al and R_M are H,

O

Ra2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and (,3 are CH₃, and _A4 and K_M are . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, _ai and R i are H, ^ and ₂

O

are CH₃, _A3 and 3 are CH₃, and _A4 and ¾₄ are ^"¾ ^\ In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 4, R_ai and ¾i are CH₃, R_a2 and R_¾2 are CH₃,

O

R_a3 and R_b5 are CH₃, and R_a4 and _M are ^"^- .

[192] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_aJ

O

and R_bi are H, R^ and ϊ¾>₂ are H, R_a3 and ₃ are ^'¾· ^\ and R_a and R_\v% are v. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which ; is 4, _ai and _¾i are H,

2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and s are

In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, _ai and _bi are CH₃, R_a2 and

O o

are CH₃, R_A3 and R¾₃ are *^" , and _A4 and M are ^'¾· , In some variations of formula

(11) described in the paragraphs above in which Ij is 4, R_ai is H, ¾i is CH₃, R_a2 and Rj,₂ are

A A CH₃, R_a3 and ¾>3 are and R_a4 and ₄ are In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R_¾i is CH₃, R^ is H, _¾2 is CH₃, _A3 and _ba are

[193] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_ai and ¾i

variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h i s 4, R_ai and R_¾i are

0 0 o

CH₃, R_a2 and R_¾,₂ are ^ R_a3 and R_b3 are ^ ^· ^*, and R_a4 and R_M are ^ ^- . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 4, R_a! is H, R_h{ is

CH₃, R_a2 and Rj,₂ are

In some variations

O

of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 4, _ai and ¾i are ·· R_a2 and Ri»2 are

[194] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 4, R_ai and R_bi are "^¾ , R_a2 and _b2 are H, R_a3 and R_¾ are H, and R_a4 and R¾4 are ^'¾· . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 4, R_ai and R_¾i are

O

and Rb2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃. and R_a4 and _M are '^¾A ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 4, R_ai and Ι¾ί are '^¾ ^^* , R_a2

O

and i,₂ are H, 33 and b₃ are CH₃, and R_a4 and R¾₄ are ^'¾· ⁵ ,

[195] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_ai

O

and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and Rj,₂ are '^¾ , R_a and R_¾ are H, and R_a4 and R¾4 are . In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi

are . In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, _ai and R i are

< - ₅ R_{A2 anc}j R_{B2 ARE} 'T ^ - ₃ R R„_A3! a _an_nd₍j ] R¾..₃! a _Ar_Re_E Γ CΉH-₃, a anndd R R„_A4< a anndd R I¾_k>,. a arree ^" '¾¾·· ^ ^ . In some variations of formula (1 1 ) described in the paragraphs above in which l i s 4, R_ai and R i are

[196] In some vaiiations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_al and R_bi are R_a2 and _b2 are

[197] In some variaiions of formula (1 1 ) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 4, R_a{

O O

and Rj,i are " ^\ R_a2 and ₂ are ^r\ R_a3 and j,3 are H, and R_a4 and Ri>.i are ^f\ In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which _ is 4, R_ai and M

In some variations of formula ( 1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_a! and _&j are

In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai and R¾i are

¾ '^¾ ^/ . [198] In some variations of formula (1 1 ) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai

and j>i are

[199] In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_al and R_bi are

In some variaiions of formula ( i 1) described in the paragraphs above in which _/ is 4, R_aJ and R_M are

In some variations of formula ( 1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which ; is 4, _ai and ¾i are

In some variations of formula (1 1 ) described in the paragraphs above in which ¾ is 4, _ai and R i are 0 0 o

^'¾· , _a2 and R_b2 are ·· ^f\ R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a and R_b are ^'¾· ^ .

[200] In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, _at and _bi are

.

[201] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which _/ is 4, R_ai and R _i are H, ^ and R ₂ are H, and and R_b3 and R_a4 and R together are . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R^ and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b together are ^ ^i _n some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which ij is 4, R_al and R_a2 are H, j,i and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^ ^^ .

[202] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 4, R_ai and j,i are H, R^ and R ₂ are '^¾ , and R_a3 and R ₃ and R_a4 and R ₄ together are , In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, _ai and R_bi

R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R|,₄ together are '¾ ^Ss^ ]_{n some} variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which /; is 4, R_al is H, s is

CH₃, R_a2 and ¾_>2 are " vv and R_a3 and R ₃ and R_a4 and R_b4 together are

[203] In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which i is 4, R_ai

O

and R_bi are H, R^ and R_b2 are "^¾ and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b together are ^ ^r . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_al and R_bi O

are R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R ₃ and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ' *· . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, _aj is H, i is

O

CH₃, Ra2 and ¾₂ are and R_a3 and R ₃ and R_a and R_b together are ^x . ] In some variations of formula (1 ) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_ai

O O

and Rj_>i are ^"¾ R_A2 and R_b2 are ^'¾ and R^ and ? and R_A4 and RM together are ^{¾ x} . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in whi ch is 4, R_ai and

O

R_fci are R^ and j_>2 are "^¾ ^\ and R_a3 and _M and R_a4 and _M together are "^- ¹. In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which i_} is 4, R_at and R_BJ O O

are v ^'^A- R_a2 and Rb₂ are _¾ ^'¾A· / and _A3 and j,3 and R_a4 and j₎₄ together are ^¾-^ Y ^¾ .

5] In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which i_} is 4, R_ai and Rj_>i are ^^*-, R_a2 and Rj,₂ are '^¾ and a3 and ¾3 and R_a4 and ϊ¾,₄ together are

[206] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which ¾ is 4, R_ai and _jji and R_a2 and _b? together are _{^ anc}f j¾_{a3 an(}j ¾_{b3 an(}j ¾_{A4 ANC}| R_m together are

[207] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 1, R_ai and e_t are both H. In some vari ations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 1 , _ai is H and R_bi is CH₃. In some variations of formula (1 1 ) described in the paragraphs above in which is 1, _ai and R_bi are both CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 1, _aj and i are

. In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which is 1, _aj and R_¾i are

[208] In variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which I? is 2, the two instances of R_a and ¾ are indicated as R_ai and i and R_a2 and ¾₂, respectively. In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi and Ra₂ and Rt,₂is H. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi and R^ and R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which /? is 2, each of Rai and R_a2 is H and each of R_bi and Rb2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 2, each of R_ai, R_a2, and Rj,i is H and R_b2 is CH₃.

[209] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 2, each of R_ai and RM is H and and R₁₍₂ are '^¾ , In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 2, each of Rai and _¾i is H and R_a2 and R^i are O

^,¾- . In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 2, each of _ai and ^ is CH₃ and R_a2 and j,₂ are "^¾ . In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 2, each of R_ai and R_¾i is CH₃ and and R_¾2

In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 2, R_ai is H, )l is (Ί f and R_a2 and j_>2 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the

O

paragraphs above in which l₂ is 2, R_ai is H, j,i is CH₃, and R_a2 and Rj_>2 are % '^¾A· . In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 2, R_a! and ^ and

R_a2 and Rj_>2 together are . In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 2, R_ai and RM are "^¾ Ra2 and t,₂ are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 2, R_ai and ₁₍i are ^ ^ and j,₂ are

. In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂

A A

is 2, Rai and _¾i are ^ ^ and _¾2 are

[210] In variations of formula (1 1 ) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, the three instances of R_a and Rj, are indicated as _ai and j,i; R_a2 and R^; and _A3 and _&3, respectively. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, R_¾2, a3, and bs is H. In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, each of Rai,¾i, ¾2, ¾2, Ra3, and 3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, each of R_aj,Rbi, _az, and R_b2, is H and each of Ra3 and

is CH₃. In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, each of Raj,Rbi, R_az, and ¾₂, is CH₃ and each of R^ and .-? is H. In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai is H and each of Ra2, Ra3, ¾ι, ¾2, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula ( 1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, each of R_aJ and R_a2 is H and each of R_a3j ¾₎₅ ¾₂, and ₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (1 1 ) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, each of _ai, R_a2, and _A3 is H and each of Rbi , 2, and bs is CH₃.

[211] In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, each of R_ai,Rbi, a2, and R_b2, is H and a3 and R ₃ are " ^ ^ . In some variations of formula (1 1 described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, each of R_ai,Rbi, R_a2, and R_b2, is CH₃ and R_a3 and Rb3 are "^- ^ . In some variations of formula (1 ) described in the paragrap above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, ¾ι, and R_b? is CH₃, and R_A3 and ¾₃ are

. In some vari ations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, each of Rai and _a2 is H and each of M and R_¾2 is CH₃, and R_a3 and ._h3 are

.

[212 ] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3,

O

each of R_a{,Rbi, R_a2, and 2, is H and ^ and ¾3 are ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, each of R_aiJ¾_>i, R 2, and R ₂, is CH₃ and R_A3

O

and ¾₃ are - In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which

variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2

O

is H and each of ¾ι and ¾₂ is CH₃, and _A3 and ¾3 are ¾ ^'¾A· ^ \

[213] In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai

V V

and Rbi are ^ R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of and ί ₃ is H. in some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_al and R_bi are "^- , R_a2 and Rb2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_as and ^ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (1 1 ) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, _ai and i are " , _a2 and R_b2 are , Ra3 is H, and Rb3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_al and R_M are " *· , R_a2 and R_b2 are " *· and each ot R_a3 and _¾3 is H. In some variations of formula ( 1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai and R_M are

, a2 and j,₂ are

, and each of R_a3 and R¾3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula ; 1 1 ) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai and R_bi are "^x R_a2 and Rbi are

In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, B — γ O

bi are ^"¾ ^\ R_a2 and j,₂ are ⁵ , and each of Ra3 and j,3 is H. In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai and ₁₍i are '^¾ R_a2 and p

b2 are and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_aJ and M are

, _¾3 is H, and Rb3 i s CH₃. In some variations of formula ( 1 1 ) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂

O

is 3, Rai and _¾i are " , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^'¾ and each of _as and s is H. In some variations of formula ( 1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai and R_¾i are

O

and Rb2 are ^ and each of _a3 and j,₃ is C¾. In some variations of formula

1 1 ) described in the paragraphs above in which 1₂ is 3, R_al and R_w are "^¾- R_a2 and Ι¾₂ are

[215] In some variations of formula (1 ) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_al and ¾i are

and .-?is H. In some variations of

O

formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai and ¾ι are ^**^■ _a2 and

Rb2 are the parag

raphs above in which l is 3, R_ai and R_bi

and Rb3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂

O O

is 3, Rai and R_¾i are ^'¾· _a2 and !½ are and each of _a3 and I¾3 is H. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ i s 3, _ai and R¾i are O O

^"^- Ra2 and j,2 are and each of R_a3 and Rb3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11)

O O

described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_a} and j,i are ^"¾ , _a2 and i,₂ are ^¾ ,

[216] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_aJ and _bi and R_a2 and j_>2 together are - and each of R_a3 and *»3 is H. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai and R_bi and _a2 and R^i together are^ ^{" ^}^i_^ and each of _a3 and ^sis CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai and R_bi and _a2 and Rj,2 together are

, Ra3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_a3 and _bi and aa and ¾,2 together are , and _a3 and *,3 are

In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai and i and _a2 and ¾2 together are " ^<· and as and ¾3 are

[217] In variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, the three instances of R_a and j, are indicated as R_ai and R_bi; R_a2 and R_b2; _aj and R^ and ₃4 and R¾4, respectively. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, each of R_aS,R_M, R_A2, Rj,2, a3, ¾>₃, Ra4, and _&4 is H. In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, each of R_ai,Rt_>i, a2, R¾2, a3, Rb3, a4, and ^ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, each of R_ai, M, 2, Rb2, 3, and _¾3 is H and each of R₃₄ and j,₄ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, each of R_aj, RM, R_a2, and Rj>2 is H and each of Ra3, ¾>₃, R_a4, and R^ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, each of R_ai, RM, _a2, Rb2, ¾3, and ^ is CH₃ and each of R_¾4 and Rb4 is H.

[218] In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, each of Rai,Ra2, and _A3 is H and each of R , 2, and Rb3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (1 1 ) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ s 4, R_aj is H, R_M is CH₃, and each of a2, ¾2, a3_; and Rb3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_AS is H, R¾i is CH₃, and each of R^, I¾»2, Ra3, and ₁₍j is H. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, each of R_ai and R^ is H, each of RM and R|_>2 is CH₃, and each of R_A3 and j,₃ is H. In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, each of R_ai and R^ is H, each of R and R 2 is CH₃, and each of R_a3 and ¾₃ is CH₃.

[219] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai

and RM are H, . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_a! and RM are H,

Ra2 and ^ are H, R_A3 and ^ are CH₃, and R_A4 and R¾₄ are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which /? is 4, R_AI and RM are H, ^ and R_t,₂

are CH₃, , In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_AI and are CH₃, _a2 and RM are CH₃,

Ra3 and j,₃ are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_¾4 are w "^¾ .

In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above i which l₂ is 4, R_aJ and are H, R_A2 and

, and R_A4 and _¾4 are . In some variations of formula (1 1 ) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, _ai and RM are H, Ra2 and Rt>₂ are CH₃, R_a3 and j>₃ are "^- and R_a4 and ^~R_M are . In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_1(i are CH₃, R_a2 and

Rj,2 are CH₃, R_a3 and ¾3 are

R_A4 and ¾₄ are "^¾ . In some variations of formula (1 1 ) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai is H, ¾j is CH₃, R_a2 and Rj,₂ are

CH₃, R_a3 and R_¾,₃ are ^¾- ^" , and R_a4 and ¾ are

. In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which I? is 4, R_AJ is H, R_¾i is CH₃, R_a2 is H, j,₂ is CH₃,

and Rb3 are .

[221] In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and Rj,i are H, R^ and j,₂ are '^- R_a3 and R¾3 are '^¾ and R_a4 and R_¾4 are "^¾ , In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, and RM

are CH₃, R_a2 and ¾2 are ' - , _A3 and I¾₃ are In some vari ations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which I? is 4, _aj is H, Rt>i is

CH₃, Ra₂ and _b2 are "^¾S£ _A3 and ¾3 are '^¾S£ and R_A4 and R|,₄ are " V^¾Si . In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, _ai and R_¾i are < - _; and Rt>2 are N£ R_a3 and R_b3 are ^χ¾·S£ and R_a and Rj> are ^ .

[222] In some variations of formula 1 1 ) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_aJ and jji are H,

. In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, _ai and M are H,

O

R_a2 and t,₂ are II, R_a3 and t,₃ are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_¾4 are '¾· *" . In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, _ai and R_¾i are H, R_a2 and R_b2

O

are CH₃, aj and t,₃ are CH₃, and R_a4 and R¾₄ are ^'¾· *^" . In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃,

Ra3 and (,3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R¾,₄ are X· . [223] In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai

O

and ¾i are H, R_a2 and j>₂ are H, R_a3 and R¾3 are ¾ ^'¾A· , and R_a4 and ¾4 are v. In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, ₃i and R_¾i are H,

O O

R_a2 and j,₂ are CH₃, R_a3 and ¾₃ are ^"^- , and R_a4 and R^ are ^"^- In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_a! and R^ are CH₃, R_a2 and

O O

Rb2 are CH₃, R_A3 and Rj,3 are ^\ and R_a4 and are ^'¾· . In some variations ot formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai is H, R_M is CH₃, R_a2 and j>₂ are CH₃, Ra3 and ,3 are

. In some variations of tormula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai is H, Rj,i is CH₃, R_a2 is H, ¾₂ is C¾, R_A3 and Rj,3 are

[224] In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l is 4, R_ai

0 0 O

_\A A _¾A

and R_fci are H, R_a2 and i,₂ are^'¾ , _A3 and R¾,3 are ^"¾ and _A4 and j,4 are^'¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (1 1 ) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ i s 4, _ai and R i are

( ^'! . Rai and ¾₂ are

. In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, _ai is H, ¾i i s

CH₃, R_a2 and R_¾,₂

In some variations

0 of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, _as and ^ are ^"¾- R_a2 and Rt,2 are

.

[225] In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, _ai and R_M are

In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_a! and _&j are ¾

"^¾ Ra₂ and ¾>₂ are CH₃, ^ and ¾₃ are CH_3> and R** and R ₄ are ^f\ In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_al and R_bi are

and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are

[226] In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_a!

and R_bi are ^'¾· ^<*\ In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_a} and R_bi

O

\X X X

are ^' \ R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^\ ^ and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^{' L} . In some variations of formula ( 1 1 ) described in the paragraphs above in which I? i s 4, _ai and R_bi are

. In some variations of formula ( 1 1 ) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_al and R_M are

, Ra2 and R_b2 are , R_a3 and R ₃ are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^"¾ .

[227] In some variations of formula (1 1 ) described in the paragraphs above in which /? is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

[228] In some variati ons of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai

and _bi are " R_a2 and R_b2 are In some vari ations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

In some variations of formula (1 1 ) described in the paragraphs above in which 1₂ is 4, R_a! and _bj are

In some variations of formula (1 1 ) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ i s 4, _ai and R i are

O O

-¾ f- ^ R_{a2 an£}j ii_{b2 are} -\ ¾_{a3 anc} R_{b3 are anc}| j¾_{a4 anc}| ¾_{b4 are} -\ .

[229] In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which /? is 4, R_ai and _bi are

[230] In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l is 4, R_ai and Rj,i are

, In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, _aj and j are

0 0 o

f\ Ra2 and Rj,2 are ^' «· ₃3 and R¾s are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ⁵ , In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_a! and R i are

. In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and _bi are

.

[231] In some variations of formula (1 ) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and j>i are

.

[232] In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R^ and R_b2 are H, and ^ and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b together are "^· V In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_a} and i are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and _a3 and _b3 and R_a4 and R ₄ together are . In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, _ai and R_a2 are H, bi and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are "^- V

[233] In some variations of formula (1 1 ) described in the paragraphs above in which /? is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R^ and R_b2 are and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are - . In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which /? is 4, R_ai and R_bi

, R_a2 and R_b2 are (Ί f and R_a3 and 3 and R_a4 and R¾4 together are ' ·- ^¾ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_a! is H, R_bi is a₂ and ¾2 are '^¾ ^\ and R_a3 and 3 and _a4 and ¾₄ together are

[234] In some variati ons of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which i₂ is 4, R_ai

O

and Rj,i are H, ^ and R ₂ are and R_a3 and Rb3 and R_A4 and R_B4 together are . In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, and ¾ι O

are '¾· R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R ₃ and R_a4 and R_B together are ^¾ , In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_a! is H, R_bi is

O

CH₃, Ra2 and R ₂ are % ^'¾ A· and R^ and R_B3 and R_A4 and R_b4 together are ¹^ Y V

[235] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and _bi are

. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and

- An some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which /? is 4, R_al and R_BL are

and R_a and _b and R_a4 and R_b4 together are Y

[236] In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which /? is 4, R_ai and R_bi a

and R_B2 are " <^¾rS£ and and R_b3 and R_A4 and R_B together are

[237] In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_AJ and _bi and R_a2 and R ₂ together are - \ and R^ and RM and _a4 and R_b4 together are 38] In some variations of formula (1 ) described in the paragraphs above ring A is

optionally substituted with halo or C1 -C6 linear or branched alkyl;

optionally substituted with halo or C1 -C6 linear or branched alkyl; or

optionally substituted with halo or C1 -C6 linear or branched aikyi.

[239] In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above, n is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1 , 2, 3, or 4,

[240] In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above, ring A is substituted with halo. In some variations, the halo is F, Br, I, or Ci.

[241] In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above, ring A is substituted with C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1 -C6, C 1 -C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C 1-C2, C I , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[242] In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O.

[243] In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of 1)1 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, I, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the

— NHCOCH₃, --NHCOR, --OCH₃,—OR, --C₂H₅, R, and C,,l k wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, C1-C2, C I , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ^T, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g., --CF₃, --CCI3, ---CBr₃, CI : },— CN, --SO3H, --COOH, --COOR, --CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, Cl - C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[244] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (1 1) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1 -3, 1-2, 1 , 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of 1)2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -NH₂,— NHR,— R₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH3, XI li OR.— OCH3,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and G,i k wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, C1-C2, CI , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl ). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of 1)2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— O?,— NR₃ ^†, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g., --CF3, --CCI3, ---CBr₃, --CI3),— CN, --SO3H, COO! ! --COOR, --CHO, and ^■—COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, Cl- C2, CI , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[245] In some of the variations of formula (11) described above, Dl and D2 are safranin-0 moieties, as shown in formula (11a):

(^"^ ^a) , in which , h, n, ring A, R_ai,

Rbi _¾2, and Rj,2 are as described in the paragraphs above, Ri, R2, R3, R4, Rs, and ¾

independently are absent or independently are selected from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH, (^)", Xi lC CH _;, M ⁽COR, --OCH3, OR, C,\ , --R,—C₆H₅,— ()₂, --NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., I ^'. Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g., CF₃, --CC1₃, ---CBr₃, Ch i— CN, --SO3H, { ()()! !. —CGOR,—CHO, and— COR), and R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1 -C3, C 1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4- C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[246] One of skill in the art can readily visualize and prepare other cationic multimers falling within formula (1 1) in which other cationic dye moieties are used in place of one or both of the safranin-0 moieties.

Some cationic dye dimers fall within formula (12):

( _s i_n which each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety; l l₂, n, Oj, and o₂ independently are 1 -4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloaikyi, or heterocyciyl; for each independent instance of _ai and Rj>i. R_ai and Rbi ( 1 ) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ai and R¾i are

or (3) two of CRaiRbi are

; for each independent instance of _a2 and Rj₎₂. Ra2 an R¾2 (1 ) independently are H or

O

CH₃, or (2) a2 and Rt>₂ are "^- or ^? or (3) two of CR_a2Rb2 are ^v for each independent instance of R_cl and and R_dl (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) and

Rdi are '^¾ or ^ nr †wn of Κ„, ϊ¾.« are. - for each independent instance of c₂

— j (3 and R,j_2> Rc2 and

(1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) c₂ and ¾₂ are W orA or

[248] In some variations of formula (12), the catiomc dye moiety is selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue. In some variations of formula (12), Dl and D2 are different cationic dye moieties. In other variations of formula (12), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety. [249] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above, is 1-4, 1 -3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[250] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above, is 1 -4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1 , 2, 3, or 4.

[251] In some previous variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above, oi is 1-4, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1 , 2, 3, or 4.

[252] In some previous variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above, o₂ is 1-4, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1 , 2, 3, or 4,

[253] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which _/ is 1, _ai and Rjji are both H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which _/ is 1, R_aj is H and ¾j is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 1 , R_ai and _M are both CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 1, R_ai and ¾ι are V "^¾Si . In some variations of

O

formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 1, R_aj and _&j are ^'¾· ^ .

[254] In variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which U is 2, the two instances of R_a and R_b are indicated as _ai and _M and R_a2 and R_b2, respectively. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 2, each of R_ai and _bt and Ra2 and Rj,₂ is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 2, each of _aj and _&j and ^ and Rj,₂ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 2, each of Rai and R_a2 i s H and each of R_bi and b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 2, each of Rai, R_a2, and ¾i is H and R¾₂ is CH₃.

[255] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 2, each of R_ai and Rm is H and R_a2 and R_b2 are "^¾ . In some variations of formula ( 12) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 2, each of Rai and R¾i is H and ^ and i,₂ are O

^'¾· . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 2, each of R_ai and _w is CH₃ and R_a2 and R_b2 are . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which i_} is 2, each of R_ai and R_M is CH₃ and ^ and Rj,₂ O

are ^'¾

In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which i is 2, R_ai is H, bi is CH₃, and R_a2 and Rj,₂ are

. In some variations of formula (12) described in the

O

paragraphs above in which l is 2, R_ai is H, R¾i is CH₃, and R_a2 and _b2 are ^{' 1} ^\ In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which /; is 2, Rai and Rbi and

R_a2 and t,₂ together are ^ In some variations of tormula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which li is 2, R_aS and R_¾i are "^- ^ and R_¾2 are "^- , In some variations of tormula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which ¾ is 2, R_a! and R^ are '^¾ _aa and b₂ described in the paragraphs above in which U is 2,

R_al and R_&j are R_a2 and R_b2 are

[256] In variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 3, the three instances of R_a and j, are indicated as R_ai and bi; R_a2 and Rj,₂; and _as and ¾a, respectively. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 3, In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which i_} is 3, each of Rai,Rt>i, Ra2, Rb2, Ra3, and R_b3 is H. In some vari ations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which ; is 3, each of Rai,Rbi, Ra2, Rb2, a3, and R_b3 s (Ί I ; In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 3, each of R_ai,Rbi, R_a2, and R_b2, is H and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which // is 3, each of R_ai,Rbi, R_a2, and R_b2, is CH₃ and each of _as and _b.? is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which ¾ is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, Ra3_; Rbi, b2, and _b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which ¾ is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_a3; R_M, R_b2, and R_bj is CH₃. In some variations of formula ( 2) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 3, each of R_ai, R_a2, and _a3 is H and each of Rbi, R¾2, and ¾3 is CH₃. [257] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 3, each of R_ai,¾i, Ra2, and J¾,₂, is H and a3 and ¾₃ are w "^¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, each of Rai,R_bi, a2, and Rj>2, is CH₃ and R_a3 and Rb3 are "^- . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragrap above in which is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, R|>i, and R_b2 is CH₃, and R_a3 and R_i)3 are

. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_bi and ¾₂ is CH₃, and _a3 and Rb3 are

[258] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 3,

O

each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and j,?, is H and R^ and _b3 are ^"¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, Ra2, and R_M, is CH₃ and R_a3

O

and j>3 are ^\ In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which

O

/_/ is 3, Rai is H and each of R^, R_bi, and j,₂ is C¾, and and R_b3 are ^'¾· *^* , In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which ij is 3, each of _ai and R_a2

O

is H and each of i and _¾2 is CH₃, and _as and Rb3 are ^"^- ^\

[259] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 3, R_al and R_w are '^¾ ?~ , R_a2 and _b2 are '^¾ , and each of and R_!)3 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h i s 3, R_ai and R_¾i are "^¾ *^* , R_a2 and Rj,₂ are "^¾ , and each of R_a3 and s^ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which /₂ is 3, R_ai and ¾ι are '^¾ R_a2 and _½ are '^x , ^ is H, and Rb3 is ( I f ;. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 1_} i s 3, R_ai and R i are "^- , R_a2 and R|>₂ are '^¾ and each of _as and R s is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, _ai and _&j are la

(12) d

are

"^¾ , R_aj is H, and R_h3 is C¾.

[260] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 3, R_ai and ¾i are

and each of and Rj>₃ is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R i are '^¾· , R_a2 and

some variations of formula (12) described in

O

the paragraphs above in which l_} is 3, _ai and M are "^¾ ^\ R_a2 and j,₂ are ⁵ , R^ is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which //

O

is 3, R_ai and R_¾i are '^¾ ^\ R_a2 and Rs,₂ are '¾· f^" , and each of _aj and R_b3 is Ii In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which i_} is 3, R_a! and ¾j are

and each of _A3 and _b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula

(12) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 3, R_aJ and M are "^- R_a2 and _b2 are O

[261] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 3, R_ai

O 0

and RM are ¾ ^** A· ^f <*\ R_a2 and R ₂ are ¾ '¾A· and each of R_¾3 and Rb3 is H. In some variations of

O

formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R¾i are ^f\ R_a2 and

O

b₂ are ¾ ^'¾A and each of _A3 and _b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in

O O

the paragraphs above in which i_} is 3, R_al and ¾ι are _¾ ^'Ai R_a2 and _b2 are _¾A , is H, and R_bsis CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which

O O

is 3, Rai and ¾i are ^'¾ *^" , R_a2 and R_b2 are "»- and each of _¾3 and Rb3 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 3, R_ai and R_¾i are O O

-\ and R_b2 are and each of and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12)

O O

described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 3, R_a} and are "*· , R_a2 and i,₂ are ^'¾· ^¾ ,

[262] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which i_} is 3, R_ai and RM and R_a2 and Rj>₂ together are - and each ot R_A3 and ._b3 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 3, _ai and M and R_a2 and R_b2 together are ^ ^i_{^ anc} each of R_a3 and R^is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which _/ is 3, R_ai and RM and R_a2 and Rj,₂ together are V V

, Ra3 is H, and ^ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 3, R_a3 and M and a2 and R_¾,₂ together are and R_a3 and i,₃ are

'^¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, _ai

O

and M and R_a2 and ¾₂ together are ^<· and a3 and R¾₃ are <- .

[263] In variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which ¾ is 4, the three instances of R_a and j, are indicated as R_ai and ; R_a2 and Rj,₂; _as and Rj,₃; and ₃4 and R¾4, respectively. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 4, each of Rai,¾i, ¾2, ¾2, ¾3, ¾3, Ra4, and _M is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, each of R_aj,Rt>i, 2, 2, _as, R&3, _A4, and ¾4 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, each of Rai, M, Ra2, Rb2, a3, and &sis H and each of _A4 and MIS CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, each of R_ai, M, _a2, and Rj,₂is H and each of Ra3, Rb3_; R_A4. and ^is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, each of R_ai, , Ra2, ¾>2, a3, and ¾3is CH₃ and each of R_A4 and MIS H. [264] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, each of R_ai,Ra2, and R_a3 is H and each of _w, R_b2, and j,₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_aj is H, M is CH₃, and each of R_a2, _¾2, Ra3. and Rj_>3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 4, R_ai is H, R_1(i is CH₃, and each of R^, R¾2, Ra3, and _¾3 is H. In some variations of formula ( 12) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, each of R_ai and _a2 i s H, each of RM and R_B2 is CH₃, and each of and j,₃ is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which i_} is 4, each of R_ai and is H, each of Rm and Rb2 is CH₃, and each of _A3 and _&3 is CH₃.

[265] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which I_} is 4, R_ai and R_M are H, R_a2 and ϊ¾₂ are H, R_a3 and R₁₍₃ are H, and R_a4 and R_b are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_al and R_M are H,

Ra2 and are H, R_a3 and Rb3 are CH₃, and _A4 and Rb4 are "^¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, _aj and R_¾i are H, ^ and _¾2 are CH₃, _as and R_¾3 are CH₃, and R_A4 and &4 are " ^L . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which ; is 4, R_ai and M are CH₃, R_a2 and ¾₂ are CH₃,

Ra3 and Rj,₃ are CH₃, and _A and RM are '^¾· ^ ,

[266] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 4, _as and R_bj are H, ^ and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and j,₃ are '^- , and R_a4 and (,₄ are "^- . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 4, R_ai and R_¾i are I:

Ra2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and j,₃ are

. In some variations of formula ( 12) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, _ai and _¾i are CH₃, R_a2 and b2 are CH₃, R_A3 and RM are "^¾ , and R_A4 and I¾₄ are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 4, R_AI is H, M is CH₃, R_A2 and ^ are

(^'! ! :, Ra₃ and R_¾,₃ are , and R_a and ¾ are " *· . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R_¾i is CH₃, Ra2 is H, ¾ is CH₃, R_A3 and j,3 are

[267] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_ai

and Rj_>i are H, R_a2 and j_>2 are , R_a3 and ¾3 are "^¾ <* and Ra₄ and Rb4 are '^¾ . In some vari ations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, ^ and R_b2 are "^¾ , R_A3 and Ε*₃ are "^¾ , and R_A4 and RM are "*· . In some variations of formula scribed in the paragraphs above in which lj is 4, R_ai is H, _¾i is

CH₃, Ra2 and ¾₂ are

_as and R 3 are '^¾· and R_a4 and R|>₄ are . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which ; is 4, _ai and M are

. _ w

"^¾ R_a2 and R^ are '^¾ R_a3 and j,₃ are "^- ^\ and R_A and Rj,₄ are '^¾ ^\

[268] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which !j is 4, R_at

O

and R_bi are H, R^ and Rj,₂ are H, _as and ¾₃ are H, and R_A4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, _aj and ₁₍j are H,

O

Ra2 and R_B2 are H, R_a3 and R_B3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and M are A ^'¾· ^c^-* . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which ; is 4, _ai and _¾i are H, R_a2 and (,₂

O

are CH₃, R^ and j,₃ are CH₃, and R_a4 and R ₄ are ^'¾· . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which // is 4, R_a} and j,j are CH₃, R_a2 and (,₂ are CH₃,

A -

Ra3 and RM are CH₃, and R_a4 and R¾₄ are .

[269] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 4, _ai

O

and R_BJ are H, R^ and R_B2 are H, R_a3 and _¾3 are and R_a4 and j,₄ are v. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which ij is 4, R_AL and _w are H,

A A

R_a2 and R_b2 are CH , _as and _B3 are ^"¾· and R_A4 and R_b4 are In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and ¾ι are CH₃, R_a2 and

O O

I¾₂ are CH₃, R_a3 and ¾ are ^"^- and _A4 and ¾₄ are ^"¾ ^\ In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 4, R_ai is H, ¾i is C¾, R_a2 and ¾₂ are

described in the paragraphs above in which _/ is 4, R_aJ is H, R_¾i is CH₃, R_a2 is H, ¾₂ is CH₃, R_a3

O O

and Rj,₃ are ¼ ^"^A- ^\ and R_ai and RM are ¼ ^'¾· ^(\

[270] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which i_} is 4, R_ai

0 0 o

and R[»i are H, R_a2 and ._b2 are^'^ R_a3 and R¾₃ are and R_A4 and M are^{' 4}- ^\ In some variations of formula ( 12) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_ai and _¾i are

0 0 o

CH , R_a2 and ¾_>2 are A _/ R_a3 and s,₃ are % and R_a4 and j,₄ are ¾ A ^¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is

0 0 o

CH , R_a2 and ¾_>2 are'^¾A R_a3 and R_¾3 are "^¾ A and _A4 and RM are "^¾A ^\ In some variations

0 of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_ai and M are _¾ ^' -A , R_a2 and R¾2 are

.

[271] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 4, R_ai

*T 7 O and j,i are R_a2 and ϊ¾_>2 are H, _aj and R_b3 are H, and _a4 and ^ are ^"^- In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_aj and _&j are

'^¾ r " , Ra2 and Rj_>2 are CH₃,

and R₁₍₃ are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ¾ ^'¾A· / In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which Jj is 4, R_ai and R_bl are

R_a2

O

and j>₂ are H, R_a3 and Rj_>3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and j,₄ are ^'¾ . [272] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which U is 4, R_ai

and Ri>i are In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which // is 4, R_ai and _bi

are ^'¾· ^f\ In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_a) and R_b! are

R_a3 and R_M are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^'¾· In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_;, i and R_b! are

a2 and R_b2 are R_a3 and R_!)3 are H, and R_a and R_M are

[273] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_ai

and _bi are . [274] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 4, R_ai

and R { are are * In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R _l are

In some vari ations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R _i are

* R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are In some vari ations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which /; is 4, R_ai and R_M are

are

[275] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which // is 4, R_ai

and R_bi are ¾ R_a2 and R_b2 are ^{' ¾}· ^\ [276] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_ai and ¾i are

In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h i s 4, _ai and R¾i are 0 0 o

A Α A

^'¾· Ra2 and R_b2 are ^"¾ R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and Rj_>4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which lj i s 4, R_a! and R_b! are 0 0 o

¾A ¾·^·

Ra2 and R_b2 are ^'^- R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^r\ In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_a! and R_b! are 0 0 o

< , Ra2 and R_b2 are ^' *· R_a3 and ¾3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^'¾· ^f\

[277] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

.

[278] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which i is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, and R_b2 are H, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are "^- . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_al and R_bi are H, R^ and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_M together are '^- ^x . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which ; is 4, _ai and R_a2 are H,

R_bi and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are "*· [279] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, _ai

• 5^S

and _bi are H, R^ and R_b2 are '^¾ ^\ and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^ν¾· . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which _/ is 4, R_al and _bi

, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_M together are ' ^{L x} . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_ai is H, _bi is

CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ and R_a3 and R ₃ and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^ . [280] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_ai

O

and ¾i are H, R_a2 and R ₂ are _¼ ^"¾A and R_A3 and R ₃ and R_A4 and R ₄ together are ^¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 4, R_ai and R_bi

O

are A R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_M together are "^- . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which lj i s 4, R_a! is H, R_b{ i s

O

CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are ^'¾· and R_A3 and _B3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^¾ .

[281] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which i_} is 4, R_ai

In some variations of formula 12) described in the paragraphs above in which i_} is 4, R_aj and

Rbi

. In some variations of formula ( 12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi O O

are % ^"¾-A ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ¾A , and _A3 and 3 and R_A4 and _B4 together are ^¾^ Y V

[282] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai and M are ^L R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ and as and R ₃ and R_a4 and R_b4 together are

[283] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which // is 4, _ai and jji and R_a2 and R ₂ together are ' '- and _aj and R_b3 and R_a4 and _B4 together are

[284] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which /? is 1, R_ai and j_>i are both H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is I, R_ai is H and R_bi is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 1, R_ai and R_bi are both CI-I₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 1, R_ai and _bi are . In some variations of

O

formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 1 , _ai and R_bi are ^\

[285] In variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which I? is 2, the two instances of R_a and R_b are indicated as R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and ¾₂, respectively. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 2, each of R_ai and _M and Ra2 and R|,₂ is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 2, each of R_ai and R i and ^ and ¾2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l? is 2, each of Rai and R_a2 is H and each of _bt and R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 2, each of R_a{, R_a2, and _bj is H and R_b2 is CH₃.

[286] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 2,

each of R_ai and Rbi is H and , In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 2, each of Rai and R_bi is H and R_a2 and R_b2 are O

. In some variations ot formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 2, each of _ai and _bi is CH₃ and R_a2 and ₂ are "^¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 2, each of R_ai and R¾i is CH₃ and and R_b2 O

are ·- ^ .

In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ i s 2, R_ai is H,

M)l is CII₃, and R_a2 and ₂ are "^¾ , j_n some variations of formula (12) described in the

O

paragraphs above in which l₂ is 2, R_ai is H, R i is CH₃, and R_a2 and R_b2 are ¾ ^'¾· . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 2, R_a! and R_b! and

R_a2 and R_b2 together are V In some variations of formula ( 12 described in the paragraphs above in which /? is 2, R_ai and R_b

. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which I? is 2, R_al and ¾i are *^" R_a2 and O

Rj,2 are ^' *· ^\ In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂

O Q

is 2, R_al and _bi are ^'¾· and R *i 2 are

[287] In variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, the three instances of R_a and R¾ are indicated as R_ai and R_bi; _a2 and Rj,₂; and R_a3 and Ry, respectively. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ i s 3 , each of R_ai,Rjt>i, a2, ¾)2, a3, and R_bs is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, each of R i,R_bi, ¾₂, Ri₎₂, Ra3, and ^ i CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and Rj>₂, is H and each of Ra3 and Ri_»3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, each of Rai,R_bi, R_¾2, and Rj,₂, is CH₃ and each of Ra3 and Rs>₃ is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_aj is H and each of R_a2, R_aj_, R|>i, i>2, and ^ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which !.? is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_a3, R_M, _¾2, and R|,₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, each of R_a{, R_a2, and R_a3 is H and each of w, K, and Rt,₃ is CH₃.

[288] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, Ra2, and Rt,₂, is H and ^ and i»₃ are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, each of R_ai,R_bj, _a2, and Rj>₂, is CH₃ and R_a3 and Rb3 are " . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, Rt>i, and R_b2 is CH₃, and R_a and Rb3 are ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_bi and _¾2 is CH₃, and R_a3 and Rj,₃ are "^¾ *^" \

[289] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3,

O

each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and j,₂, is H and R^ and Rj,₃ are ^"¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, Ra2, and R_b2, is CH₃ and R_a3 O

and R ? are ^'¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which

O

h is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_bi, and ¾₂ is CH₃, and and R_b3 are , In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, each of _ai and R_a2

O

is H and each of _bi and R_b2 is CH , and R_a3 and Rb3 are ^"^- ^\

}] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_al and R _i are '^¾ ?~ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ , and each of and R_b3 is H. In some variations ot formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, _ai and R_¾i are "^¾ R_a2 and R_b2 are "^¾ and each of _a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations ot formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ R_a2 and R_b2 are '^x , R^ is H, R ₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formula ( 12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3,

R_ai and R_M are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R ₂ are , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai and R_bi are

, R_a2 and R ₂ are '^¾ ^\ and each of R_a3 and 3 i s CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai and i are "^¾ R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ R_a3 is H, R_b3 is CH₃.

[291] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_al and R_bi are "^¾ ^^*, R_a2 and R_b2 are ^"¾ and each of Ra3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, _ai and _bi are

some variations of formula (12) described the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3,

and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂

O

is 3, Rai and R_¾i are '^¾ ^\ R_a2 and Rs,₂ are '¾· f^" , and each of R_a3 and Rs,₃ is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_al and _w are

O

a2 and R_b2 are X , and each of R_a3 and _b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula

( 12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai and R_w are "^- , R_a2 and j,₂ are

[292] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai

O O

and R_bi are U ^*¾·-U ^f\ R_a2 and R^ are _¼ '^¾A , and each of R_a3 and _b3 is H, In some variations ot

O

formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai and R_¾i are ^\ R_a2 and

O

j,₂ are ¾ ^'¾A and each of _A3 and _b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in

O O

the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_al and ¾i are _¾ ^' A */" , R_a2 and R_¾2 are _¾A , is H, and Rb3 is ( I f ;. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂

O 0

is 3, ai and ₁₍i are ^**A^■ */" , R_a2 and ¾₂ are _¾ ^'¾Α· / and each of R_¾3 and ¾₃ is H. In some variations of formula ( 12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and _¾i are

O O

^'¾A· / R_a2 and j,₂ are _¾ ^'¾A· and each of _A3 and _b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12)

O O

described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_al and _M are _¾A , R_a2 and

are ^{' L}A

[293] In some variations of formula (1 2) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_at and _bi and R_a2 and !½ together are and each of R_a3 and ϊ¾₃ is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai and _bi and ^ and _¾2 together are and each of R_a3 and R ₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai and I¾i and R_a2 and R_b2 together are

R_A3 is H, and ¾3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai and ¾i and and ¾₂ together are '*· ¹ , and R_a3 and R_b3 are

" *· . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai

9

and Rjji and R_a2 and R_b2 together are ^ and R and Rt>₃ are .

[294] In variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, the three instances of R_a and R_b are indicated as R_al and !¾; R_a2 and R_b2; R_a3 and R_b3; and R_a4 and R¾4, respectively. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, each of R_ai,R_bj, R_a2, jj₂, _as, i,3_{. A}4, and R_b4 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, each of Rai,R_bi, R^, R_b2, R₃3, R¾3, R_A4, and M is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, each of Rai, ex, R_a2, R¾2, _A , and Rb3 is H and each of _A4 and _b4 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, each of Rai, M, R_a2, and R_b2 is H and each of R_a3, ¾_3, R_{a ;} and ^ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, each of Rai, R*i, R_a2, R*₂, _A3, and R_b3 is CH₃ and each of R_a and R_b4 is H.

[295] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, each of R_ai,Ra2, and _A3 is H and each of Rj,i, ¾2, and _B3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi i s CH₃, and each of Ra2, ¾2, Ra3. and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai is H, R_1(i is CH₃, and each of ^, R¾₂, ₃3, and R¾3 is H. In some variations of formula ( 12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H, each of w and R_b2 is CH₃, and each of _as and R|>₃ is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, each of R_ai and _a? is H, each of R_bi and Rb2 is CH₃, and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃.

[296] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which /? is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, ^ and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and Rw are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are "^¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above which l₂ i s 4, _ai and R i are H,

R_¾2 and R¾2 are H, R_a3 and ¾3 are CH₃, and R_A4 and M are

. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_a! and ¾i are H, R_a2 and are CH₃, Ras and ¾ are O . and Ra₄ and R¾4 are "^- . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and i are CH₃, _a2 and ¾₂ are CH₃,

Ra3 and ¾₃ are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_¾4 are '^¾ ,

[297] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which /? is 4, R_ai and _bi are H, ^ and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and Rw are ^"^- and R_a4 and Rj,₄ are ^ . In some variations of formula ( 12) described in the paragraphs above in which /? is 4, _ai and RM are H,

R_A2 and _b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and _b3 are

. In some variations of formula (1 2) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ i s 4, R_aj and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and

R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and ¾₃ are ^"¾ ^ , and R_a4 and RM are " ^L . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai is H, R_M is CH₃, R_a2 and Rj>₂ are

CH₃, _A3 and R_&j are ^"¾ ^\ and R_a4 and I¾₄ are ^"^- . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai is H, R_¾i is CH₃, R^ is H, ¾₂ is CH₃, R_a3

and Rj,3 are .

[298] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which /? is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R^ and R_b2 are ^" V^¾Si R_A3 and Rb3 are ^' V^¾-%£ and R_a4 and RM are ^' V^¾ Si . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_aj and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and _b2 are " V^¾Si R_a and R_b are Hi and R_a and R_b4 are S ^£\ In some variations of formula (1 2) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ i s 4, R_ai is H, R_M i s

CH₃, R_a2 and 2 are , In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_a! and ¾ι an

< R„-> and RLi a arree ^"¾ » R_a3, a anndd a arree "^'^^¾- ^ and R_a4 and RM are 9] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai p

and ¾i are H, R_a2 and ¾₂ are H, R_a3 and _¾3 are H, and R_a4 and I¾ are ¼ "*A· . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_¾i are H,

O

R_a2 and R_B2 are H, R_a3 and j,₃ are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_{I I} are ^"^- . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_a! and j,j are H, R^ and R_b2

O

are CH₃, R^ and _¾3 are CH₃, and R_a-i an RM are ^'¾· ^\ In some variations of formula ( 12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and _w are CH₃, R_a2 and ¾ are CH₃,

O

A3 and _¾3 are CH₃, and _A4 and R&4 are _¾A .

[300] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai

O

and R_bi are H, R_a2 and i,₂ are H, R_a3 and ¾>₃ are ^'¾· , and R_a4 and Rb4 are v. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, _ai and R i are H,

O O

Ra2 and (,₂ are CH₃, R_a3 and Rb3 are % ^'¾A and _A4 and &₄ are % ^"¾A ^\ In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, _ai and R i are CH₃, R_a2 and

O O

Rb2 are CH₃, R_a3 and Rb3 are ^'¾· and _A4 and RM are ^'¾ ^\ In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which /? is 4, R_ai is H, ¾i is C¾, R_a2 and ¾₂ are

O p

CH₃, R_a3 and Rj,₃ are % '^¾A , and R_a4 and I¾₄ are % ^ \ In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which !? is 4, R_aJ is H, R_¾i is C¾, R_a2 is H, ¾₂ is CH₃, _A3 o o

and Rba are ¼ ^'^- ^\ and R_A and M are ¼ ^' *· ^_ί\

[301] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_aJ and i»i are H, R_a2

In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, _ai and _¾i are

0 0 o

CH₃, R_a2 and ¾₂ are _¾A ^\ R_a3 and ¾₃ are A *^* , and R_a4 and R_b4 are A ^¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, _ai is H, R_bi is

0 0 o

O . Rai and ¾₂ are^'¾A R_a3 and R_b3 are ¾ ^"¾ i and R_a4 and R_M are ^"¾Α In some variations

O

of tormula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and M are ^"¾- _A2 and Rb2 are

.

[302] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_as — y O and R_M are "^- ^^*, _A2 and ^ are H, and R₁₍₃ are H, and R_A4 and t,₄ are ^*"¾· In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_a! and _w are

O

"^¾ Ra2 and R_¾2 are CH₃, and RM are CH₃, and ₃₄ and _¾4 are ^f\ In some variations ot formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_aJ and R_bJ are '^¾ , R_a2

O

and Rj,₂ are H, R_a3 and j,₃ are CH₃, and R_A4 a d Rj>₄ are _¾ ^{' 1}A ^ ,

[303] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_aj

' ~7 S~~~7 O

and R_bi are ^ R_a2 and Rj,₂ are "Q R_a3 and R₁₍₃ are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^'¾A· In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_al and _M are " .^¾ - , R_a2 and R_B2 are

In some variations of formula ( 12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, _ai and _¾i are

. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

" ¾^¾ , R_a2 and R_h2 are " ¾ , R_a3 and j,₃ are H, and R_a4 and _M are

.

[304] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which /? is 4, R_ai and RM are

5] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai

Ό

and ¾i are ^\ R_a2 and R_b2 are ^{'¾ r} \ R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b are ^f\ In some vari ations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which /_? is 4, R_ai and _bi are vv , R_a2 and R_b2 are

In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_b! are

Ra2 and R_b2 are In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 1₂ is 4, R_a! and R_b! are

■r O O

¾A _¾A

"^¾ a2 and R_b2 are '¾· _a3 and R ₃ are H, and R_a4 and R ₄ are < \

[306] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai

[307] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which /? is 4, R_ai and R_b{ are

In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R¾i are

In some vari ations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which I? is 4, R_ai and _bi are

In some vari ations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which !₂ is 4, R_al and R_M are

[308] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, _as and R_bl are

, 9] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and ¾i are H, R_a2 and Rj>2 are H, and Ras and & and R_a4 and Rt>₄ together are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_al and R_bJ are II, and R 2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and Rb3 and _a and RM together are " ^<~ V in some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, _aj and R_a2 are H, i and j,2 are Cl¾, and _as and b3 and _a4 and ¾4 together are ^x .

[310] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and j,i are H, and ^ are

and R_a3 and b3 and _a and Rb together are '^- , In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi

, R_a2 and *,? are CH₃, and _a3 and 3 and _a4 and _b4 together are - . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai is H, R_¾i is

CI¾, R_a2 and R ₂ are " ^{N^}

[311] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, and 2 are

and R_a3 and ¾₃ and R_a4 and R_b4 together are . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, _ai and R_bi O

are ^' <^{■ ¾} , _a2 and ¾₂ are CH₃, and _a3 and Rj,3 and R_a4 and _b4 together are ' ^<· . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai is H, i is

O

¾A

CH₃, R_a2 and _b2 are ^'¾ and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and _b4 together are y Y

[312] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai

O O

and i are ¾ ^"¾A / _a2 and _b2 are ^'¾·^_f and ^ and ? and R_a4 and ₄ together are ^""^ Y In some vari ations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in whi ch /? is 4, R_ai and bi are

and R_a3 and R¾3 and R_a4 and R_¾4 together are ¹ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which /? is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

and _A3 and _B3 and R_A4 and Rb4 together are ^¾ .

[313] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_al and R[»i are " R_a2 and R_b2 are and a3 and _¾3 and ₃₄ and R_b4 together are

[314] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_aj and M and R_a2 and 2 together are - and ^ and _bj and _A4 and R_B4 together are

[315] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 1, R_ai and i are both H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 0[ is 1, R_aj is H and R_b! is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in whi ch o_} i s 1, R_ai and R_¾i are both CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o is 1, R_ai and _bi are "^¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₁ is 1, R_ai and ϊ½ are

[316] In variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 2, the two instances of R_a and R_b are indicated as R_al and R_bl and _a2 and Ι½, respectively. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi and _a2 and 2 i s H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 2, each of R_ai and _bi and _a2 and R ₂ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 2, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_bl and Rj,? is CH₃. In some variations of formula ( 12) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 2, each of Rai, R_a2, and R_bi i s H and R_b2 is CH₃.

[317] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 2,

each of R_ai and R_bi is H and . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 2, each of R_a{ and R_b) is H and R_a2 and R ₂ are O

^ . In some variations ot formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 2, each ot _ai and RM is C¾ and and R 2 are "^¾ ^^*- . In some variations of tormula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 2, each of R_ai and i is CH₃ and R_a? and Rj>2

are

In some variations of formula (12) descri bed in the paragraphs above in which oi is 2, R_ai is H,

R_bi is CH₃, and R_a2 and ¾ are "^- . In some variations of formula (12) described in the

O

paragraphs above in which o_} is 2, R_a! is H, R_bi is CH₃, and R_a2 and j,? are Ά . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 2, R_ai and R_M and

R_a2 and j,₂ together are '^- V In some variations of formula ( 12) described in the paragraphs above in which o i s 2, _ai and R i are '^- ^ R_a2 and R ₂ are "^- ^\ In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 2, _ai and i are '^¾· R_a2 and

O

R_b? are ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o_}

O O

is 2, R_ai and R₁₍i are R^ and R¾₂ are .

[318] In variations of formula ( 12) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 3, the three instances of R_a and ¾ are indicated as _ai and R_bi; _a2 and ¾₂; and _A3 and Κ_¾3, respectively. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o is 3, In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 3, each of R_ai,Rt>i, ¾2, 2, a3, and _bs s H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 3, each of Rai,R_bi, R_a2, ¾>2, Ra3, and b.? is C¾. In some variations of formula ( 12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi i s 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, _¾2, and Rj₎₂, i s H and each of Ra3 and _bj is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oj i s 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, _¾2, and Rj,₂, is CH₃ and each of _aj and ¾3 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 3, _ai is H and each of Ra2, R_A3, R_bi, ¾2, and R_bj i CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R^. R_bi, M, and R^s is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, each of Rai, Ra2, and R_A3 is H and each of M, ¾, and b₃ is

[319] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, Ra2, and ¾₂, Ϊ8 H and a3 and ¾₃ are "^¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 3, each of Rai,R_bi, R_a2, and Rb₂, is CH₃ and R_¾3 an

variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, Rbi, and Rj,2 is CH₃, and _A3 and 3 are ^"x . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o_/ is 3, each of Rai and

R_a2 is H and each of w and (,₂ is CH₃, and as and _b3 are

[320] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3,

O

each of Rai,Rbi, R_a2, and Rb2, is H and a3 and R^ are ^"¾ . In some variations of formula ( 12) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 3, each of R₃I,RM, R_a2, and ¾₂, is CH₃ and _aj

O

and j,3 are ^'^- *" . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which

O

oj is 3, R_a{ is H and each of ^, _bi, and Rj,₂ is CH₃, and ^ and j,₃ are ^<- ⁵ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, each of R_ai and

O

R_a2 is H and each of _M and _b2 is CH₃, and aj and Rb₃ are .

[321] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 3, Rai and R¾i are

, R_a2 and Rs,₂ are "^¾ and each of Ra3 and Rj,₃ is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 3, R_ai and R_¾i are "^- R_a2 and j,₂ are ^" ^ , and each of R_as and _B3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 3, R_al and R_w are "^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^- , R_a3 is H, and _bs is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which O] is 3, R_al and _bi are , R_a2 and R_b2 are "^- ^ , and each of R_a3 and R^ is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 3, R_al and R_bi

, R_a2 and R_b2 are s CH₃. In some variations of formula

(12) described in the paragraphs above in which o is 3, R_ai and _bi are "^¾ ^ and R ₂ are

[322 ] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 3, R_aj and R j are "^¾ R_a2 and R_b2 are ^"¾· ^? and each of ¾.? and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 3, R_a} and R j are "^- , ^Ka2

R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described

— 7 O

\ . ¾^· in the paragraphs above in which oj is 3, R_aj and _bj are "^¾ R_a2 and R_b2 are ^'^- R_a3 is H, and R_bs is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} —

is 3, R_ai and R_¾i are " , R_a2 and R ₂ are ^"¾ and each of _a3 and 3 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 3, R_aj and j,_t are

O

^

'^¾ and R_b2 are ^'¾· ^^1*, and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula

(12) described in the paragraphs above in which O] is 3, R_al and R _i are ^ H_a2 and R_b2 are O

-\ R_a3 i_s H, and R_b3 is CH₃.

[323] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o is 3,

O O

R_ai and i are 0 ^'¾·- R_a2 and R_b2 are 0 ^'^-0 <* and each of R^ and R_b3 i s H. in some variations of

O

formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which _} is 3, _aj and _bi are ^'¾· R_a2 and O

¾2 are ^' *· and each of R_as and Rj>₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in

O O

the paragraphs above in which oj is 3, R_ai and ¾i are "*· Ά_Ά2 and R¾₂ are ^"¾ R_A3 is H, and _fcj is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o_}

O p

is 3, R_ai and R¾i are R_a2 and Rj,2 are and each of and R_b3 is II. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 3, R_a{ and Rj,t are O O

'^{¾ f}\ Ra2 and j,2 are ' *· and each of R_as and ¾₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12)

O O

described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 3, R_aj and are R_a2 and Rj,₂ are

[324] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 3,

R_aj and RM and _a2 and ¾₂ together are '^- and each of _A3 and R_&s is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 0₁ is 3, R_ai and j,i and

Ra2 and ¾2 together are " , and each of as and is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 3, R_ai and J¾,i and R_a2 and ¾₂ together are , a3 is H, and j,3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 3, R_a! and _&j and Ra2 and R¾₂ together are and _A and j,₃ are

In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 3,

Rai and R¾i and R_a2 and i,₂ together are

.

[325] In variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 4, the three instances of R_a and Rj, are indicated as R_ai and j,i; R_a2 and ¾₂; R_a3 and ^; and _A4 and Rj>4, respectively. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 4, In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 4, each of R_ai,Rbi, R_a2, Rb₂, Ra3, ¾3_, ¾₄, and R_B4 is H, In some variations of formula ( 12) described in the paragraphs above in which 01 is 4, each of Rai,Rt>i, Ra2, Rt>2, a3, ¾3. R_a4, and R¾ is CH₃. In some vari ations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 4, each of Rai, Rbi, Ra2, b2, a3, and R¾3 is H and each of R_A4 and M is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi i s 4, each of R_ai, R^, R_a2, and Ι½ i s H and each of R_a3, j,_3> R_a4. and ^ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, each of R_ai, Rt>i, R_a2, R¾2, Ra3, and ₁₍₃ is CH₃ and each of

In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 4, each of Rai,Ra2, and R_a3 is H and each of ¾i, 1½, and Rb3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which Oj is 4, R_al is H, j,_} is CH₃, and each of Ra2, ¾2, Ra3, and Rj,3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, _ai is H, j,i is CH₃, and each of R_a2, &2, a3, and Rj,₃ is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, each of R_ai and Ra2 is H, each of M and R¾2 is CH₃, and each of ^ and Rj,₃ is H. In some variations of formula ( 12) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 4, each of R_ai and R^ is H, each of R^i and j,2 is CH₃, and each of _as and _¾3 is (^'! .

[327] In some variati ons of formul a (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 4,

R_ai and R_M are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, ^ and j,₃ are H, and R_a4 and R¾4 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o,- is 4, _ai and j_>i are H,

Ra2 and j,₂ are H, R_A3 and R_B3 are CH₃, and R^ and _B4 are "^¾· , In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 4, R_aj and Rj,i are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and _B3 are CH₃, and _A4 and _B4 are '^- *" . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in whic > is 4, R_ai and _bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃,

R_a3 and _B3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R₁₍₄ are

[328] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which O i is 4,

Rai and Rbi are H, R_a2 and _b2 are H, R_a3 and _b3 are "^- ^\ and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^"^- . In some vari ations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 4, R_aS and R_¾i are H, 32 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are "^¾ and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 0,- is 4, R_al and _bi are

H3, a2 and ¾₂ are CH₃, R_a3 and R ₃ are

In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 4, R_ai is H, ¾i is CH₃, R_a2 and

Rb2 are CH₃, R_¾3 and ¾j are

. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 4, R_aj is H, RM is CH₃, R_¾2 is H, ¾₂ is

CH₃, R_A3 and ¾3 are [329] In some variati ons of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 4,

R_a3 and R_M are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are " W R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ Hi , and R_a4 and j,₄ are "^¾ S ⁵£ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R|>i S VS£

are CH₃, ^ and R|>₂ are '^¾ R_as and ¾3 are "^- and R_a4 and ^ are ^\ In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o is 4, R_aJ is H, R_M is

CH₃, R_a2 and ¾₂ are W^" , R_a3 and &3 are '^¾ £ and R_a4 and R_M are S ^i . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o; is 4, R_ai and R_M are

^'¾ , a2 and R¾₂ are Si R_a3 and ¾₃ are Si and R_a4 and R*»₄ are

[330] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o i is 4,

O

R_ai and R_w are H, R_a2 and K_b2 are H, R^ and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and j,₄ are ^¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 4, R_ai and ^ are H,

O

R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R(,₃ are CH₃, and R_a4 and _¾4 are ^'¾· ^\ In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, _a2 and R_¾2

O

are CH₃, R_a3 and Rb3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and ¾4 are ¾ ^'¾·% In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 4, R_aS and R_¾i are CH₃, R_a2 and R₁₍₂ are CH₃,

O

R_a3 and Rj,₃ are CH₃, and R_a4 and _M are ^"^- ^ .

[331] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 4,

O

R_ai and j,i are H, R_a2 and R|>₂ are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are ^ and R_a4 and R are v. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o is 4, R_aJ and R_bj are H, Ra2 and R¾2 are CH₃, _A3 and ¾₃ are

In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, _a2 and o o

Rb2 are CH₃, R_A3 and ¾₃ are ^'¾· * and _A4 and Μ_Μ are ^'¾· ^#\ In some variations of tormula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which Oj is 4, R_ai is H, is CH₃, R_a2 and Ι¾₂ are

CH₃, _A3 and ¾3 are

In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 is H, j,₂ is CH₃,

R_a3 an Rw are an R_a4 an R_M are

[332] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 4,

In some vari ations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o_/ is 4, R_a3 and _M

0 0 o

are CH₃, and j,₂ are ¾ ^'¾A· <j R_a3 and Ri>₃ are _¾ ^'^A- and R_a4 and R|>₄ are _¾ ^LA ^ , In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which ο,· is 4, R_ai is H, j,_} is

In some variations

0 of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 4, R_ai and R_bi are % "*A· R_a2 and

[333] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 4, y _¾A

R_aj and R_bi are ^"¾ R_a2 and (,₂ are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and _&4 are ^'¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R|>i —j o

are ^'¾ ^\ R_a2 and j>2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and Rt>₄ are _¾ ^'^A- In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 4, R_al and R_bi are

.

I l l [334] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4,

Riii and M are ^"¾ R_a2 and R^i are ^"% _¾3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and Rj,₄ are ^'^- <*\ In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 4, R_aS and R_¾i

In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o; is 4, R_ai and j,i are

'^¾ a2 and j,₂ are ^' *· ^^* . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which ο,- is 4, _ai and _M are

O

"^¾ , a2 and R¾₂ are ^'¾ , _aj and ¾3 are H, and R_a4 and are ^'¾· .

[335] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o i is 4,

R_ai and R_M are NC R_a2 and Rj,2 are N ^i , R_a3 and Ι¾,₃ are % and R_a4 and R_b4 are

O

[336] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4,

O O

R_ai and R_bi are "^¾ R_a2 and are ^"¾ R_a3 and j>₃ are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^'¾ ^ . In some variations of formula ( 12) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 4, _ai and j,i

O O

are " ^ , R_a2 and ϊ½ are ^'^- ^ and _b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^\ In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o; is 4, R_ai and M are

"^¾ G , Ra2 and R ₂ aie

In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, _as and i are

O O

"^¾ Ra2 and R_b2 are % ^'¾· R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R ₄ are % ^'¾A· ^ , [337] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4,

Riii and R i are

and R_b4 are

O

[338] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which O i is 4,

Rai and R_bi are

. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 4, R_ai and R i are

variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o; is 4, R_ai and _bi are 0 0 o

A A A

^'¾· <* a2 and R_b2 are "^¾ R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o; is 4, R_ai and _bi are 0 0 o

¼· Ra2 and R_b2 are ½ R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are

[339] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o/ is 4,

[340] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o> is 4,

R_a3 and R_b3 are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o, is 4, R_ai and R i are H, R^ and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and Rj,₃ and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ' ^L . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 4, R_al and R_a2 are H,

R_bi and R_b2 are CH₃, and and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are [341] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o> is 4,

R_aj and j are H, R_a2 and R ₂ are '^¾ and _a3 and 3 and R_a4 and R ₄ together are . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 4, R_ai and R_bj are " R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and Rb₃ and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ' ^¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 4,

R_a3 is H, R_bJ is CI¾, R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b together are

[342] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o > is 4,

O

Rai and R_¾i are H, R_a2 and R ₂ are and R_a3 and R ₃ and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^

In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_a! and

9

j,i are "*· R_a2 and R ₂ are CH₃, and _a3 and R ₃ and R_a4 and R ₄ together are ^¾ V In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai is H, R i is CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are

and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^¾ V

[343] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, and R_b3 and R_a4 and R ₄ together

In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o > is 4, and Ri,i are

R_a2 and R_b2 are and _a3 and R ₃ and R_a4 and R_b4 together are . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o i is 4,

O O

_% A/ A

R_ai and R_b3 are '¾· R_a2 and R_b2 are ^"¾- *^*, and ^ and R_b3 and R_a and R_b together are

[344] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 4,

R_ai and R_bj are "^¾ R_a2 and R_b2 are

and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are [345] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o i is 4, Riii and ¾i and R_a2 and Rj>2 together are "^¾ and R_¾3 and b3 and Ra₄ and ^ together are

[346] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 1, R_aj and M are both H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which Oi is 1, R_ai is H and ^i is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 1, R_aj and ¾j are both CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o? is 1 , _ai and RM are

. In some variations of

O

formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 1, R_ai and j)i are * ,

[347 ] In variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 2, the two instances of R_a and R_b are indicated as R_ai and j,i and _a2 and R_b2, respectively. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 2, each of Rai and j,i and _a2 and &2 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ i s 2, each of R_ai and RM and R_a2 and R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 2, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_bi and R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 2, each of R_ai, R_a2, and j>i is H and R_b2 is (Ί .

[348] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 2, each of R_aJ and j,_t is H and R_a2 and _¾2 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 2, each of R_ai and ϊ½ is H and R_a2 and j,₂ n O

^'¾· . In some variations oi formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 2, each of _ai and _M is CH₃ and R_a2 and j,₂ are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 2, each of R_ai and j,i is CH₃ and R_a2 and j,₂

are In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 2, _ai is H

Rex is CH₃, and R_a2 and ¾2 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the

O

paragraphs above in which o₂ is 2, _ai is H, M is CH₃, and R_a2 and Rb₂ are "*· . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 2, R_ai and Rbi and and Rb2 together are . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs e in which o₂ is 2, R_ai and R_1(i are "^- and R₁₍₂ are "^- . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 2, R_ai and i»i are "^¾ R_a2 and p

Rb2 are ¼ "*·Α· ί _· In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂

A - A

is 2, R_a3 and j,j are ^ R_a2 and ^ are

[349] In variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, the three instances of R_a and j, are indicated as R_aj and ^; R_a2 and Rb₂; and _as and _¾3, respectively. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, each of R_ai,Rw, a2, Rb2, R 3, and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, each of R_ai,Rbi, R_ , ¾2, R_A3, a d _&j is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, each of Rai,Rbi, R_ , and Rj_>2, is H and each of _aa and R^a is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, each of Rai,Rbi, Ra2, and ¾₂, is CH₃ and each of ₃3 and Rb₃ is H. In some variations of formula ( 12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, R_A3; Rbi, 2, and ^ is CH . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, each of Rai and R_a2 is H and each of R^ Rbi, R*2, and R 3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o? is 3, each of R_ai, R_a2, and R_as is H and each of R_M, Rj,₂, and j,3 is CH₃.

[350] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and Rb₂, is H and _A3 and Rj>3 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula ( 12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, each of R_ai,Rs_>i, Ra2, and Rj_>2, is CH₃ and R_as and Rj,₃ are ^"^- . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which (>2 is 3, R_aj is H and each of R_a2, M, and ¾2 is CH₃, and _A3 and RM are "^¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, each of R_ai and a2 is H and each of Rm and R|,₂ is (

[351] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3,

O

each of Rai,Rj,i, _a2, and &2, is H and as and Rj,₃ are ^\ In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, each of _ai,Ri>i, _a2, and Rb2, is CH₃ and

O

and j>3 are Ά '^¾ In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which

O

θ₂ is 3, _at is H and each of R^, R¾i, and ¾₂ is CH₃, and and Rj_>3 are ^' *· . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, each of R_ai and

O

R_a2 is II and each ot R_w and ^ is CH₃, and a₃ and R_b3 are '^¾· .

[352] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, R_ai and M are '^¾- , R_a2 and

a e "^x and each of R_as and R_b3 s H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, _ai and _bi are "^¾ R_a2 and Rj,2 e ^ and each of R_as and ^s s CH₃. In some variations of formul (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, R_ai and R_M are "^¾ R_a2 and j,₂ are

R_a3 is

H, and _bs is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, R_aj and R^i are I, , R_a2 and R_b2 are SI, , and each of _A3 and ^ is H. In some vari ations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, _ai and R_¾i are '^¾ *^*, R_a2 and R^ are "^¾ , and each of R_a3 and ¾₃ ίδ CH₃. In some variations ot formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o? is 3, R_al and _M are "^¾¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are

^ , ¾3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. [353] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3,

R_ai and i are "^¾ R_a2 and R_b2 are ^"^- and each of ^ and ^s is H. In some variations of iormuia (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, R_ai and R|>i are ' R_a2

O

and Rj,2 are ^'¾· and each of _aj and ¾ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described

O

in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, R_ai and R _i are "^¾ R_a2 and R_b2 are ^L *" , R_a3 i s H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂

O

is 3, Rai and _bi are " R_a2 and R_b2 are < , and each of _a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, R_ai and R_bi are — O

"^¾ , Ra2 and Rb2 are and each of _a3 and _b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula

(12) described in the paragraphs above in which o is 3, _ai and R_bi are "^¾ *^" , ^ and R_b2 are

O

^{, ¾}- ^f\ a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃.

[354] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3,

O O

R_ai and _bi are R_a2 and R ₂ are ^{' L} , and each of a3 and 3 is H. In some variations of

O

formula ( 12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, R_al and _bi are ^r\ R_a2 and

9

R_b2 are ^"¾ and each of R_a3 and _b3 i CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in

O O

the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, R_ai and R_w are ^"¾A· ^ and R_b2 are ¾ ^'¾A· R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ o o

is 3, Rai and R¾i are R_a2 and Rj,₂ are ^{' L} and each of R_as and 3 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, _ai and R_bi are o o

< , Ra2 and j,2 are and each of _aj and ¾3 is CH₃. In some variations of tormula (12)

O O

described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, R_ai and i are ^{' 1} R_a2 and ₂ are ^'^- is H, and ^is CH

[355] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3,

Rai and _bi and R_a2 and Rj>₂ together are "^¾ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, R_ai and M and

R_a2 and _¾ together are ^{^1}- and each of _¾3 and _bsis CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, R_a3 and R_bi and R_a2 and R_¾,₂ together are

^"τ_^ ¾_a3 jg J ] _anc R_is3i_s CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, R_ai and R i and ^ and Rj,₂ together are ^,¾· and R_as and 3 are

" . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3,

R_ai and _M and R_a2 and j,₂ together are

[356] In variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, the three instances of R_a and j, are indicated as R_ai and R_bi; R_a2 and ¾₂; _A3 and ϊ¾3; and _A4 and &4, respectively. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, each of Rai,R¾i, 2, ¾₂, a3, Rb3, Ra , and ¾₄ is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, R₂, _A3, Rb3, ¾ , and R_M is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, each of Rai, R*i, ¾2, i>₂, a3, andRb3is H and each of R_a4 and Rb4is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, each of R_aJ, R_bi, R_a2, and j,₂ is H and each of Ra3, ¾3, R_a- and R_b4is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, each of R_ai, R_bi, R_a2, ¾2, R_as, and _bsis CH₃ and each of A4 and R¾4 is H. [357] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, each of R_ai,R_A2, and R_a3 is H and each of R_b!, R_b2, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, _ai is H, Rm is CH₃, and each of R_a2, R ₂, Ra3_, and R is (Ί . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, _aj is H, RM is CH₃, and each of R_a2, ¾2, Ra₃. a d ¾₃ is H. In some variations of formula ( 12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, each of Rai and R_a2 is H, each of R_w and R_b2 is CH₃, and each of ^ and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, each of R_al and is H, each of R_bi and Rb2 is CH₃, and each of _A3 and R_b3 is CH₃.

[358] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4,

R_ai and R_M are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ , In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_ai and Rj,i are H,

Ra2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and _A4 and R ₄ are "^¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_ai and _bi are H, R_a2 and are CH₃, as and R ₃ are CH₃, and R_a4 and R^ are " ^L . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in whic is 4, R_aj and i are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_b3 are CH₃, and _A4 and R_b4 are

[359] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o? is 4,

R_aj and M are H, R_a2 and R_B2 are H, ^ and R ₃ are "*· and _A4 and R ₄ are . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o? is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_A3 and R_b3 are '^¾ and R_a4 and R_b are ^ . In some variations of formula ( 12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_AI and RM are

O . R_a2 and ¾₂ are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are "^- and R_a4 and R_b4 are "^- . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_al is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 and are CH₃, R_a3 and R ₃ are ' *· , and R_a4 and R_b4 are " . In some variations of formula 12) described in the phs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, ¾i is CH₃, R_A2 is H, R¾2 s

CH₃, Ra3 and R,3 are

and R_a4 and M are

[360] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4,

Rai and R¾i are H, R_a2 and R¾2 are VN£ R_A3 and j,3 are ^" V^¾N ^i^", and R_a4 and R¾4 are ^'¾^ί . In some vari ations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_aS and R_¾i are CH₃, ^ and R_b2 are "^¾ , R_a3 and |,₃ are "^¾ , and R_a4 and ^ are "*· . In some variations of formula scribed in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_ai is H, R|>i is

CH₃, Ra2 and ¾₂ are

R_a3 and R 3 are ^'¾· and R_a4 and Rj, are . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which <¾· is 4, R_aJ and R_bj are

. _ w

"^¾ R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ R_a3 and R|,₃ are "^- ^\ and R_a4 and Rj,₄ are '^¾ ^\

[361] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4,

O

R_ai and Rt>i are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, ^ and j,? are H, and R^ and ¾ are . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o? is 4, R_al and j,i are H,

O

R_a2 and Rj₎₂ are H, R_a3 and j,3 are CH₃, and _A and M are A ^'¾· ^c^-* . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, _aj and j,i are H, R_a2 and _&2

O

are CH₃, R.^ and R|>₃ are CH₃, and R_A and R are s ^'¾A· e . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, _ai and M are CH₃, R_a2 and &2 are CH₃,

A'

R_a3 and t,₃ are CH₃, and ₃4 and R¾4 are .

[362] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4,

O

R_a3 and _M are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, ^ and j,₃ are "*· and R_a4 and _M are v. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_al and Rj,i are H,

A A

R_a2 and ¾₂ are CH₃, R_a3 and i,₃ are ^"¾· and R_a4 and RM are In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, a2 and

O O

Rb2 are CH₃, R_A3 and ¾ are ^"^- and _A4 and ¾4 are ^"¾ ^\ In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_AS is H, R_M is CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_A3 and R¾,₃ are

In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_A3 is II, R_B! is CH₃, R_A2 is H, 2 is CH₃,

[363] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4,

0 0 0

¾A <* _¾A / _¾A

R_ai and _bi are II, _a2 and _b2 are^'¾- a3 and 3 are ^'h- ⁱ , and R_A4 and R_B4 are^'¾- . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, _ai and R_bi are CH₃, _a2 and _b2 are

In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_ai is H, i is

In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_AI and _bi are

and R_b2 are

[364] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o? is 4,

R_ai and R i are

. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, _ai and _bj are

In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, _ai and _M are

^■r— 7 O

"^¾ a2 and R_B2 are H, a3 and 3 are CH₃, and R_A4 and R_B4 are ^'¾· ? [365] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o? is 4,

Riii and M are ^"¾ R_a2 and n,? are ^"% ¾3 and R_b3 are H, and R_A4 and Rj,₄ are ^'^- <*\ In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_aS and R_¾i

In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_ai and j,i are

'^¾ a2 and j,₂ are ^' *· ^^* . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, _ai and _M are

O

"^¾ , a2 and R¾₂ are ^'¾ , _aj and ¾3 are H, and R_a4 and are ^'¾· .

[366] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, NC ₂ and j,2 are N ^i %

R_ai and R_M are '^- R_a , R_a3 and Ι¾,₃ are and R_a4 and R_b4 are

O

[367] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o? is 4,

O O

R_ai and R_bi are "^¾ R_a2 and are ^"¾ R_a3 and j>₃ are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^'¾ ^ . In some variations of formula ( 12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, _ai and j,i

O O

are " ^ , R_a2 and Rj,₂ are ^'^- ^ and &3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and _¾4 are ^\ In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o is 4, R_ai and M are

"^¾ G , Ra2 and j)₂ aie

In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, _as and RM are

O O

"^¾ Ra2 and Rj>₂ are % ^'¾· R_a3 and are H, and R_a4 and R₁₍ are % ^'¾A· ^ , [368] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o? is 4,

Riii and R i are "^¾ R_a2 and R ₂ are

, and _a4 and R_b4 are

O

[369] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o? is 4,

0 0 o

Rai and R_bi are ^"¾A R_a2 and R_b2 are ^{' «}X· _a3 and _b3 are H, and _a4 and 4 are % ^'¾· . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_ai and R i are

In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o is 4, R_ai and _bi are

. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_ai and _bi are 0 0 o

¼· Ra2 and R_b2 are ½ R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are

[370] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o is 4,

R_ai and _bi are

[371] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4,

R_a3 and R_b3 are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_ai and i are H, R^ and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and Rj,₃ and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ' ^L . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o? is 4, R_al and R_a2 are H,

R_bi and R_b2 are CH₃, and and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are [372] In some variati ons of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4,

R_aj and j are H, R_a2 and R ₂ are '^¾ and _a3 and 3 and R_a4 and R ₄ together are . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ R_ai and R_bj are " R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and Rb₃ and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ' ^¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4,

[373] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o? is 4,

O

In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_a! and

9

j,i are "*· R_a2 and R ₂ are CH₃, and _a3 and R ₃ and R_a4 and R ₄ together are ^¾ V In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o? is 4, R_ai is H, R i is CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are

and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^¾ V

[374] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o? is 4, and R_b3 and R_a4 and R ₄ together

In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o? is 4, and Ri,i are

R_a2 and R_b2 are and _a3 and R ₃ and R_a4 and R_b4 together are . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4,

O O

_% A/ A

R_ai and R_b3 are '¾· R_a2 and R_b2 are ^"¾- ^\ and ^ and R_b3 and R_a and R_b together are

[375] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o? is 4,

R_ai and R_bj are "^¾ R_a2 and R_b2 are "*~ and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are [376] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which <¾> is 4, Riii and ¾i and R_a2 and Rj>2 together are "^¾ and R_¾3 and b3 and Ra₄ and R^ together are

[377] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above, ring A is:

optionally substituted with halo or C1 -C6 linear or branched aikyl;

„

optionally substituted with halo or C1 -C6 linear or branched aikyl; or

optionally substituted with halo or C 1-C6 linear or branched aikyi.

[378] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above, ring A is substituted with halo. In some variations, the halo is F, Br, I, or Ci.

[379] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above, ring A is substituted with C1-C6 linear or branched alky! (e.g., C 1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C 1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[380] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above, n is 1-4, 1 -3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3 4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[381] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above, 1)2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O.

[382] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of 1)1 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1 -2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— -NHR,— -NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH₃,— HCOR, ΟΠ I : .— OR,— C₂H₅,— , and G.l k wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1 -C6, C 1 -C5, C1-C4, C 1 -C3, C1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihaiide (e.g., CF₃, --CCI3, --CBr₃, --CI3),— CN, - - SO3H, --COOH,—COOR,—CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C 1-C3, CI- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[383] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1 -2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electro -with drawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— ^'NH₂,— -NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— HCOCH₃, -—NHCOR,— OCH₃,— OR,— C2H5,— R, and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1 -C6, C 1 -C5, C1 -C4, C 1 -C3, C1 -C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— 0₂,— ΝΙ^ , halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihaiide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CCI3,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN, SO U,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and —COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C 1-C3, Cl - C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[384] In some of the variations of formula (12) described above, Dl and D2 are safranin-0 moieties, as shown in formula (12a):

(12a) in which l l₂, n, o , o₂, ring A, R_ai, ¾i, R_a2, ¾2, ¾ί, R_di, ¾2, a d ]½ are as described in the paragraphs above, Ri, R?, R3, ¾, R5, and ¾ independently are absent or independently are selected from \i k— NHR,— NR₂,—OH,— O^",— NHCOCH3,— NHCOR,— OCH.

--C2H5, R, C,,! l NO ,— R₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g., --CF₃, --CCI3, — CBr₃, C I : },— CN,— SO₃H,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and— COR), and R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alky! (e.g., C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, C1-C2, CI , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[385] Some cationic dye dimers fall within formula (12b):

^b) _ _which each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety; h, , n, independently are 1-4; o_}, and o₂ independently are 1-8; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and s,i_{; a}i

O

and Rj,i (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ai and R_¾i are ^ or ^L ^ , or (3) two of CRaiR_bi are "^- ^**· ; for each independent instance of _a2 and ^_, a2 and Rj,₂ (1) independently are H or CH3, or (2) ^ and R¾2 are '^x *^* or "^¾ , or (3) two of CRa2Rb2 are for each independent instance of Rci and R,u_; R_ci and ¾i (1 ) independently are or

CH₃, or (2) ci and _di are

or (j) two iRdi are for each independent instance of R_c2 and ϊ½_; Re2 and ¾2 (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R^ and

R<!2 are

or (3) two of CR_c2Rd2 are

[386] In some variations of formula (12b), each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety; ring . is aryf, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl; n is 1 -4; /_/ and L are each 1 ; o_} and o₂

O O

independently are 1-8; R_aJ and Rj,j are ⁴ ; R_a2 and R_¾2 are '^¾ for each independent instance of R_ci and R_fji_, ci and Ι¾ι (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ci and ^i are

O

≠ o orr ¾ '^¾ * , o orr n (3U) twwoo n off f CRR.ci,R_di a arree '^{¾ ¾} ; for each independent instance of c₂ and

γ O (i2, c2 and (i₂ (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_<;2 and R,¾₂ are "^¾ or ' *· , or (3) two of CR_{c2 d2} are "^¾ V

O

[387] In some variations of formula (12b), n is 2; /_/ and h are each 1 ; R_a! and Rj,i are '^{¾ ¾i} ;

O

Ra2 and Rj>₂ are ' ^L and each ring A independently is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloal kyl , or heterocyclyl, wherein the rings are joined together to form one of the regioisomeric moieties shown, where each ring A is exemplified as a phenyl ring:

In other similar variations of formula ( 12b), n is 3 or 4, each risig A independently is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl and are linked together to form extended regioisomeric chains. In particular variations, ring A is aryl or heteroaryl.

[388] In some of the variations of formula (12b) described above, Dl and D2 are safranin-0 moieties, as shown in formula (12c):

(12c) in which //, l₂, n, o_h o₂, ring A, R_AJ, RM, R_a2, ¾2, ¾ι, ¾ι, ¾2 and Rd2 are as described for formula (12b), Ri, R?, R3, ¾, R5, an ¾ independently are absent or independently are selected from— H¾— NHR,— NR₂,—OH,—0 — NHCOCH3,— NHCOR,— OCH₃,— OR,— C₂¾,

R, C\,i k— N0₂, \ R ; \ halo (e.g. , F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g. , --CF₃, --CO3, CBr₃, — CI₃),— CN,— SO₃H,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and— COR), and R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C1 -C6, C1 -C5, C1 -C4, C 1 -C3, C 1 -C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[389] In some of the variations of formula (12c), each oj and o₂ is 1-8, each , Rai, Rc2 and <i2 is H, and Rj to ¾ are as described above for formula (12b). In some of these variations, o_} and o₂ are 6 or 8, each R_a and R_h is H, and each of Ri to Re independently is absent or is a halo. In particular variations, o₂ and o₂ are 6 or 8, each R_a and R_if is H, and i to ¾ are ail absent.

[390] In some of the variations of formula (12c), each oj and o? is 1-8, each R_d, _di, c2 and (i2 are either H or and R_{ to e are as described above for formula (12b). In some of these variations, o_}

and o₂ are 6 or 8, R_a and R_b are either H or each of Rj to Re independently is absent or is a halo. In particular variations, o_} and o₂ are 6 or 8, R_a and j> are either H or

i to Re are all absent.

[391] In some of the variations of formula (12c), each o_} and o₂ is 1-8, each R_c!, R_dj. Rci and

R_ij2 are either H or

, and j to R₆ are as described above for formula (12b). In some of these variations, o_} and o₂ are 6 or 8, R_a and R_b are either H or

and each of ¾ to R₆ independently is absent or is a halo. In particular variations, o_} and o₂ are 6 or 8, R_a and R¾ are O

either H or '^¾ , and Ri to Re are all absent.

In some of the variations of formula (12c), each oj and o₂ is 1-8, each , Rdi, c2 and

Ro2 are either H or two of CRciRai and C ^ cu are and i to ¾ are as described above for formula (12b). In some of these variations, 0₁ and o₂ are 6 or 8, each Rd, iii, c2 and ,S2 are either II or two of CRdRdi and CRc2 <i2 are \ and each of Ri to R45

independently is absent or is a halo. In particular variations, o_} and o₂ are 6 or8, each Rd, ^i, s;2 and d2 are either H or two of CRdRdi and C ^ eu are ' ^{<■ ¾} , and R_{ to « are all absent.

[393] One of ski ll in the art can readily visualize and prepare other cationic multimers falling within formulae (12) or (12b) in which other cationic dye moieties are used in place of one or both of the safranin-0 moieties,

[394] Some cationic dye dimers fall within formula (13):

wherein each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety is 0-6, and rij

[395] In some variations of formula (13), Dl and 1)2 are different cationic dye moieties. In other variations of formula (13), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (13), Dl and 1)2 are independently selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

)6] In some variations of formula (13) described in the paragraphs above, n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, I, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[397] In some variations of formula (13) described in the paragraphs above, n_} is 1-4, 1-3, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, I, 2, 3, or 4. [398] In some variations of formula (13) described in the paragraphs above, 1)1 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (13) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (13) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O.

[399] In some variations of formula (13) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (13) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1 -3, 1-2, 1 , 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH?,— NHR,— ₂,— OH,— O^",

--NHCOCH3, N I K OR --OCH3, -----OR, --C2H5, --R, and O.S k wherein R is C1 -C6 linear or branched aikyi (e.g., C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C 1-C4, C 1-C3, C 1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched aikyi ). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NO₂,— R₃ ¹, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g., --CF₃, --CCI3, ---CBr₃, --CI3), --CN, --SO3H, --COOH, --COOR, --CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, C l - C2, CI , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched aikyi).

[400] In some variations of formula (13) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (13) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1 -3 (e.g., 1 -3, 1-2, 1 , 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -NH₂,— HR,— R₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH₃, X I li OR (X I k—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and G,i k wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched aikyi (e.g., C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C 1-C4, C 1-C3, C1-C2, CI , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched aikyi ). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— O?,— R₃ ^†, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g., --CF₃, --CCI₃, ---CBr₃, --CI₃), --CN, --SO₃H, --COOH, --COOR, --CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, C l- C2, CI , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched aikyi ).

1 j j Examples of Cationic Dye Trimers and Other Multimers

Some cationic dye trimers fall within formula (14):

, in which each of Dl, D2, and D3 is a cationic dye moiety, n is 0-6, m is 1-4, is 0-6, and mi is 0-6. f 402] In some variations of formula (14), Dl, D2, and D3 are different cationic dye moieties. In some variations of formula (14), Dl, D2, and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (14), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety and D3 is a different cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (14), Dl and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety and D2 is a different catiomc dye moiety. In other variations of formula (14), D2 and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety and Dl is a different cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (14), each of Dl, D2, and D3 independently is selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[403] In some variations of formula (14) described in the paragraphs above, n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1 -6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[404] In some variations of formula (14) described in the paragraphs above, W/ is 1-4, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1 , 2, 3, or 4,

[405] In some variations of formula (14) described in the paragraphs above, nh is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1 , 1 -6, 1-5, 1 -4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[406] In some variations of formula (14) described in the paragraphs above, n_hi is 1-4, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1 , 2, 3, or 4.

[407] In some variations of formula (14) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (14) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some vari ations of formula (14) described in the paragraphs above, D3 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (14) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (14) described in the paragraphs above, 1)1 and D3 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (14) described in the paragraphs above, D2 and D3 are safranin-O.

[408] In some variations of formula (14) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (14) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1 -3, 1-2, 1 , 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH3,— NHCOR,— OCH3,—OR,— C2H5,— R, and— C₆¾, wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alky! (e.g., C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, C1-C2, CI , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -NO₂,— - R₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CCI3,— CBr₃, (^' ! : )..— CN,— SO3H,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1 -C6, C 1-C5, C1 -C4, C 1-C3, C l- C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[409] In some variations of formula (14) described in the two paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (14) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, I, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH₃,— -NHCOR, --OCH₃,—OR, --C₂H₅, --R, and C,,l k wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C I-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C I-C3, C1-C2, C I , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -N0₂,— -NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CCI₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— SO₃H, -—COOH,— COOR,—CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C1.-C6 linear or branched al kyl (e.g., C 1 -C6, C1-C5, C 1 -C4, C 1 -C3, C l- C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). [410] In some variations of formula (14) described in the three paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (14) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1 -3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -NH₂,— HR,—NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— ICOCH3,— NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and C-j k wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alky! (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, CI , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of 1)3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— 0₂,— R₃ ^†, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihaiide (e.g., --CF₃, CCU ---CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN, --SO₃H, --COOH, --COOR, --CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, Cl- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

Some cationic dye trimers fall within formula (15):

> , i n w hi ch each of I) 1 ,

D2, and D3 is a cationic dye moiety, n and nb independently are 0-6, and n_} and n_h}

independently are 1-4.

[412] In some variations of formula (15), Dl, D2, and D3 are different cationic dye moieties. In some variations of formula (15), Dl, D2, and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (15), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety and D3 is a different cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (15), Dl and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety and D2 is a different catiomc dye moiety. In other variations of formula (15), D2 and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety and Dl is a different cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (15), each of Dl, D2, and D3 independently is selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toiuidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue. [413] In some variations of formula (15) described in the paragraphs above, n is « is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6,

[414] In some variations of formula (15) described in the paragraphs above, «/ is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[415] In some variations of formula (15) described in the paragraphs above, nb is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1 -6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6,

[416] In some variations of formula (15) described in the paragraphs above, % is 1-4, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[417] In some variations of formula (15) described in the paragraphs above, 1)1 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (15) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (15) described in the paragraphs above, D3 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (15) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (15) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D3 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula ( 15) described in the paragraphs above, D2 and D3 are safranin-O.

[418] In some variations of formula (15) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (15) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 {e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the

— NHCOCH3, --NHCOR, --OCH3,—OR, --C₂H₅,—R, and C,,l k wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, CI , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -N0₂,— -N ₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CCI3,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— SO3H,^■— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1 -C6, C1-C5, C1 -C4, C1-C3, Cl- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). [419] In some variations of formula (15) described in the two paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (15) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1 -3 (e.g., 1 -3, 1-2, 1 , 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— ·ΝΗ₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— ICOCH₃,—NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and C-j k wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alky! (e.g., C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, C1-C2, CI , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of 1)2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ^†, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihaiide (e.g., --CF₃, --CCI₃, ---CBr₃, --CI₃), --CN, --SO₃H, --COOH, --COOR,— CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1 -C6, C 1-C5, C1 -C4, C 1-C3, C l- C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched aikyi ).

[420] In some variati ons of formula (15) described in the three paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (15) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -NH₂,— ^'NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

--NHCOCH3,— -NHCOR, --OCH3,—OR,— C2H5,— R, and C,,l k wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, C1-C2, C I , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -N0₂,— -NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihaiide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CCI3,— CBr₃,— CI3),— CN,— SO3H,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C1.-C6 linear or branched al kyl (e.g., C I -C6, C1-C5, C I -C4, C 1 -C3, C l- C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

Some cationic dye trimers fall within formula (16):

^ , in which each of Dl, D2, and D3 is a cationic dye moiety, n and nb independently are 0-6; tti and w_/ independently are 1-4; for each independent instance of R_aj and I½ R_ai and I¾i (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) _ai and

O

ibi are _or ¾ or (3) two of CRaiRbi are ; and, for each i ce of Ra2 and j,2, ¾2 and Rb₂ (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and

O

\ or (3) two of CRaiRbi are ,

[422] In some variations of formula (16), Dl, D2, and D3 are different cationic dye moieties. In some variations of formula ( 16), Dl , D2, and D3 are the same catiomc dye moiety. In other variations of formula ( 16), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety and D3 is a different cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (16), Dl and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety and D2 is a different cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (16), D2 and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety and Dl is a different cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula ( 16), each of Dl, D2, and D3 independently is selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[423] In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-6, 1 -5, 1-4, 1 -3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, «/ is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[425] In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, nb is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[426] In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, n^i is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4. [427] In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, R_ai is H and ¾ι is H. In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, R_ai is H and R_M is CH₃. In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, R_ai and RM are both some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, R_ai and RM are In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, R_ai and R_bi are n some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, two of C _ai j,i are

[428] In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, R_a2 is H and _¾2 is H, In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, R_a2 is H and R^ is O . In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, R_a2 and j>2 are both n some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, R_a2 and i_»2 are n some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, R_a2 and _¾2 are n some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, two of CR_a2I¾,₂ are

[429] In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, D3 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D3 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, D2 and D3 are safranin-O.

[430] In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is un substituted. In some variations of formula ( 16) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the

M lCOC ! h.— NHCOR, O . -----OR, ---C₂H₅, --R, and C„i k wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1 -C6, C 1 -C5, C 1-C4, C 1 -C3, C 1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched aikyi). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR , halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃, C U. ---CBr₃, --CI₃),— CN, --SO₃H, --COOH, --COOR, --CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, C l - C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[431] In some variations of formula (16) described in the two paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1 -3 (e.g. , 1 -3, 1-2, 1 , 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -NH₂,— NHR,— R₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR, (X I k— OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and G,! k wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C 1-C4, C 1-C3, C1-C2, C I , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl ). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of 1)2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— O?,— NR₃ ^†, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g., --CF₃, --CCI₃, ---CBr₃, --CI₃),— CN, SO ;! !, --COOH, --COOR, --CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, C l- C2, CI , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[432] In some variations of formula (16) described in the three paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted with 1 -3 (e.g., 1 -3, 1-2, 1 , 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH3,— HCOR,— OCH3,—OR,— C2H5,— , and— C₆¾, wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, C1-C2, CI , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl ). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of 1)3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -N0₂,— -NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g. ,— CF₃,— CCI3,— CBr₃, (^' ! : )..— CN,— SO3H,— COOH,— COOR,— CIIO, and —COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1 -C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, Cl - C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[433] Some cationic dye trimers fall within formula (1 7):

^ ^ , in which each of Dl, D2, and

D3 is a cationic dye moiety; kj is 2-10; k₂ is 2-10; for each independent instance of Rai and R_bi_,

O

R_ai and M (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ai and R|>i are ^ or "^¾ * or (3) two of CRaiR_bi are "^{¾ ¾} ; and, for each independent instance of R_a? and j,?, _a2 and ¾₂ (1)

— O

independently are H or CH₃, or (2) ^ and ¾₂ are ' O^¾Q or " 0^¾-0 # or (3) two of CR_a2R_b2 are

[434] In some variations of formula (17), Dl, D2, and D3 are different cationic dye moieties. In some variations of formula (17), Dl, D2, and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (17), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety and D3 is a different cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (17), Dl and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety and D2 is a different catiomc dye moiety. In other variations of formula (17), D2 and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety and Dl is a different cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (17), each of Dl, D2, and D3 independently is selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toiuidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[435] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, ki is 2-10, 2-9, 2-8, 2-7, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-10, 3-9, 3-8, 3-7, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-10, 4-9, 4-8, 4-7, 4-6, 4-5, 5-10, 5-9, 5- 8, 5-7, 5-6, 6-10, 6-9, 6-8, 6-7, 7-10, 7-9, 7-8, 8-10, 8-9, 9-10, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.

[436] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, k₂ is 2-10, 2-9, 2-8, 2-7, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-10, 3-9, 3-8, 3-7, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-10, 4-9, 4-8, 4-7, 4-6, 4-5, 5-10, 5-9, 5- 8, 5-7, 5-6, 6-10, 6-9, 6-8, 6-7, 7-10, 7-9, 7-8, 8-10, 8-9, 9-10, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. [437] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, each R_ai is H and each Rj,i is H. In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, each R_ai is H and each R_M is CH₃. In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, each Rai and ¾i is

, In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above,

O

each R_al and ¾i is . In some variations of formula ( 17) described in the paragraphs above, each two of CRaiRbi are

[438] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in a first occurrence of Rai and R_bi, each of Rai and R_bi is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_AI and ex are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in a first occurrence of Rai and R_bi, each of _ai and i is ( I f and the remaining occurrences of Rai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in a first occurrence of _ai and R_W, a first R_aj is H, a first M is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and M are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of ) described in the paragraphs above, in a first occurrence of Rai and R_bi, R_ai and i

and the remaining occurrences of Rai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraph s above, in a first occurrence of Rai and R_bi, _aj and R₁₍i are

, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17).

[439] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in two occurrences of R_ai and R_bi, each of Rai and ¾i is H, and the remaining occurrences of Rai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17), In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in two occurrences of R_ai and R_bi, each of R_ai and I¾_>i is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and _bi are as defined above for forniuia (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in two occurrences of Rai and i, two of R_ai are H, two of _bj are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17), In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in two occurrences of

Rai and R_bi, Rai and _bi are

and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula ( 17) described in the paragraphs above, in two occurrences of Rai and R , R_ai and R¾i are

and the remaining occurrences of Rai and ¾i are as defined above for formula (17).

[440] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in three occurrences of R_ai and , each of R_ai and RM is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_AI and RM are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in three occurrences of R_ai and Rm, each of R_ai and _M is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_aj and are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in three occurrences of R_ai and RM, three of R_ai are H, three of are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_A{ and M are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula 17) described in the paragraphs above, in three occurrences of _ai and RM, _ai and R_¾i

and the remaining occurrences of ai and j_>i are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula ( 17) described in the paragraphs above, in three occurrences of R_A{ and R_M, R_aJ and R_M are

, and the remaining occurrences of R_AI and M are as defined above for formula ( 17).

[441] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in four occurrences of R_ai and RM, each of R_ai and R_¾i is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and RM are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in four occurrences of R_ai and , each of R_ai and is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_AI and M are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in four occurrences of R_ai and , four of R_ai are H, four of are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula described in the paragraphs above, in four occurrences of R_A} and M, R_ai and R_M are

and the remaining occurrences of ai and M are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in four occurrences of R¾i and , ai and are

and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and M are as defined above for formula (1 7).

[442] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in five occurrences of R_ai and R_w, each of R_ai and R_1(i is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_M are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in five occurrences of R_a! and _w, each of R_ai and _M is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and ¾ι are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in five occurrences of _ai and R_bi, five of _ai are H, five of R_bi are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of form 17) described in the paragraphs above, in five occurrences of R_ai and R_bi, R_ai and R_bi are

and the remaining occurrences of Rai and Rt>i are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in five occurrences of R_ai and R_M, R_ai and R_M are

and the remaining occurrences of _ai and ^ are as defined above for formula (17).

[443] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in six occurrences of R_ai and R_bi, each of Rai and R_bi is H, and the remaining occurrences of Rai and i are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in six occurrences of Rai and R_bi, each of R_ai and R_bi is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and _bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in six occurrences of R_ai and R_bi, six of R_ai are H, six of bi are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a{ and i are as defined above for formula ( 17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in six occurrences of

R_ai and R_M, R_at and R i are

and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and _M are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in

O

six occurrences of _ai and R_bi, R_ai and _bi are " ^■A^¾ t, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula ( 17).

[444] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in seven occurrences of _ai and R_bi, each of R_ai and _bi is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in seven occurrences of R_ai and R i, each of Rai and R_bi is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_aj and _bj are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in seven occurrences of R_ai and R_bi, seven of R_ai are H, seven of RM are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_M are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in seven occurrences of R_a! and R_w, R_ai and are , and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_M are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in

O

the paragraphs above, in seven occurrences of Rai and RM, _ai and _¾i are "^¾ and the remaining occurrences of _ai and R_¾i are as defined above for formula (17).

[445] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in eight occurrences of _aj and Rt>i, each of R_a{ and R_M is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in eight occurrences of _aj and j,j, each of R_a{ and j,t is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R|>i are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in eight occurrences of R_a{ and Rj,i, eight of R_ai are H, eight of _M are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_M are as defined above for formula ( 7). In some variations of 7) described in the paragraphs above, in eight occurrences of _ai and M, R_ai and Rt>i

, and the remaining occurrences of _ai and R_M are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in eight occurrences of R_ai and ϊ¾ι, R_ai and R_bi are

and the remaining occurrences of R_aj and _¾i are as defined above for formula (17).

[446] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in nine occurrences of R_a{ and Rj,t, each of Rai and M is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_a{ and j,i are as defined above for formula (17), In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in nine occurrences of R_ai and R_M, each of R_aj and ^i is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and RM are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in nine occurrences of R_ai and ¾j , nine of Rai are H, nine of w are C¾, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and ₁₍i are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in nine occurrences of R_ai and RM, R_ai and j,i are " w^¾ and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and j,i are as defined above for formula (17), In some variations of formula (17) described in the

0

paragraphs above, in nine occurrences of R_ai and R_1(i, R_ai and R_M are '^¾ and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17), [447] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in ten occurrences of R_ai and R_w, each of R_ai and R_M is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and j,j are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in ten occurrences of Rai and Rbi, each of R_ai and ¾i is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and Rbi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in ten occurrences of R_aj and ¾i , ten of Rai are H, ten of Rbi are CH , and the remaining occurrences of R_aj and _bi are as defined above for formula

(17), In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in ten occurrences of

R_ai and Rbi, Rai and ϊ¾ι are

and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and Rbi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in

O

ten occurrences of R_ai and Rbi, R_ai and ¾ι are ' , and the remaining occurrences of Rai and Rbi are as defined above for formula (17).

[448] In some variati ons of formul a (17) described in the paragraphs above, two occurrences of

Rai and _¾i are ^"'ζ and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and Rbi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, four occurrences of R_ai and i are - and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and ¾i are as defined above for formula (1 7), In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, six occurrences of R_aj and _bi are ^ ^{^}^i_^ and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and Rbi are as defined above for formula (17), In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, eight occurrences of R_ai and _bi are ^ and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and Rbi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, five occurrences of R_ai and i are t- V

In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, each R_a2 is H and each R_b2 is H. In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, each R_a2 is H and each R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, each Ra2 and I¾2 is . In some variations of formula ( 1 7) described in the paragraphs above, O

each R_a2 and R_¾2 is "^x ^\ In some variations ot formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, each two of CR^R^ are y ^""*·

In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in a first occurrence of R_a2 and Ι½, each of and Rj,₂ is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and Rj,2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in a first occurrence of R_a2 and Rj,₂, each of R_a2 and j₎₂ is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and Rj,₂ are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in a first occurrence of R_a2 and Rj,₂, a first a2 is H, a first R_t>2 is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and _¾2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some vari ations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in a first occurrence of R_a2 and Rj,₂, R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ , and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and _¾2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the

O

paragraphs above, in a first occurrence of R_a2 and R(,₂, R_a2 and _¾2 are ·- * and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and j₎₂ are as defined above for formula (17).

[451] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in two occurrences of R_a2 and R^, each of R_a2 and R_b2 is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and ϊ¾₂ are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in two occurrences of R_a2 and ¾₂, each of R_a2 and Rj_>2 is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and ¾₂ are as defined above for formula ( 17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in two occurrences of ^ and R_¾2, two of R_a2 are H, two of RM are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in two occurrences of

R_a2 and R(,₂, R_a2 and i,₂ are "^¾ *" , and the remaining occurrences of _A2 and Rj,₂ are as defined above for formula (17), In some variations of formula ( 17) described in the paragraphs above, in

O

two occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, R_a2 and _¾2 are '^¾ and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and i»₂ are as defined above for formula (17),

[452 ] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in three

occurrences of R_a2 and ¾₂, each of R_a2 and ¾₂ is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and Rb2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in three occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, each of R_a2 and R_b2 is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R ₂ are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in three occurrences of R_a2 and R ₂, three of R¾2 are H, three of ¾2 are C¾, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula 17) described in the paragraphs above, in three occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, _a2 and R_b2

, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in three occurrences of R_a2 and R ₂, R_a2 and R_b2 are

remaining occurrences of R_a2 and ¾₂ are as defined above for formula (17).

[453] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in four occurrences of R_a2 and R ₂, each of R_a2 and R_b2 is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R ₂ are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in four occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, each of R_a? and R_b2 is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and Rj,₂ are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in four occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, four of R_a2 are H, four of R_b2 are C¾, and the remaining occurrences of _a2 and ¾₂ are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula described in the paragraphs above, in four occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, R_a2 and R_b2 are

and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in four occurrences of _a2 and _b2, R_a2 and R_b2 are

and the remaining occurrences of _a2 and Rj>₂ are as defined above for formula ( 17).

[454] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in fi ve occurrences of R_a2 and ¾₂, each of R_a2 and I½ is H, and the remaining occurrences of and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in five occurrences of R_a2 and R_¾2, each of R_a2 and R_b2 is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R ₂ are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in five occurrences of R_a2 and R ₂, five of ^ are H, five of R_b2 are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and _b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in five occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, _a2 and R_b2 are "^- and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17), In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in five occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, _¾2 and R_b2 are

and the remaining occurrences of Ra2 and R ₂ are as defined above for formula (17).

[455] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in six occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, each of R_a2 and R_b2 is H, and the remaining occurrences of R^ and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17), In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in six occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, each of R_a2 and R_b2 is CH , and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in six occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, six of R_a2 are H, six of R_b2 are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in six occurrences of

R_a2 and R_b2, ^ and R ₂ are

and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in six occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2,

and R ₂ are as defined above for formula (17).

[456] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in seven occurrences of R_a2 and R ₂, each of R_a2 and R ₂ is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in seven occurrences of and R_b2, each of R_a2 and R_b2 is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in seven occurrences of R_a2 and R ₂, seven of R_a2 are H, seven of R_b2 are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of a and R ₂ are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of form (17) described in the paragraphs above, in seven occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, R_a2 and R_b2 are

, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R ₂ are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in

O

the paragraphs above, in seven occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, R_a2 and R_b2 are ' *· and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). [457] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in eight occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, each of R_a2 and R_b2 is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in eight occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, each of R_a2 and _b2 is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_¾2 and J¾,₂ are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in eight occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, eight of R_a2 are H, eight of R_¾2 are C¾, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of 7) described in the paragraphs above, in

eight occurrences of and R_b2, R_a2 and R|_>2 , and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and Rs,2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in eight occurrences of R_a2 and ¾₂, _a2 and ¾₂ are

and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R ₂ are as defined above for formula (17).

[458] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in nine occurrences of _a2 and _b2, each of R_a2 and R_b2 is H, and the remaining occurrences of _¾2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17), In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in nine occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, each of R_a2 and R_i)2 is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and ¾ are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula ( 17) described in the paragraphs above, in nine occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, nine of R^ are H, nine of R_b2 are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula described in the paragraphs above, in nine occurrences of _a2 and _b2, R_a2 and R_b2 are

, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and

Rb2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the

O

paragraphs above, in nine occurrences ot R_a2 and R_b2, R_a2 and R_b2 are "^¾ ~, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17).

[459] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in ten occurrences of Ra2 and Κ¾₂, each of R_a2 and R_b2 is H, and the remaining occurrences of ^ and Κ¾₂ are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in ten occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, each of R_a2 and R_¾2 is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and _b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in ten occurrences of R_a2 and Μ_&2, ten of _a2 are H, ten of R¾2 are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and ¾2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in ten occurrences of

Ra2 and ¾2, a2 and ¾2 are ^"^- and the remaining occurrences of and I¾2 are as defined above for formul a (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in

O

ten occurrences of and Rj>₂, R_a2 and R_b2 are "^¾ and the remaining occurrences of R^ and R_h2 are as defined above for formula (17).

[460] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, two occurrences of

Ra2 and ^ are '^- ^L , and the remaining occurrences of R^ and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, four occurrences of R_a2 and Rb2 are "^- , and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and ¾2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, six occurrences of _a2 and R_f,₂ are "*· and the remaining occurrences of ^ and R¾₂ are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, eight occurrences of _a and ^ are and the remaining occurrences of Ra2 and ϊ¾>₂ are as defined above for formula (17), In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, five occurrences of _a2 and ¾2 are '^- .

In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safratiin-O. In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, D3 i s safranin-O. In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O. In some vari ations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D3 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, D2 and 1)3 are safranin-O.

[462] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is un substituted. In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electro -with drawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the

— - HCOCH3,— NHCOR, - -OCH₃, -----OR, ---C2H5, --R, and C„S k wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1 -C6, C 1 -C5, C1 -C4, C 1 -C3, C1 -C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— 0₂,— ΙΙι , halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihaiide (e.g. ,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN, SO 1 I,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and —COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C 1-C3, C I - C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[463] In some variations of formula (17) described in the two paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of 1)2 is un substituted. In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, I, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— IR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— - HCOCH₃,— NHCOR, --OCH₃, OR, ----- C₂H₅,— R, and C„i k wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1 -C6, C 1 -C5, C 1-C4, C 1 -C3, C 1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— ^'N0₂,— ^'NR₃ ^T, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihaiide (e.g. ,— CF₃, ~~CCU,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— SO₃H,—COOH,—COOR,—CHO, and —COR, wherein R is C1 -C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C1 -C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, Cl - C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[464] In some variations of formula (17) described in the three paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted with 1 -3 (e.g., 1 -3, 1-2, 1 , 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— -NHCOCH₃, N I OR. OCH₃, OR, --C₂H₅,— R, and O.i k wherein R is C1 -C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C 1-C4, C 1-C3, C 1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl ). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— R₃ ¹, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihaiide (e.g., {^'!· =. --€<¾, --CBr₃,—CI3),— CN, -- SO3H,—COOH,—COOR,—CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, CI- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[465] Some cationic dye dimers fall within formula (18):

wherein each of Dl, D2, and D3 is a cationic dye moiety, n and nh independently are 0-6, and n_} and it_bi independently are 1-4.

[466] In some variations of formula (18), Dl, D2, and D3 are different cationic dye moieties. In some variations of formula (18), Dl , D2, and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (18), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety and D3 is a different cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (18), Dl and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety and D2 is a different cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (18), D2 and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety and Dl is a different cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula ( 18), each of Dl, D2, and D3 independently is selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavme, and methylene blue.

[467] In some variations of formula (18) described in the paragraphs above, n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-6, 1 -5, 1-4, 1 -3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[468] In some variations of formula (18) described in the paragraphs above, nb is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[469] In some variations of formula (18) described in the paragraphs above, nj is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1 , 2, 3, or 4,

[470] In some variations of formula (18) described in the paragraphs above, n_bl is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1 , 2, 3, or 4, [471] In some variations of formula (18) described in the paragraphs above, 1)1 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (18) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (18) described in the paragraphs above, D3 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (18) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (18) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D3 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (18) described in the paragraphs above, D2 and D3 are safranin-O.

[472] In some variations of formula (18) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (18) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR, --OCH₃,—OR, --C₂H₅,— R, and C,,l k wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, C1-C2, C I , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -N0₂,— -N ₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CCI3,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— SO3H,—COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched al kyl (e.g., C 1 -C6, C1-C5, C 1 -C4, C 1 -C3, C l- C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[473 ] In some variations of formula (18) described in the two paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (18) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1 -2, 1, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

NHCOCH₃,— -NHCOR, --OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and (\j k wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, C 1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -N0₂,— -NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CCI3,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN, --SO3H, COOH,—COOR,— -CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1 -C6, C1-C5, C 1 -C4, C 1-C3, CI- C2, CI , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-

C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[474] In some variations of formula (18) described in the three paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (18) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1 -3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH3,— HCOR,— OCH3,—OR,— C2H5,— R, and— C₆¾, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, CI , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl ). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of 1)3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -NO₂,— - R₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihaiide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CCI3,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— SO3H,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, Cl- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

Some cationic dye dimers fall within formula (19):

wherein each of Dl, D2, and D3 is a cationic dye moiety, n_} and n_b} independently are 0-5, and «2 and Hb2 independently are 1-5,

[476] In some variations of formula (19), Dl, D2, and D3 independently are selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue. In some variations of formula (19), Dl and D2 are different cationic dye moieties. In other variations of formula (19), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety. [477] In some variations of formula (19) described in the paragraphs above, n_} is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, I, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[478] In some variations of formula (19) described in the paragraphs above, ηι,ι is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3,

0- 2, 0-1, 1 -5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5,

[479] In some variations of formula (19) described in the paragraphs above, n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1 -3,

1- 2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, I, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[480] In some variations of formula (19) described in the paragraphs above, n_b2 is 1-5, 1-4, 1- 3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, I, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[481] In some variations of formula (19) described in the paragraphs above, 1)1 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (19) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (19) described in the paragraphs above, D3 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (19) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (19) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D3 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (19) described in the paragraphs above, D2 and D3 are safranin-O.

[482] In some variations of formula (19) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (19) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 {e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the

— NHCOCH3,— HCOR,— OCH3,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and— C_&¾, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alky! {e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, CI , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -NO₂,— - R₃ ⁺, halo {e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide {e.g.,— CF₃,— CCI3,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— SO3H,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl {e.g., C 1 -C6, C1-C5, C1 -C4, C1-C3, Cl- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[483] In some variations of formula (19) described in the two paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (19) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of 1)2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1 -2, 1, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— -NHR,— -NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH₃,— HCOR, ΟΠ I : .— OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and G.l k wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1 -C6, C 1 -C5, C1-C4, C 1 -C3, C1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihaiide (e.g., CF₃, --CCI3, --CBr₃, --CI3),— CN, - - SO3H, --COOH,—COOR,—CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C 1-C3, Cl- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[484] In some variations of formula (19) described in the three paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (19) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1 -2, 1, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— -NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— HCOCH₃, -—NHCOR,— OCH₃,— OR,— C2H5,— , and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1 -C6, C 1 -C5, C1 -C4, C 1 -C3, C1 -C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— 0₂,— ΝΙ^ , halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihaiide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CCI3,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN, SO 1 1,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and —COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C 1-C3, Cl - C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

Some cationic dye trimers fall within formula (20):

^β) , in which each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety, n_; and ribi independently are 0-5 and n₂ and nb₂ independently are 1-5.

[486] In some variations of formula (20), each ofDl, D2, and D3 independently is selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue. In some variations of formula (20), Dl, D2, and D3 are different cationic dye moieties. In some variations of formula (20), Dl, D2, and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (20), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety and D3 is a different cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (20), Dl and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety and D2 is a different cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (20), D2 and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety and Dl is a different cationic dye moiety.

[487] In some variations of formula (20) described in the paragraphs above, n_} is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3,

0- 2, 0-1, 1 -5, 1-4, 1 -3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 ,

[488] In some variations of formula (20) described in the paragraphs above, n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3,

1 - 2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[489] In some variations of formula (20) described in the paragraphs above, i is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3,

[490] In some variations of formula (20) described in the paragraphs above, nh₂ is 1 -5, 1.-4, 1-3,

1- 2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, I, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[491] In some variations of formula (20) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (20) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (20) described in the paragraphs above, D3 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (20) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (20) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D3 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (20) described in the paragraphs above, D2 and D3 are safranin-O. [492] In some variations of formula (20) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (20) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1 -3, 1-2, 1 , 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— - NHCOCH₃,—NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and C-j k wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alky! (e.g., C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, C1-C2, CI , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— R₃ ^†, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g. , --CF₃, CCU ---CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN, --SO₃H, --COOH, --COOR,— CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1 -C6, C 1-C5, C1 -C4, C 1-C3, C l- C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched aikyi ).

[493] In some variati ons of formula (20) described in the two paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (20) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, I, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

--NHCOCH3,— -NHCOR, --OCH3,—OR,— C2H5,— R, and C,,l k wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, C1-C2, C I , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -N0₂,— -NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g. ,— CF₃,— CCI₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— SO₃H,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C1.-C6 linear or branched al kyl (e.g., C I -C6, C1-C5, C I -C4, C 1 -C3, C l- C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[494] In some variations of formula (20) described in the three paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (20) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1 -2, 1, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— H₂,— NHR,— R₂,— OH,— O^",

— ICOCH₃, X I li OR. (X I k—OR,— C2H5,— R, and G,i k wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched aikyi (e.g., C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C 1-C4, C 1-C3, C1-C2, CI , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched aikyi ). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NO?,— NR₃ , halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g. ,— CF₃, --CCI3, ---CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN, SO ;! !, --COOH, --COOR,— CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, C l- C2, CI , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched aikyi).

Some cationic dye trimers fall within formula (21);

> , in which each of Dl, D2, and D3 is a cationic dye moiety, n_} and /¾_/ independently are 0-5 and n₂ and nh₂ independently are 1-5.

[496] In some variations of formula (21), Dl, D2, and D3 are different cationic dye moieties. In some variations of formula (21 ), Dl , 1)2, and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (21), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety and D3 is a different cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (21), Dl and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety and D2 is a different cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (21 ), D2 and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety and Dl is a different cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (21 ), each of Dl, D2, and D3 independently is selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toiuidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[497] In some variations of formula (21 ) described in the paragraphs above, ni is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[498] In some variations of formula (21) described in the paragraphs above, n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 , [499] In some variations of formula (21) described in the paragraphs above, % is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3,

[500] In some variations of formula (21) described in the paragraphs above, ni,₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1 -3,

1- 2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, I, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[501] In some variations of formula (21) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (21) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (21) described in the paragraphs above, D3 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (21) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (21 ) described in the paragraphs above, 1)1 and D3 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (21) described in the paragraphs above, D2 and D3 are safranin-O.

[502] In some variations of formula (21) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (21) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1 -3, 1-2, 1 , 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the

substituents are selected independently from— M k— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH₃,—NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and C-j k wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alky! (e.g., C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, C1-C2, CI , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched aikyi). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— R₃ ^†, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CCI3,— CBr₃, (^' ! : )..— CN, SO : I f .— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1 -C6, C 1-C5, C1 -C4, C 1-C3, C l- C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched aikyi ).

[503] In some variati ons of formula (21) described in the two paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (21 ) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, I, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— HCOCH₃,— HCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— , and— C_&¾, wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1 -C6, C 1 -C5, C1 -C4, C 1 -C3, C1 -C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— 0₂,— ΝΙΙι , halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihaiide (e.g. ,— CF₃,— CCi₃,— CBr₃, (^'! =},— CN, SO 1 I,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and —COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C 1-C3, C I - C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

I] In some variations of formula (21) described in the three paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of 1)3 is un substituted. In some variations of formula (21) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, I, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— IR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— - HCOCH₃,— NHCOR, --OCH₃, OR, ----- C₂¾,— R, and C„i k wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1 -C6, C 1 -C5, C 1-C4, C 1 -C3, C 1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— ^'N0₂,— ^'NR₃ ^T, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihaiide (e.g. ,— CF-i, ~~CCU,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,—COOH,—COOR,—CHO, and —COR, wherein R is C1 -C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C1 -C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, Cl - C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[505] Some cationic dye trimers fall within formula (22):

, in which each of Dl, D2, and D3 is a cationic dye moiety, nj, n₂, n_l and nbj independently are 1-5.

[506] In some variations of formula (22), Dl, D2, and D3 are different cationic dye moieties. In some variations of formula (22), Dl , D2, and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (22), Dl. and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety and D3 is a different cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (22), Dl and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety and D2 is a different cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (22), D2 and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety and Dl is a different cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (22), each of Dl, D2, and D3 independently is selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toiuidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[507] In some variations of formula (22) described in the paragraphs above, iti is 1 -5, 1-4, 1 -3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[508] In some variations of formula (22) described in the paragraphs above, n₂ is 1 -5, 1-4, 1 -3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[509] In some variations of formula (22) described in the paragraphs above, n_n is 1.-5, 1 -4, 1 -3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[510] In some variations of formula (22) described in the paragraphs above, nbi is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[511] In some variations of formula (22) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (22) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (22) described in the paragraphs above, D3 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (22) described in the paragraphs above, Dl. and D2 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (22) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D3 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (22) described in the paragraphs above, D2 and D3 are safranin-O.

[512] In some variations of formula (22) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (22) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 {e.g., 1-3, 1 -2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the

substituents are selected independently from— H₂,— HR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

NHCOCI k,— -NHCOR, OCj h OR, --C2H5,—R, and (\j k wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched aikyi {e.g., C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, C 1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched aikyi). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -N0₂,— -N ₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H, -COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, Cl- C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[513 ] In some variations of formula (22) described in the two paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (22) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of 1)2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1 -2, 1, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of 1)2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— HR,— R₂,— OH,— O^",

--NHCOCH₃,— -NHCOR, --OCH₃,—OR, --C₂H₅,—R, and G,l k wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1 -C6, C 1 -C5, C1-C4, C 1 -C3, C1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g., CF₃, --CCI₃, --CBr₃, --CI₃),— CN, --SO₃H, COO I i, COOR. CHO, and —COR, wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C 1-C3, Cl- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[514] In some variations of formula (22) described in the three paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (22) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1 -2, 1, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— -NHR,— -NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH₃,—NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C2H5,— , and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1 -C6, C 1 -C5, C1 -C4, C 1 -C3, C1 -C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CCI₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN, SO I i, COOH, COOR. CHO, and —COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C 1-C3, Cl - C2, CI , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-

C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[515] Some cationic dye trimers fall within formula (23):

in which each of Dl, D2, and D3 is a cationic dye moiety and n and nb independently are 1-6,

[516] In some variations of formula (23), Dl, D2, and D3 are different cationic dye moieties. In some variations of formula (23), Dl, D2, and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (23), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety and D3 is a different cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (23), Dl and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety and D2 is a different cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (23), D2 and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety and Dl is a different cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (23), each of Dl, D2, and D3 independently is selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toiuidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[517] In some variations of formula (23) described above, n is 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 12-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[518] In some variations of formula (23) described above, nb is 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 12-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6,

[519] In some variations of formula (23) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (23) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (23) described in the paragraphs above, D3 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (23) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (23) described in the paragraphs above, Dl. and D3 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (23) described in the paragraphs above, D2 and D3 are safranin-O. [520] In some variations of formula (23) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (23) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1 -3, 1-2, 1 , 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH₃,—NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and C-j k wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alky! (e.g., C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, C1-C2, CI , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— R₃ ^†, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g. , --CF₃, CCU ---CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN, --SO₃H, --COOH, --COOR,— CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1 -C6, C 1-C5, C1 -C4, C 1-C3, C l- C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched aikyi ).

[521] In some variati ons of formula (23) described in the two paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (23) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, I, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

[522] In some variations of formula (23) described in the three paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (23) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1 -2, 1, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— H₂,— NHR,— R₂,— OH,— O^",

— ICOCH₃, X I li OR. (X I k—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and G,i k wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched aikyi (e.g., C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C 1-C4, C 1-C3, C1-C2, C I , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched aikyi ). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NO?,— NR₃ , halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g. ,— CF₃, --CCI3, ---CBr₃,— CI₃), --CN, SO ;! !, --COOH, --COOR, --CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, C l- C2, CI , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched aikyi).

Some cationic dye mul timers fall within formula (24):

, in which m is 2; each of Dl, a first D2, and a second D2 is a cationic dye moiety; h and S₂ independently are 1 -4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl,

cycloaikyi, or heterocyciyl; for each independent instance of R_aj and

R_ai and RM (1)

Q independently are H or CH₃, or (2) _ai and R_¾i are '^¾ or "^¾ , or (3) two of C _ai j,i are '^- ^L ; and, for each independent instance of R_a2 and Rj>_2; ^ and Rt>₂ (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and j,₂ are " _or ·"^?. _or (3) two of C _{a2 b2} are "^{¾ ¾} .

[524] In some variations of formula (24), Dl, the first 1)2, and the second D2 are different cationic dye moieties. In some variations of formula (24), Dl, the first D2, and the second D2 are the same cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (24), Dl and the first D2 are the same cationic dye moiety and the second D2 is a different cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (24), Dl and the second D2 are the same cationic dye moiety and the first D2 is a different cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (24), the first D2 and the second D2 are the same cationic dye moiety and Dl is a different cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (24), each of 1)1 , the first D2, and the second 1)2 independently is selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[525] In some variations of formula (24), is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[526] In some variations of formul a (24) described in the paragraphs above, ? is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1 , 2, 3, or 4.

[527] In some variations of formul a (24) described in the paragraphs above in which _/ is 1, R_ai and Rjji are both H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 1, R_aj is H and R_&j is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 1 , R_ai and M are both CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l is 1, R_ai and R_w are ' V^¾Si . In some variations of

O

formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 1, R_aj and _&j are ^"^- \

[528] In variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, the two instances of R_a and R_b are indicated as _ai and M and R_a2 and Rj,?, respectively. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, each of R_ai and ¾i and Ra2 and Rj,₂ is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which // is 2, each of _aj and _&j and

is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 2, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_bi and Rb2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which // is 2, each of R_ai, R_a2, and Rm is H and R ₂ is CH₃.

[529] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 2, each of R_ai and RM is H and R_a2 and _¾2 are "^¾ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 2, each of Rai and R¾i is H and Ra2 and Rt,₂ are O

A ^'¾· ^c . In some variations of f ormula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 2, each of R_ai and j,i is CH₃ and R^ and j₎₂ are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 2, each of R_ai and R¾i is Q¾ and Ra2 and Rj>2

are

In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 2, Rai is H, is (Ί f and R_a2 and R ₂ are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the

O

paragraphs above in which U is 2, R_ai is H, i is CH₃, and R_a2 and _¾2 are ^'¾· ^f" . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, R_a! and i and

R_a2 and R_¾2 together are ¹ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which /₂ is 2, R_ai and R

. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 2, R_ai and ₁₍i are ^⁴- ^ ^ and

O

R_b2 are - ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which li

O O

is 2, _ai and _¾i are ^'¾ ^ and ₂ are ^"¾·

[530] In variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, the three instances of R_a and Rb are indicated as _ai and i; R_a2 and R*-_>2; and _A3 and Rj,3, respectively. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which I is 3 , In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 3, each of R_ai,Rbi, R_a2, R¾2, a3, and _bs is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which 1_} is 3 , each of Rai, Rbi, R_a2, R_b2, Ra3, and ^ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which Ij is 3 , each of R_ai,R_bi, R_ , and ½, is H and each of Ra3 and ^ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 3 , each of R_ai,Rj,_t, R_a2, and R ₂, is CH₃ and each of ^ and Rj,₃ is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which Ij is 3 , R_ai is H and each of R_a2, _A3, Rbi , 2, and _B3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which Ij is 3 , each of R_al and R_a2 is H and each of R_aj, Rbi, *2, and 3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3 , each of Rai, Ra2, and ₃3 is H and each of Rbi, Rb2, and bs is (Ί \ . [531] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 3, each of R_ai,¾i, Ra2, and J¾,₂, is H and a3 and ¾₃ are w "^¾ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 3, each of Rai,R_bi, a2, and Rj>2, is CH₃ and R_a3 and Rb3 are "^- . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragrap above in which is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, Rj,i, and R_b2 is CH₃, and R_a3 and R_i)3 are

. in some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of RM and ¾₂ is CH₃, and _A3 and Rj,3 are

[532] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 3,

O

each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and j,?, is H and R^ and Rj,₃ are ^"¾ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 3, each of R i,R_bi, Ra2, and R^, s CH₃ and R_a3

O

and j>3 are ^\ In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which

O

/_/ is 3, Rai is H and each of R^, R_bj, and Rj,₂ is C¾, and and R_b3 are ^'¾· *^* , In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which ij is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2

O

is H and each of R_bi and ¾₂ is CH₃, and _as and Rb3 are ^"^- ^\

[533] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 3, R_al and R_w are '^¾ ?~ , R_a2 and _b2 are '^¾ , and each of and R_!)3 is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h i s 3, R_ai and R_¾i are "^¾ *^* , R_a2 and Rj,₂ are "^¾ , and each of R_aj and s^ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which /₂ is 3, R_ai and ¾ι are "^¾ R_a2 and _¾2 are '^¾ , ^ is H, and Rb3 is ( I f ;. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which 1_} i s 3, R_ai and R i are "^- , R_a2 and R|>₂ are '^¾ and each of _as and R s is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, _ai and i are la

(24) d

are

"^¾ , Raj is H, and R_h3 is C¾.

[534] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which _/ is 3, R_ai and ¾i are

and each of and j>3 is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R i are '^¾· , R_a2 and

O

the paragraphs above in which l_} is 3, _ai and M are "^¾ ^\ R_A2 and ₂ are ⁵ , ^ is H, and R_b3is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/

O

is 3, Rai and R¾i are '^¾ ^\ R_a2 and Rs,₂are ^'¾· ^f", and each of R_¾3 and ^i Ii In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which i_} is 3, R_a! and ¾j are

¾¾ O

"^- a2 and R_b2areA ^'¾· and each of _A3 and _b3is CH₃. In some variations of formula

(24) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 3, R_aJ and M are "^- R_a2 and _b2 are O

[535] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 3, R_ai

O O

and bi are ¾ ^** A· ^f <*^", R_a2 and ₂are ¾ ^'¾A· and each of R_¾3 and ji H. In some variations of

O

formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R¾i are ^f\ R_a2 and b₂ are

of _A3 and _b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which i_} is 3, R_al and ¾ι are

and R_bsis CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which

O O

is 3, Rai and ¾i are ^'¾ *^" , R_a2 and R_b2 are "»- and each of _¾3 and Rb3 is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 3, R_ai and R_¾i are O O

-\ and R_b2 are and each of and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24)

O O

[536] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which i_} is 3, R_ai and RM and R_a2 and Rj>₂ together are - and each of R_A3 and ._b3 is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 3, _ai and M and R_a2 and R_b2 together are ^ ^i_{^ anc} each of R_a3 and R^is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which _/ is 3, R_ai and RM and R_a2 and Rj,₂ together are V V

, Ra3 is H, and ^ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 3, R_a3 and M and a2 and R_¾,₂ together are and R_a3 and i,₃ are

'^¾ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, _ai

O

and M and R_a2 and ¾₂ together are ^<· and a3 and R¾₃ are <- .

[537] In variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which ¾ is 4, the three instances of R_a and j, are indicated as R_ai and ; R_a2 and Rj,₂; _as and Rj,₃; and ₃4 and R¾4, respectively. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 4, each of Rai,¾i, ¾2, ¾2, ¾3, ¾3, Ra4, and _M is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, each of R_aj,Rt>i, 2, 2, _as, R&3, _A4, and ¾4 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, each of Rai, M, Ra2, Rb2, a3, and &sis H and each of _A4 and MIS CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, each of R_ai, M, _a2, and Rj,₂is H and each of Ra3, Rb3_; R_A4. and ^is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, each of R_ai, , Ra2, ¾>2, a3, and ¾3is CH₃ and each of R_A4 and jr_fis H. [538] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, each of R_ai,Ra2, and R_a3 is H and each of _w, R_b2, and j,₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_aj is H, M is CH₃, and each of R_a2, ¾2, Ra3. and R_B3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 4, R_ai is H, R_1(i is CH₃, and each of R^, R¾2, Ra3, and _¾3 is Ii In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, each of R_ai and _a2 i s H, each of RM and R_B2 is CH₃, and each of and j,₃ is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which i_} is 4, each of R_ai and is H, each of Rm and Rb2 is CH₃, and each of _A3 and _&3 is CH₃.

[539] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which I_} is 4, R_ai and R_M are H, R_a2 and ϊ¾₂ are H, R_a3 and R₁₍₃ are H, and R_a4 and R_b are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_al and R_M are H,

Ra2 and are H, R_a3 and Rb3 are CH₃, and _A4 and Rb4 are "^¾ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, _aj and R_¾i are H, ^ and ¾2 are CH₃, _as and _¾3 are CH₃, and R_A4 and &4 are " ^L . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which ; is 4, R_ai and M are CH₃, R_a2 and ¾2 are CH₃,

Ra3 and Rj,₃ are CH₃, and _A and RM are '^¾· ^ ,

[540] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 4, _as and Rbj are H, ^ and Rb₂ are H, R_a3 and _&3 are '^- , and R_a4 and (,₄ are "^- . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 4, R_ai and R_¾i are I:

Ra2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and j,₃ are

. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, _ai and _¾i are CH₃, R_a2 and b2 are CH₃, R_A3 and RM are "^¾ , and R_A4 and I¾₄ are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 4, R_AI is H, M is CH₃, R_A2 and ^ are

CI I3, Ra3 and j,₃ are and R_a and ¾ are " *· . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R¾i is CH₃, Ra2 is H, ¾ is CH₃, R_A3 and j,3 are

[541] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_ai

and Rj_>i are H, R_a2 and j>2 are , _aj and 3 are "^¾ <* and Ra₄ and ₄ are '^¾ . In some vari ations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 4, R_ai and ¾i are CH₃, ^ and R_b2 are "^¾ , R_A3 and Ε*₃ are "^¾ , and R_A4 and are "*· . In some variations of formula scribed in the paragraphs above in which lj is 4, R_ai is H, is

CH₃, Ra2 and ¾2 are

_as and R 3 are '^¾· and R_a4 and R|_>4 are . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which ; is 4, _ai and M are

. _ w

"^¾ R_a2 and _b2 are '^¾ R_a3 and j,₃ are "^- ^\ and R_A and j,₄ are '^¾ ^\

[542] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which !j is 4, R_at

O

and Rbi are H, R^ and j,₂ are H, R_a3 and ¾₃ are H, and R_A4 and j,₄ are ^ . In some vari ations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, _aj and ₁₍j are H,

O

Ra2 and j,₂ are H, R_a3 and j,3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and M are A ^'¾· ^c^-* . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which ; is 4, _ai and M are H, R_a2 and (,₂

O

are CH₃, ^ and j,₃ are CH₃, and R_a4 and R ₄ are ^'¾· . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which // is 4, R_a} and j are CH₃, R_a2 and ¾ are CH₃,

A-

Ra3 and RM are CH₃, and ₃₄ and b₄ are .

[543] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 4, _ai

O

and _bi are H, R^ and R_B2 are H, R_a3 and _¾3 are and R_a4 and _B4 are v. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which ij is 4, R_AL and _w are H,

A A

R_a2 and R_b2 are CH, _as and *,3 are ^"¾· and R_A4 and b₄ are In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and ¾ι are CH₃, R_a2 and

O O

I¾₂ are CH₃, R_a3 and ¾ are ^"^- and _A4 and ¾₄ are ^"¾ ^\ In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 4, R_AI is H, ¾ι is C¾, R_a2 and ¾₂ are

O O

and Rj,₃ are ¼ ^"^A- ^\ and R_ai and RM are ¼ ^'¾· ^(\

[544] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which i_} is 4, R_ai

0 0 o

and R[»i are H, R_a2 and ._b2 are^'^ R_a3 and R¾₃ are and R_A4 and M are^{' 4}- ^\ In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_ai and _¾i are

0 0 o

CH , R_a2 and ¾_>2 are A _/ R_a3 and s,₃ are % and R_a4 and j,₄ are A ^¾ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is

0 0 o

0 of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_ai and M are _¾ ^' -A , R_a2 and R¾2 are

.

[545] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 4, R_ai

*T 7 O and j,i are R_a2 and ϊ¾_>2 are H, _aj and R_b3 are H, and _a4 and ^ are ^"^- In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_aj and _&j are

'^¾ r " , Ra2 and Rj_>2 are CH₃,

and R₁₍₃ are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ¾ ^'¾A· / In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which Jj is 4, R_ai and R_bl are

R_a2

O

and j>₂ are H, R_a3 and Rj_>3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and j,₄ are ^'¾ . [546] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which // is 4, R_ai and RM

_Q are <*\ R_a2 and 3½ are ^\ R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^'¾· ^f\ In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_ai and R_b! are

R_i3 and R_M are CH₃, and R_a and R_b are ^'¾· In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_a! and R₍₎i are

Ra₂ and R_b2 are R_a3 and R_!)3 are H, and R_a and R_b4 are f 547] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

. [548] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which i is 4, R_ai and Rj,] are '^¾ R_a2 and R ₂ are "^¾ <*\ R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^'¾· ^f\ In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R _l are

In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, _ai and R _i are

In some variations of formula 24 described in the ara ra hs above in which / is 4 R_aJ and R_M are

[549] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which // is 4,

and R _i are [550] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_ai and ¾i are

In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h i s 4, _ai and R¾i are 0 0 o

A Α A

^'¾· Ra2 and R_b2 are ^"¾ R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and Rj_>4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which lj i s 4, R_a! and R_b! are 0 0 o

¾A ¾·^·

Ra2 and R_b2 are ^'^- R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^r\ In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_a! and R_b! are 0 0 o

[551] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

.

[552] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which i is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, and R_b2 are H, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are "^- . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_al and R_bi are H, R^ and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_M together are '^- ^x . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which ; is 4, _ai and R_a2 are H,

R_bi and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are "*· [553] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, _ai

• 5^S

and _bi are H, R^ and R_b2 are '^¾ ^\ and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^ν¾· . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which _/ is 4, R_al and _bi

, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_M together are ' ^{L x} . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_ai is H, _bi is

CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ and R_a3 and R ₃ and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^ . [554] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_ai

O

and ¾i are H, R_a2 and R ₂ are _¼ ^"¾A and R_A3 and R 3 and R_A4 and R 4 together are ^¾ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai and R_bi

O

are A R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_M together are "^- . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which I_} i s 4, R_a! is H, R_b{ i s

O

CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are ^'¾· and R_A3 and R_B3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^¾ .

[555] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which i_} is 4, R_ai

In some variations of formula 24) described in the paragraphs above in which i_} is 4, R_aj and

Rbi

. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi O O

are % ^"¾-A ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ¾A , and _A3 and R 3 and R_A4 and _B4 together are ^¾^ Y V

[556] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai and M are ^L R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ and as and R ₃ and R_a4 and R_b4 together are

[557] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_al and jji and R_a2 and R ₂ together are ' '- and _aj and R_b3 and _A4 and _B4 together are

[558] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which /? is 1, R_ai and j_>i are both H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is I, _ai is H and R_bi is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 1, R_ai and R_bi are both CI-I₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 1, R_ai and _bi are . In some variations of

O

formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 1 , _ai and R_¾i are ^\

[559] In variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which ¾ is 2, the two instances of R_a and ¾ are indicated as R_ai and _bi and R_a2 and ¾₂, respectively. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 2, each of R_ai and _M and Ra2 and R|,₂ is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 2, each of R_ai and R i and ^ and ¾2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l? is 2, each of Rai and R_a2 is H and each of j,_t and R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 2, each of R_a{, R_a2, and _bi is H and R_b2 is CH₃.

[560] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 2, each of R_ai and R_M is H and and R_b2 are '^¾ , In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 2, each of Rai and _¾i is H and R_a2 and R_b2 are O

. In some variations ot formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 2, each of _ai and _bi is CH₃ and R_a2 and R_b2 are "^¾ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 2, each of R_ai and R¾i is Q¾ and and R_b2 O

are ·- ^ .

In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ i s 2, R_ai is H, )l is CII3, and R_a2 and R_b2 are "^¾ , j_n some variations of formula (24) described in the

O

paragraphs above in which l₂ is 2, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, and R_a2 and R_b2 are ¾ ^'¾· . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 2, R_a! and R_b! and

R_a2 and R_b2 together are ^"L . described in the paragraphs above in which /? is 2, R_ai and R_b

. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 2, R_al and ¾i are "^- R_a2 and O

Rj,2 are ^' *· ^\ In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂

O O

is 2, R_ai and R_bi are and R_i)2 are ^"¾ ^ .

[561] In variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, the three instances of R_a and R¾ are indicated as R_ai and R_bi; _a2 and R^; and _aj and Ry, respectively. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ i s 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, a2, ¾)2, _a3, and Rjt_f is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, each of R i,R_bi, Ra2, ¾2, Ra3, and ^ i CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, each of R_ai,R_w, R_a2, and _b2, is H and each of _a3 and ^ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, each of Rai,Rbi, _¾2, and j,2, is CH₃ and each of Ra3 and

is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, _aj is H and each of R_a2, R_aj_{, b}i, ¾2, and s is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which !.? is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_a3, R_M, ¾2, and R|,₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, each of R_a{, Ra2, and _a3 is H and each of i, 2, and ₃ is CH₃.

[562] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, Ra2, and Rt,₂, is H and ^ and ¾ are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, _a2, and _b2, is CH₃ and R_a3 and Rb3 are " . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, R_bi, and Rb2 is CH₃, and _a and are ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2

.s

is H and each of R_bi and ¾j is CH₃, and _as and &3 are

[563] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3,

O

each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and _b?, is H and R^ and _b3 are ^"¾ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, Ra2, and R_b2, is CH₃ and R_as O

and R ? are ^'¾ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which

O

h is 3, R_ai is H and each of R^, R_bi, and ¾₂ is CH₃, and and R_b3 are , In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of _bi and R_b2 is CH , and R_a3 and Rb3 are

[564] In some variations of formul described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_al and Rj,i a

, and each of and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_aj and R_¾i are '^¾ , R_a2 and R ₂ are "^¾ , and each of _aj and Rs^ is CH₃. In some variations ot formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which ₂ is 3, R_ai and R_bi are "^¾ R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ , R^ is H, and Rb3 is ( I f ;. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai and R_bi are "^- , R_a2 and R ₂ are ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_a! and R_b! are

"^¾ ^ , a2 and R_b2 are "^% , and each of _as and _b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula

(24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_aJ and _bi are "^¾ *^" , R_a2 and R ₂ are

[565] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_al

— Ύ ^

and R i are "^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^"¾ , and each of ^ and _b3 is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, _ai and _bi are "^¾ R_a2 and

some variations of formula (24) described in

18: „—-j o the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai and M are "^¾ R_a2 and R_b2 are "*· ⁵ , ^ is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂

O

is 3, Rai and R_¾i are '^¾ ^\ R_a2 and Rs,₂ are '¾· f^" , and each of R_a3 and Rs,₃ is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_al and _w are

O

(24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai and R_w are "^- , R_a2 and j,₂ are

[566] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai

O O

and Rbi are U ^*¾·-U ^f\ R_a2 and R^ are _¼ '¾A , and each of R_a3 and _b3 is H, In some variations ot

O

formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai and R¾i are ^\ R_a2 and j,₂ are

of _A3 and _b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_al and ¾i are

, is H, and Rb3 is ( I f ;. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂

O 0

is 3, ai and ₁₍i are ^**A^■ */" , R_a2 and ¾₂ are _¾ '¾Α· / and each of R_¾3 and ¾₃ is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and _¾i are

described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_al and _M are

[567] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_at and _bi and R_a2 and !½ together are and each of R_a3 and ϊ¾₃ is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai and _bi and ^ and _¾2 together are and each of R_a3 and R ₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai and I¾i and R_a2 and R_b2 together are

R_A3 is H, and ¾3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai and ¾i and and ¾₂ together are '*· ¹ , and R_a3 and R_b3 are

" *· . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai

9

and Rjji and R_a2 and R_b2 together are ^ and R and Rt>₃ are .

[568] In variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, the three instances of R_a and R_b are indicated as R_al and !¾; R_a2 and R_b2; R_a3 and R_b3; and R_a4 and R¾4, respectively. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, each of R_ai,R_bj, R_a2, jj₂, _as, i,3_{. A}4, and R_b4 is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, each of Rai,R_bi, R^, R_b2, R₃3, R¾3, R_A4, and M is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, each of Rai, ex, R_a2, R¾2, _A , and Rb3 is H and each of _A4 and _b4 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, each of Rai, M, R_a2, and R_b2 is H and each of R_a3, ¾_3, R_{a ;} and ^ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, each of Rai, R*i, R_a2, R*₂, _A3, and R_b3 is CH₃ and each of R_a and R_b4 is H.

[569] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, each of R_ai,Ra2, and _A3 is H and each of Rj,i, ¾2, and _B3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi i s CH₃, and each of Ra2, ¾2, Ra3. and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai is H, R_1(i is CH₃, and each of ^, R¾₂, ₃3, and R¾3 is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H, each of w and R_b2 is CH₃, and each of _as and R|>₃ is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, each of R_ai and _a? is H, each of R_bi and Rb2 is CH₃, and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃.

[570] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which /? is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, ^ and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and Rw are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are "^¾ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above which l₂ i s 4, _ai and R i are H,

R_¾2 and R¾2 are H, R_a3 and ¾3 are CH₃, and R_A4 and RM are

. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_a! and Ι¾ι are H, R_a2 and are CH₃, Raj and _b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^"^- . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and _bi are CH₃, _a2 and ¾₂ are CH₃,

Ra3 and ¾₃ are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_M are '^¾ ,

[571] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which /? is 4, R_ai and _bi are H, R^ and R¾₂ are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are ^"^- and _A4 and R_b are ^ , In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which /? is 4, _ai and RM are H,

R_A2 and _b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and Rj,₃ are

. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ i s 4, R_aj and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and

¾>2 are CH₃, R_a3 and t,₃ are ^"¾ and R_a4 and RM are ^"¾ ^ . In some variations of formula 24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai is H, R_M is CH₃, R_a2 and R ₂ are

CH₃, _a3 and ¾3 are "^¾ ^\ and R_a4 and R_¾4 are "^- . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, 32 is H, ¾₂ is CH₃, R_a3

and Rj,3 are .

[572 ] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which /? is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R^ and R¾₂ are ^" V^¾Si R_a3 and Rb3 are ^' V^¾-%£ and R_a4 and Rj₎₄ are ^' V^¾ Si . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_aj and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and _b2 are " V^¾Si R_a3 and R_b3 are Hi and R_a and Rj,₄ are S ^£\ In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ s 4, R_aj is H, R_bi i s

CH₃, 32 and _b2 are "*· R_A and R₁₍₃ are , In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_a! and Rt>i an are Ra3 and R_b3 are X , and R_a4 and R_b4 are [573] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai p

and ¾i are H, R_a2 and ¾2 are H, R_a3 and ¾3 are H, and R_a4 and I¾ are ¼ "*A· . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_¾i are H,

O

R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and j,₃ are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_{i i} are ^"^- . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_a! and j,j are H, R^ and R_b2

O

are CH₃, R^ and ¾3 are CH₃, and R_a-i an RM are ^'¾· , In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and _w are CH₃, R_a2 and ¾ are CH₃, A3 and ¾3 are CH₃, and _A4 and R¾4 are

[574] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai

O

and R_bi are H, R_a2 and i,₂ are H, R_a3 and ¾>3 are ^'¾· , and R_a4 and Rb4 are v. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ i s 4, _ai and R i are H,

O O

%A %A

Ra2 and (,₂ are CH₃, R_a3 and Rb3 are ^'¾ and _A4 and _&4 are ^"¾ ^\ In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ i s 4, _ai and R i are CH₃, R_a2 and

O O

Rb2 are CH₃, R_a3 and ^ are ^'¾· and _A4 and ¾4 are ^"¾ ^\ In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which /? is 4, R_ai is H, ¾i is CH₃, R_a2 and ¾₂ are

CH₃, R_a3 and Rj,₃ are

In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which !? is 4, R_aJ is H, R_¾i is C¾, R_a2 is H, ¾₂ is CH₃, _A3

[575] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_aj and i»i are H, R_a2

some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, _ai and _¾i are

0 0 o

_¾A A A

CH₃, R_a2 and ¾₂ are ^\ R_a3 and ¾₃ are ^\ and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^¾ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, _ai is H, R_bi is

0 0 o

(^'! . Rai and ¾₂ are^'¾A R_a3 and R_b3 are ¾ ^"¾ i and R_a4 and R_M are ^"¾Α In some variations

O

of tormula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and M are ^"¾- _A2 and Rb2 are

[576] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_as — y O and R_M are "^- ^^*, _A2 and ^ are H, and R₁₍₃ are H, and R_A4 and t,₄ are ^*"¾· In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_a! and _w are

O

"^¾ Ra2 and R_¾2 are CH₃, and RM are CH₃, and ₃₄ and _¾4 are ^f\ In some variations ot formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_aJ and R_bJ are '^¾ , R_a2

O

[577] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_aj

~7 v™7 O and R_bi are ^ R_a2 and Rj,₂ are "Q R_a3 and R₁₍₃ are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^'¾A· In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_al and _M are " .^¾ - , R_a2 and R_B2 are

In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, _ai and _¾i are

. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

" ¾^¾ , R_a2 and R_h2 are " ¾ , R_a3 and j,₃ are H, and R_a4 and _M are

.

[578] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which /? is 4, R_ai and RM are

[579] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_af

O O

and R_w are " R_a2 and R_b2 are ^'¾ R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R ₄ are ^{■■ f}\ In some vari ations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai and ¾ι are R_a2 and R_b2 are

In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ i s 4, R_ai and R_b! are

In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_a! and R_b! are

In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l is 4, R_ai

[581] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which /? is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R¾i are

In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which /? is 4, R_al and i are

In some vari ations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_al and R_M are

.

[582] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_a{ and R_M are

[583] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and ¾i are H, R_a2 and Rj>2 are H, and Ras and R^ and R_A4 and Rt>₄ together are ^¾ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_al and R_bJ are II, ^ and R^ are CH₃, and R_aa and ^ and R_A and M together are " ^<~ . in some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, _aj and R_a2 are H,

Rex and j,2 are (Ί f and _as and j,3 and _A4 and R¾₄ together are ^x .

[584] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and j,i are H, ^ and ^ are

and R_A3 and j,3 and _A and R together are ^x ^ , In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, and ¾ι

, R_a2 and j,2 are CH₃, and _A3 and j,3 and _A4 and ¾4 together are - . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai is H, ^i is

CI¾, R_a2 and &2 are " ^{N^}

[585] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, _ai

O

and R_bi are H, a2 and ^ are ^'¾· and R^ and ¾3 and R_a4 and t,₄ together are . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, _ai and I¾i O

are ^{' <■ ¾} , R_a2 and s,₂ are CH₃, and _A3 and Rj,3 and R_a4 and M together are '^<· . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai is H, is

O

CHj, R_a2 and Rj,₂ are ^'¾ and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and ^ together are ^x .

[586] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai

O O

and j>i are ^"¾ _a2 and ¾2 are ^'¾· and ^ and j,? and R_a4 and Rt>₄ together are '^x . In some vari ations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in whi ch /? is 4, R_ai and

O ¾—

bi are ^{' 1} ^ , R^ and ϊ¾>₂ are and _A and R¾3 and R_a4 and R_¾4 together are ¹. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which /? is 4, R_ai and ¾i are

and _a3 and ¾3 and R_a4 and ¾4 together are

[587] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_al and R[»i a

and j,2 are , and R^ and ¾3 and ₃4 and ^ together are

[588] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_a{ and R[»i and R_a2 and Rj>₂ together are - and Raj and R₁₍j and _a4 and R^ together are

[589] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above, ring A is

(a) ' " ⁸ ,

optionally substituted with halo or C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl;

optionally substituted with halo or C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl; or

optionally substituted with halo or C1 -C6 linear or branched alkyl.

[590] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above, ring A is substituted with halo. In some variations, the halo is F, Br, I, or Ci.

[591] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above, ring A is substituted with C1 -C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C1-C5, C1 -C4, C1 -C3, C1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5 C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). [592] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above, 1)1 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above, the first D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above, the second D2 is safranin- O. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and the first D2 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and the second D2 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above, the first D2 and the second D2 are safranin-O.

[593] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1 -3, 1-2, 1 , 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH₃, XI li OR.— OCH₃,—OR, C -l ^' .— R, and G,i k wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, C1-C2, CI , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl ). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— O?,— NR₃ ^†, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihaiide (e.g.,— CF₃, CCk ---CBr₃, ---(¾), --CN, SO;! !, --COOH, --COOR, --CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, Cl- C2, CI , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[594] In some variations of formula (24) described in the two paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of the first D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of the first D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of the first D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -NH₂,— NHR, — NR₂,—OH,— O^",— NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR, CM .— , and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1 -C5, C1-C4, C1 -C3, C1 -C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of the first D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -NO₂,— -NR^, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihaiide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI3),— CN,— S0₃H,— COOH, — COOR,— CHO, and— COR, wherein Ris C1-C6 linear or branched alky! (e.g., C1-C6, Cl- C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched a iky I)

[595] In some variations of formula (24) described in the three paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of the second D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of the second D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of the second D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— H₂,— NHR, — -NR₂, 011. 0^", M [(^'(){^' II;. --NHCOR, --OCH₃, OR, ---C₂H₅, R, and Crjk wherein Ris C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of the second D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NQ₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g., C ^'.-, (Tk --€Br₃, --€I₃), --CN, SO;! I, --COOH, — COOR,—CHO, and— COR, wherein Ris C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., CI-C6, Cl- C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[596] In some of the variations of formula (24) described above, in which each D is a safranin- O moiety, as shown in formula (24a):

^ ^ , in which m, i, I₂, ring

A, R_ai, Rjj,_! Ra2, and _w are as defined in the paragraphs above, i, R₂, R3, Rj, R¾, and ¾ independently are absent or independently are selected from— H?,— NHR,— R₂,— OH, --()^",— HCOCH3, NHCOR, --OCH3, O --C2H5, R, C;j k --N0₂, ---NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CCi₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— SO₃H,— COOH, --COOR, --CHO, and -----COR), and R is CI-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4- C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl), [597] One of skill in the art can readily visualize and prepare other cationic mul timers falling within formula (24) in which other cationic dye moieties are used in place of one or both of the safranin-0 moieties.

Some cationic dye multimers fall within formula (25):

(25) in which m is 2, each of Dl, a first D2, and a second D2 is a cationic dye moiety; /_/, /?, «, oj, and o₂ independently are

A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyccllyyl; for each independent instance o Rai and and R_bi(l) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ai and ¾i independently are

O

o_r 3 tw₀ of RaiR_bi are ^l ; for each independent instance of R_a2 and R¾2, Ra2 and

Rb2 (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and Rj,₂ independently are

or or (3) two ot CRa₂B*₂ are ¹ ; tor each independent instance ot R«i and R_di_{, t}i and ¾ι (1 )

O

independently are II or CH₃, or (2) R_cl and _di independently are "^¾ or '^¾ or (3) two of CRciRui are '¾^^Sn^ ; and, for each independent instance of c₂ and R<j_2; R^ and R_d2 (1)

O

independently are H or CH₃, or (2) c2 and R,j₂ independently are "^¾ or ' ^«· or (3) two of

CK_c2Kd2 are

[599] In some variations of formula (25), Dl, the first D2, and the second D2 are different cationic dye moieties. In some variations of formula (25), Dl, the first D2, and the second D2 are the same cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (25), Dl and the first D2 are the same cationic dye moiety and the second D2 is a different cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (25), Dl and the second D2 are the same cationic dye moiety and the first D2 is a different cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (25), the first D2 and the second D2 are the same catiomc dye moiety and Dl is a different cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (25), each of Dl, the first D2, and the second D2 independently is selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[600] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above, h is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3 4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[601] In some variati ons of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above, I? is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[602] In some previous variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above, oj is 1-4, 1 -3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[603] In some previous variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above, o₂ is 1-4, 1 -3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[604] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 1, R_ai and R_bi are both H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 1 , R_ai is H and R_¾i is O . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in whi ch !_} is 1, R_ai and J¾,i are both CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which // is 1, _aj and R i are '^¾ . In some variations of

O

formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 1 , _ai and R i are ^'¾· .

In variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which // is 2, the two instances of R_a and j, are indicated as R_al and R_bi and R_a2 and Ι½, respectively. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 2, each of R_ai and _bi and Ra₂ and _t^is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 1] is 2, each of Rai and i and R_a2 and R_bi is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 2, each of ai and R_a2 is H and each of M and R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 2, each of R_aJ, R_a2, and R i is H and _¾2 is CH₃. 6] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 2,

each of R_ai and R_M i s H and , In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which ; is 2, each of R_ai and _¾i is H and R_a2 and R^i are O

< . In some variations ot formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 2, each of _a¾ and RM is CH₃ and R_a2 and j,₂ are "^¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 2, each of R_ai and R_¾i is CH₃ and R^ and R¾₂ o

are ^¾- * .

In some variations of formula (25) descri bed in the paragraphs above in which i s 2, R_al is H, is (Ί f and R_a2 and Rj>₂ are "^¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the

O

paragraphs above in which l_} is 2, _ai is H, Rj>i is CH₃, and R_a2 and Rj,₂ are ^"¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} i s 2, R_ai and R_¾i and

R_a2 and j,₂ together are ^{^1}- . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 2, R_ai and j,i are ^ ^ and j₎₂ are "^¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 2, R_ai and R_1(i are ^ and

O

j,2 are "*· . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which /

O O

is 2, R_al and _M are ^'¾· ^ and R_b2 are ^'¾· ^\

[607] In variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 3, the three instances of R_a and Rj, are indicated as _as and t^; R_a2 and R^; and _A3 and &3, respectively. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 3, In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which ; is 3, each of Rai,R_bi, ¾2, 2, a3, and a is H. In some variations of formula (25) descri bed in the paragraphs abovi in which l_} is 3, each of R_aj,R_bi, _a2, b2, Ra3, and ^ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 3, each of R_ai,Rj>i, R_ , and i»₂, is H and each of Ra3 and _bs is ( I f In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs abov< in which is 3, each of Rai,Rt>i, ¾2, and R_b2, is CH₃ and each of R¾3 and Rw is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_al is H and each of R 2, 3, R_bi, Rb2, and R_bs s (Ί \ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 3, each of _ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_a3, R i, R ₂, and Rb3 is CI¾. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 3, each of R_ai, Ra2, and R_aj is H and each of R_bi, R_b2, and R ₃ is CH₃.

SOS] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 3, each of R_ai ,Rbi, a2, and Rb2, is H and and 3 are ^²- . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, each of Rai,Rbi, Ra2, and R ₂, is CH₃ and R_a3 and Rb3 are "^- . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragrap above in which lj is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, Rbi, and R_b2 is CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 are

, In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_bi and R ₂ is CH₃, and _aj and R_b3 are

[609] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which _/ is 3,

O

each of R_ai,R_bi, _a2, and R_b2, is H and R^ and R_b3 are ^'^- In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R ₂, is CH₃ and _a3

O

and R ₃ are ^'¾· ^\ In some variations of formula (25 ) described in the paragraphs above in which

O

// is 3, Rai is H and each of R_a2, R_bi, and R ₂ is CH₃, and R¾3 and _b3 are ^"¾ ^\ In some vari ations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which !_} is 3, each of _ai and _a2

O

is H and each of R_bi and R_b2 is CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ *^" .

[610] In some variations of formul a (25) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 3, R_ai

V V

and R_b{ are '^¾ , R_a2 and R ₂ are '^¾ , and each of _aj and R_b3 is H. In som variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which li is 3, R_a! and _bj are

, R_a2 and _L,2 are '^¾ , and each of R_a3 and ¾₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 3, R_ai and ϊ¾ι are ^\ a2 and _b2 are R_aa is H, and R_b3is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which lj

is 3, R_ai and R_¾i are and each of R₃3 and

is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which i_} is 3, R_a! and ¾j are

'^¾ ^ , Ra2 and j,2 are ^ , and each of _aa and R 3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which i_} is 3, _ai and _bi are "^¾· R_a? and _b2 are

^' W ^\ Raj s H, and R_b3is CH₃.

[611] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which _/ is 3, R_ai and R_bi

and _b is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which li is 3, _ai and R_¾i are '^¾ _a2 and

O

Rb2 are ^ , and each of _a3 and _b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in

r— O

the paragraphs above in which _/ is 3, R_ai and i are '^¾ _a2 and ¾ are ^'¾· R_a3 is H, and Rb3is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which i_}

V 7 O

¾ X

is 3, R_a3 and _bj are "^¾ _a2 and ^are ^'¾· and each of R_a3 and R_b3is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l is 3, R_ai and R_bi are ns of formula

(25) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 3, R_ai and _bi are R_a2 and R_b2 are

O

Ά ^'¾· *\ R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. [612] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 3, R_al and ¾i are

and .-_? is H. In some variations of

O

formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which i is 3, R_ai and ¾ι are ^**^■ R^ and

Rb2 are

and each of R_a3 and Rb3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) descri bed in

O O

the paragraphs above in which l_} is 3, R_ai and R_bi are _¼ ^'¾A ^ <* , R_a2 and ^ are _¾ ^'¾ R_a3 is H, and Rb3 i s CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which lj

O O

is 3, Rai and R_bi are ^'¾· R_a2 and 2 are and each of _a3 and Rb3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h i s 3, _ai and R_¾i are O O

^"^- Ka2 and Rj,2 are and each of R_a3 and Rb3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25)

O O

described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 3, R_a} and j,i are ^"¾ , _a2 and R*,₂ are ^¾ ,

[613] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_aJ and _bi and R_a2 and ₂ together are - and each of R_a3 and *»3 i s H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 3, _ai and R_bi and _a2 and R^i together are ^ ^{" ^}^i_^ and each of R_a3 and i,₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which _/ is 3, R_ai and R_bi and _a2 and Rj,2 together are

, Ra3 is H, and b is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 3, R_a3 and i and aa and ¾,2 together are '^¾ , and _a3 and *,3 are

In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which ; is 3, R_ai and i and _a2 and ¾2 together are " ^<· and as and ¾3 are

,

[614] In variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which ¾ is 4, the three instances of R_a and are indicated as R_ai and R_bi; R_a2 and R_b2; _as and R^ and ₃4 and R¾4, respectively. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which !i is 4, each of R_aS,R_M, R_a2, Rj,2, a3, ¾>3, Ra4, and R_b4 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, each of R_ai,Rbi, a2, R¾2, a3, ¾»3, a4, and 4 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, each of Rai, M, 2, Rb2, 3, and R¾3 is H and each of R_a4 and ₄ is (Ί ! ;. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 1_} is 4, each of R_aj, Rbi, _a2, and j>2 is H and each of Ra3, Rj>3, R_A4, and

is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which ¾ is 4, each of R_ai, RM, Ra2, ¾2, Ra3, and ^ is CH₃ and each of _¾4 and Rb4 is H.

[615] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which i is 4, each of Rai,Ra2, and R_a3 is H and each of M, R 2, and H^s is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) descri bed in the paragraphs above in which l_t i s 4, R_aj is H, R_bl is CH₃, and each of a2, ¾2, a3_; and ¾3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 4, R_ai is H, R¾i is CH₃, and each of a2, Ri»2, Ra3, and ₁₍j is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which i_} is 4, each of Rai and R^ is H, each of M and Rb₂ is CH₃, and each of R_A3 and j,3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, each of R_ai and R^ is H, each of M and Rb2 is CH₃, and each of _a3 and ^? is CH .

[616] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_ai

and R_M are H, . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_a! and R_w are H,

Ra2 and ₂ are H, R_a and Rb3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R¾ are ^'¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which !_} is 4, R_ai and R are H, R^ and Rt,₂

are CH₃, . In some vari ations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 1_} is 4, R_AI and M are CH₃, R_A2 and Rb₂ are CH₃,

Ra3 and ₃ are CH₃, and R_A4 and R¾₄ are w ^"¾ .

[617] In some variations of formula (25) describ the paragraphs above in which i_} is 4, R_AJ and Rbi are H, R_a2 and j are H, R_a3 and ¾>3 are

, and R_a4 and R_b4 are . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which ¾ i s 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, Ra2 and are CH₃, R_a3 and j>₃ are "^- and R_a4 and ^~R_M are . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which I is 4, R_ai and R_iti are CH₃, R_a2 and

Rs,2 are CH₃, R_a3 and ¾3 are

R_A4 and ¾₄ are "^¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 1_} is 4, R_ai is H, ¾j is CH₃, R_a2 and Rj,₂ are

CH₃, R_a3 and R_¾,₃ are ^¾- and R_a4 and ¾ are

. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which ; is 4, R at is H, _fci is H₃, R_a2 is H, b2 is CH₃,

and Rb3 are .

[618] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_ai and j,i are H, R^ and j,₂ are '^- R_a3 and R¾3 are '^¾ and R_a4 and M are "^¾ , In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_ai and RM

are CH₃, R_A2 and ¾2 are ' - , _A3 and I¾₃ are In some vari ations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, _aj is H, M is

CH₃, a2 and i»₂ are S£ and ¾3 are '^¾S£ and R_A4 and t,₄ are " V^¾Si . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, _ai and _¾i are

^< - _; and Rb2 are N£ R_a3 and R_b3 are S£ and R_a and Rj> are ^ .

[619] In some variations of formula 25) described in the paragraphs above in which i_} is 4, R_aJ and R_bi are H,

. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which ; is 4, _ai and M are H,

O

R_a2 and t,₂ are II, R_a3 and t,₃ are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_¾4 are '¾· . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, _ai and _¾i are H, R_a2 and R_b2

O

are CH₃, aj and t,₃ are C¾, and R_a4 and R_¾4 are '¾· *" . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 1_} is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃,

Ra3 and (,3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R¾,₄ are X- . [620] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_ai

O

and ¾i are H, R_a2 and Rj_>2 are H, R_a3 and ¾₃ are ¾ ^'¾A· , and R_a4 and ¾4 are v. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h i s 4, ₃i and R_¾i are H,

O O

R_a2 and ί½ are CH₃, R_a3 and ¾₃ are "^- , and R_a4 and R^ are ^"^- *" . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 4, R_a! and are CH₃, R_a2 and

O O

Rb2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R|>₃ are ^\ and R_a4 and are ^'¾· In some variations ot formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which _/ is 4, R_ai is H, R_M is CH , R_a2 and j_>2 are CH₃, Ra3 and ¾₃ are

described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 4, R_ai is H, Rj,i is CH₃, R_a2 is H, ¾₂ is C¾, R_a3

O O

' A ¾ .

and Rj,3 are ^'^- ⁵ , and R_a4 and ¾₄ are

[621] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_ai

0 0 O

_\A A _¾A

and R_fci are H, R_a2 and j,₂ are^'¾ - , _a3 and ¾,3 are ^"¾ ? and _a4 and j,4 are^'¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, _ai and R i are

0 0 o

CH₃, Ra₂ and ¾₂ are ^'¾A R_a3 and R_b3 are ^'¾X and R_a4 and ¾₄ are ^'¾A ^f" . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h i s 4, _ai is H, ¾i i s

0 0 o

CH₃, Ra₂ and R_¾,₂ are %'^A- R_a3 and Rj₎₃ are ¼ ^"^A- and R_a4 and ^ are '^¾Α· In some variations

0 of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 4, _as and ^ are ^"¾-A R_a2 and Rt,₂ are

.

[622] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 4, _ai and R_M are

In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which i_} is 4, R_a! and _&j are ¾

"^¾ Ra2 and R¾2 are CH₃, ^ and ¾₃ are CH_3> and R₃4 and ¾4 are ^f\ In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_al and R_bi are

and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are

[623] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_8l

and R_bi are ^'¾· ^<*\ In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which // is 4, R_a} and _bi

O

_\X X X

are ^" \ R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ~ , ^ and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^{' L} . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which ; i s 4, _ai and R_bi are

. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which li is 4, R_al and R_M are

, Ra2 and R_b2 are , R_a3 and R_b are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^"¾ .

[624] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai and R_bi are X R_a2 and j>2 are

[625] In some variati ons of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai

and R_bi are '^¾ R_a2 and R_b2 are In some vari ations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai and R_bi

O O

are vv R_a2 and R,_l2 are ¾ j^s ¾ and R_J>3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_M are ^«¾X In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which _/ is 4, R_a! and _bj are

O O

'vv , Ra2 and R_b2 are v ^'¾· ^f\ R_a3 and R_b3 are CH , and R_a4 and R_b4 are U ^'¾· ^f\ In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which i s 4, _ai and R i are

O O

-¾ f- ^ R_{a2 an£}j ii_{b2 are} -\ ¾_{a3 anc} R_{b3 are anc}| ]¾_{a4 anc}| ¾_{b4 are} -\ .

[626] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai and _bi are

[627] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which _/ is 4, R_ai and Rj,i are

In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, _aj and j are

0 0 o

f\ Ra2 and Rj,2 are ^' «· ₃3 and R¾s are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ⁵ , In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which i_} is 4, R_a! and R i are

In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 4, R_ai and R_¾i are 0 0 o

% A

^'¾· R_a2 and R_b2 are ^'¾ _a3 and _b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^"¾ ^ .

[628] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_ai and _w are

.

[629] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 4, R_al and R_bi are H, R^ and _b2 are H, and ^ and _b3 and R_a4 and R_b together are "^- . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which _/ is 4, R_a} and i are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R ₄ together are ^¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, _ai and R_a2 are H, bi and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are "^- V

[630] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which i is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R^ and _b2 are and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are - . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which !i is 4, R_ai and R_bi

, R_a2 and R_b2 are (Ί f and R_a3 and 3 and R_a4 and R¾4 together are ' ·- ^¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which i_} is 4, R_a! is H, R_bi is a₂ and ¾2 are '^¾ ^\ and R_a3 and 3 and R_a4 and ¾₄ together are

[631] In some variati ons of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which _/ is 4, R_ai

O

and Rj,i are H, ^ and R ₂ are and R_a3 and _b3 and R_A4 and R_B4 together are . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, and ¾ι O

are ^'¾· R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R ₃ and R_a4 and R_B together are ^¾ , In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_a! is H, R_bi is

O

[632] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l_} is 4, R_ai and _bi are

. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 4, R_ai and

and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are An some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which !_} is 4, R_al and R_BL are

and _a and _b and R_a4 and R_b4 together are Y

[633] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 4, R_ai and R_bi a

and R_B2 are " <^¾rS£ and and R_b3 and R_A4 and R_b4 together are

[634] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 4, R_AJ and _bi and R_a2 and R ₂ together are - \ and R^ and RM and _a4 and R_b4 together are [635] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ h 1 , R_ai and ¾_ί are both H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 1 , R_ai is H and R_¾i is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which ? is 1, Rai and R_bi are both CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 1₂ is 1, R_ai and i are "^¾ . In some variations of

O

formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is I, R_ai and _&j are ^\

[636] In variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 2, the two instances of R_a and Rj, are indicated as _ai and i and R_a2 and R 2, respectively. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi and Ra2 and ₂ is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi and ^ and ₂ s CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 2, each of Rai and R_a2 is H and each of RM and R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 2, each of R_ai, R_a2, and R_bi is H and _¾2 is CH₃.

[637] In some variati ons of formul a (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 2, each of R_a{ and R_bi is H and R_a2 and _¾2 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is H and ^ and j,₂ are O

^'¾· . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 2, each of _ai and _M is CH₃ and R_a2 and _b2 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 2, each of ai and R₁₍i is CH₃ and R_a2 and R_¾2 O

are ^"¾

In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ i s 2, R_a3 is H, bi is CH₃, and R_a2 and ₂ are '^¾¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the

O

paragraphs above in which l₂ is 2, R_ai is H, i is CH₃, and R_a2 and _¾2 are ^' <- . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 2, R_a! and _¾i and R_a2 and ¾2 together are ' ^¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 2, R_ai and ¾i are '^- *^* ¾ and ¾₂ are '^- . In some variations of formula 25) described in the paragraphs above in which I? is 2, R_al and _bi are ^ R_a2 and

Rb2 are

in some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂

O O

is 2, R_al and _bi are '^¾ R_a2 and _b2 are ^\

[638] In variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, the three instances of R_a and R_b are indicated as _ai and _bi; R_a2 and _b2; and R_a3 and ¾. respectively. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, R¾2, a3, and ¾3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, R_b2, R_as, and

is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, each of Rai,R_bj, R_a2, and R_b2, is H and each of Ra3 and R^ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, each of Rai,R_bi, _a2, and ¾₂, is CH₃ and each of Ra3 and bs is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, _A3. R_bi, R_b2, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, each of Rai and R_a2 is H and each of R_aj, R_bi, ¾2, and _¾3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, each of Rai, R_a2, and ₃3 is H and each of Rbi, RM, and bs s (Ί \ .

[639] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, a2, and R_b2, is H and

. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, each of R_ai,Rbi, R_A2, and R_b2, is CH₃ and _A3 and Rb3 are " . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, R_bi, and R_b2 is CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 are "^- . in some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_bi and R₁₍₂ is CH₃, and ₃3 and s are

[640] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3,

O

each of R_ai,R_w, R_a2, and ¾>2, is H and Ra3 and l¾3 are ^"¾ ^\ In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, each of R_ai,¾i, Ra2, and ¾2, is CH₃ and R_a3

O

and Rj,₃ are '^- . In some variations of formula (25 ) described in the paragraphs above in which

O

h is 3, Rai is H and each of R_a2, R_bj, and i,₂ is CH₃, and R^ and Rj,3 are ^ \ In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2

O

is H and each of R_bi and ¾₂ is CH₃, and R_aj and R¾3 are ^"¾

[641] In some variations of formu described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, _ai and R_M a

, and each of Raj and ¾3 is H. In some variations ot formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_a! and _¾i are '^¾ , R_a2 and

Rj,₂ re '^¾ and each of R_a3 and ^s i CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_aJ and R_bi are '^¾ *" , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ is H, and i_>3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂

, R_a2 and j,₂ are "^¾ , and each of R_a3 and R 3 is H. In some

ribed in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai and R_bi are

_ancf each of R_{a3 an(}j R_b3 i_s CH₃. In some variations of formula

(25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ R_a2 and R_b2 are

" \^¾¾ , Raj is H, and R_h3 is CH₃.

[642] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, _ai

*r O

and R i are , R_a2 and _¾2 are and each of R^ and _¾3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾· R_a2 and O

¾2 are ^' *· and each of R_a3 and j>₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in

— ^

the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, _ai and M are "^¾ , _A2 and R_¾2 are ^"¾ _A3 is H, and _bjis CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂

O

is 3, R_ai and R_¾i are "^x ^ , R_a2 and Rj,₂are ^'¾· and each of _A3 and ^is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, _ai and M are j O

'^¾ Ra2 and J¾,₂are '^{¾ f}\ and each of R_aj and Rwis CH₃. In some variations of formula

(25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai and j,i are '^¾ , R_a2 and ¾₂ are O

-\ R_a3 i_s H, and ¾ is CH₃.

[643] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai

O O

and Rj,i are R_a2 and R_b2are and each of _as and b3is H. In some variations of

O

formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, _ai and _¾i are ^'¾· ^^*, R_a2 and

O

Rj₎₂ are ^f\ and each of R_aj and ¾₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in

O O

the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai and Ι¾ί are ^'¾ * , Ra2 and ¾ are ^'¾· _A is H, and i,₃is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, _ai and R i are

is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, _aj and _&j are O O

^{' L} <* Ra2 and j₎₂ are ^'¾· and each of R_aj and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25)

o o described in the paragraphs above in which 1₂ is 3, R_ai and R_bi are "*· R_a2 and R₂ are ^'¾· R_a3 is H, and i»₃ is CH₃. [644] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai and ¾i and R_a2 and j,₂ together are " and each of _aa and Rj>3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_aJ and R_bJ and R_a2 and together are ' ^x , and each of R_a3 and ¾₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai and _bi and R_a2 and Rb₂ together are )■ (

' ^L , Ra3 is H, and _b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_ai and R|>i and R_a2 and R¾₂ together are '^x and R_a3 and ¾3 are

In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 3, R_aX

O

and Rbi and R_a2 and Rb₂ together are ""*· ^v a anndd R„a3¾ anηάd _b3 are

[645] In vari ations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, the three instances of R_a and _b are indicated as R_ai and Rbi; R_a2 and R_b2; R^ and _b3; and _a4 and ¾4, respectively. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, each of Rai,R¾i, Ra2, Rb2, R«3, ¾3. R_a4, and R is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, each of Rai,Rt>i, ¾2, 2, a3, ¾3, _a , and ¾4 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, each of Rai, Ra2, Ri>2, a3, and R_b3 is H and each of R_a4 and ^ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, each of R_ai, R¾i, R_a2, and Rj,₂ is H and each of Ra3, Rj>3. R_a4, and Rt,₄ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, each of R_ai, Rj,i, R_a2, R_b2, _a3, and ^ is CH₃ and each of R_a4 and Rb4 is H.

[646] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, each of R_a{,R_a2, and R_a3 is I I and each of R_¾i, R(,₂, and j,₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai is H, *i i s CH₃, and each of ¾2, ¾2, a3, and Rb3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai is H, R¾i is CH₃, and each of R^, R_b2, _a3, and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, each of Rai and R_a2 i s H, each of _bi and R_b2 is CH₃, and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, each of Rai and R_a2 is H, each of R _i and R_b2 is (Ί f and each of R_a3 and ¾3 is CH₃. [647] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai

and ¾ι are H, are . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_a! and R_&j are H,

Ra2 and R^ are H, R_A3 and Rb3 are CH₃, and Ra₄ and R¾₄ are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which /? is 4, R_ai and ¾ι are H, and ¾₂ are C¾, ¾ and ¾₃ are CH₃, and R_A4 and ¾₄ are '^¾ ^ , In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai and RM are CH₃, R_a2 and j,₂ are CH₃,

Ra3 and j,3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R¾₄ are " ^ .

[648] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_aJ

and jji are H, R_a2 and j_>2 are H, R_a3 and ¾₃ are "^- and R_a4 and Rt> are . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_M are H,

R_a2 and R_¾2 are CH₃, R_a3 and Ri»₃ are

, In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_a! and R_&j are CH₃, R_a2 and

Rb2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are "^- , and R_a4 and Rj,₄ are "^¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_al is H, R_¾i is CH₃, R_a2 and Rj,₂ are

CH , R_a3 and ¾₃ are ^L and R_a4 and _¾4 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in is H, R_b2 is CH₃, R_a3

and Rj,₃ are and R_a4 a d R_¾4 are .

[649] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_aJ and R_bi are H, R_a2 and Rj_>2 are

and R_a4 and Rj,₄ are In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_al and R_bl are CH₃, R^ and R_¾2 are "*· R_a3 and ¾₃ are "^¾ and R_a4 and RM are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_a! is H, R_bi is and ¾2 are "^¾ ^\ R_a3 and _b3 are "^- and R_a4 and Rt>₄ are . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, _ai and R i are

[650] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai

9

and RM are H, R_a2 and ¾₂ are H, R_a3 and ¾₃ are II, and R_A4 and ¾₄ are '*> ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_al and R_M are H,

O

Ra2 and ^ are H, R_a3 and (,3 are CH₃, and _A4 and _&4 are . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, _ai and R_bi are H, ^ and j,₂

O

are CH₃, _A3 and Rb3 are CH₃, and _A4 and ¾4 are ^"¾ ^\ In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which /? is 4, R_ai and ¾i are CH₃, R_a2 and R_¾2 are CH₃,

O

R_a3 and j,₃ are CH₃, and R_a4 and _M are ^"^- .

[651] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_aJ

O

and R_bi are H, R^ and l¾>2 are H, R_a3 and Rw are ^'¾· ^\ and R_a4 and R^ are v. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which /? is 4, _ai and _¾i are H,

2 and Rb2 are CH₃, R_a3 and s are

In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l is 4, _ai and _bi are CH₃, R_a2 and

O o

are CH₃, R_A3 and R_¾3 are and _A4 and M are ^'¾· , In some variations of formula

(25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai is H, ¾i is CH₃, R_a2 and j,2 are

A A CH₃, R_a3 and ¾>3 are and R_a4 and ₄ are In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai is H, R_¾i is CH₃, R^ is H, _¾2 is CH₃, _A3 and _b3 are

[652] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and Ri_>i are H, R_a2 and Rj_>2 are

some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_¾i are

0 0 o

^ ^ ⁵ ^-

CH₃, R_a2 and R_¾,₂ are R_a3 and j,₃ are ^^*, and R_a4 and Rj_>4 are "^- ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_a! is H, R_h{ is

CH₃, R_a2 and Rj,₂ are

In some variations

O

of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which /? is 4, _ai and ¾i are _¾ ·Α· ^ R_a2 and Ri_»2 are

[653] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which /? is 4, R_ai and Rj,t are '^¾ , R_a2 and i,₂ are H, R_a3 and R_¾ are H, and R_a4 and R_¾4 are ^'¾· . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_¾i are

O

and Rb2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃. and R_a4 and _M are '^¾A *" . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and Ι¾ί are '^¾ ^^* , R_a2

O

and i,₂ are H, ₃₃ and j,₃ are CH₃, and R_a4 and RM are _¾ ^'¾A· ⁵ ,

[654] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai

O

and R_bi are '^¾S_£ , R_a2 and Rj,₂ are ' ¾^¾ , R_a and R_¾ are H, and R_a4 and R_¾4 are % . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which /? is 4, R_ai and R_bi

are - . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ s 4, R_ai and R i are

< - ₅ R_{A2 anc}j R_{B2 ARE} 'T ^ - ₃ R R„_A3! a _an_nd₍j ] R¾..₃! a _Ar_Re_E Γ CΉH-₃, a anndd R RL_A4< a anndd RM< a arree " '¾¾·· ^ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, _ai and R_bi are

[655] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_AL Vv

and R_bi are ? R_a2 and R_b2 are ^? R_a3 and R_b3 are "^¾ ^\ and R_A4 and R_b4 are ^'¾

[656] in some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which i₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and ¾ι

■r— 7 O O

are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are "^¾- ^?'\ R^ and ¾₃ are C¾, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^f\ In some variations of formula (25) described in the ara ra hs above in which J₂ is 4, R_a! and Ri.i are

R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and _bi are

[657] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which i₂ is 4, R_ai and j_>] are

[658] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which /_? is 4, R_AL and R_bi are

In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, _aj and R_M are

In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which /? is 4, _ai and _bi are

variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, _ai and R i are 0 0 o

^'¾· , _a2 and R_b2 are ·· ^f\ R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a and R_b are ^'¾· ?~ .

[659] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_al and _bi are

.

[660] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l is 4, R_ai and R _i are H, ^ and R ₂ are H, and and R_b3 and R_a4 and R together are . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R^ and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b together are ^ ^i _n some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_al and R_a2 are H, j,i and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are .

[661] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and j,i are H, R^ and R ₂ are '^¾ , and R_a3 and R ₃ and R_a4 and R ₄ together are , In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, _ai and R_bi

R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R|,₄ together are '¾ ^Ss^ ]_n some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_al is H, s is

CH₃, R_a2 and R^ are " vv and R_a3 and R ₃ and R_a4 and R_b4 together are

[662] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which /? is 4, R_ai

O

and R_bi are H, R^ and R_b2 are "^¾ and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b together are ^ ^r . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_al and R_bi O

are R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R ₃ and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ' *· . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which /? is 4, _aj is H, i is

O

CH₃, Ra2 and ¾₂ are and R_a3 and R ₃ and R_a and R_b together are ^x . [663] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai O O

and Rj_>i are ^"¾ _a2 and R_b2 are ^'¾ and ^ and R ? and R_a4 and _b4 together are ^{¾ x} . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in whi ch /? is 4, R_ai and

O

R_bi are and R_b2 are "^¾ ^\ and R_a3 and ₃ and R_a4 and R ₄ together are '^- ¹. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_at and R_bJ O O

are v ^'^A- R_a2 and R_b2 are _¾ ^'¾A· / , and _a3 and _b3 and R_a4 and j₎₄ together are ^¾-^ Y ^¾ .

[664] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and j_>i are ^^*-, R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ and a3 and R_b3 and _a4 and R¾4 together are

[665] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and _jji and R_a2 and R_b2 together are _{^ anc}f j¾_{a3 an(}j ¾_{b3 an(}j ¾_{a4 an(}f R_m together are

[666] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 1, R_ai and R_b3 are both H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 1, R_ai is H and R_bi is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is I, _aj and _bj are both CH3. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 1, R_ai and R_bi are ^ . In some variations of

O

¾A

formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is I, _aj and _bi are ⁵"\

[667] In variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 2, the two instances of R_a and R_b are indicated as R_ai and i and R_a2 and R ₂, respectively. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 2, each of R_ai and R i and R_a2 and R ₂ is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which Oj is 2, each of _ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 2, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of j and R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 2, each of R_al, R_a2, and _M is H and R_b2 is CH₃.

[668] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o is 2,

each of R_ai and R_M is H and , In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 2, each of R_ai and J,J is H and R_a2 and Rw an O

^,¾· . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 2, each of _as and R_¾i is CH₃ and R_a2 and j,₂ are "^¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 2, each of _ai and Rj,i is CH₃ and R_a2 and j,₂

In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o is 2, R_ai is H, is (Ί f and R_a2 and Rj>₂ are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₁ is 2, R_al is H,

In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o_s is 2, R_ai and j,i and

Ra2 and Rj>₂ together are . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 2, _aj and R_¾i are '^¾ ._Ά2 and R_¾2 are '^¾ , In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 2, R_ai and Rj,i are

R_a2 and j,₂ are

. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which

A A

is 2, _ai and _¾i are ^ ^ and j,₂ are .

[669] In variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 3, the three instances of R_a and R_b are indicated as _as and t^; R_a2 and R_¾2; and _a3 and Rj,3, respectively. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 3, In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 3, each of R_ai,Rt>i, R_a2, R¾2, a3, and R¾3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, -R_ , ¾2, _A3, and Rw is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which Oj is 3, each of R_ai,R_w, R_a2, and Rj,?, is H and each of Ra3 and s is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and Rb2, is (Ί and each of R_a3 and RM is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 3, R_ai is H and each of Ra2, Ra3, ¾i, ¾2, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o_/ is 3, each of R_a} and R_a2 is H and each of R_a3, Rbi, R^, and R_¾3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 3, each of _ai, R_a2, and R_a3 is H and each of _bi, 2, and R_b3 is CH₃.

[670] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 3, each of R_ai,Rbi, R_A2, and R_b2, is H and as and R_b3 are " ^ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which Oj is 3, each of R_ai,R_w, R_a2, and J¾,₂, is CH₃ and R_a3 and R ₃ are "^- ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 3, _ai is H and each of R^, Rbi, and Rb₂ is CH₃, and R_a3 and ₃ are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which <¾ is 3, each of Rai and

R_a2 is H and each of _bi and R_b2 is CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 are "^¾

[671 ] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 3,

O

each of _at, _bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is H and ^ and R*,₃ are ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, each of Rai, bi, ¾₂, and I¾>₂, is CH₃ and R_a3

and Rb3 are - . In some va at ons o ormu a 25 escr e n paragraphs above in which oi is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, Rbi, and R_b2 is CH₃, and and R_h3 are

variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 3, each of R_ai and

O

Ra2 is H and each of _bi and _b2 is CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 are ^'¾· .

[672] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 3,

R_ai and R_M are "^- R_a2 and R_b2 are , and each of R^ and R₁₍ is H, In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 3, R_ai and _M are "^- R_a2 and ^ are '^¾ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 3, R_AJ and RM are

R_a2 and R|i>₂ are "^¾· , R_a3 is H, and s of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which

R_a2 and ^ are "^- , and each of R_a3 and R_ba is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 3, R_ai and Rm are "^- , R_a2 and j>₂ are '^- , and each of and Rb3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi i s 3, R_ai and M are "^¾- and Rj,₂ are

In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 3,

O

id Rhi are "^x , RR_aa22 aanndd RR_¾¾22 aarree ^L ^\ aanndd eeaacch of R j and ¾3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, R_ai and ¾ι are

R_A2

O

and Rb2 are ^ *" , and each of R_a3 and 1½ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described — O

in the paragraphs above in which oj is 3, R_ai and are "^¾ , R_A2 and ¾₂ are ^f\ R_a3 is H, and Rb3 i s CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi

O

is 3, Rai and _¾i are "^¾ , R_A2 and R^ are ^'¾ and each of _as and R^ is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 3, R_AI and M are

O

and RK₂ are ^ and each of R_a3 and RK₃ is C¾. In some variations of formula

(25) described in the paragraphs above in which Oj is 3, R_ai and R_M are '^¾ , ^ and R_i)2 are

O

[674] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3,

Riii and ¾i are

and each of R_a3 and Rb3 is H. In some variations of

O

formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 3, R_ai and R_bi are ^'¾· , _a2 and

Rb2 are

and each of R_A3 and Rb3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) descri bed in the paragraphs above in which oj is 3, R_al and _M are

and Rb3 i s CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oj

O O

is 3, Rai and R¾i are ^'¾· R_a2 and R_b2 are and each of _A3 and Rb3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 3, R_ai and M are

A A

described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, _ai and i are , R_a2 and Rb2 are

[675] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 3,

R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and ¾₂ together are ^L and each of R_a3 and R^ i s H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 3, R_ai and _bi and

R_¾2 and R_b2 together are "^- and each of Ra3 and (,₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi i s 3, R_ai and _bi and R_a2 and R 2 together are

, Ra3 is H, and _b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, _ai and _¾i and R_a2 and i,₂ together are _ancf ¾_{a3 anc}f j¾_{b3 are}

In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 3,

R_ai and R¾i and R_a2 and R_b2 together are

[676] In variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 4, the three instances of R_a and are indicated as R_ai and R_bi; _a2 and R_b2; R_a3 and ₃; and ₃4 and R¾4, respectively. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 4, In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 4, each of R_aS,R_M, R_a2, j,2, Ra3, ¾>3, Ra4, and &4 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 4, each of _ai, su, a2, _b¾ a3, R_b3, Ra4, and is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 4, each of R_ai, M, R 2, b2, a3, and R¾3 is H and each of R₃4 and Rb4 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 4, each of R_ai, M, R_a2, and R_b2 is H and each of Ra3, ¾>3, R_A4, and RM I S CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, each of Rai, RM, R_a2, i>2, Ra3, and Rb₃ is CH₃ and each of

[677] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 4, each of Rai,Ra2, and _A3 is H and each of M, 2, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) descri bed in the paragraphs above in which o_s is 4, R_ai is H, R*i is CH₃, and each of R_¾2, R_b2, Ra3, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 4, R_ai is H, M is CH₃, and each of R_a2, R¾₂, Ra3, and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 4, each of R_aj and a2 is H, each of M and ^ is CH₃, and each of R^ and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o > i s 4, each of R_ai and R.^ is H, each of M and j,2 is CH₃, and each of R_a and ^? is CH .

[678] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4,

R_ai and _M are H, R_a2 and j>₂ are H, R^ and R^ are H, and R_a4 and R₁₍₄ are "^- ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which ο,- is 4, _ai and _M are H,

Ra2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^'¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 4, R_aj and ¾i are H, R_a2 and R_¾

are CH₃, . In some vari ations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 4, _ai and M are CH₃, R_A2 and ¾₂ are CH₃,

Ra₃ and j,3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and M are w ^"¾ .

[679] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o_/ is 4,

Rai and are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are ^"¾ , and R_a4 and i,₄ are

. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 4, R_ai and are H, ^ and Rj,₂ are CH₃, R_a3 and j,₃ are ^""*· ·?^* , and R_A4 and _M are ^¾r" . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 4, R_ai and R_w are

CH₃, a₂ and ¾₂ are CH₃, R_a3 and R_B3 are '^¾ , and R_a4 and R₁₍₄ are " . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 4, R_ai is H, j>i is CH₃, R_a2 and

Rb2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R^ are ^ , and R_a4 and R_M are "^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o,< i s 4, R_AJ is II, R_M is CII₃, R_A2 is H, Κ¾₂ is

CH₃, _A3 and Rj,₃ are '^¾ ^\ and R_a4 and _¾4 are ' *· ^\

[680] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4,

R_ai and RM are H, R_a2 and Rj,₂ are "^- R_a3 and j₎₃ are "^¾ and R_a4 and Rj>₄ are some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o_/ is 4, R_a3 and

are CH₃, R_a2 and ¾2 are ' - R_a3 and I¾₃ are In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 4, R_AL i s H, t,i is

CH₃, a₂ and j,₂ are S£ R_a3 and ¾3 are '^¾S£ and R_a4 and t,₄ are " V^¾Si . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o_}_ is 4, R_ai and M are < - _; and Rb2 are N£ R_a3 and R_b3 are ^χ¾·S£ and R_A4 and Rj> are ^ .

[681] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above i which o_/ is 4,

R_ai and Rj,i are H, R_a2 and Rj,₂ are H, R_a3 and j₎₃ are H, and R_a4 and R are

. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o is 4, R_AJ and j,_t are H,

O

R_a2 and RM are II, R_a3 and t,₃ are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_¾4 are '¾· . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_a! and J,J are H, R_a2 and I¾>₂ are CH3, aj and RM are CH₃, and R_a4 and R¾₄ are

. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 4, _ai and M are CH₃, R_a2 and s>₂ are CH₃,

A -

Ra3 and (,₃ are CH₃, and R_a4 and R¾,₄ are . [682] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4,

O

Riii and M are H, R_a2 and R^ are H, R_a3 and Rt>₃ are ^'¾ and R_A4 and &4 are v. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o; is 4, R_ai and M are H,

O O

R_a2 and Rt>₂ are CH₃, R_a3 and Rj>₃ are ^"^- and R_a4 and are ^"^- In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o; is 4, R_al and _M are CH₃, R_a2 and

O O

b₂ are CH₃, R_a and R|>₃ are ^\ and R_a4 and are ^'¾· In some variations ot formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 4, R_a} is H, j,i is CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are

O O

¾A U-U

CH₃, Ra3 and ¾₃ are and _A4 and ¾₄ are ^? . In some variations of tormula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 4, R_aj is H, R_bj is CH₃, R_a2 is H, ¾₂ is CH₃, A3 and _B3 are

[683] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4,

Rai and i are H, R_a2 and R ₂

In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are

In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o; is 4, R_ai is H, R_¾i is

CH₃, R_a2 and R_¾,₂ riations of formula (25) de

scribed in the paragraphs above in which o > is 4, R_a3 and i are R_a2 and R_b2 are

.

[684] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o > is 4,

O

ai and R_¾i are '^¾ , R_a2 and ¾₂ are H, R_a3 and ¾₃ are H, and R_a4 and R ₄ are ^**· ^f" . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o i is 4, R_aj and i O

are '^¾*0 ^^* , R_a2 and ._b2 are CH₃, _aj and ¾3 are CH₃, and R_A4 and R¾₄ are ^f\ In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o,- is 4, _ai and R_bi are

_Q

" 0 *· , Ra2 and ¾2 are H, Ras and j,3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and ¾₄ are 00.

[685] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o, is 4,

Rai and R_bi are ' ^<· ^\ _a2 and _&2 are '^¾ , R_a3 and R^s are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^'¾· < . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 4, R_ai and _¾i

< ~"7 — 7 O

are " 0^¾ , _A2 and Rj,₂ are 0 '^¾ R_a3 and Rj>3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and Rj,₄ are 00 In some variations of formula (25 described in the paragraphs above in which o; is 4 R_ai and M are

^¾ , Ra2 and Rt>2 are

. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o; is 4, R_ai and ^ are

, a2 and ¾₂ are ' *· ^\ and RM axe II, and R_a and ^ are 0 ^\

[686] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o/ is 4, ai and R_bi are " w <~ R_a2 and j,? are w , R_a3 and R_b3 are ' w^¾ , and R_a4 and Ljj,₄ are

[687] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o i is 4,

— O O

R_ai and R_w are ' 0*·0 R_a2 and _b2 are '¾·k*⁵ R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and _M are ^*"^¾-0 , In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 4, R_ai and R_bi

O O

are "*· ^" , R_a2 and ¾ are 0 ^{' «}·0 ^ and Rj,3 are C¾, and R_a4 and _¾4 are 0 ^"¾ ^\ In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

O O

- 0¾0 _^ R_{a2 an£}| ii_{b2 are} 0 ' ^- ¾_{a3 anc} R_{b3 are} CH₃, and R_a4 and _j,₄ are ·■0. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and Rj>i are

O O

-¾ f- _^ R_{a2 an£}j ii_{b2 are} ' ¾_{a3 anc} R_{b3 are anc}| ]¾_{a4 anc}| ¾_{b4 are} -\ .

[688] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 4,

½1 and Rj,i are

o

[689] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 4,

Rai and

. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 4, R_ai and J¾,i

variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o is 4, R_aJ and R_bJ are

In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o is 4, R_aJ and Rj,j are

0 0 O

^'¾· a2 and j,2 are ' - R_a3 and R₁₍ are H, and R_a4 and ^ are ^' *· .

[690] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o > is 4,

R_ai and R_¾i are

[691] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o i is 4,

Rai and M are H, R_a2 and (,₂ are H, and R_a3 and j,₃ and R_a4 and j,₄ together are . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oj is 4, R_ai and j,i are H, R_a2 and j>2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and Rj>₃ and R_a4 and j,₄ together are . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o; is 4, R_ai and R_a2 are H,

R_bi and i>₂ are CH₃, and R_a3 and j,₃ and R_a4 and M together are ' . [692] In some variations of formu described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4,

Rai and R¾i are H, R_a2 and R¾₂ are

and R_A3 and Rj,3 and _A4 and R¾4 together are

^{^1}- V In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 4,

R_ai and M are '^¾· R_a2 and j,₂ are CH₃, and R_aj and j,3 and R_a4 and R¾4 together are "^"^ V In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o , is^■

1_Λι is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 l_b2 are , and Ra3 and j,? and R_a4 and M together are

[693] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o, is 4,

Rai and M are H, R_a2 and ₍,₂ are "¾ A· ^_ _anc[ R_{a3 an(}f ¾_{3 an(}f R_{a4 anc}j R_b4 together are '¾^^N^¾ In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and

0

R_bi are ^"*· Ra2 and Rj,₂ are CH₃, and R_¾3 and j,3 and R_A and R¾ together are ^ V In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 4, R_aS is H, R_bi

O

is CH₃, R_a2 and R_i)2 are ^ and R_a3 and j>₃ and R_a4 and j>₄ together are '^{¾ z} .

[694] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o_/ is 4,

O O

R_ai and Rj,i axe _¾ ^"^A- jf R_a2 and j₎₂ are _¾ ^'^A- and and R¾3 and R_a4 and RM together are . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o i is 4,

. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 4,

R_ai and _bi are

5] In some variations of formula 25 described in the paragraphs above in which o i is 4,

Rai and R¾i are

, R_a2 and t,₂ are and Raj and ¾3 and R_A4 and M together are

[696] In some variations of formul a (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o_} is 4, ai and _M and R_a2 and Rj,₂ together are ^""^- ^¾ , and R_a3 and j,₃ and R_a4 and j>₄ together are

[697] In some variations of formul a (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o? is 1, R_AI and Rj,i are both H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o? is 1, R_ai is H and M is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 1, R_ai and R_¾i are both CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which <¾ is 1 , R_ai and j>i are "*· , In some variations of

O

formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 1, _ai and Rj>i are ^"¾ ^\

[698] In variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 2, the two instances of R_a and I¾ are indicated as _ai and M and R_a2 and j,?, respectively. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 2, each of R_ai and bi and R_a2 and R^ is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 2, each of R_aJ and j,_t and R_a2 and Rj,₂ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 2, each of Rai and R_a2 is H and each of M and Rb2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 2, each of R_ai, R_ai, and RM is H and Ι½ is CH₃.

[699] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 2, each of R_ai and RM is H and R_a2 and _¾2 are "^¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 2, each of ai and i_»i is H and R_a2 and R_¾2 are O

^'¾· . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 2, each of R_ai and RM i s CH₃ and

. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 2, each of _ai and ¾i is CH₃ and R_a2 and Rj,₂

are

In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 2, R_ai is H, is (Ί f and R_a2 and Rj_>2 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the

O

paragraphs above in which o₂ is 2, _ai is H, is CH₃, and R_a2 and j₎₂ are ¼A , in some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 2, R_ai and R^ and

R_a2 and R_¾2 together ar ns of formula (25) described in the paragraphs

above in which o₂ is 2, and R_¾2 are ^\ In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 2, R_ai and j,i are '^¾ R_a2 and

O

Rb2 are ¾ -A ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂

O O

is 2, Ra! and R_¾i are % ^'¾ R^ and _¾2 are ^"¾A·

[700] In variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, the three instances of R_a and Rj, are indicated as _ai and j,i; R_a2 and ¾,₂; and _A3 and Rj,3, respectively. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, each of Rai,Rt>i, R_a2, R¾2, a3, and ¾s is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o? is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, ¾₂, R_aj, and _b is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, each of R_ai,Rbi, R_a2, and ¾₂, is H and each of Ra3 and ^ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, each of R_aj,Rt>i, _a2, and t,₂, is CH₃ and each of _as and ^ is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, _A3_, Rbi , 2, and H^s is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_A3, RM, RM, and R¾3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, each of R_ai, R_a2, and ₃3 is H and each of RM, ¾2, and _b3 \s O \ . ] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3 each of R_ai,¾i, Ra2, an J¾,₂, is H and a3 and ¾₃ are w "^¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, each of Rai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is CH₃ and R_a3 and Rb3 are "^- . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, _bi, and R_b2 is CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 are "^¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, each of R_a3 and

R_a2 is H and each of _bi and R_b2 is CH₃, and a₃ and R_b3 are "^¾ .

[702] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3,

O

each of R_ai,Rbi, R_a2, and R_b2, is H and R^ and R_b3 are ^"¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, each of _ai,Rw, R_a2, and R_b2, is CH₃ and R_a3

O

and R_b3 are ^\ In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which

O

o₂ is 3, Rai is H and each of R^, R_b}, and R_b2 is C¾, and R^ and ¾₃ are ' <- < . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, each of R_ai and

O

R_a2 is H and each of _bi and R_b2 is CH₃, and a₃ and R_b3 are ^'¾ .

[703] In some variations of formula 25 described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, R_ai and R_bS are

R_a2 and R_b2 are and each of R_as and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, R_ai and _bi are '^¾ R_a2 and R ₂ are ^L and each of R_a3 and R ₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formul (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, R_ai and _bi are "^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are

, R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, R_ai and R_bi are " ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are "^¾ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H.

some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, R_a3 and ,¾ ,ν,

are , R_a2 and Rj,? are "^¾ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula

15)^" described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, R_aj and Rt>i are "^¾ , R_a2 and I¾>₂ are

[704] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3,

— j

X

R_ai and R_bi are '^¾· . R_a2 and Rj,₂ are ^{' l}Α- <* and each of aj and j,3 is II. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, R_ai and R_bi are "^¾ "^ , R_a2

O

and j,2 are ^'¾ *\ and each of _a3 and _b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described

O

w ¾A<* in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, _ai and R¾i are '^¾ , R_a2 and ¾₂ are R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂

O

is 3, _ai and R¾i are '^¾ ^\ R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· f^" , and each of _aj and ^ is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, R_ai and i are and each of R_a3 and _b3 is CH₃. In som

(

25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, R_a3 and R_bj a re O

[70S] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3,

O O

Rai and _bi are _¾A ^ <*^*, R_a2 and ¾₂ are _¾ ^'¾A· ^«i , and each of aj and ¾₃ is H. In some variations of

O

formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, R_ai and i are _¾Ai R_a2 and

O

R_b2 are ¾ ^'¾A and each of _a3 and _b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, _ai and ¾ι are

R_a3 is II, and R_bsis CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂

O O

is 3, Hal and ¾i are ^'¾ R_a2 and R_b2 are "^»- and each of _¾3 and Rb3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, R_ai and M are O O

-\ and R_b2 are and each of R_A3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25)

O O

described in the paragraphs above in which o? is 3, _ai and M are ^'¾· R_a2 and R_b2 are ^"¾-

i] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3,

R_ai and Rm and R_a2 and i»₂ together are '¾ ^s/¾₃ and each of _A3 and R^is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, R_ai and !¾ and

Ra2 and R(,₂ together are "^- and each of _A and _bsis CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3, R_ai and M and R_a2 and R₂ together are V V

, Ra3 is H, and ^ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o? is 3, _ai and _¾i and R_a2 and i,₂ together are , and R_A3 and Rb3 are

In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 3,

O

R_ai and R_¾i and R_a2 and j,₂ together are , and _as and j_>3 are ^' *· ^\

[707] In variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, the three instances of R_a and j_> are indicated as R_ai and ¾i; R_a2 and Rj,₂; R_a3 and Rj,₃; and ₃₄ and R_¾4, respectively. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, each of Rai,¾i, ¾2, ¾2, ¾3, ¾3_, Ra4, and _M is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, each of Κ»ί,¾ι, ϊ¾ , ¾2, Ra3, ¾3, Ra , and M is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, each of Rai, Rbi, Ra2, Rb2, R 3, and &sis H and each of _A4 and Rb4is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, each of R_ai, M, R_a2, and I½ is H and each of Ra , ¾_3, R_A4. and ^is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, each of Rai, M, _a2, R¾2, a, and ^is CH₃ and each of Ra4 and ^is H. 8] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, each of R_ai,Ra2, and R_a3 is H and each of _w, R_b2, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which <¾ is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, and each of R_a2, R ₂, Ra3_, and R is (Ί . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, _aj is H, RM is CH₃, and each of R_a2, Rb2, a3. and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, each of Rai and R_a2 is H, each of R_w and R_b2 is CH₃, and each of ^ and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, each of R_al and is H, each of R_bi and Rb2 is CH₃, and each of _a3 and R ₃ is CH₃.

[709] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4,

R_ai and R_M are H, R_a2 and R_B2 are H, and R_B3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ , In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_ai and RM are H,

Ra2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and _a4 and R ₄ are "^¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_ai and _bi are H, R_a2 and are CH₃, as and R ₃ are CH₃, and R_a4 and _b4 are " ^L . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in whic is 4, R_aj and i are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_B3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are

[710] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o? is 4,

R_aj and R_bj are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, ^ and R ₃ are "*· and _a4 and R ₄ are . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

O . Ra₂ and R_¾>2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are "^- and R_a4 and R_b4 are "^- . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_al is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 and are CH₃, R_a3 and R ₃ are ' *· , and R_a4 and R_b4 are " . In some variations of formula (25) described in the phs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, ¾i is CH₃, R_A2 is H, R_¾2 s

CH₃, Ra3 and R ,₃ are

and R_A4 and RM are

[711] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4,

Rai and R¾i are H, R_a2 and R_¾2 are VN£ R_A3 and ¾3 are " V^¾N ^i^" , and R_A4 and R_¾4 are '^¾ ^ί . In some vari ations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_aS and R_¾i are CH₃, and R_b2 are "^¾ , R_a3 and ^ are "^¾ , and R_a4 and ^ are "*· . In some variations of formula scribed in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_ai is H, R|_>i is

CH₃, Ra2 and ¾₂ are

R_a3 and R 3 are '^¾· and R_A4 and Rj, are . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which <¾· is 4, R_AJ and RJ,_J are

. _ w

"^¾ R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ R_a3 and R^ are "^- ^\ and R_a4 and Rj,₄ are '^¾ ^\

[712] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4,

O

R_ai and Rt_>i are H, R_a2 and Rb₂ are H, ^ and j,? are H, and R^ and _¾ are . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o? is 4, R_al and j,i are H,

O

Ra2 and Rj,₂ are H, _A3 and j,3 are CH₃, and R_A and M are A ^'¾· ^c^-* . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, _aj and j,i are H, R_a2 and R_¾,₂

O

are CH₃, aj and j, are CH₃, and R_A and R are s ^'¾A· e . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, _ai and RM are CH₃, R_a2 and R_¾,₂ are CH₃,

A '

Ra3 and t,3 are CH₃, and ₃₄ and R_¾4 are .

[713] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4,

O

R_a3 and _M are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, ^ and j,₃ are "*· and R_a4 and _M are v. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_al and Rj,i are H,

A A

R_a2 and ¾₂ are CH₃, _as and ^ are ^"¾· and R_a4 and RM are In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, a2 and

O O

Rb2 are CH₃, R_A3 and ¾ are ^"^- and _A4 and ¾4 are ^"¾ ^\ In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_AS is H, RM is CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_A3 and R¾,₃ are

In some variations of formula (25 ) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_A3 is II, R_B! is CH₃, R_A2 is H, 2 is CH₃,

[714] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4,

0 0 0

¾A <* _¾A / _¾A

R_ai and _bi are II, _a2 and _b2 are^'¾- a3 and 3 are ^'h- ⁱ , and R_A4 and R_B4 are^'¾- . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, _ai and R_bi are CH₃, _a2 and _b2 are

In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_ai is H, i is

In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_AI and _bi are

and R_b2 are

[715] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o? is 4,

R_ai and R i are

. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, _ai and _bj are

In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, _ai and _bi are

^■r— 7 O

"^¾ a2 and R_B2 are H, a3 and 3 are CH₃, and R_A4 and R_B4 are ^'¾· ? [716] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o? is 4,

Riii and M are ^"¾ R_a2 and n,? are ^"% _¾3 and R_b3 are H, and R_A4 and Rj,₄ are ^'^- <*\ In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_aS and R_¾i

In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_ai and j,i are

'^¾ a2 and j,₂ are ^' *· ^^* . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, _ai and _M are

O

"^¾ , a2 and R¾₂ are ^'¾ , _aj and ¾3 are H, and R_a4 and are ^'¾· .

[717] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4,

R_ai and R_M are '^-NC R_a2 and j,2 are N ^i , R_a3 and Ι¾,₃ are % and R_a4 and R_b4 are

O

[718] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o? is 4,

O O

R_ai and R_bi are "^¾ R_a2 and are ^"¾ R_a3 and j>₃ are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^'¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, _ai and j,i

O O

are " ^ , R_a2 and Rj,₂ are ^'^- ^ and I¾>3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and _¾4 are ^\ In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o is 4, R_ai and M are

"^¾ G , Ra2 and j)₂ aie

In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, _as and RM are

O O

"^¾ Ra2 and Rj>₂ are % ^'¾· R_a3 and are H, and R_a4 and R₁₍ are % ^'¾A· ^ , [719] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o? is 4,

Riii and R i are

and R_b4 are

O

[720] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o? is 4,

Rai and R_bi are

. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_ai and R i are

variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o is 4, R_ai and _bi are 0 0 o

A A A

^'¾· <* a2 and R_b2 are "^¾ R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and _M are ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_ai and _bi are 0 0 o

¼· Ra2 and R_b2 are ½ R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are

[721] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o is 4,

[722 ] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4,

R_a3 and R_b3 are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_ai and i are H, R^ and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and Rj,₃ and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ' ^L . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o? is 4, R_al and R_a2 are H,

R_bi and R_b2 are CH₃, and and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are [723] In some variati ons of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o? is 4,

R_aj and j are H, R_a2 and R ₂ are '^¾ and _a3 and 3 and R_a4 and R ₄ together are . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ R_ai and R_bj are " R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ' ^¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4,

[724] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o? is 4,

O

R_ai and R_¾i are H, R_a2 and R ₂ are and R_a3 and R ₃ and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^L ,

In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_a! and

9

bi are "*· R_a2 and R ₂ are CH₃, and _a3 and R ₃ and R_a4 and R ₄ together are ^¾ V In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o? is 4, R_ai is H, R i is CH₃, R_a2 and R_h2 are

and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b together are ^¾ V

[725] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o? is 4, and R_b3 and R_a4 and R ₄ together

In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o? is 4, and Ri,i are

R_a2 and R_b2 are and R_a3 and R ₃ and R_a and R_b together are . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4,

O O

_% A/ A

[726] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o? is 4,

R_ai and R_bj are "^¾ R_a2 and R_b2 are

and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a and R_b4 together are [727] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which <¾> is 4, Riii and ¾i and R_a2 and Rj_>2 together are "^¾ and R¾3 and b3 and Ra₄ and R^ together are

[728] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above, ring A is optionally substituted with halo or C1 -C6 linear or branched alkyl;

optionally substituted with halo or C1 -C6 linear or branched alkyl; or

optionally substituted with halo or C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl.

[730] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above, n is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, I, 2, 3, or 4.

[731] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above, ring A is substituted with halo. In some variations, the halo is F, Br, I, or Ci.

[732 ] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above, ring A is substituted with C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C1-C3, C 1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[733] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above, 1)1 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above, the first D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above, the second 1)2 is safranin- O. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and the first D2 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and the second D2 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above, the first D2 and the second D2 are safranin-O.

[734] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1 -3, 1-2, 1 , 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH3,— NHCOR,— OCH3,—OR,— C2H5,— R, and— C₆¾, wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, C1-C2, CI , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl ). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -NO₂,— - R₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CCI3,— CBr₃, (^' ! : )..— CN,— SO3H,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1 -C6, C 1-C5, C1 -C4, C 1-C3, C l- C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[735] In some variations of formula (25) described in the two paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of the first D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of the first D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of the first D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— HR, — NR₂, Oi l, 0\— NHCOCH3, --NHCOR,— -OCH3,—OR,— C₂¾,— , and— C₆H₅, wherein is C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C 1 -C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, C 1 -C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of the first D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -N0₂,— NR₃ \ halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— SO3H,—COOH, — COOR,— CHO, and— COR, wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1 -C6, Cl - C5, C 1-C4, C1-C3, C 1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). [736] In some variations of formula (25) described in the three paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of the second D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of the second D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g. , 1 -3, 1 -2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of the second D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— H₂,— -NHR, — NR₂,—OH, ()^",— NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR,— OCH₃,— OR, CM k— R, and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C1 -C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1 -C5, C1-C4, C1 -C3, C 1 -C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of the second D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., !· . Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g., ---CF₃, ---CC1₃, --CBr₃, --(¾),— CM, --S0₃H, --COOH, — COOR,— CHO, and— COR, wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1 -C6, Cl- C5, C 1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[737] In some of the variations of formul a (25) described above,, Dl and D2 are safranin-0 moieties, as shown in formula (25a):

(25a) in which m, n, /_/, ¾, ), o₂, ring A, R_ai, R_M; R_a2, R_¾2 R_ci, RJI, R_d2, and ^ are as defined in the paragraphs above, Ri, R₂, R3, ¾, R5, an ¾ independently are absent or independently are selected from— NH₂,— HR,— NR?,—OH,— 0\— NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR,— OCH₃,— OR, — C₂H₅,— R,— ( ^',·,! k— N0₂,—NR₃ ^÷, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃, — CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— SO₃H,— COOH,—COOR,—CHO, and—COR), and R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, C1-C2, CI , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). [738] One of skill in the art can readily visualize and prepare other catiomc mul timers falling within formula (25) in which other cationic dye moieties are used in place of one or both of the safranin-0 moieties, f 739] Some cationic dye multimers fall within formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32):

(30) (31

wherein D is a cationic dye moiety, nx is 0-5, ny is 1-5, and L is absent or L is a linker selected from linker (a.1), linker (a.2), linker (b. l), linker (c. l), linker (c.2), linker (d), linker (e. l), linker (f. 1), linker (f.2), linker (g. l), linker (g.2), linker (h. l), linker (h.2), linker (i. l), linker (i.2), linker (j. l), linker (j .2), linker (k), linker (i. l), linker (1.2), linker (m. l), linker (n. l), linker (n.2), linker (o), linker (p), linker (q), linker (r), and linker (s), described above. }] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31 ), or (32), L is linker (a. l):

, in which n is 1-6, ttj is 1-4, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[741] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31 ), or (32) in which L is linker (a. l), n is 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[742 ] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (a. l), nj is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[743] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (a.2):

Ά-^ , in which n is 1-6, n_} is 1-4, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety I),

[744] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31 ), or (32) in which L i s linker (a.2), n is 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, I, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[745] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (a.2), m is 1 -4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[746] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (b. l):

, in which « is 0-6, n_} is 1 -4, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[747] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L is linker (b. l), n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3- 4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[748] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (b. l), ti] is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1 , 2, 3, or 4. [749] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31 ), or (32), L is linker (c. l):

, in which n is 0-6, n_} is 1-4, either (1) R_a and ¾ independently are H or CH₃

O

or (2) R_a and R_b are "^- or or (3) two of C _aR_b are and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[750] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L is linker (c. l), n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3- 4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, I, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[751] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (c. l), «_/ is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[752] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (c. I), R_a is H and _b is H. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (c. l), R_a is H and R_b is CH₃. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or

(32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (c. l), R_a and are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above

O

in which L is linker (c.1), R_a and R_¾ are , In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (c.1), two of

CR_aR_¾ are ^^^ ,

[753] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (c.2):

, in which n is 0-6, «_/ is 1-4, either (1) R_a and _¾ independently are H or CH₃

— y o

or (2) R_a and R_b are " or '^¾ or (3) two of CR_aR_b are ; and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D. [754] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31 ), or (32) in which L is linker (c.2), n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3- 4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[755] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (c.2), it} is 1 -4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[756] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (c.2), R_a is H and j, is H. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31 ), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (c.2), R_a is H and ¾ is Ct¾. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or

(32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (c.2), R_a and _¾ are "^¾ i_n some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above

O

in which L is linker (c.2), R_a and _¾ are "^¾ ^\ In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28),

(29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (c.2), two of CRaRb are

[757] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (c), L is _; ¾T^x^^/ - _^ T^**** ^^^* ^^ _^

[758] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (d): — , where k is 2-10; (1) R_a and R_b independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a and R_b are — _j O

- ⁱ. _or -\ f- _{^ or} (3) _tw0 of CR_aR_b are - and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D

[759] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L is linker (d), k is 2-10, 2-9, 2-8, 2-7, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-10, 3-9, 3-8, 3-7, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4- 10, 4-9, 4-8, 4-7, 4-6, 4-5, 5-10, 5-9, 5-8, 5-7, 5-6, 6-10, 6-9, 6-8, 6-7, 7-10, 7-9, 7-8, 8-10, 8-9, 9-10, 2, 3, 4, 5. 6, 7, 8, 9. or 10.

[760] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31 ), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (d), R_a is H and j> is H. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (3 1 ), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (d), R_a is H and ¾ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L i s linker (d), R_a and l¾> are "^¾ . In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above

O

in which L is linker (d), R_a and j, are ^*"*· < \ In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (d), two of C aR_b are ^x ^ .

In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (e

(Θ.1 )

in which n is 0-6, ni is 1 -4, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety

[762] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31 ), or (32) in which L is linker (e. l), n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-6, 1 -5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3- 4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. [763] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31 ), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (e. 1), nj is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[764] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (3 1 ), or (32), L is linker (f.1 ):

, in which n_} is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[765] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L is linker (f.1 ), m is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0- 1 , 1-5, 1 -4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[766] In some variati ons of formul a (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (f.1), n₂ is 1 -5, 1-4, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[767] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (f.2):

[768] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L is linker (f.2), n_;_ is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[769] In some variati ons of formul a (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (f.2), n? is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[770] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (g. I):

(g-1 ) in which ¾/ is 0-5, n? is 1-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic moietv D

[771] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L i s linker (g. l), m is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[772] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (g. l ), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[773] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (g.2):

(9-2) , in which n_} is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[774] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L is linker (g.2), m is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[775] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (g.2), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (h. l):

'"· ' ' , in which m is 0-5, is 1-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[777] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L is linker (h. l), m_{ is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0- 1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, I, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[778] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31 ), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (h. l), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[779] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (h.2):

in which n_? is 0-5, n₂ is 1 -5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[780] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31 ), or (32) in which L i s linker (h.2), n, is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[781] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (h.2), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[782] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (i. l):

, in which ¾ and n₂ independently are 1-5 and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D,

[783] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above, L is linker (i. l), n_} is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[784] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (i . l), nj is 1-5, 1 -4, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[785] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (i.2):

('^■2) , in which «_/ and n₂ independently are 1 -5 and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[786] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above, L is linker (i.2), n_l is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5,

[787] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31 ), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (i.2), η_{ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, I, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (j . l):

, in which n₂ is 1-5 and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety I⁾.

[789] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31 ), or (32) in which L is linker (j . l), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (j .2):

, in which n₂ is 1 -5 and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[791] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L is linker (j .2), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (k):

' , in which and independently are 1-4, n is 1-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl; (1) R_ai and Rj_>i independently are H or CH₃ or (2) R_ai and R_b! independent

or f3 ) two of CRaiRbi are (1) R_a2 and j,2 O independently are H or CH₃ or (2) R_a2 and R_¾2 independently are '^¾ *~ or '^¾ or (3) two of CR_a2Rj,₂ are ; and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[793] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31 ), or (32) in which L is linker (k), h is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

I] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (k), l₂ i s 1 -4, 1-3, 1 -3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1 , 2, 3, or 4.

⁾5] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (k), _ai is H and ¾i is H. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31 ), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (k), R_ai is H and ¾ι is CH₃. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or

(32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (k), R_aJ and ^ are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above

O

in which L is linker (k), R_ai and are '^¾ *~ . In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (3 ), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (k), two of

CRaiRbi are

[796] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (k), R_a2 is H and _¾2 is H. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (3 1 ), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (k), R_a2 is H and R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or

(32) described in the paragraphs above in which L i s linker (k), R_a2 and ϊ¾>₂ are "^- ^ . In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above

in which L is linker (k), R_a2 and I½ are '^% . In some variations ot formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (3 1), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (k), two of

CR_a2R ₂ are Ό^'Ά

[797] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (k), ring A is (a) N or N , optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl,

optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl; or

optionally substituted with halo or C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl.

[798] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (k), r½g A is substituted with halo. In some variations, the halo is F, Br, I, or CI.

Ϊ9] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31 ), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (k), ring A is substituted with C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C 1-C4, C 1 -C3, C1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3~ C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[800] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (1.

, in which lj, l₂, n, oi, and o₂ independently are 1-4, ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl; for each independent instance of R_aj and

Rj,i, R_ai and ¾ι(1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a3 and RM independently are

or or (3) two of CRaiRbi ar„e * · ; for each independent instance of R¾2 and R_f,_2i R_a2 and O

¾2 (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and j,₂ independently are "^- or '^- or (3) two of CR_a2Ri,2 are ^¾ ; for each independent instance of R_d and R_(U; R^i and R^i ( 1 independently are H or CH , or (2) et and ¾{ independently are

or (3) two of CRciR_di are ·- , for each independent instance of R_c2 and ¾₂, R«2 and R42 (1)

7 O

independently are H or CH₃, or (2) ^ and _d2 independently are "^¾ or "^¾ or (3) two of C c₂ i!₂ are ' ^<· ^¾ ; and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[801] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L is linker (1 , 1 ), h is 1-4, 1 -3, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1 , 2, 3, or 4.

[802] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31 ), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), h is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1 , 2, 3, or 4.

[803] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1. 1), Oi is 1-4, 1 -3, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[804] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), ₂ is 1-4, 1 -3, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[805] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (: 1), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), R_ai is H and R_bi i s H. n some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (3 1), or (32) described in the paragraph; s above in which L is linker

L I ), R_ai is H and R_M is CH₃. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or

(32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), R_aS and R_¾i are . In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above

p

in which L is linker (1.1), R_ai ^nd R_¾i are "^¾ ^\ In some variations ot formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), two of

λ

C _aiRj)i are ' [806] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31 ), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), is H and R_b2 is H. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), Ra2 is H and ¾₂ is C¾. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or

(32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), R_a2 and ¾2 are ^ . In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above

O

in which L is linker (1. 1), R_a2 and j,₂ are - . In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28),

) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), two of

[807] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), R_ci and ^i are both H. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), R^ is H and R_<u is C¾. I In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), R_ci and Ι¾ι are both C¾. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), R-i and R_<n are

. In some variations of formula

(26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31 ), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker

O

(1.1), Rci and _di are In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), two of CRciR_<u are ^ ^i

[808] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), and _d? are both H. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), ^ is H and R_d2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), _c2 and 42 are both CH₃. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), R_c2 and R_<j₂ are ^ . In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker W

O

(1.1), R_t2 and ¾ are "*· ? in some variations of fomusla (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), two of CRc2¾2 are

In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31 ), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1 ), ring A is

optionally substituted

with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl;

optionally substituted with halo or C I -Co linear or branched alkyl; or

optionally substituted with halo or C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl.

[810] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1. i), ring A is substituted with halo. In some variations, the halo is F, Br, I, or CI.

[811] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), ring A is substituted with C1 -C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, C I , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3- C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[812] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), n is 1-4, 1 -3, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[813] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (1.2):

(!.2) , in which U, l₂, n, and i¾ independently are 1-4, ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkvl, or heterocvclyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and and R_bi(l) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) _ai and R_bi independently are "^¾

0

"^¾ or (3) two of ½I^KM are for each independent instance of R_a2 and R_b2, a2 and

Rb2 (1 ) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and i_>2

two of CR_a2 b2 are "^"^ ; for each independent instance of Rcj and R_{<U j} ^ and R_di (1) ndependently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_cl and

CRciRai are >SK for each independent instance of ¾₂ and ^, «2 and ^ (1 ) independently are H or CH , or (2) _c2 and ¾₂ independently are

or (3) two CRc2Rd2 are " ·· , and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[814] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L is linker (1.2), h is 1-4, 1-3, 1 -3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[815] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), l₂ is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[816] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), oi is 1 -4, 1-3, 1 -3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[817] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31 ), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), o₂ is 1-4, 1-3, 1 -3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[818] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), R_a! is H and Rt>i is H. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker ,2), R_ai is H and R_M is CH₃. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or

(32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), R_aS and R_¾i are

. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above p

in which L is linker (1.2), R_ai and ¾ι are "^¾ * " . In some variations ot formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), two of

C _aiR-M are ^ ^ .

[819] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31 ), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), ^ is H and I¾2 is H. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), R_a2 is H and R_b2 is C¾. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or

(32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), and are

. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above

O

in which L is linker (1.2), R_a2 and j,₂ are ^ . In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28),

2) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), two of

[820] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), _ci and ^i are both H. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), R_ti is H and RJ_I is CH . In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1 ,2), _ci and Ι¾ι are both C¾. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), R^ and _<n are . In some variations of formula

O

(1.2), _ci and R_lU are ^ * In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), two of C _ci _di are "^"^ [821] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31 ), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), ¾~₂ and R<j₂ are both H. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), is H and I½ is C¾. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (3 1), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), and R,_¾2 are both C¾. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), Re2 and ¾₂ are . In some variations of formula

(26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker

O

(1.2), R_c2 and ¾₂ are ^"^- ^ , In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or

^'32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), two of CRc₂Rd2 are

[822] In some variati ons of formul a (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), ring A is

optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkvl

optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched aikyi; or

optionally substituted with halo or C1 -C6 linear or branched alkyl.

[823] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), ring A is substituted with halo. In some variations, the halo is F, Br, I, or CI .

[824] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31 ), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), ring A is substituted with C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3~ C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). [825] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31 ), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), n is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[826] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (3 1 ), or (32), L is linker (m.1):

, in which n is 0-6, ¾_/ is 1-4, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety

[827] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L is linker (m. l), n i s 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-6, 1 -5, 1-4, 1 -3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[828] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (m. l), nj is 1-4, 1 -3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, I, 2, 3, or 4.

[829] In some variati ons of formul a (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (n, 1 ):

in which n₂ is 1-5 and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye

[830] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L is linker (n. I), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (n.2)

(n.2) , in which n₂ is 1 -5 and * is the attachment site for the catiomc dye moietv D.

In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L • (n.2), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[833] In some variati ons of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (o):

'⁰' , in which in which ¾ is 0-5, n₂ is 1 -5, n3 is 0-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D,

[834] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L is linker (o), »₇ is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[835] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (o), n₂ is 1 -5, 1-4, 1 -3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[836] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (3 1 ), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (o), is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2- 4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[837] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (p):

(Ρ) , in which nj is 0-5, i2 is 1-5, n3 is 0-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D,

[838] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described above in which L is linker (p), m is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1 -5, 1-4, 1 -3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[839] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described above in which L is linker (p), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[840] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31 ), or (32) described above in which L is linker (p), n₃ is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[841] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (q):

(q) , in which n.4 is 0-5, «₂ is 1-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[842] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L is linker (o), n₄ is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5,

[843] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31 ), or (32) described above in which L is linker (q), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[844] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (r):

(^r) , in which n_} is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5, n3 is 0-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D,

[845] In some of variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L is linker (r), n_:i is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5,

[846] In some of variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (r), n₂ is 1 -5, 1-4, 1 -3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[847] In some of variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L is linker (r), n3 is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[848] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (s):

(^s) , in which rti is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5, n₃ is 0-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[849] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described above in which L is linker (s), m is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[850] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described above in which L is linker (s), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1 -3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. [851] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31 ), or (32) described above in which L is linker (s), n₃ is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0,

1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[852] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described above, L is absent.

[853] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above, ¾x is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, I,

2, 3, 4, or 5.

[854] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31 ), or (32) described in the paragraphs above, ny is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[855] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above, I) is selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[856] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which n₂ is greater than 1, each D is represented consecutively from left to right as Dl, D2, D3, D4, and D5, as appropriate for the value of ny.

[857] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 2, Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which ny is 2, Dl and D2 are different cationic dye moieties. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which ny is 2, Dl and D2 independently are selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[858] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 3, Dl, D2, and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which ny is 3, Dl, D2, and D3 are different cationic dye moieties. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which ny is 3, Dl and D2 and the same cationic dye moiety and D3 is a different cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which ny is 3, Dl and D3 and the same cationic dye moiety and D2 is a different cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which ny is 3, D2 and D3 and the same cationic dye moiety and 1)1 is a different cationic dye moiety. n some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which ny is 3, Dl, D2, and D3 independently are selected from the group consisting of safranin-Q, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[859] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 4, Dl, D2, D3, and D4 are the same cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which my is 4, Dl, D2, D3. and D4 are different cationic dy e moieties. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), Dl is a first cationic dye moiety and each of D2, D3, and D4 is the same second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), D2 is a first cationic dye moiety, and each of Dl, D3, and D4 is a second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29),

(30) , (31), or (32), D3 is a first cationic dye moiety, and each of Dl, D2, and D4 is a second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), D4 is a first cationic dye moi ety, and each of Dl, D2, and D3 is a second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30),

(31) , or (32), each of Dl and D2 is the same first cationic dye moiety, and each of D3 and D4 is the same second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), each of Dl and D2 is the same first cationic dye moiety, D3 is a second cationic dye moiety, and D4 is a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), each of Dl and D3 is the same first cationic dye moiety, and each of D2 and D4 is the same second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), each of Dl and D3 is the same first cationic dye moiety, D2 is a second cationic dye moiety, and D4 is a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), each of Dl and D4 is the same first cationic dye moiety, and each of D2 and D3 is the same second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), each of Dl and D4 is the same first cationic dye moiety, D2 is a different second cationic dye moiety, and D3 is a different third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), each of D2 and D3 is the same first cationic dye moiety, and each of Dl and D4 is the same second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), (26), (27), (28),

(29) , (30), (30), or (32) in which ny is 4, Dl, D2, D3, and D4 independently are selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acrifiavine, and methylene blue.

[860] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31 ), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl, D2, D3, D4, and D5 are different cationic dye moieties. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl, D2, D3, D4, and D5 are the same cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl and D2 are a first cationic dye moiety, D3 is a second cationic dye moiety, D4 is a third cationic dye moiety, and D5 is a fourth cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, third, and fourth cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl and D2 are a first cationic dye moiety, D3 is a second cationic dye moiety, and D4 and D5 each are a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (3 ), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl and D2 are a first cationic dye moiety, D3 and D4 are a second cationic dye moiety, and D5 is a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29),

(30) , (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl and D2 are a first cationic dye moiety, D3 and D5 are a second cationic dye moiety, and D4 is a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different.

[861] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl and D3 are a first cationic dye moiety, D2 is a second cationic dye moiety, D4 is a third cationic dye moiety, and D5 is a fourth cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, third, and fourth cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl and D3 are a first cationic dye moiety, D5 is a second cationic dye moiety, and D2 and D4 each are a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl and D3 are a first cationic dye moiety, D2 and D5 are a second cationic dye moiety, and 1)4 is a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl and D3 are a first cationic dye moiety, D4 and D5 are a second cationic dye moiety, and D3 is a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different.

[862] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl and D4 are a first cationic dye moiety, D2 is a second cationic dye moiety, D3 is a third cationic dye moiety, and D5 is a fourth cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, third, and fourth cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl and 1)4 are a first cationic dye moiety, D3 is a second cationic dye moiety, and 1)2 and D5 each are a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different. In some vari ations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl and D4 are a first cationic dye moiety, D2 and D3 are a second cationic dye moiety, and D5 is a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl and D4 are a first cationic dye moiety, D3 and D5 are a second cationic dye moiety, and D2 is a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different.

[863] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl and D5 are a first cationic dye moiety, D2 is a second cationic dye moiety, D3 is a third cationic dye moiety, and D4 is a fourth cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, third, and fourth cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl and D5 are a first cationic dye moiety, D4 is a second cationic dye moiety, and D2 and D3 each are a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl and D5 are a first cationic dye moiety, D3 and D4 are a second cationic dye moiety, and D2 is a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first second, and third cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl and D5 are a first cationic dye moiety, D2 and D4 are a second cationic dye moiety, and D3 is a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different. [864] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31 ), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, D2 and D3 are a first cationic dye moiety, Dl is a second cationic dye moiety, D4 is a third cationic dye moiety, and D5 is a fourth cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, third, and fourth cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, D2 and D3 are a first cationic dye moiety, Dl is a second cationic dye moiety, and D4 and D3 each are a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different.

[865] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, D2 and D4 are a first cationic dye moiety, Dl is a second cationic dye moiety, 1)3 is a third cationic dye moiety, and D5 is a fourth cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, third, and fourth cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, D2 and D4 are a first cationic dye moiety, Dl is a second cationic dye moiety, and D3 and D5 each are a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different.

[866] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (3 1 ), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, D2 and D5 are a first cationic dye moiety, Dl is a second cationic dye moiety, D3 is a third cationic dye moiety, and D4 is a fourth cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, third, and fourth cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, D2 and D5 are a first cationic dye moiety, Dl is a second cationic dye moiety, and D3 and D4 each are a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different.

[867] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, D3 and D4 are a first cationic dye moiety, Dl is a second cationic dye moiety, D2 is a third cationic dye moiety, and D5 is a fourth cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, third, and fourth cationic dye moieties are different.

[868] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, D4 and D5 are a first cationic dye moiety, Dl is a second cationic dye moiety, D2 is a third cationic dye moiety, and D3 is a fourth cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, third, and fourth cationic dye moieties are different. [869] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31 ), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl, D2, and D3 are a first cationic dye moietv, D4 is a second cationic dye moiety, and D5 is a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third catiomc dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl, D2, and D3 are a first cationic dye moiety, and D4 and D5 are a second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different.

[870] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, D2, D3, and D4 are a first cationic dye moiety, Dl is a second cationic dye moiety, and D5 is a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, D2, D3, and D4 are a first cationic dye moiety, and Dl and D5 are a second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different.

[871] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, D3, D4, and D5 are a first cationic dye moiety, Dl is a second cationic dye moiety, and D2 is a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third catiomc dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, D3, D4, and D5 are a first cationic dye moiety, and Dl and D2 are a second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different.

[872] In some variati ons of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl, D4, and D5 are a first cationic dye moiety, D2 is a second cationic dye moiety, and D3 is a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third catiomc dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl, D4, and D5 are a first cationic dye moiety, and D2 and D3 are a second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different.

[873] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl, D2, and D5 are a first cationic dye moiety, D3 is a second cationic dye moiety, and D4 is a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl, D2, and D5 are a first cationic dye moiety, and D3 and D4 are a second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second catiomc dye moieties are different.

[874] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (3 1 ), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl is a first catiomc dye moiety, and each of D2, D3, D4, and D5 is a second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, D2 is a first cationic dye moiety, and each of Dl, D3, D4, and D5 is a second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, D3 is a first catiomc dye moiety, and each of Dl, D2, D4, and D5 is a second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first ami second cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, D4 is a first catiomc dye moiety, and each of Dl, D2, D3, and D5 is a second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, D5 is a first cationic dye moiety, and each of Dl, D2, D3, and D4 is a second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different.

[875] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl, D2, D3, D4, and D5 independently are selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[876] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above, D3 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above, D4 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31 ), or (32) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31 ), or (32) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D3 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D4 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above, D2 and D3 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above, D2 and D4 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (3 1), or (32) described in the paragraphs above, D3 and D4 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31 ), or (32) described in the paragraphs above, Dl, D2, and D3 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above, Dl, D2, and D4 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (26), (27),

(28) , (29), (30), (3 1), or (32) described in the paragraphs above, Dl, D3, and D4 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (3 1 ), or (32) described in the paragraphs above, D2, D3, and D4 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28),

(29) , (30), (3 1 ), or (32) described in the paragraphs above, Dl, D2, D3, and D4 are safranin-O.

[877] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring ofDl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring ofDl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1 -3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring ofDl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -NH₂, --NH , --NR₂, Oi l. 0\ NHCOCH₃, --NHCOR,—OCH₃, — OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C l- C5, C1-C4, C1 -C3, C1 -C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— \0 \ R : \ halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.. ---CF₃, CTk—CBr₃, --CI3),— CN,— SO₃II,— COOH,— COOR,— CI 10, and—COR, wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C 1-C3, C1-C2, C I , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[878] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the two paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -NH₂, --NHR,— NR₂, Oi l. 0\— NHCOCH₃, --NHCOR, --OCH₃, — OR,— C2H5,— , and— C_&¾, wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C l- C5, C 1-C4, C 1 -C3, C 1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from — N0₂— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN, — SO₃H,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and— COR, wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C 1 -C5, C 1-C4, C 1 -C3, C 1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3- C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[879] In some variati ons of formul a (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the three paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of 1)3 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of 1)3 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1 -2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -NH₂, --NHR,— R₂,— OH, 0\— NHCOCH₃, --NHCOR,—OCH₃, — OR,— C₂ I₅,— R, and— CeHj, wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C l - C5, C1-C4, C1 -C3, C1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of 1)3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from — N0₂— R₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CCI3,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN, — SO₃H,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and— COR, wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C 1-C4, C 1-C3, C 1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3- C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[880] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the three paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D4 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D4 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1 -2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D4 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -NH₂, --NHR,— ^'NR₂,— OH, 0\ --NHCOCH3, --NHCOR,—OCH3, — OR,— C₂H₅,— , and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C l- C5, C1-C4, C1 -C3, C1 -C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of 1)4 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from — O2,— R₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g., --CF₃, --CCI3, ---CBr₃, --CI3),— CN, — SO₃H,—COOH,— COOR,—CHO, and—COR, wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1 -C6, C 1 -C5, C1 -C4, C 1 -C3, C 1 -C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3- C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

In some variations, cationic dye multimers are linear, as illustrated by formula (33):

(33) wherein each of Dl, D2, D3, and D4 is a cationic dye moiety and one or more of LI, L2, L3, and L4 are absent or each of Li, L2, L3, and L4 i s a linker independently selected from linker (a. l ), linker (a.2), linker (b. l), linker (c. l ), linker (c.2), linker (d), linker (e. l), linker (f. l ), linker (f.2), linker (g. l), linker (g.2), linker (h. l ), linker (h.2), linker (i . l), linker (i.2), linker (j . 1), linker (j .2), linker (k), linker (1.1), linker (1.2), is linker (m. l), linker (n. l ), linker (n.2), linker (o), linker (p), linker (q), linker (r), and linker (s), described above.

[882] In some variations of formula (33), each of Dl, D2, D3, and D4 is a different cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (33), each of Dl, D2, D3, and D4 is the same cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (33), 1)1 i s a first cationic dye moiety and each of 1)2, D3, and D4 is the same second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (33), D2 is a first cationic dye moiety, and each of Dl, D3, and D4 is a second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formuia (33), D3 is a first cationic dye moiety, and each of Dl, D2, and D4 is a second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formuia (33), D4 is a first cationic dye moiety, and each of Dl, D2, and D3 is a second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (33), each of Dl and D2 is the same first cationic dye moiety, and each of D3 and 1)4 is the same second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (33), each of Dl and D2 is the same first cationic dye moiety, D3 is a second cationic dye moiety, and D4 is a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (33), each of Dl and D3 is the same first cationic dye moiety, and each of D2 and D4 is the same second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (33), each of Dl and D3 is the same first catiomc dye moiety, D2 is a second cationic dye moiety, and D4 is a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (33), each of Dl and D4 is the same first cationic dye moiety, and each of D2 and D3 is the same second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (33), each of Dl and D4 is the same first cationic dye moiety, D2 is a different second cationic dye moiety, and D3 is a different third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (33), each of D2 and D3 is the same first cationic dye moiety, and each of Dl and D4 is the same second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different,

[883] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, each of Dl, D2, D3, and D4 is independently are selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[884] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (a. l):

(a,1 ) , in which n is 1-6, «/ is 1-4, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[885] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (a. l), n is 1-6, 1-5, 1 -4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[886] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (a. l), is 1-4, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4. [887] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (a. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (a. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (a. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (a. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (a. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (a. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (a. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (a. l ). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (a. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (a. l ). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (a. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (a. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (a. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (a. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (a. l).

[888] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (a.2):

(a.2) , in which n is 1-6, n_s is 1-4, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[889] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (a.2), n is 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[890] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, 12, 1,3, and L4 is linker (a.2), m is 1-4, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[891] In some variati ons of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI i s linker (a.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (a.2). In some vari ations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (a.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (a.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (a.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (a, 2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (a.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (a.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (a.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (a.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (a, 2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (a.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (a.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (a.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (a.2).

[892] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI , L2, L3, and L4 is linker (b. l):

, in which n is 0-6, rtj is 1-4, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[893] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (b. l ), n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-6, 1 -5, 1-4, 1 -3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[894] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, 12, L3, and L4 is linker (b. l), is 1-4, 1 -3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[895] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (b. 1). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (b. l ). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (b. l ). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (b. l ). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (b. l). In some variations of formula (33) descri bed in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (b. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (b. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (b. l ). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (b. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (b. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (b. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (b. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (b. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (b. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (b. l).

[896] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (c. l):

, in which n is 0-6, «./ is 1-4, either (1) R_a and R_¾ independently are H or CH

of CRa-R* are '^{¾ l} ; and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[897] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (c. l), n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[898] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (c. l), m is 1-4, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[899] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (c.1), R_a is H and Rj, is H. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of Li, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (c. 1), R_a is H and R_b is C¾. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of Li, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (c.1), R_a and ¾ are "^¾ < i_n some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of Li, L2, L3, and L4 is

O

linker (c.1), R_a and R_¾ are ^ . In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (c.1), two of CR_aR_b are ^¾· .

In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (c. l), L is ^ _} ^' ^^^^^ζ _

[901] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (c. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (c. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (c. l ). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (c. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (c. l ). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (c. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (c. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (c. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (c. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (c. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (c. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (c. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (c. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (c. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (c. l). [902] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (c.2):

site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[903] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (c.2), n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (c.2), n_} is 1 -4, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1 , 2, 3, or 4.

In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (c.2), R_a is H and Rj, is H. In some variations of formula (. described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (c.2), R_a is H and j, is CI¾. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (c.2), R_a and R_¾ are

]_n some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (c.2), R_a and R_¾ are

. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (c.2), two of CR_aR_¾ are ' V

[906] In some variations of formula (33) described in the ara ra hs above in which at least

one of LI L2, L3, and L4 is linker (c

[907] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (c.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (c.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (c.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (c.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (c.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (c.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (c.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (c.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (c.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (c.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (c.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (c.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (c.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (c.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (c.2).

[908] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (d):

, where k is 2-10; (1) R_a and R_¾ independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a and Rj, are O

<r o orr ''^¾*· r n orr Π (3) H twwno o off 0 CR¾,_a,RRij,. ^ arre. '' < <~· ^x ; · and * is the attachment site for the cationic dve moiety D.

)9] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (d), k is 2-10, 2-9, 2-8, 2-7, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-10, 3-9, 3-8, 3-7, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-10, 4-9, 4-8, 4- 7, 4-6, 4-5, 5-10, 5-9, 5-8, 5-7, 5-6, 6-10, 6-9, 6-8, 6-7, 7-10, 7-9, 7-8, 8-10, 8-9, 9-10, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. 9, or 10.

[910] In some variations of formul a (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (d), R_a is H and ¾ is H. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (d), R_a is H and Rj_> is ( I f ;. In some variations of formula (33) describe in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (d), R_a and j, are

j_n some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (d), R_a and R are

In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (d), two of CR_aR_b are "^- .

[911] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (d). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (d). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (d). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (d). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (d). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (d). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (d). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (d). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (d). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (d). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (d). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (d). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (d). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (d). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker

(d).

[912] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (e, l ):

(e.r , in which n is 0-6, nj is 1-4, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety I),

[913] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (e. l), n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[914] In some variati ons of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (e. l), m is 1-4, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[915] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (e. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (e. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (e. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (e. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (e. l ). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (e. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (e. l ). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (e. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (e. l ). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (e. l ). In some vari ations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (e. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (e. l ). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (e. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (e. 1). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (e. l ).

[916] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (f. I):

, in which n_} is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic e moiety D. [917] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (f. l), ni is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[918] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 i s linker (f. l), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[919] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (f.1). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (f.1). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (f. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (f. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (f. 1). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (f. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (f. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (f. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (f. 1). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (f. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (f. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (f.1). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (f. l ). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (f. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (f. l ).

[920] In some variati ons of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker i f.2):

, in which is 0-5, n? is 1-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[921] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (f.2), m is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1 , 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5. [922] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (f.2), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5,

[923] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (f.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (f.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (f.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (f.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (f.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (f.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (f.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (f.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (f.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (f.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (f.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (f.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (f.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (f.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (f.2).

[924] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (g. l):

(g- 1 ) , in which n_} is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety I),

[925] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (g. l), nj is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[926] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (g. l), n₂ is 1 -5, 1-4, 1 -3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2,

3, 4, or 5. [927] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (g.1). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (g. l). In some vari ations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (g.1). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (g. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (g. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (g. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (g. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (g. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (g. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (g. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (g.1). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (g. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (g. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (g. l ). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (g.1).

[928] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (g.2):

(9-2) , in which ¾/ is 0-5, n? is 1-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dve moiety D.

[929] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (g.2), n_} is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[930] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (g.2), n₂ is 1-5, 1 -4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[931] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (g.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (g.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (g.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (g.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (g.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (g.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (g.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (g.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (g.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (g.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (g.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (g.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI , L3, and L4 are linker (g.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (g.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (g.2).

[932 ] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (h. I):

(h.1 ) , in which n_} is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety I),

[933] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (h. I), fit is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[934] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (h. I), n₂ is 1-5, 1 -4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1 , 2,

3, 4, or 5.

[935] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (h. I). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (h. I). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (h. I ). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (h. I). In some variations of formula (33) descri bed in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (h. I), In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (h. I). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (h. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (h. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (h. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (h. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (h. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (h. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (h. l ). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (h. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (h. l ).

[936] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI , L2, L3, and L4 is linker (h.2):

(h.2) _^ j_n ^γ^ς^ _Rl i_s Q-5_{3 ¾}, j_s I„5_{5 an(}j * i_s†h_e attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[937] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (h.2), m is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5,

[938] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (h.2), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5,

[939] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (h.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (h.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (h.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (h.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (h.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (h.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (h.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (h.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (h.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (h.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (h.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (h.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (h.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (h.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (h.2).

[940] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (i. l):

, in which nj and ¾ independently are 1-5 and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[941] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (i. l), m i s 1 -5, 1-4, 1 -3, 1 -2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[942] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (i. l), m is 1-5, 1 -4, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[943] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (i. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (i. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (i. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (i. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (i. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (i. l ). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (i. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (i. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (i. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (i. l ). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (i. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (i. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (i . l ). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (i. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (i. 1).

[944] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (i.2):

^{-^LZ> , in which n_} and n₂ independently are 1-5 and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[945] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI , L2, L3, and L4 is linker (i.2), «_? is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[946] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (i.2), m is 1-5, 1 -4, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[947 ] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (i.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (i.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (i.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (i.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (i .2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (i.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (i.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (i.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (i.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (i.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (i.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (i.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (i.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (i.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (i .2). [948] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (j.l):

which «2 is 1-5 and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[949] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (j.l), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[950] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (j.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (j.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (j.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (j.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (j.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (j.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (j.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (j.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (j.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (j.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (j.l). In some vari ations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (j.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (j.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (j.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (j.l). [951] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI , L2, L3, and L4 is linker (j .2):

(j.2) , in which n₂ is 1 -5 and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[952] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (j .2), n₂ is 1-5, 1 -4, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[953] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (j .2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (j .2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (j , 2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (j .2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (j .2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (j .2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (j .2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (j .2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (j .2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (j .2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (j .2). In some vari ations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (j .2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (j .2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (j .2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (j .2). [954] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (k):

^ , in which li and independently are 1-4, n is 1-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl; (1) R_ai and R_bi independently are H or CH₃ or (2) R_aX and j_>i independently are ) R_a2 and j>2 independently are H or CH

₃ or (2) R_A2 and Κ_¾2 independently are ; or (3) two of

CRa₂Rb2 are '^- ; and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety I⁾,

[955] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (k), is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, I, 2, 3, or 4.

[956] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 i s linker (k), l₂ is 1-4, 1 -3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[957] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 i s linker (k), R_ai is H and R_¾i is H. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (k), R_AI is H and RM is CH₃. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (k), R_ai and RM are "^¾ . In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is

O

linker (k), R_ai and RM are "^¾ . In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (k), two of CRaiRw are

[958] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (k), R_a2 is H and (,₂ is H. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (k), R^ is H and Rj,2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (k), R_a2 and ¾₂ are "^¾ . In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is

O

linker (k), R_a2 and ¾2 are "^¾ ^\ In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (k), two of CR_a2Ri>2 are

[959] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (k), ring A is

optionally substituted with halo or C1 -C6 linear or branched aikyl;

optionally substituted with halo or C1 -C6 linear or branched alkyl; or

optionally substituted with halo or C 1 -C6 linear or branched alkyl .

[960] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (k), ring A is substituted with halo. In some variations, the halo is F, Br, I, or CI.

[961 ] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (k), ring A is substituted with C 1 -C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C 1 -C4, C l- C3, C 1-C2, C I , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[962] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI i s linker (k). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (k). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (k). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, 3L4 is linker (k). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are l inker (k). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (k). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (k). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (k). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (k). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (k). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (k). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (k). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (k). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (k). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI , L2, L3, and L4 are linker (k).

S3] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1):

-^l , in which i , l₂, n, o , and o₂ independently are 1-4; risig A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and

R_bi_. Rai an R i( ) independently are II or CH₃, or (2) R_ai and j,i independently are

or 0

or (3) two of CRaiR_bi are ¼^% ^• ;· for each independent instance of R_a2 and RM_{, a}2 and

*— O

; 1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and j,₂ independently are or ' *· , or (3) two of C _a2 |g,2 are " for each independent instance of ci and R_tu_, R«i and Rai ( 1

O

independently are H or CH₃, or (2) ^ and ¾{ independently are '^¾ or ^<- , or (3) two of

LM_tiK_Ai are ^• , for each independent instance of R_c2 and R_D2I R_c2 and (j₂ (1)

Y— 7 O ^

independently are H or CH₃, or (2) and R^z independently are ^{" ¾} o orrΛ or (3) two c2 d2 are ' ^{1 x} ; and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moietv [964] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), h is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[965] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 i s linker (1.1), h i s 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1 , 2, 3, or 4,

In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), oj is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[967 ] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), o₂ is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[968] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), R_a3 is H and ¾i is H. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of Li, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), R_ai is H and ]½ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), R_AJ and _&j are "^¾ . In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3,

O

and L4 is linker (1.1), R_ai and RM are '^¾ In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in whi ch at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), two of CR_aiR_bi are

[969] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 i s linker (1.1), a2 is H and R₁₍₂ is H. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), R_¾2 is H and ¾₂ is C¾. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), R_a2 and ¾₂ are

· In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI , L2, L3,

O

and L4 is linker (1.1), R_A2 and Rj,₂ are " ^\ In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1 ), two of C ^KM are [970] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), R^ is H and R^i is H. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1 ), Rei is H and Rui is C¾. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in

which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), . In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI , L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1. 1), R_ci and R(U are

In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), two of CRciRdi are

[971 ] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), Rc2 is H and ,¾2 is H. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), Rc2 is H and d2 is CH . In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), Rc₂ and ¾2 are "^¾ . In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3,

9

and L4 is linker (1.1), Re? and R&2 are *" . In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), two of CR_C2 d2 are

[972] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at one of LI , L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), ring A is

optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched aikyl;

optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched aikyl; or

301

optionally substituted with halo or CI -C6 linear or branched aiky! ,

[973] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1 ), ring A is substituted with halo. In some variations, the halo is F, Br, I, or CI.

[974] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1 ), ring A is substituted with C1-C6 linear or branched al kyl (e.g., C1 -C6, C 1-C5, C 1-C4, Cl - C3, C 1-C2, C I , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[975] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), n is 1-4, 1 -3, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[976] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (1.1). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (1 , 1 ). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (1.1). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (1, 1 ). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (1. 1). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (1.1). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (1.1). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (1. 1 ). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (1.1 ). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (1. 1). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (1.1). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (1.1 ). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (1.1). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (1.1). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (1.1).

[977] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2):

^!^²^ , in which l , n, ® and o₂ independently are 1.-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkvl, or heterocvclyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and

R_bi_, Rai and R_bi(l) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) _ai and M independently are "^¾ or or (3) two of CRaiR_bi are ^ ^ ^ for each independent instance of R_a2 and R_b2, a2 and

■Rb2 (1 ) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and Rj>₂ independently are

or (3) two of CR_a2Rb2 are "^- ; for each independent instance of ^ and R_{<U j} ^ and K_di (1)

O

independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_cl and ^i independently are " or '^¾ or (3) two of CRciRai are "^- ; for each independent instance of R^ and ^_, R_ci and Ra₂ ( ) independently are H or CH , or (2) c₂ and ¾₂ independently are

CRc₂Rd2 are " ·· , and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[978] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), h is 1 -4, 1-3, 1 -3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[979] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), h is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, I, 2, 3, or 4.

[980] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), oi is 1-4, 1 -3, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1 , 2, 3, or 4,

[981] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), o₂ is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1 , 2, 3, or 4.

[982] In some variations of formul a (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at l east one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), _ai is H and _¾i is H. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), R_ai is H and R_¾i is CH₃. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one ot LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), R_ai and R₁₍i are

. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3,

p

and L4 is linker (1.2), R_ai and R_¾i are '^¾ . In some variations of tormula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), two of CR_aiR_bi are

[983] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), R_a2 is H and _¾2 is H. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), Ra₂ is H and Rj>2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), R_a2 and R_b2 are "^- . In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3,

O

and L4 is linker (1.2), R_a2 and .¾₎₂ are In some variations of formula (33) described in the hs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), two of C _a2Rb2 are

[984] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), ^ is H and R,u is H. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), e_t is H and ^i is CH₃. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), _ct and ¾_{ are "^¾ . In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2),

variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), two of CRciRdi are

[985] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), R_c2 is H and Ι¾₂ is H. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of Li, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), Rc2 is H and ¾₂ is G¾. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), R_c2 and ¾₂ are "^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3,

9

and L4 is linker (1.2), and are In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), two of

are

[986] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), ring A is

optionally substituted halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl;

optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl; or

optionally substituted with halo or C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl.

[987] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), ring A is substituted with halo. In some variations, the halo is F, Br, I, or CI.

[988] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), ring A is substituted with C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C 1-C5, C 1 -C4, C l- C3, C 1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[989] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), n is 1 -4, 1-3, 1 -3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1 , 2, 3, or 4. [990] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (1.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (1.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (1.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (1.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (1.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (1.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (1.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (1.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (1.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (1.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (1.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (1.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (1.2). In some variati ons of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (1.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (1.2).

[991] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (m. l):

, in which n is 0-6, n? is 1-4, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[992] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (m. l), n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[993] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (m. l), n_} is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, I, 2, 3, or 4.

I] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (m.1). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (m. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (m. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (m. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (m. l ). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (m.1). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (m. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (m. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (m. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (m.1). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (m. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (m.1). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI , L3, and L4 are linker (m. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (m. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (m. l).

[995] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (n. 1):

(n.1) , in which n₂ is 1-5 and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[996] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (n. l), n₂ is 1 -5, 1-4, 1 -3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5,

[997] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, Li is linker (n. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (n. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (n. l ). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (n. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (n. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (n. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (n. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (n. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (n. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (n. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (n. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (n. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (n. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (n. l ). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (n.1).

[998] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (n.2):

(n.2) , in which n₂ is 1 -5 and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[999] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (n.2), n₂ is 1-5, 1 -4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1000] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (n.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (n.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (n.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (n.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (n.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (n.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (n.2). In some vari ations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (n.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (n.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (n.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker in.2) In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (n.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (n.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (n.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (n.2).

[1001] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (o):

' , in which in which « is 0-5, «2 is 1-5, n3 is 0-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1002] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (o), «i is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1 , 1 -5, 1-4, 1 -3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1003] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (o), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2,

3, 4, or 5,

[1004] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (o), n₃ is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1 -4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1005] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (o). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (o). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (o). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (o). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (o). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (o). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (o). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (o). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (o). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (o). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (o). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (o). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (o). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (o). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (o).

[1006] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (p):

(P) , in which tti is 0-5, «₂ is 1-5, n3 is 0-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D. f 1007] In some variations of formula (33) described above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (p), is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1 -5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1008] In some variations of formula (33) described above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (p), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1009] In some variations of formula (33) described above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (p), n₃ is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1 -4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

11010] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (p). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (p). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (p). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (p). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (p). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (p). In some variations of formula

11 1 (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (p). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (p). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (p). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (p). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (p). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (p). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (p). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (p). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (Ρ)·

[1011] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (q):

in which ¾</ is 0-5, ¾ is 1 -5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety

[1012] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (o), n₄ is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1 -4, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1013] In some variations of formula (33) described above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (q), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1014] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (q). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (q). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (q). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 i s linker (q). In some variati ons of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (q). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (q). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (q). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (q). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (q). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (q). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (q). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (q). In some variations of formul a (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (q). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (q). In some vari ations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker

(q)-

[1015] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (r):

(^r) , in which ni is 0-5, «2 is 1 -5, n3 is 0-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1016] In some of variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (r), m is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1 , 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1017] In some of variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (r), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5,

[1018] In some of variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (r), n3 is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5,

[1019] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (r). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (r). In some vari ations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (r). In some vari ations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (r). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (r). In some vari ations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (r). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (r). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (r). In some variations of formula

J 1 (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (r). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (r). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (r). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (r). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (r). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (r). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (r).

[1020] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (s):

, in which n_} is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5, n_:i is 0-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1021] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (s). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (s). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (s). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (s). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (s). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (s). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (s). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (s). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (s). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (s). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (s). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (s). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (s). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (s). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (si f 1022] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is absent. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is absent. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is absent. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is absent. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are absent. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are absent. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are absent. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are absent. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are absent. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are absent. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are absent. In some vari ations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are absent. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are absent. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are absent. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are absent.

[1023] In some variations of formula (33), each of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is a different linker. In some variations of formula (33), each of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is the same linker. In some variations of formula (33), LI is a first linker and each of L2, L3, and L4 is the same second linker, wherein the first and second linkers are different. In some variations of formula (33), L2 is a first linker, and each of LI, L3, and L4 is a second linker, wherein the first and second linkers are different. In some variations of formula (33), L3 is a first linker, and each of LI, L2, and L4 is a second linker, wherein the first and second linkers are different. In some variations of formula (33), L4 is a first linker, and each of LI, L2, and L3 is a second linker, wherein the first and second linkers are different. In some variations of formula (33), each of LI and L2 is the same first linker, and each of L3 and L4 is the same second linker, wherein the first and second linkers are different. In some variations of formula (33), each of LI and L2 is the same first linker, L3 is a second linker, and L4 is a third linker, wherein the first, second, and third linkers are different. In some variations of formula (33), each of LI and L3 is the same first linker, and each of L2 and L4 is the same second linker, wherein the first and second linkers are different. In some variations of formula (33), each of LI and L3 is the same first linker, L2 is a second linker, and L4 is a third linker, wherein the first, second, and third linkers are different. In some variations of formula (33), each of LI and L4 is the same first linker, and each of L2 and L3 is the same second linker, wherein the first and second linkers are different. In some variations of formula (33), each of LI and L4 is the same first linker, L2 is a different second linker, and L3 is a different third linker, wherein the first, second, and third linkers are different. In some variations of formula (33), each ofL2 and L3 is the same first linker, and each of LI and L4 is the same second linker, wherein the first and second linkers are different.

[1024] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (33) descri bed in the paragraphs above, D3 i s safranin-O. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, D4 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D3 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (33) descri bed in the paragraphs above, Dl and D4 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, D2 and D3 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, D2 and D4 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, D3 and D4 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, Dl, D2, and D3 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, Dl, D2, and D4 are safranin- O. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, Dl, D3, and D4 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, D2, D3, and D4 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, Dl, D2, D3, and D4 are safranin-O.

[1025] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variati ons of formula (33) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1 -2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring ofDl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— H₂,— HR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

NHCOCI k,— -NHCOR, OCj h OR, --C2H5,—R, and (\j k wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, C 1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -N0₂,— -N ₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g., ---CF₃, CCk --CBr₃, Ch i.— CN, - -SO₃H, --CQOH,— COOR,—CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1 -C6, C 1-C5, C 1 -C4, C 1-C3, Cl- C2, CI , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-

C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[1026] In some variations of formula (33) described in the two paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1 -3 (e.g., 1 -3, 1-2, 1 , 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH3,— NHCOR,— OCH3,—OR,— C2H5,— R, and— C₆¾, wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, C1-C2, CI , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl ). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of 1)2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -NO₂,— - R₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihaiide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CCI3,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— SO3H,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1 -C6, C 1-C5, C1 -C4, C 1-C3, C l- C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[1027] In some variations of formula (33) described in the three paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH₃,— -NHCOR, --OCH₃,—OR, --C₂H₅,—R, and C,,l k wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, C1-C2, C I , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched aikyi). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -N0₂,— -NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihaiide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CCI3,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— SO3H, -—COOH,— COOR,—CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C1.-C6 linear or branched al kyl (e.g., C I -C6, C1-C5, C I -C4, C 1 -C3, C l- C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). [1028] In some variations of formula (33) described in the three paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D4 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D4 is substituted with 1 -3 (e.g., 1 -3, 1-2, 1 , 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D4 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— ICOCH₃,— NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and C-j k wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alky! (e.g., C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, C1-C2, CI , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of 1)4 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— 0₂,— R₃ ^†, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihaiide (e.g., --CF₃, --CCI₃, ---CBr₃, --CI₃), --CN, SO : I L --COOH, --COOR, --CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1 -C6, C 1-C5, C1 -C4, C 1-C3, C l- C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[1029] In some variations, cationic dye multimers are cyclic, as illustrated by formula (34):

, wherein at least one of Dl, D2, and D3 is a cationic dye moiety and one or more of LI, L2, and L3 are absent or each of LI, L2, and L3 is a linker independently selected from linker (a. l), linker (a.2), linker (b. l), linker (c. l), linker (c.2), linker (d), linker (e. 1), linker (f.1), linker (f.2), linker (g.1), linker (g.2), linker (h. 1), linker (h.2), linker (i. l), linker (i.2), linker (j . ), linker (j .2), linker (k), linker (1.1 ), linker (1.2), is linker (m. l ), linker (n. l ), linker (n.2), linker (o), linker (p), linker (q), linker (r), and linker (s), described above. [1030] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of Dl, D2, and D3 is a different cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of Dl, D2, and D3 is the same cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of Dl and D2 is the same first cationic dye moiety and D3 is a second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second catiomc dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of Dl and D3 is the same first catiomc dye moiety and D2 is a second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of D2 and D3 is the same first cationic dye moiety and Dl is a second catiomc dye moiety, wherein the first and second catiomc dye moieties are different.

[1031] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of Dl, D2, and D3 is independently are selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[1032] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (a.1):

(a.1 ) , in which n is 1-6, n₁ is 1-4, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1033] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (a.1), n is 1 -6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[1034] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (a. l), m is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[1035] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (a. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (a. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (a. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (a. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (a. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (a. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (a. l ). [1036] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (a.2):

, in which n is 1-6, tii is 1-4, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

11037] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (a.2), n i s 1 -6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[1038] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (a.2), n_} is 1-4, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[1039] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (a.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (a.2). In some variations of formula (34) descri bed in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (a.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (a.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (a.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (a.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (a.2).

[1040] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (b. l):

, in which n is 0-6, ttj is 1-4, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1041] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (b.1), n i s 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-6, 1 -5, 1-4, 1 -3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[1042] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (b. l), «, is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[1043] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker c. l ): (°·^ , in which n is 0-6, nj is 1-4, either (1) R_a and Rj, independently are H or CH₃

O

or (2) R_a and R_b are ^""^ or '^¾ or (3) two of C _aR_b are , and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1044] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (c. 1), n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-6, 1 -5, 1-4, 1 -3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6,

[1045] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (c. l), m is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[1046] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (c. I), R_a is H and Rj, is H. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI , L2, and L3 i s linker (c. l), R_a is H and R_b is CH₃. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (c. 1 ), R_a and I¾> are " w^¾ . In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (c. l), R_a

O

and ¾ are . In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (c. l), two of CR_aR_b are

[1047] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI i s linker (c. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (c. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (c. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (c. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (c. l ). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (c. l ). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (c. l).

8] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (c. l), L is

[1049] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (c. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (c. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (c. l ). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (c. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (c. l ). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (c. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (c.1).

[1050] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (c.2):

site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1051] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (c.2), n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[1052] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (c.2), «; is 1-4, 1 -3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4. [1053] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (c.2), R_a is H and Rj, is H. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (c.2), R_a is H and ¾ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (34) descri in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (c.2), R_a and are

. In some variations of formula

(34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of L I, L2, and L3 is linker (c.2), and Rjj are '^¾ ^\ in some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (c.2), two of CR_aR_b are .

[1054] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (b. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (b. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (b. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (b. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (b. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (b. l ). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (b. l).

[1055] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI L2, and L3 is linker c

56] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (c.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (c.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (c.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (c.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (c .2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (c.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (c.2).

[1057] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI , L2, and L3 is linker (d):

(d) -10, (1) R_a and R independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a and Rb are

dye moiety D

[1058] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (d), k is 2-10, 2-9, 2-8, 2-7, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-10, 3-9, 3-8, 3-7, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4- 10, 4-9, 4-8, 4-7, 4-6, 4-5, 5-10, 5-9, 5-8, 5-7, 5-6, 6-10, 6-9, 6-8, 6-7, 7-10, 7-9, 7-8, 8-10, 8-9, 9-10, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.

[1059] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI , L2, and L3 is linker (d), R_a is H and _b is II In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (d), R_a is H and is CH₃. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at

: one of Li, L2, and L3 is linker (d), R_a and are " ^L . In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (d), R_a and O

are "^¾ . In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L.2, and L3 is linker (d), two of CR_aR_b are ¹.

In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (d). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (d). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (d). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (d). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (d). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (d). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (d).

[1061] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (e):

(e.1 )

, in which n is 0-6, n_} is 1-4, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1062] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of L I, L2, and L3 i s linker (e. l), n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1 , 1-6, 1-5, 1 -4, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[1063] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L.2, and L3 is linker (e. l ), n_} is 1 -4, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1 , 2, 3, or 4.

[1064] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (e. l ). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (e. l). In some variations of formula (34) descri bed in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (e. l ). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (e. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (e. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (e. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are li nker (e. 1 ).

[1065] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (f. l):

, in which nj is 0-5, «? is 1-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1066] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (f. l), HI is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1 , 1-5, 1-4, 1 -3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5. [1067] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (f. l), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1068] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (f. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (f. l ). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (f. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (f. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (f.1). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (f. 1). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (f. l).

[1069] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (f.2):

[1070] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (f.2), it_! is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1 , 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1071] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (f.2), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1072] In some variati ons of formul a (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI i s linker (f.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (f.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (f.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (f.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (f.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (f.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (f.2).

[1073] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (g.1):

(g-1 ) , in which n_} is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety I),

[1074] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI , L2, and L3 is linker (g. l), ni is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1075] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (g. l), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1 , 2, 3,

4, or 5.

[1076] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (g. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (g. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (g. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (g. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (g. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (g. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (g. l).

[1077] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (g.2):

(g.2) , in which « is 0-5, « is 1-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1078] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (g.2), it_! is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1 , 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5. [1079] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (g.2), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1080] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (g.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (g.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (g.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (g.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (g.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (g.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (g.2).

[1081] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (h. l):

(h.1 ) , in which n_} is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1082] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of L I, L2, and L3 is linker (h . l), ft] is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, I, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1083] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI , L2, and L3 i s linker (h. l), n₂ is 1 -5, 1-4, 1 -3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3,

4, or 5.

[1084] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (h. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (h. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (h. l ). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (h. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (h. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (h. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (h. 1 ). [1085] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (h.2):

[n. ) ^ j_n ^γ^ς^ _Rl ig Q-5_{3 n2} j_s i„5_{5 an(}j * i_s†h_e attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1086] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of L I, L2, and L3 is linker (h.2), ti_! is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1 -5, 1 -4, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1087] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (h.2), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1088] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (h.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (h.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (h.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (h.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (h.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (h.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (h.2).

[1089] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (i. l ):

, in which n_} and n₂ independently are 1-5 and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1090] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (i. l ), m is 1 -5, 1-4, 1 -3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5 , [1091] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (i. l), m is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1092] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (i. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (i. l ). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (i. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (i. l ). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (i. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (i . l ). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (i. l).

[1093] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (i.2):

, in which nj and n₂ independently are 1-5 and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1094] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI , L2, and L3 is linker (i,2), m is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 ,

[1095] In some variati ons of formul a (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (i.2), m is 1-5, 1 -4, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1096] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (i.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (i .2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (i.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (i.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (i.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (i .2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (i.2).

[1097] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI , L2, and L3 is linker (j . l ):

0.1) , in which n₂ is 1-5 and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety I),

[1098] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (j.l), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, I, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1099] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (j.l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (j.l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (j.l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (j.1). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (j.l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (j.l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (j.l).

[1100] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (j.2):

0-2) , in which n₂ is 1-5 and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1101] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (j.2), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1102] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (j.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (j.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (j .2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (j .2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (j .2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (j .2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (j .2).

[1103] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI , L2, and L3 is linker (k):

^\ ' , in which I_} and h independently are 1-4, n is 1 -4; ring A is ar heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl; (1) R_ai and R_bi independently are H or CH₃ or (2) R_a3 and ¾i independentl lvy aarree

; oorr ( (33)) ttwwoo ooff CCRRaaiiRR_bbii aarree ; (1 ) _A2 and ϊ½

O

independently are H or C¾ or (2) R_a2 and ¾ independently are ¼ "^¾■ < o orr ¼ '^¾■ ^ ; orr- Π (3) two of CRa2Rb2 are '^- ^L ; and * is the attachment site for the cai ionic dye moiety D.

[1104] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI, L2, and 13 is linker (k), lj is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[1105] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (k), l₂ is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[1106] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (k), R_a{ is H and RM is H. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of L I, L.2, and L3 is linker (k), R_al is H and j_>i is ( I . In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI , L2, and L3 is linker (k), R_ai and RJ,_J are "^¾ In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of L I , L2, and L3 is linker (k), R_al

O

and R_bi are '^¾ . in some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of L I , L2, and L3 is linker (k), two of CR_aiRi,i are ^ ^ . [1107] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (k), is H and ¾₂ is H. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of L , L2, and L3 is linker (k), Rjg is H and Rj_>2 is ( I f ;. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (k), R^ and Rj,₂ are ^■ In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (k), R_a2

O

J . «s

and R_b2 are '^¾ . in some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (k), two of C _a2Rs_>2 are

[1108] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (k), ring A is

optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl;

optionally substituted with halo or C1 -C6 linear or branched alkyl; or

J J J

optionally substituted with halo or C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl.

[1109] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (k), ring A is substituted with halo. In some variations, the halo is F, Br, I, or CI.

[1110] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (k), ring A is substituted with C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1 -C6, C 1-C5, C 1-C4, Cl- C3, C 1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[1111] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (k). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (k). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (k). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L Λ and L2 are linker (k). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, I Λ and L3 are linker (k). In some variations of formul a (34) described in the paragraphs above, I .2 and L3 are linker (k). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, I Λ, L2, and L3 are linker (k).

[1112] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI , L2, and L3 is linker (1.1 ):

-¹ ^ , in which ¾, l₂- , n, Oj, and o₂ independently are 1 -4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclvi; for each independent instance of R_ai and

R*i_, Rai a d R_bi(l ) independently are H or CI¾, or (2) R_AI and M independently are '^- or O

"^¾ , or (3) two of CRaiR_bi are ^¾ ; for each independent instance of R_a2 and R^_, Ra2 and

V u

b2 (1) independently are H or CH3, or (2) R_A2 and Jl_b2 independently are ^ or , or (3) two of CR_a2Rj,₂ are '^x ; for each independent instance of R_ci and ^i, Rci and Rai (1) — y O

independently are H or CH₃, or (2) and R^i independently are "^- or "^- or (3) two of ciKui are for each independent instance of c₂ and R^_, ^ and ¾₂ (1)

r— y O

independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_c2 and R_d2 independently are '^¾ ^ or '^¾- or (3) two of

:2K(i2 are and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1113] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of L I, L2, and L3 is linker (1. 1), /_/ is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[1114] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.1), l₂ is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4. [I I 1.5] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.1), Oj is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[1116] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.1), o₂ is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1 , 2, 3, or 4,

[1117] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.1), R_ai is H and R_¾i is H. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.1), R_ai is H and R_bi is CH₃. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.1), R_a} and RM are "^¾ . In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI , L2, and L3 is linker (1. 1 ), R_ai

O

and R_bi are '^¾ *^" . In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of L 1 , L2, and L3 is linker (1.1 ), two of CR_ajR_bi are ^ ^

[1118] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.1), R_a2 is H and _¾2 is H. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI , L2, and L3 i s linker (1.1), R_a2 is H and Rj,2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI , L2, and L3 is linker (1.1 ), R_a2 and Κ_¾2 are "^- . In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 i s linker (1.1), R_a2

variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of L I , L2, and L3 is linker (1. 1), two of C ^RM are ^ ^i

[1119] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), c_S is H and

is H. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), ci is H and R^i is C¾. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), ^ and ^i are " . In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, 9

and L4 is linker (1. 1), ^ and i are In some variations ot formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1. 1 ), two of CR_ciR_di are

[1120] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), is H and ^a is H. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), R_e? is H and is CH₃. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), and are " w^¾ . In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3,

0

and L4 is linker (1.1), R_c2 and ϊ½ are '^¾ ^ \ In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), two of CR_c2Rd2 are

[1121] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI , L2, and L3 i s linker (1.1), ring A is

optionally substituted with halo or C1 -C6 linear or branched alkyl;

optionally substituted with halo or C1 -C6 linear or branched alkyl; or

optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alky

[1122] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), riiig A is substituted with halo. In some variations, the halo is F, Br, I, or CI. [1123] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), ring A is substituted with C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C 1-C4, Cl- C3, C 1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[1124] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.1), n is 1 -4, 1-3, 1 -3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[1125] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (1.1). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (1.1). In some variations of formula (34) descri bed in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (1, 1 ). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (1. 1). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (1.1). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (1.1). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (1, 1).

[1126] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.2):

^!-^L^ , in which lj, l₂, n, o and o₂ independently are 1-4;

A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl; for each independent instance of _ai and

R_bi_; R_ai and R_&i(l) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ai and RM independently are

or

O

, or (3) two of CR_aiR_bi are for each independent instance of R_a2 and Rj,_2, a2 and

Rj,2 ( 1 ) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and Rj,₂ independently are

or (3) two of CR_a2 b2 are for each independent instance of ci and R<n_, R_ci and

O

independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ci and _di independently are ¾ '^¾ ^ o orr *"* or (3) two of

C¾iR_di are ¼^£ - for each independent instance of R^ and R_d2, Rc2 and ^? ( Q independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_c2 and ¾2 independently are '^¾ ^ or "^¾ or (3) two of CE-c2Rd2 are ; and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

11127] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.2), /_/ is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[1128] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, 1,2, and L3 is linker (1.2), h is 1-4, 1 -3, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1 , 2, 3, or 4.

[1129] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.2), o, is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1 , 2, 3, or 4.

[1130] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.2), o₂ is 1 -4, 1-3, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1 , 2, 3, or 4.

[1131] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.2), R_aJ is H and R_¾i is H. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI , L2, and L3 i s linker (1.2), R_ai is H and ¾{ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.2), R_ai and RM are "^- . In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 i s linker (1.2), R_ai and Rj>i are

. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.2), two of CR_aiR_bi are ^'¾~^N ¾

[1132] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.2), R_a2 is H and &2 is H. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of L I, L.2, and L3 is linker (1.2), R_a2 is H and Rb2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.2), R_a2 and Rb2 are "^- . In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI , L2, and L3 is linker (1.2), R_a2 9

and ¾2 are ^L . In some variations ot formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.2), two of CR_a2R|_}2 are .

[1133] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), is H and ¾i i s H. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), Rci i s H and ¾i is CH₃. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), Rci and i are

. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3,

O

and L4 is linker (1.2), R_ci and ¾_ί are . In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), two of CR_ciR_d! are

[1134] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), is H and ¾2 is H. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), R_C2 is H and R_t¾ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), R_c2 and ^ are ^ . In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3,

9

and L4 is linker (1.2), Rc₂ and ¾₂ are . In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), two of CR_C2Rti2 are V

[1135] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.2), ring A is

wherein R₂ is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl, aryl, or a five-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaromatic: or

optionally substituted with halo or C1 -C6 linear or branched afkyf

[1136] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.2), n is 1-4, 1 -3, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[1137] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (1.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (1.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (1.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (1.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (1.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (1.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (1.2),

[1138] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of L I , L2, and L3 is linker (m.1):

in which n is 0-6, n is 1-4, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1139] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of L I, L2, and L3 is linker (m. I), ft is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0- 1 , 1-6, 1-5, 1 -4, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[1140] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (m. l ), n_s is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1 , 2, 3, or 4, [1141] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (m. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (m. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (m. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (m. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (m. 1). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (m. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (m. l).

[1142] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI , L2, and L3 is linker (n. l):

_*

[1143] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of L I, L2, and L3 is linker (n. l), n₂ is 1 -5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1144] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (n. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (n. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (n. l ). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (n. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (n. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (n. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (n. l),

[1145] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (n.2):

(n.2)

, in which n₂ is 1 -5 and * is the attachment site for the catiomc dye moiety D.

[1146] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of L I, L2, and L3 is linker (n.2), n₂ is 1-5, 1 -4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1147] In some variati ons of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI i s linker (n.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (n.2). In some vari ations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (n.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (n.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (n.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (n.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (n.2).

[1148] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of L I, L2, and L3 is linker (o):

(o) , in which in which tii is 0-5, ¾ is 1-5, n3 is 0-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1149] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI, L2, and 13 i s linker (o), nj is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. [1150] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (o), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1151] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (o), n₃ is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1 -5, 1-4, 1 -3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, I, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1152] In some variati ons of formul a (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI i s linker (o). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (o). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (o). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (o). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (o). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (o). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (o).

[1153] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (p):

W> , in which m is 0-5, n₂ is 1 -5, n3 is 0-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1154] In some variations of formula (34) described above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (p), n_s is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1 -4, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1155] In some variations of formula (34) described above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (p), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, I, 2, 3, 4, or 5. [1156] In some variations of formula (34) described above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (p), n₃ is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1157] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (p). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (p). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (p). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (p). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (p). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (p). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (p).

[1158] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (q):

(q) , in which n₄ is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1159] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (o), n₄ is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1160] In some variations of formula (34) described above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (q), n₂ is 1-5, 1 -4, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1161] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (q). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (q). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (q). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (q). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (q). In some variati ons of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (q). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (q). [1162] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (r):

, in which nj is 0-5, «? is 1-5, n3 is 0-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1163] In some of variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI , L2, and L3 is linker (r), n_} is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0- 1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1 -2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, I, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1164] In some of variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI , L2, and L3 i s linker (r), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1 -3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1165] In some of variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (r), n3 is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1 , 1-5, 1 -4, 1 -3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1166] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (r). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (r). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (r). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (r). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (r). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (r). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (r).

[1167] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (s):

, in which n₂ is 0-5, n₂ is 1 -5, n₃ is 0-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1168] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (s). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (s). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (s). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (s). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (s). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (s). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (s).

[1169] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is absent. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is absent. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is absent. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are absent. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are absent. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are absent. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are absent,

[1170] In some variations of formula (34), each of LI, L2, and L3 is a different linker. In some variations of formula (34), each of LI, L2, and L3 is the same linker. In some variations of formula (34), LI is a first linker and each of L2 and L3 is the same second linker, wherein the first and second linkers are different. In some variations of formula (34), L2 is a first linker, and each of LI and L3 is the same second linker, wherein the first and second linkers are different.. In some variations of formula (34), L3 is a first linker and each of LI and L2 is the same second linker, wherein the first and second linkers are different.

[1171] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, D3 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, 1)1 and D3 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, D2 and D4 are safranin-O.

[1172] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1 -3, 1-2, 1 , 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH3,— NHCOR,— OCH3,—OR,— C2H5,— R, and— C₆¾, wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alky! (e.g., C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, C1-C2, CI , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -NO₂,— - R₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CCI3,— CBr₃, (^' ! : )..— CN,— S0₃H,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1 -C6, C 1-C5, C1 -C4, C 1-C3, C l- C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[1173] In some variations of formula (34) described in the two paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, I, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH₃,— -NHCOR, --OCH₃,—OR, --C₂H₅, --R, and C,,l k wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C I-C6, C 1-C5, C 1-C4, C I-C3, C1-C2, C I , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched aikyi). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -N0₂,— -NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CCI₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— SO₃H, -—COOH,— COOR,—CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C1.-C6 linear or branched al kyl (e.g., C I -C6, C1-C5, C I -C4, C 1 -C3, C l- C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). [1174] In some variations of formula (34) described in the three paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted with 1 -3 (e.g., 1 -3, 1-2, 1 , 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— -NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and C-j k wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alky! (e.g., C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, C1-C2, CI , C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of 1)3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— 0₂,— R₃ ^†, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihaiide (e.g., --CF₃, --CCI₃, ---CBr₃, --CI₃), --CN, SO : I L --COOH, --COOR, CFIO, and — COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1 -C6, C 1-C5, C1 -C4, C 1-C3, C l- C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

Examples of cationic dye dimers and trimers comprising safranin-0 are provided below in Table 1. One of ski ll in the art can readily visualize and prepare other cationic dye multimers in which other cationic dye moieties are used in place of one or more of the safranin-0 moieties.

Table 1.

[1175] Each reference cited in this disclosure is incorporated herein in its entirety. The following examples illustrate but do not limit the scope of the disclosure set forth above.

EXAMPLE L Schematic synthesis plan for preparing a cationic dye dimer

CAMPLE 2. Methods for preparing saframn~G derivatives

177] This example provides schematic synthesis plans for safrani n-0 derivatives.

Na2Cr207 00 deg C

EXAMPLE 3. Examples of linking cationic dye moieties using diamino linkers

[1178] Cationic dye moieties can be linked using acetamido groups through diamino linkers, as illustrated below:

Safranin dimers

+ Diamine

+ amide

coupling agent

[1179] Linkers which can be used include linkers incorporating alkyl chains, such as lene glycol moieties, such as s containing amines which can be positively charged,

s

uch as and linkers incorporating alkyl chains which contai positively c amino acids such as Lys (illustrated below), His, or Ar :

(in this instance, the ε-amino group would initially be in a protected state). EXAMPLE 4. Preparation of Linear Cationic Dye Multimers

[1180] Cationic dye moieties can be linked linearly using the scheme below, which illustrates preparation of a linear trimer comprising safranin-0 moieties. The same process can be repeated as desired to prepare a cationic dye multimer comprising e.g., 4, 5, or 6, cationic dye moieties.

EXAMPLE 5. Preparation of Branched Cationic Dye Multimers

[1181] Cationic dye moieties can be linked to form branched multimers using the scheme below, which illustrates preparation of a branched trimer comprising safranin-0 moieties. The same process can be repeated as desired to prepare a cationic dye multimer comprising, e.g., 4, or 5 cationic dye moieties.

cid

1. EDCi, DMF

BocHN, 2. HC!

[1182] Tetramers can be prepared using a similar scheme and, for example, biphenyl-3,3',5,5'-

tetracarboxylic acid,

_; instead of as used in the scheme above. Higher multimers can be prepared similarly, using the appropriate

polvcarboxvlate linker. .exane-l ,6-diylbis(azanediyl))bis(3-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-

Step-1 : Synthesis of 3-amino-7-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5- ium chloride

[1183] To a solution of Safranin-'O' (5.2 g, 14,8 rrmiol) in DMF (50 mL), cooled to -40 °C, was added sodium hydride (1.18 g, 29.5 mmoi) and the reaction mass was stirred at the same temperature for I h. Boc anhydride (2,91 g, 13,97 rmrsol) was added at the same temperature and the reaction mass was stirred at the same temperature for another Ih. The progress of the reaction was monitored by LCMS and TLC (System: 10% MeOH in DCM). The reaction was quenched by adding water (20 mL) and the solid obtained was filtered and purified by column

chromatography (silica gel 100-200 mesh, eluent system-10 % MeOH:DCM) to obtain 3-amino- 7-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride (1 g). Step-2: Synthesis of tert-butyl N-(8-amino-3,7-dirnethyl-l O-phenyl-phenazin-10-ium-2-yl)-N-[6-

[(8-amino-3,7-dimethyl-10-phenyl-phenazin-10-ium-2-yl)-tert-butoxycarbonyl- arnin o]hexy 1 ] carb amate di chl ori de

[1184] To a solution of 3-amino-7-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-

5-ium chloride (225 mg,0.5 mmol) in DMF (2.5 mL), cooled to -30 ⁰ C, was added sodium hydride (40 mg, 1.0 mmol) and the reaction mass was stirred at the same temperature for Ih. 1,6- Diiodohexane (85 mg, 0.25 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred at the same temperature for 2 min and at 0 ⁰ for 20 min. Additional 1,6-diiodohexane (33 mg, 0.097 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 5 min. The reaction mixture was monitored by LCMS. After detection of product, the reaction was quenched with water (5 mL). The solid product obtained was filtered, dissolved in 20% MeOH/DCM solution (20 mL) and concentrated under reduced pressure to get 100 mg crude product, which was purified by reverse phase HPLC to get pure tert-butyl N-(8-amino-3,7-dimethyl-10-phenyl-phenazin-10-ium-2-yl)- N-[6-[(8-amino-3,7-dimethyl-l O-phenyl-phenazin-10-ium-2-yl)-tert-butoxycarbonyl- amino]hexyl]carbamate di chloride (6 mg.)

Step-3 : Synthesis of 7,7^,~(hexane~l,6-diylbis(azanediyl))bis(3-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenyl phenazin-5-ium) chloride.

[1185] 7,7'-(2,2, 15, 15-Tetramethyl-4, 13-dioxo-3, 14-dioxa-5, 12-diazahexadecane-5, 12- diyl)bis(3-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium) chloride (5 mg, 0.13 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (1 mL). Trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL) was added and the reaction was stirred at RT for 2h. The desired product was detected by LCMS and NMR. The reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum to obtain the desired product, which was triturated with diethyl ether and pentane. ¹HNMR (CD₃OD): δ (ppm): 7.90-7.70 (m, 10! 1). 7.55-7.50 (m, 4H), 6.05 (s, 2H), 5.73 (s, 2H), 3.05 (m, 4H), 2,4 (s, 6H), 2.35 (s, 6H), 1.55-1.42 (m, 61 1 ), 1.22-1.15 (m, 6H).

LCMS: 740(M+) and 370 (half fragment).

EXAMPLE 7, Synthesis of Compounds 2 and 3,

[1186] This example provides a synthesis route for compounds 2 and 3 , Appropriate starting materials can be obtained using the methods as presented in Example 2.

ompoun : = EXAMPLE 8. Synthesis of Compound 4

Synthesis of 7,7'-(octane-l,8-diylbis(azanediyl))bis(3-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazi ium) chloride

[1187] To a stirred solution of Safranin-0 (1 .05 g, 3.0 mmol) in 15 nil. ofN,N~

dimethylacetamide was added potassium carbonate (0.55 g, 4.0 mmol) and stirred at RT for 15 min. 1,8-Dibromooctane (272 mg, 1.0 mmol) was then added dropwise into the reaction mixture followed by the addition of potassium iodide (332 mg, 2.0 mmol). The reaction mixture was then stirred at 60 °C for 24h under nitrogen. The reaction mixture was then allowed to cool to RT, 20 mL water was added and the cmde reaction mixture was Ivophilized. The mixture was then purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 100-200 mesh, 0-10% MeOH in DCM). The product obtained by column chromatography was re-purified by HPLC to afford the desired product as a brown solid. 1H NMR (DMSO-d6): δ (ppm): 7.90-7.75 (m, 12H), 7.65-7.55 (m, 7H), 6.0 (s, 2H), 5.55 (s, 2H), 2.98 (m, 4H), 2.30 (s, 12 H), 1.35 (m, 4H), 1.05 (bs, 8H). ¹HNMR (CD₃OD) δ (ppm): 7.90-7.70 (m, 10H), 7.55-7.50 (m, 4H), 6,05 (s, 2H), 5,73 (s, 2H), 3 ,05 (m, 4H), 2.4 (s, 6H), 2.35 (s, 6H), 1.55-1.42 (m, 6H), 1.22-1.15 (m, 6H). LCMS: 740 ( \ f · ) and 370 (half fragment). EXAMPLE 9. Sysithesis of Compound 6

Synthesis of 3-amino-7-[(6-{ [3,5-bis({6-[(7-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenyl-5X⁵, 10-phenazin-5- ylium-3-yl)amino]hexyl}carbamoyl)p^

5λ⁵, 10-phenazin-5-ylium

Step-1 : Synthesis of 2-(6-iodohexyl)isoindoline-l ,3-dione

[1188] To a suspension of potassium phthal amide (700 mg, 3,7 mmol) in DMF (30 mL) was added 1 ,6-diiodohexane (3,83 g, 1 1 ,33 mmol) and the reaction mass was heated atw 80 °C for 1 h. (The reaction mass became clear on heating). The reaction mixture was cooled to RT, diluted with diethyl ether (100 mL) and water (100 mL), the organic layers were separated, and the aqueous layer was again extracted with diethyl ether (2x100 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with water (200 mL) and saturated brine solution (200 mL) The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain the product, which was purified by column chromatography (silica gel: 100-200 mesh; Eluent: 10 % ethyl acetate in hexane) to obtain pure product as white solid (2.1 g),

Step-2: Synthesis of tert-butyl ^'N-[8-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3,7-dimethyl-10-phenyl- phenazin-10-ium-2-yl]-N-[6-(l,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)hexyl]carbamate

[1189] To a solution of 3,7-bis(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5- ium (500 mg, 0.90 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added cesium carbonate (1.48 g, 4.54 mmol) and the mixture stirred at RT for 10 min. 2-(6-Iodohexyl)isoindoline-l,3-dione (422 mg, 1.18 mmol) was added and the reaction mass was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction was monitored by LCMS and TLC. The reaction mass was diluted with EtOAc (25 mL) and water (25 mL), and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was again extracted with EtOAc (2x25 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with water (2x100 mL), and saturated brine solution (200 mL), then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain the product. This was purified by column chromatography by using neutral alumina and an eluent system of 0 to 2% Methanol in DCM) to obtain pure product (200 mg.)

Step-3 : Synthesis of tert-butyl N-(6-aminohexyl)-N-[8-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3,7- dimethyl-10-phenyl-phenazin-10-ium-2-yl]carbamate

[1190] To a solution of 3-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(6-(l,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)hexyl)amino)-7-(tert- butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium (800 mg, 1.04 mmol) in ethanol (40 mL) was added hydrazine hydrate monohydrate (1.072 mg, 20.8 mmol) and the reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 90 min. The reaction was monitored by TLC and LCMS. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure to dryness. The residue was dissolved in diethyl ether ( 150 mL) and filtered, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain the crude product which was purified by column chromatography using neutral alumina (Eluent System :0 to 3% MeOH in DCM) to obtain pure product (410 mg). Step-4: Synthesis of tert-butyl N-[6-[[3,5-bis[6-[tert-butoxycarbonyl-[8-(tert- butoxycarbonylamino)-3 , 7-dimethyl- 10-phenyl-phenazin- 10-ium-2- yl]amino]hexylcarbamoyl]benzoyl]amino]hexyl]-N-[8-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3,7- dimethyl- 10-phenyl -phenazin- 10-ium-2-y f jcarbamate trichloride

[1191] To a solution of 3-((6-aminohexyl)(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-7-(tert-butoxycarbonyl amino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium (243 rng, 0.395 mmol) in DMF(3 mL) was added DIPEA (233 mg, 1.80 mmol) and stirred at RT for 10 min. Benzene-l,3,5-tricarbonyl trichloride (30 mg, 0.1 13 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction was monitored by TLC and LCMS. The reaction mass was diluted with EtOAc (30 mL) and water (30 mL), and the organic layer was separated. The aqueous layer was again extracted with EtOAc (2x30 mL), the combined organic layer was washed with water (100 mL) and saturated brine solution (100 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain the product which was purified by column chromatography using neutral alumina (Eluent: 0.2-1% MeOH in DCM) to obtain pure product (65 mg.)

Step-5: Synthesis of N1 ,N3 ,N5-tris[6-[(8-amino-3, 7-dimethyl- 10-phenyl -phenazin- 10-ium-2- yl)amino]hexyl]benzene-l,3,5-tricarboxamide trichloride

[1192] To a solution of the diboc protected trimer (65 mg, 0.0325 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added trifluoroacetic acid (01 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction mixture was monitored by LCMS. The reaction mass was concentrated under reduced pressure to dryness and purified by reverse phase HPLC to obtain the product to obtain the product as the acetate counter anion. The product was dissolved in ethanol-HCl (20 mL) and concentrated to diyness (3 times), and the solid obtained was washed with water (20 mL) to remove inorganic impurities. The solid obtained was lyophilized to get the product (6.6 mg) which was confirmed by LCMS and MR. ^!H NMR (CD₃OD): δ (ppm): 8.25 (s, 3 H), 7.4-7.90 (m, 15 H), 6.6 (s, 6 H), 6.15 (s, 6 H), 3.1-3.5 (m, 12 H),2,2-2.3 (m, 18 H), 1.3-1.9 (m, 24 H). M+ ( 1397), M/2 (699.1), M/3 (467, 1),

EXAM PLE 10. Synthesis of Compounds 18 and 19

Synthesis of 3-amino-7-{[(2-{[(7-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenyl-5 ^i>,10-phenazin-5-ylium-3- yl)amino]methyl}phenyl)methyl]amino}-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenyl-5 °, 10-phenazin-5-ylium and 3- amino-7-{[(2-{[(7-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenyl-5 °,10-phenazin-5-ylium-3- yl)amino]methyl}phenyl)methyl]amino}-2,6-dimethyl-5-phenyl-5 °, 10-phenazin-5-ylium

xycarbonyl(2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl(7-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5- phenylphenazin-5-ium-3-yl)amino)niethyl)benzyl)aniino)-3-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,6- dimethy 1-5 -phenylphenazin- 5 -ium

[1193] To a stirred solution of 3 ,7-bis(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5- phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride & 3,7-bis(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,6-dimethyl-5- phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride (500 mg, 0.90mmol) in 5 mL of DMF was added cesium carbonate (880 mg, 2.70 mmol) and the mixture stirred at RT for 15 min. The reaction mixture was then cooled to 0°C and o-xylene dibromide (132 nig, 0.50 mmol, diluted with 1ml of DMF) was added drop wise. The reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 12 h. The reaction was monitored by TLC and LCMS. After completion of reaction, mixture was diluted with ice-cold water and filtered. The solid residue obtained was dissolved in diethyl ether (50 mL) and washed with brine solution (3x20 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford cmde product which was then purified by column chromatography (neutral alumina, eluent 0-20% EtOAc in hexane) to afford the desired product as a dark brown solid (250 mg).

Step-2: Synthesis of 7,7'-(l,2-phenylenebis(methylene))bis(azanediyl)bis(3-amino-2,8-dimethyl- 5-phenylphenazin-5-ium) chloride & 3-amino-7-(2-((7-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5- ium-3-ylamino)methyl)benzylamino)-2,6-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride:

11194] To a stirred solution of 7,7'-(l,2-phenylenebis(methylene))bis(tert- butoxycarbonyiazanediyl)~bis^

ium) chloride (250 mg, 0.27 mmol) in 5 mL of DCM was added TFA (1 mL) at 0°C dropwise and the mixture stirred at RT for 12h. The reaction was monitored by TLC and LCMS. After completion of reaction, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to dryness and the residue purified by reverse phase HPLC to afford two peaks of the same mass. Both peaks were then treated separately with methanol ic HC1 and dried, then washed with water and dried again to afford desired product. (Compound 18): 8mg. (Compound 19): 8mg. 'H MR Compound 18: (DMSO-d6): δ (ppm): 8, 15 (t, 2H), 7.90 (d, 4H), 7.85-7.75 (m, 6H), 7.6 (m, 3H), 7.40 (d, 4H), 7.05 (m, 2H), 6.65 (m, 2H), 5.95 (s, 2H), 5.45 (s, 2H), 4.10 (m, 4H), 2.40 (s, 6H), 2.30 (s, 6 H). LCMS: 732 (M+), 366(M/2), Compound 19: (DMSO-d6): δ (ppm): 8.15 (bs, 1 1 1 ).. 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.90-7.75 (m, 51 1 ), 7.74-7.60 (m, 7H), 7.42 (d, 2H), 7.20-7.10 (m, 2H), 7.05 (t, 1H), 6.65 (d, 1 1 1). 6.10 (s, 1 1 1 ).. 5.95 (s, 1H), 5,62 (s, 1H), 4,58 (m, 2H),4.4Q (m, 21 1 ).. 2.40 (s, 3H), 2.30 (s, 6 1 1 ), 1.48 (s, 3H). LCMS: 732 { \ I ). 366 (M/2).

EXAMPLE 11. Synthesis of Compound 20

Synthesis of (3-amino-7-{[6-({4-[4-({6-[(7-amino-5-chloranuide-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenyl-5 ^D, 10- phenazin-5-ylium-3-yl)amino]hexyl }carbamoyl)phenyl]phenyl}formamido)hexyl]amino}-2,8- dimethyl-5-phenyl-5 ⁶, 10-phenazin-5-ylium-5-e)chloranuide

Step-1 : Synthesis of bis(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-l-yl) biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxylate

[1195] To a stirred solution of biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid (500 nig, 2.06 mmoi) in 10 niL of DMF was added N-hydroxysuccinimide (594 rag, 5.16 mmol) and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide

(1.06 g, 5.16 mmol) at 0°C and the mixture stirred at RT overnight. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtered cake was washed with EtOAc. The washings and filtrate were combined, washed with brine solution (3x20 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a crude product that was dissolved in DCM and again filtered. The DCM layer was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford desired product (600 mg).

Step-2: Synthesis of tert-butyl N-[8-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3,7-dimethyl-10-phenyl- phenazin-10-ium-2-yl]-N-[6-[[4-[4-[6-[tert-butoxycarbonyl-[8-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3,7' dimethyl- 10-phenyl -phenazin-10-ium-2- yl]amino]hexylcarbamoyl]phenyl]benzoyl]amino]hexyl]carbamate dichloride

11196] Bis(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-l -yl)biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxylate (20 mg, 0.045 mmol) and 3-((6- aminohexyl)(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-7-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dirnethyl-5- phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride (65.5 mg, 0.100 mmol) were dissolved in 2 ml of DMF and tri ethyl amine (14 mg) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 16 h. After completion of reaction, the mixture was diluted with ice-cold water and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with brine solution (4x10 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product, which was purified by column chromatography (neutral alumina) to afford the desired product (70 mg).

Step-3 : Synthesis of N-[6-[(8-amino-3,7-dimethyl-10-phenyl-phenazin-10-ium-2- yl)amino]hexyl]-4-[4-[6-[(8-amino-3,7-dimethyl-10-phenyl-phenazin-10-ium-2- yl)amino]hexyicarbamoyl]phenyi] benzamide dichloride

11197] The product from Step-2 (70 mg) was dissolved in 2 mL of DCM and TFA (0.5 mL) was added at 0°C dropwise and stirred at RT for 12 h. The reaction was monitored by TLC and LCMS. After completion of reaction, solvent was removed under reduced pressure to dryness to obtained crude product which was purified by reverse phase HPLC. The product obtained after purification was then treated with Methanolic HCl and dried and then washed with water and freeze dried to afford the desired product (6 mg). 1H NMR ISO- ·!(?): δ (ppm): 8.56 (t, 2H), 7.97-7.95 (d, 4H), 7.90-7.75 (m, 12H), 7,70-7,65 (m, 2H), 7.62 (d, 4H), 7,60-7,45 (m, 3H), 6.02 (s, 2H), 5.58 (s, 2H), 3.25 (m, 4H), 2.98 (m, 41 ! ). 2.35 (s, 6 H), 2.33 (s, 6H), 1.50-1.42 (m, 41 ! ). 1.40-1.30 (m, 4H), 1.20-1.05 (m, 81 1 ).

EXAMPLE 12. Synthesis of Compound 21

Synthesis of (3-amino-7-{ 10~[(7-amino-5-chloranuide-2,8~dimethyl~5-phenyl-5 ⁶, 10-phenazin-

5-ylium-3-yl)carbamoyl]decanamido}-2,8-dimethyl-5-^^

e)chloranuide

Safranin-0

Step-2 NaH

DMF

RT-16 hrs

Step-1 : Synthesis of bis(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-l -yl) undecanedioate

11198] To a stirred solution of undecanedioic acid (500 mg, 2.31 mmol) in 10 mL of anhydrous THF was added N-hydroxysuccinimide (585 mg, 5.09 mmol) and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide

(1.08 g, 5.09 mmol) at 0°C and then allowed to stir at RT for 16 h. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The product obtained was washed with diethyl ether and dried to afford the desired product (725 mg).

Step-2: Synthesis of (3-amino~7-{ 10-[(7-amino-5-c-hloranuide-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenyl-5 ⁶, 10- ph6nazin-5~ylium-3~yl)earbamoyi]deeanamido}-2,8-dim

ylium-5-e)chloranuide

[1199] To a stirred solution of Safranin-0 (350 mg, 1.0 mmol) in 10 mL of DMF was added sodium hydride (60 mg, 1.5 mmol) at 0°C and stirred for 10 min, bis(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-l-yl) undecanedioate (205 mg, 0.5 mmol) was added and allow to stir at RT for 16 h. After completion of reaction, the mixture was diluted with ice-cold water and filtered. The product obtained was dried and purified by reverse phase HPLC. The purified product was treated with Methanolic HCl (5 times), dried and washed with water and freeze dried to afford the desired product (5 mg). 1H NMR (CD₃OD): δ (ppm): 8,56 (s, IH), 8, 18 (s, 2H), 7,97-7,95 (m, 3H), 7.90-7.80 (m, 6H), 7.60-7.50 (m, 4H), 6, 18 (s, 2H), 2.55 (s, 6H), 2.45-2.40 (m, 10H), 1.65-1.58 (m, 4H), 1.35- 1.25 (m, 10H). EXAMPLE 13. Synthesis of Compounds 22 and 23

Synthesis of [3-amino-7-({9-[(7-amino-5-chloranuide-2,8-dimetty ylium-3-yl)amino]nonyl}amino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-ph^^

ejjchioranuide and [3-amino-7-({9-[(7-amino-5-chloranuide-4,8-dimeth^^ phenazin-5-ylium-3-yl)amino]nonyl}amin^

e]chloranuide

Step-1 : Synthesis of 7,7'-(2,2, 18, 18-tetramethyl-4, 16-dioxo-3, 17-dioxa-5, 15-diazanonadecane- 5, 15-diyl)bis(3-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium) chloride and 7-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(9-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(7-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5- phenylphenazin-5-ium-3-yl)amino)nonyl)amino)-3-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,6-dimethyl-5- phenylphenazin-5-ium chl ori de:

[1200] To a stirred solution of mixture of 3,7-bis(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5- phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride and 3,7-bis(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,6-dimethyl-5- phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride (500 rng, 0.909 mmol) in 10 rnL of DMF was added cesium carbonate (738 mg, 2.27 mmol) and stirred at RT for 5 min. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0°C and 1 ,9-dibromononane (156 mg, 0.545 mmol, diluted with J mL of DMF) was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 12 h. The reaction was monitored by TLC and LCMS. After completion of reaction, the mixture was diluted with ice-cold water and filtered. The solid residue obtained after filtration was dissolved in diethyl ether (200 mL) and washed with brine solution (3x50 mL). The ether layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product which was purified by column chromatography (neutral alumina, eluent 0-20% EtOAc in hexane) to afford the desired product (mixture of 2 products of same mass) as a dark brown solid (400 mg),

Step-2: Synthesis of 7,7'-(nonane-l,9-diylbis(azanediyl))bis(3-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5- phenylphenazin-5-ium) chloride and 3-amino-7-(9-(7-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5- ium-3-ylamino)nonylamino)-2,6-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride: [1201] To a stirred solution of mixture of 7,7'-(2,2, 18, 18-tetramethyl-4, 16-dioxo~3, 17-dioxa- 5, 15-diazanonadecane-5, 15-diyl)bis(3-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5- phenylphenazin -5-ium) chloride and 7-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(9-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(7-(tert- butoxycarbonyl amino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-iurn-3-yl)amino)nonyl)amino)-3-(tert- butoxy carbonylamino)-2,6-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride (400 mg, 0.32 mmol) in 5 mL of DCM was added TFA (2 mL) at 0°C dropwise and stirred at RT for 12 hrs. The reaction was monitored by TLC and LCMS. After completion of reaction, solvent was removed under reduced pressure to dryness to obtained crude product which was purified by reverse phase HPLC to afford two peaks of same mass. Both peaks were then treated separately with

Methanolic HC1 and dried, then washed with water and dried again to afford the desired products. Compound 22: 35 mg. Compound 23 : 5 mg. 'H NMR Compound 22: (DMSO-d6): δ (ppm): 7.90-7.78 (m, 10H), 7.75-7.70 (m, 3H), 7.65-7.55 (m, 7H), 6.02 (s, 2H), 5.58 (s, 2H), 2.98 (m, 41 IX 2.35 (s, 6 H), 2.33 (s, 6H), 1.40-1.30 (m, 4H), 1.20-1.03 (m, 10! 1 ). Compound 23 : (DMSO-d6): δ (ppm): 7,95 (d, H i), 7.90-7.60 (m, 13H17.60-7.38 (m, 3H), 6, 15 (s, 1H), 6,0 (s, 1H), 5.54 (s, 1H), 3.42 (m, 2H), 2.98 (m, 2H), 2.30 (m, 9 H), 1.60 (m, 2H), 1.40 (s, 3H), 1.38- 1.20 (m, 8! I 1.18-1 ,02 fm.

Synthesis of {3-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenyl-7-[(6-{[3,5,7-tris({6-[(7-amino-5-chloranuide-2, dimethyl-5-phenyl-5λ⁶, 10-phenazin-5-ylium-3-yl)amino]hexyl}carbamoyl)adamantan-l - yl]formamido}hexyl)amino]-5 ^b, 10-phenazin-5-ylium-5-e}chloranuide

Step-1 Synthesis of 2~(6-iodohexyl)isoindoline-l,3~dione

[1202] To a suspension of potassium l,3-dioxoisoindoiin-2-ide (5 g, 27 mmol) in DMF (250 mL) was added 1 ,6-diiodohexane (22,83 g, 67,5 mmol) dropwise and heated at 85 °C for 2 h. The reaction mixture was monitored with LCMS. The reaction mixture was diluted with cold water and extracted with diethyl ether (2x300 mL), and the combined organic layer was washed with water (3x250 mL) and brine (250 mL). The organic layer dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a crude product which was purified by column chromatography with 10% EtOAc in hexane as eluent to afford 8.5 g of 2-(6- iodohexyl)isoindoline-l,3-dione.

Step-2 Synthesis of 3-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(6-(l,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)hexyl)amino)-7-(tert- butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride

[1203] To a solution of 3 ,7-bis(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5- ium chloride (6 g, 10.90 mmol) in DMF (80 mL) at RT was added cesium carbonate (8.85 g, 27,25 mmol) portion-wise and stirred for 15 min. Then, 2-(6-iodohexyl)isoindoline-l ,3-dione (5.06 g, 14.18 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (40 mL) and added dropwise at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 16 h. The reaction mixture was monitored by LCMS and diluted with cold water and extracted with EtOAc (2x200 mL). The combined organic layer washed with brine (4x100 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (Neutral alumina eluent 40% EtOAc in hexane to afford 6.5 g of 3-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(6-(l,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)hexyl)amino)-7- (tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride.

Step-3 Synthesis of 3-((6-aminohexyl)(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-7-(tert- butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride

[1204] To a solution of 3-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(6-(l,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)hexyl)amino)-7-(tert- butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride (4 g, 5.12 mmol) in ethanol (250 mL) was added hydrazine hydrate (5.36 g, 107.38 mmol) and heated to reflux at 85 °C for 1 h. The reaction mixture was monitored by LCMS and then the reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue dissolved in diethyl ether and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and the crude product was purified by column chromatography (Neutral alumina eluent 4 % MeOH in DCM) to afford 1.2 g of 3-((6-aminohexyl)(tert- butoxycarbonyl)amino)-7-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride.

Step-4:- Synthesis of 3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)(6-{[3,5 ,7-tris({6-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)({7- [(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-2,8-dimethy^

carbamoyl)adamantan-l -yl]formamido}hexyl)amino]-7-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)ami

hyl-5-pheny]-5 ^a-phenazin-5-ylium tetrachloride

[1205] To a solution of adamantine-l,3,5,7-tetracarboxylic acid (30 mg, 0.0961 mmol) in DMF (6 mL) were added EDC.HC1 (137 mg, 0721 mmol) and HOBt (97 mg, 0.721 mmol) and the mixture stirred at RT for 15 min. Then 3-((6-aminohexyl)(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-7-(tert- butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride (280 mg, 0.432 mmol) and DIPEA (0.23 mL, 1.345 mmol) were added portion-wise and the mixture stirred at RT for 16 h. The reaction mixture was monitored by LCMS and diluted with water. The precipitate was filtered and washed with water. The residue was dissolved in DCM (75 mL), dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain the crude product, which was purified by column chromatography (Neutral alumina eluent 5 % MeOH in DCM) to afford 120 mg of BOC protected tetramer of adamantine.

Step-5:- Synthesis of 2-{3-amino-2,8-dimethyl-7-[(6-{[3,5,7-tris({6-[(7-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5- phenyl-5λ⁵-phenazin-5-ylium-3-yl)amino]hexyl}carbamoyl)adamantan-l-yl]formamido}hexyl)a mino]-5 ⁵-phenazin-5-ylium-5-yl}benzen-l-ide trichloride hydrochloride [1206] To the BOC protected tetramer of adamantine from Step-4 (120 mg, 0.046 mmol) in DCM (4 mL) at 0° C was added TFA (0.1 mL) dropwise and the mixture stirred at RT for 16 h. The reaction mixture was monitored by LCMS and sol vent was removed and the crude product was purified by HPLC. The product was treated with Methanolic HCl (4x20 mL) and

concentrated each time, then triturated with water (5 mL), filtered, and washed with water (20 mL). The residue was dried under iyophiiization to afford 25 mg of desired product. 1H NMR (DMSO): δ (ppm): 7.60-7.90 (m, 44 I f ), 6.02 (s, 4 H), 5.45 (s, I H), 2.90-3.0 (m, 16 H), 2.30 (s, 12H), 2,25 (s, 12H), 1.76 (s, 12H), 1.30-1 ,36 (m, 16H), 1.05-1.10 (m, 16H).

LCMS: 1897.10,M/4=474.6, M/3=632.6, M/2=948.5.

EXAMPLE 15. Synthesis of Compound 25

Synthesis of {3-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenyl-7-[(3-{[3,5,7-tris({3-[(7-amino-5-chioranuide--2,8- dimethyl-5-phenyi-5 ⁶, 10-phenazin-5-yliuni-3-yl)amino]propyl}carbamoyl)adamantan-l- yl]formamido}propyi)amino]-5 .^fa, 10-phenazin-5-ylium-5-e}chloranuide

Step-1 : Synthesis of 2-(3-iodopropyl) isoindoline-l ,3-dione

[1207] To a suspension of potassium l ,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-ide (3 g, 16,2 mmol) in DMF ( 150 mL) was added 1,3-diiodopropane (4,2 mL, 36.4 mmol) dropwise and heated at 85°C for 2 h. The reaction mixture was monitored by LCMS, The reaction mixture was diluted with cold water and extracted with diethyl ether (2x250 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with water (3x200 mL) and brine (250 mL). The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by chromatography with 10% EtOAc in hexane as eluent to afford 3 g of 2-(3-iodopropyI) isoindoline-l,3-dione. Step-2: Synthesis of 3-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(3-( 1 ,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)propyl)amino)-7-(tert- butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride

11208] To a solution of 3, 7-bis(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5- ium chloride (4 g, 7,272 rnrnoi) in DMF (50 mL) at RT was added cesium carbonate (5,9 g, 18.1 mmol) portion-wise and stirred for 15 min. 2-(3-Iodopropyl)isoindoline-l,3-dione (2.97 g, 9.45 mol) was dissolved in DMF (10 mL) and added dropwise at 0°C, The reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 16 h. The reaction mixture was monitored by LCMS and then diluted with cold water. The precipitate was filtered, and washed with water. The precipitate was dissolved in DCM (150 mL) and dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a crude product that was purified by column chromatography (neutral alumina: eluent 2 % MeOH in DCM) to afford 3 g of 3-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(3-(l,3-dioxoiso indolin-2-yl)propyl)amino)-7- (tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride.

Step-3 : Synthesis of 3-((3-aminopropyl)(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-7-(tert- butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride

[1209] To a solution of 3-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(3-(l,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)propyl)amino)-7- (tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride (3 g, 4.06 mmol) in ethanol (200 mL) was added hydrazine hydrate (3.9 mL, 81.3 mmol) and heated to reflux at 85°C for l h. The reaction mixture was monitored by LCMS, and then the reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue dissolved in diethyl ether and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and the crude product was purified by column chromatography (neutral alumina eluent 4 % MeOH in DCM) to afford 1 g of 3-((3-aminopropyl)(tert- butoxycarbonyl)amino)-7-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride.

Step-4: Synthesis of BOC protected tetramer of adamantane

11210] To a solution of adamantane 1,3,5,7-tetracarboxylic acid (30 mg, 0.0961 mmol ) in DMT (6 mL) were added EDC.HC1 (137 mg, 0721 mmol) and HOBT (97 mg, 0.721 mmol) and the mixture stirred at RT for 15 min. Then 3-((3-aminopropyl)(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-7-(tert- butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride (263 mg, 0,432 mole) was added portion-wise and the mixture stirred at RT for 16 h. The reaction mixture was monitored by LCMS, and then diluted with water. The precipitate was filtered and washed with water. The residue was dissolved in DCM (75 mL), dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (Neutral alumina eluent 3 % MeOH in DCM) to afford 125 mg of BOC protected tetramer of adamantane.

Step-5: Synthesis of {3-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenyl-7-[(3-{[3,5,7-tris({3-[(7-amino-5- chloranuide-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenyi-5 ⁶, 10-phenazin~5-ylium~3~

yl)amino]propyl}carbamoyl)adamantan-l-yl]forma^

y 1 i um - 5 - e } chl or an ui d e

[1211] To the BOC protected tetramer of adamantane from Step-4 (125 mg, 0.046 mmol) in DCM (4 mL) at 0° C was added TFA (0.5 mL) dropwise and the mixture allowed to stir at RT for 16 h. The reaction mixture was monitored by LCMS and solvent was concentrated to obtain a crude product that was purified by reverse phase HPLC to obtain desired product. This product was treated with methanolic HCl (4x20 mL), concentrated each time, then triturated with water (5 mL), filtered and washed with water (20 mL). The residue was dried by lyophilization to afford 25 mg of {3-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenyl-7-[(3-{[3,5,7-tris({3-[(7-amino-5-chloranuide- 2,8~dimethyl-5-phenyl-5 ⁶, 10-phenazin~5-ylium-3~yl)amino]propyl} carbamoyl)adamantan-l- yl]formamido}propyl)amino]-5 ^D, 10-phenazin-5-ylium-5-e}chloranuide. Ή NMR (DMSO): δ (ppm): 7.60-7.90 (m, 44H), 6.0 (s, 4H), 5,45 (s, 4H), 2,90-3 ,0 (m, 16H), 2.30 (s, 12H), 2.25 (s, 12H), 1.76 (s, 12H), 1.65-1.75 (m, 8H). LCMS: 1728.9, M/4=432.8, M/3=576.5, M/2=864.3.

EXAMPLE 16. Synthesis of Compound 26

Synthesis of (3-amir!O-7-{[6-({6-[5-({6-[(7-amino-5-chloranuide-2,8-dimethyl-5-pher!yl-5 ⁶,10- phenazin-5-ylium-3-yl)amino]hexyl}carbamoyl)pyridin-2-yl]pyridin-3- yl}formamido)hexyl]amino}-2,8-dimethyl-5-^^

Step-1

Step-1 : Synthesis of tert-butyl N-[8-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3,7-dimethyl-10-phenyl- phenazin-10-ium-2-yl]-N-[6-[[6-[5-[6-[tert-butoxycarbonyl-[8-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3,7- dimethyl- 10-phenyl-phenazin-10-ium-2-yl]amino]hexylcarbamoyl]-2-pyridyl]pyridine-3- carbonyl]amino]hexyl]carbamate dichlori de

[1212] To a suspension of 2,2'-bipyridine-5,5'-dicarboxylic acid (50 mg, 0,204 mmol) in DMF (5 ffiL) were added EDC.HCi (155 mg, 0.816 mmol) and HOBt (109 mg, 0.816 mmol) and the mixture stirred at RT for 20 min. Then 3-((6-aminohexyl)(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-7-(tert- butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride (293 mg, 0.450 mmol) and DDPEA (0.35 mL, 2.04 mmol) were added portion-wise and the mixture stirred at RT for 12 h. The reaction mixture was monitored by LCMS, and then diluted with water, extracted with EtOAc (2x25 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (4x25 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (neutral alumina eiuent 5 % MeOH in DCM) to afford 125 mg of BOC protected dimer.

Step-2: Synthesis of N-[6-[(8-amino-3,7-dimethyl-10-phenyl-phenazin-10-ium-2- yl)amino]hexyl]-6-[5-[6-[(8-amino-3,7-dimethyl-10-phenyl-phenazin-10-ium-2- yl)amino]hexylcarbamoyl]-2-pyridyl]pyridine-3-carboxamide dichlori de

[1213] To the BOC protected dimer from Step-1 (90 mg, 0.0596 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) at 0° C was added TFA (0.4 mL) dropwise and the mixture stirred at RT for 12 h. The reaction mixture was monitored by LCMS. The solvent was evaporated and the crude product purified by HPLC to obtain the desired product, which was treated with methanoiic HCl (4x15 mL), concentrated each time, then triturated with water (5 mL), filtered and washed with water (20 mL). The residue was dried by lyophilization to afford 15 mg of title compound. 1H NMR (DMSO): δ (ppm): 9.10 (s, 2H), 8.83 (t, 2 H), 8.43 (d,2 H), 8.38 (d, 2H), 7.90-7.75 (m, 10 H) 7.62-7.72 (m, 2 H), 7,60 (d, 4 H), 7.60-7.50 (m,2 H), 6.0 (s, 2H), 5.50 (s, 2H), 3.26 ( m. 4H), 2.99 (m, 4H), 2,35 (s, 6H), 2.33 (s, 6H), 1 .50- 1 .42 (m, 4H), 1.40-1.30 (m, 4H), 1.20-1.05 (m, 8H). LCMS: 1036.56, M/3 346 3, M/2 5 1 8 ^Q.

EXAMPLE 17. Synthesis of Compound 27

Synthesis of (3-amino-7-[(6-{ [3-( {6-[(7-amino-5-chloranuide-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenyl-5 ⁶, 10- phenazin-5-ylium-3-yl)amino]hexyl}carbamoyl)adamantan- l-yl]formamido}hexyl)amino]-2,8- dimethyl~5-phenyl-5)v⁶, 10-phenazin-5-ylium-5-e}chloranuide

Step-2

Step-1 : Synthesis of tert-butyl N-[8-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3,7-dimethyl-10-phenyl- phenazin-10-ium-2-yl]-N-[6-[[3-[6-[teit-butoxycarbonyl-[8-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3,7- dime1hyl-10-phenyl-phenazin-10-ium-2-yl]amino]hexylcarbamoyl]adamantane-l- carb ony 1 ] amino] hexy 1 ] carb am ate dichl ori d e

[1214] To a solution of 1,3-adamantanedicarboxylic acid (40 mg, 0.178 mmol) in DMF (65 mL) were added EDC.HC1 ( 19 mg, 0,623 mmol ) and HOBt (84 mg, 0.623 mmol) and the mixture stirred at RT for 15 min. Then 3-((6-aminohexyl)(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-7-(tert- butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride (255 mg, 0.392 mmol) and DIPEA (0.22 mL, 1.335 mmol) were added portion-wise and the mixture stirred at RT for 16 h. The reaction mixture was monitored by LCMS and diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc (2x25 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with water (2x20 mL) and brine, dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain the crude product, which was purified by column chromatography (Neutral alumina eluent 4 % MeOH in DCM) to afford 150 mg of tert-butyl N-[8-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3,7-dimethyl-10-phenyl-phenazin- 10-ium-2-yl]-N-[6-[[3-[6-[tert-buto

phenyl -phenazin- 10-ium-2-yl]amino]hexyl carbamoyljadamantane- 1 - carbonyl]amino]hexyl]carbamate dichl ori de. Step-2: Synthesis of Nl , 3-bis[6-[(8-amino-3,7-dimethyl-10-phenyl-phenazin-10-ium-2- yl)amino]hexyl]adamantane-l,3-dicarboxamide dichloride

11215] To the compound from Step-1 (150 mg, 0.100 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) at 0° C was added TFA (0.3 mL) dropwise and the mixture stirred at RT for 16 h. The reaction mixture was monitored by LCMS, then the solvent was concentrated and the cmde product was purified by HPLC to obtain pure product. This was treated with methanolic HC1 (4x15 mL), concentrated each time, then triturated with water (5 mL), filtered, and washed with water (10 mL). The residue was vacuum dried under lyophilization to afford 20 mg of Nl, N3-bis[6-[(8-amino-3,7- dimethyl-10-phenyl-phenazin-10-ium-2-yl)am

dichloride. 1H MR (DMSO): δ (ppm): 7.80-7.90 (m, 10 H), 7.60 (d, 6H), 7,50-7,60 (m, 2H), 7.40-7.45 (m, 2H), 6.02 (s, 2H), 5.50 (s, 2H), 2.98-3.04 (m, 8H), 2,30 (s, 6H), 2.28 (s, 6H), 2,04 (m, 2H), 1.8 Cm. 2H), 1 ,70-1 ,75 (m, 8H), 1.55-1.60 (m, 2H), 1.25-1.40 (m, lOH), 1.05 (m, 6H). LCMS: 1016.6 (M), 508,6 (M/2).

EXAMPLE 18. Synthesis of Compounds 28 and 29

Synthesis of 7,7'-(dodecane-l, 12-diylbis(azanediyl))bis(3-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5- phenylphenazin-5-ium) chloride and 3-amino-7-(12-(7-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5 ium-3-ylamino)dodecylamino)-2,6-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride

Step-1 : Synthesi s of 7,7'-(2,2,21 ,21 -tetramethyl-4, 19-dioxo-3,20-di oxa-5, 18-di azadocosane- 5, 18-diyl)bis(3-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium) chloride and 7-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(12-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(7-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5- phenylphenazin-5-ium-3-yl)amino)dodecyl)amino)-3-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,6-dimethyl- 5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride

[1216] To a stirred solution of a mixture of 3,7-bis(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5- phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride and 3,7-bis(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,6-dimethyl-5- phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride (1.0 g, 1.81 mmol) in 15 mL of DMF was added cesium carbonate (1 .48 g, 4.54 mmol) and the mixture stirred at RT for 15 rain. The reaction mixture was then cooled to 0°C and to it was added 1, 12-dibromododecane (328 mg, 0.99 mmol, diluted with 1 mL of DMF) drop wise. The reaction mixture was then stirred at RT for 12 h. The reaction was monitored by TLC and LCMS. After completion of reaction, the mixture was diluted with ice-cold water and filtered. The solid residue obtained after filtration was dissolved in diethyl ether (200 mL) and washed with brine solution (3x50 mL). The ether layer was then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a crude product which was purified by column chromatography (neutral alumina, eluent 0-20% EtOAc in hexane) to afford the desired product (mixture of 2 products of same mass) as a dark brown solid (500 mg).

Step-2: Synthesis of 7,7'-(dodecane-l ,12-diylbis(azanediyl))bis(3-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5- phenylphenazin-5-ium) chloride and 3-amino-7-(12-(7-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5- ium-3-ylamino)dodecylarnino)-2,6-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride:

[1217] To a stirred solution of mixture of 7,7'-(2,2,21,21-tetramethyl-4, 19-dioxo-3,20-dioxa- 5,18-diazadocosane-5, 8-diyl)bis(3-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin- 5-ium) chloride and 7-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(12-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(7-(tert-butoxycarbonyl amino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium-3-yl)amino)dodecyl)amino)-3-(tert-butoxy carbonylamino)-2,6-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride (500 mg, 0.39 mmol) in 5 mL of DCM was added TFA (2 mL) at 0°C dropwise and stirred at RT for 12 h. The reaction was monitored by TLC and LCMS. After completion of reaction, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to dryness to obtain a crude product which was purified by HPLC to afford two peaks of the same mass. Both peaks were then treated separately with Methanolic HC1 and dried and then washed with water, and dried again to afford the desired products (Compound 28: 35 mg and Compound 29: 55 mg). Compound 28: ^lH NMR (DMSO-d6): δ (ppm): 7.90-7.78 (m, 10H), 7.75-7.70 (m, 3H), 7,65-7,55 (m, 7H), 6.02 (s, 2H), 5.58(s, 2H), 2.98 (m, 4H), 2.35 (s, 6 H), 2,33 (s, 6H), 1.40-1 ,30 (m, 4H), 1.25-1.20 (bs, 10H), 1 .20-1 .05 (m, 6H). Compound 29: ^lH NMR (DMSO-d6): δ (ppm): 7.95 (d, IH), 7.90-7.60 (m, 15H), 7.60-7.38 (m, 3H), 6.15 (s, 1H), 6.0 (s, 1 1 1 ), 5.54 (s, 1 1 1 ), 3.42 (m, 2H), 2.98 (rn, 2H), 2.30 (m, 9 1 1 ).. 1.60 (m, 2H), 1.40 (s, 3H), 1 .38- 1 .20 (m, 14H), 1.18-1.02 (m, 4H).

EXAMPLE 19. Synthesis of Compounds 4 and 31

Synthesis of 7,7'-(octane-l ,8-diylbis(azanediyl))bis(3-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5- ium) chloride & 3-amino-7-(8-(7-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium-3-ylamino) octy 1 am i n o)- 2, 6-di m ethyl - 5 -ph eny 1 ph en azi n- 5 -i um chl ori de

Step-1 : Synthesis of 3,7-bis(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride and 3,7-bis(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,6-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride.

[1218] To a stirred solution of Safranin-0 (10.0 g, 28,57 mmol) in 100 mL of DMF was added sodium hydride (3.42 g, 85.71 mmol) portion-wise at 0°C. After addition, the reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 15 min. Boc anhydride (12.45 g, 57.14 mmol, diluted with 15 mL of DMF) was added dropwise into the reaction mixture and stirred at RT for 2h. The reaction was monitored by TLC and LCMS, After completion of reaction, the mixture was quenched using MeOH (30 mL), and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain the crude product which was purified by column chromatography (neutral alumina, eluent 25% DCM in hexane to 100% DCM) to afford the desired products (a mixture of two products of the same mass) as a dark brown solid (5.0 g).

Step-2 : Synthesi s of 7,7'~(2,2, 17, 17-tetramethyl-4, 15-dioxo-3, 16-dioxa-5, 14-diazaoetadecane- 5,14-diyl)bis(3-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium) chloride and 7-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(8-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(7-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5- phenylphenazin-5-ium-3-yl)amino)ocryl)amino)-3-(te^

phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride.

[1219] To a stirred solution of a mixture of 3,7-bis(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5- phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride and 3,7-bis(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,6-dimethyl-5- phenyfphenazin-5-ium chloride (5.0 g, 9.07 mmol) in 60 mL of DMF was added cesium carbonate (8.87 g, 27.22 mmol) and stirred at RT for 15 min. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0°C and to it was added 1,8-diiodooctane (2.05 g, 5.62 mmol, diluted with 5 mL of DMF) dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 12 h. The reaction was monitored by TLC and LCMS. After completion of reaction, the mixture was diluted with ice-cold water and filtered. The solid residue was dissolved in diethyl ether (250 mL) and washed with brine solution (3x50 mL). The ether layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product which was purified by column

chromatography (neutral alumina, eluent 0-40% EtOAc in hexane) to afford the desired product (mixture of 2 products of same mass) as a dark brown solid (3 g).

Step-3 : Synthesis of 7,7'-(octane-l ,8-diylbis(azanediyl))bis(3-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5- phenylphenazin-5-ium) chloride and 3-amino-7-(8-(7-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5- ium-3-ylamino)octylamino)-2,6-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride.

[1220] To a stirred solution of a mixture of 7,7'-(2,2, 1.7,17-tetramethyl-4, 15-dioxo-3, 16-dioxa- 5,14-diazaoctadecane-5, 14-diyl)bis(3-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5- phenylphenazin-5-ium) chloride and 7-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(8-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(7-(tert- butoxycarbonyl amino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium-3-yl)amino)octyl)amino)-3-(tert- butoxy carbonylamino)-2,6-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride (2.5 g, 2.06 mmol) in 25 mL of DCM was added TFA (10 mL) at 0°C dropwise and the mixture stirred at RT for 12 h. The reaction was monitored by TLC and LCMS. After completion of reaction, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to dryness to obtain a crude product (2 g mixture of two compounds). 400 mg of crude product was purified by reverse phase HPLC to afford two peaks of the same mass. Both peaks were then treated separately with methanolic HCl and dried, and then washed with water and dried again to afford both regioisomeric products.

EXAMPLE PL Synthesis of Compounds 2, 3, 5, and 7-17

[1221] Compounds 2, 3, 5 and 7-17 can be synthesized using the conditions provided in the Examples presented above using appropriate starting materials.

Example Bl. Isolation and Culture of MSCs from Rat Bone Marrow

[1222] A protocol based on Soleimani & Nadri, Nature Protocols 4, 102-106, 2009, was used to isolate MSCs from rat bone marrow and culture the MSCs.

[1223] Sprague Dawley rats weighing between 250-300 g were rinsed in 70% ethanol. An incision was made around the perimeter of the hind limbs where they are attach to the tnmk. Skin was removed by pulling toward the foot, which was cut at the ankle bone to eliminate further contact of the hind limb with the animal's fur, which is a source of contaminating bacteria. The hind limbs were dissected from the trunk of the body by cutting along the spinal cord with care not to damage the femur.

[1224] Each hind limb was bisected by cutting through the knee joint. Muscle and connective tissue were removed from both the tibia and the femur by scraping the diaphysis of the bone clean then pulling the tissue toward the ends of the bone. After cleaning, the bones were stored on ice in IX Hank's balanced salt solution (BBSS), pH: 7.2 (GIBCO®, Cat: 14185-012) until bone marrow was harvested.

[1225] Bone marrow was harvested in a hood using sterile technique. Bones were placed in ethanol for 5 minutes and then transferred to a 10 cm culture dish (NUNC™) containing

"complete medium," which is MESENPRO RS™ medium (GIBCO®, Cat: 12747-010) supplemented with 2 niM L-glutamine, 1% penicillin-streptomycin (10.000 U/niL, GIBCO®, Cat: 15 40-122), 15% inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS; GIBCO®, Cat: 16000-044), and I X MEM NEAA Solution (Minimal Essential Medium, Non-Essential Amino Acids; GIBCO®, Cat: 1 1 140-050).

[1226] The ends of the tibia and femur were cut just below the end of the marrow cavity using fine scissors. A 21 -gauge needle attached to a 5-10 mL syringe containing cold complete medium was inserted into spongy bone exposed by removal of the growth plate. The marrow plug was flushed out of the cut end of the bone with medium and collected in a 50 mL tube (THERMO SCIENTIFIC™) on ice.

[1227] The cell suspension was centrifuged at 400 x g for 5 minutes at RT. At this point the pellet is not very compact so the supernatant was removed carefully. The cells were resuspended in fresh medium, and the suspension was filtered using a 70 um filter mesh (FALCON®, Cat:352350) to remove any bone spicules or muscle and cell clumps.

[1228] A sample of the cell suspension was diluted 1/50 and counted in a hemocytometer.

Viability was determined by Trypan Blue exclusion (0.4%, GIBCO®, Cat: 15250-061).

Typically between 400 and 500 million cells were obtained per rat.

[1229] Bone marrow cells were cultured in a 10 cm culture dish in 5 mL of complete medium at a density of 25xl0⁶ cells per plate at 37 °C with 5% C0₂ in a humidified chamber without disturbing them.

[1230] After 4 hours, non-adherent cells that accumulated on the surface of the dish were removed by washing twice with PBS-EDTA, which is IX phosphate-buffered saline IX, pH 7.4 (GIBCO®, Cat: 70011-044) containing with 5 mM EDTA (Invitrogen, Cat: 15576-028) twice, which was then replaced with 10 raL of fresh complete medium. Ever}' 3-4 days, adherent cells were washed vigorously twice with PBS-EDTA, and fresh medium was added.

[1231] Once cells reach about 90% confluence, they are passaged using trypsin, washed in IX PBS, and re-seeded at a density of 5 x 10⁶ cells per 10 cm culture dish. When cells in passage 3 are about 90% confluent, cells are trypsinized with 0.025% trypsin-EDTA (Gibco, 15090-046) for 8 min at 37°C and 5% C0₂ and washed with PBS IX. Two hundred thousand living cells were placed in a polystyrene round bottom tube (BD Falcon, 352052). Cells were washed with Flow Cytometry Staining Buffer (1 % w/v BSA [Rockland, BSA50], 0.1 % w/v Sodium Azide [Sigma-Aldrich, 438456] in PBS IX) and centrifuged at 400 x g for 5 min at room temperature. Subsequently cells were resuspended in 100 ₍u.L of Flow Cytometry Staining Buffer and incubated with primary antibodies for 20 min at 4°C in the dark (0.25 μg/mL CD45 FITC [BD Bioscience, 561867], 0.2 _,ug/mL CD90 PE-Cy7 [Biolegend, 202518], 0.25 fig/mL CD29 PE [BD Bioscience, 562154], 0.25 μg/mL CDl lb PE-Cy7 [BD Bioscience, 562222], 0.25 _,ug/mL CD54 PE [Biolegend, 202405], 0,25 ,ug/mL IgGl FITC [BD Bioscience, 552811] and 0.25 ^ig/mL IgM PE [BD Bioscience, 553943]). Cells were washed and resuspended in 500 μΕ of Flow Cytometry Staining Buffer for analysis in MACSQuant® Analyzer 10 (Miltenyi), Characterization of rat- derived MSCs was based on Zhang & Chan, J Vis Exp. 2010 Mar 22;(37), including CD29⁺ and CDl lb^" markers. The results are shown in Table 2. These results demonstrate that >90% of the obtained cells are MSCs,

Table 2. Phenotypic characterization of rat-derived MSCs at passage 3

% of MSCs (CD45-, CDl l b-, CD29+, CD54+, CD90+) = 92%

Example B2„ Formation of Raji Cell Pellets in the Presence of Compound 20

[1232] 1()⁶ Raji cells were placed in 1.5 niL tubes in a final volume of 500 ,L PBS and incubated with 1 uM or 10 uM of Compound 20 for 1, 5, 15, or 30 min. After the incubation, the cells were washed by adding 500 p.L of PBS. Cells were centrifuged at 500xg for 5 min to form a pellet, and the pellet was gently released from the bottom of the tube with 100 μΕ of PBS. [1233] The results are shown in FIG. 1. These results demonstrate that Raji cells form pellets after incubation with 10 μΜ Compound 20 after as little as 1 minute.

Example B3, Stability of Raji Cell Pellets After Incubation with Compound 20

[1234] 1.5 xl0° Raji cells were placed in 1.5 mL tubes in a final volume of 500 μ.Ι_ PBS, then incubated with 1 μΜ or 10 μΜ of Compound 20 for 5 min or 30 min on a shaker at RT. After the incubation, the cells were washed by adding 500 μί of PBS. Cells were centnfuged at 500xg for 5 min to form a pellet, and the pellet was gently released from the bottom of the tube with 100 uL of PBS.

[1235] To test the stability of the pellets, the pellets were placed on a flat bottom 96-well plate using a cut p OOO micropipette tip in 100 ul, final volume in PBS, The plate was shaken using lineal movement at a speed of 567 cycles per minute (cpm) in a CYTATION™ 5 imaging equipment. Images of the wells were taken by the CYTATION™ 5 using Gen 5 2.07 software.

[1236] The results are shown in FIG. 2A (30 min. incubation with Compound 20) and FIG. 2B (5 min. incubation with Compound 20). These results demonstrate that pellets formed in the presence of 10 μΜ Compound 20 for as little as 5 min. remain essentially intact after shaking for up to 5 minutes. Any pellets formed with cells incubated in PBS are not durable and cells disperse quickly within 30 seconds with the pellet fully dismantled by 5 min.

Example B4. Differentiation of Rat Bone Marrow-Derived MSCs in Pellet Cultures

[1237] This example demonstrates that 10 μΜ Compound 20 promotes chondrogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow-derived MSCs in pellet cultures incubated with chondrogenic medium.

Differentiation protocol

[1238] Rat MSCs were obtained as described in Example Bl. After reaching 90% confluence, MSCs were removed from the culture plate or flask using 2.5% trypsin (GIBCO®, Cat: 15090- 046) for 5 min. The cells were centnfuged in 15 ml tubes at 500xg for 4 min, and the supernatant was removed.

[1239] Cells were incubated at a density of 0.5-10 x 10⁶ ceils in 500 of a 10 μΜ solution of Compound 20 in PBS for 20 min at RT on a shaker, then centnfuged in 1.5 ml tubes at 500xg for 4 min. The supernatant was removed, and the ceils were washed gently by adding 500 μΙ_ of PBS and centrifuging at 500xg for 7 min. The cells were resuspended in 500 μΐ,. of PBS and counted. [1240] 5xl()⁵ viable cells were placed in a 15 mL tube and centrifuged at 500xg for 7 min, then 500 uL of chondrocyte differentiation media (STEMXVIVG®, Cat N° CCM005-CM006) was added. The medium was changed even,' 2 to 3 days, maintaining the 500 uL volume, for 3 weeks. laimimofliioresceece assay

[1241] The medium was removed from the 5 mL tube and replaced with 500 L of 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS and incubated for 20 min at RT. The paraformaldehyde solution was removed, and replaced with 500 μ!, of 4% paraformaldehyde, 15% sucrose in PBS. The pellet was left in this solution overnight.

[1242] The solution was removed and replaced with 500 Τ of 4% paraformaldehyde, 30% sucrose in PBS, The pellet was left in this solution overnight or until the pellet is in the bottom of the tube.

[1243] The pellet was frozen in O.C.T™ compound (TISSUE-TE ®, Cat N° 4583), and 5 μιη sections were cut and fixed on a positively charged slide (Cell Path, Cat N° MDB-0102-54 A).

[1244] A line was drawn around the sections with a hydrophobic pen. 100-300 μΕ of blocking solution (1% BSA, 0.3% TRITON® X-100 in PBS) was placed on the sections and left for lh at room temperature. The blocking solution was removed with a micropipette. The primary antibody solution (goat anti-aggrecan Gl-IgD-G2 domain, R&D SYSTEMS™, Cat N° AF1220) was diluted 1 :20 in blocking solution, and 100-200 μΕ of the antibody solution was placed on the sections. The sections were left at 4°C overnight in a humidified box,

[1245] The primary antibody solution was removed, and the sections were washed3 times with 1 % BSA in PBS for 5 min. The lines around the sections were redrawn with the hydrophobic pen.

[1246] The secondary antibody (donkey anti-goat IgG ALEXA FLUOR® 488, LIFE

TECHNOLOGIES™, Cat N° Al 1055) was diluted 1 : 100 in blocking solution, and 100-200 μί.. of the secondary antibody solution was added to the sections. The sections were incubated in the dark for lh at RT, and the remaining steps were carried out in the dark to avoid degrading the fiuorophor. The sections were then washed 3 times with 1% BSA in PBS for 5 min, and the lines around the sections were redrawn with the hydrophobic pen.

[1247] 100-200 μΕ of a 1 :2000 dilution of DAPI in PBS were added to the sections, which were incubated for 5 min at RT. The DAPI was removed, and the sections were washed 3 times with PBS for 5 min and a 4^th time with distilled water for another 5 min. After drying, 30 μΕ of Fluorescence Mounting Medium (Dako, catalog # 53023)was added to the sections, which were then covered with a coverslip and stored at 4^C'C.

[1248] The results are shown in FIG 3A and FIG. 33B, These results demonstrate that 10 uM Compound 20 permits chondrogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow-derived MSCs in pellet cultures incubated with chondrogenic medium. This can be seen by the extracellular aggrecan staining in FIG. 3B.

Example B5. Chondrogenic Differentiation of Rabbit MSCs in Pellet Cultures in the

Presence of Compound 20

[1249] This example demonstrates that 10 μΜ Compound 20 promotes chondrogenic

differentiation of rabbit MSCs in pellet cultures incubated with either chondrogenic medium or basal medium.

[1250] Rabbit MSCs (Cyagen Cat N° RBXMX-01001) were cultured and incubated with 10 μΜ Compound 20 as described for the rat bone marrow-derived MSCs in Example B4. Cells were used up to passage 5 and after that were discarded. After incubation with Compound 20, some cultures were provided with basal medium (DMEM, Life Technologies Cat N° 1 1965-092) supplemented with 10% FBS (Gibco, catalog number 16000) and penicillin streptomycin (Gibco, catalog number 15140- 122) or chondrocyte differentiation media (StemXvivo Cat N° CCM005- CM006) supplemented with penicillin streptomycin. The medium was changed even,' 2 to 3 days, maintaining the 500 \ih volume, for 21 days.

[1251] The immunofluorescence assay was carried out as described in Example B4. The results are shown in FIGS. 4A-D. These results demonstrate that 10 μΜ Compound 20 permits chondrogenic differentiation of rabbit MSCs in pellet cultures incubated with chondrogenic medium and promotes chondrogenic differentiation of rabbit MSCs in pellet cultures incubated with basal medium {i.e., in the absence of TGF^'P).

Example B6. Chondrogenic Differentiation of Low Density Rabbit MSC Pellet Cultures in the Presence of Compound 20

[1252] This example demonstrates that Compound 20 promotes chondrogenic differentiation of rabbit MSCs in low density pellet cultures incubated in supplemented basal medium {i.e. , in the absence of TGF-β). Rabbit MSCs were cultured as described in Example B4 except that pellets were formed using 10³ MSCs. The immunofluorescence assay was carried out as descri bed in Example B4. The results are shown in FIGS. 5A-F. These results demonstrate that Compound 20 promotes chondrogenic differentiation of rabbit MSCs in low density pellet cultures. EXAMPLE B7. Targeting of Raj i Cells and Rabbit MSCs to Various Organs

[1253] The femur, cecum, heart, kidney, liver, trachea, lungs, pancreas, spleen, and a portion of the small intestine were extracted from 3 month old C57B1/6 mice and washed 3 times with PBS in 50 ml conical tubes.

[1254] Non-adherent Raji cells (10 ') were incubated in 500 iL of 10 μΜ calcein AM

(Invitrogen, Cat N° C3100MP) in PBS for 30 min on a shaker at RT. The cells were washed by adding 500 _uL PBS, centrifuging at 500g for 4 min, removing supernatant, and resuspending the cel ls in 500 μΐ, PBS. The cells were then incubated in 500 μΐ.. 10 μΜ Compound 20 in PBS or in PBS alone (control) for 30 min on a shaker at RT. The cells were washed by adding 500 μΐ. PBS, centrifuging at 500g for 4 min, removing supernatant, and resuspending cells in 1 mL PBS. The cells were then counted, and 0.5 x 10⁶ cells were added over each organ in 1 mL of PBS in a p 8 well plate, and incubated for 30 min at RT. The organs were then gently washed in 1 mL of PBS in a new p48 well.

[1255] Rabbit mesenchymal stem ceils (rbMSCs were treated as described above, except that washing for for 2 min instead of 4 min.

[1256] Adherence of the Raji cells or MSCs to the organs was evaluated by detecting the fluorescence of calcein dye using a ChemiDoc MP Imaging System (470/530 filter) and

ImageLab software and compared to the PBS control. The results are shown in FIG. 6 (Raji cel ls) and FIG. 7 (rbMSCs).

EXAMPLE B8, Targeting of Raji Cells to Meniscus Explants

[1257] Whole menisci were extracted from 4-6 month old NZW rabbits and washed 3 times with PBS in 50 mi conical tubes. The menisci were incubated with 100 μΜ of biotin-conjugated compound 4 or biotin-conjugated compound 20 in a final volume of 1 mL in PBS or 1 mL PBS alone for 30 min at RT in a 48 well plate, then washed twice in new p48 wells with 1 mL PBS.

[1258] The menisci were incubated with 1 ug/ml of streptavidin-FITC (SA-FITC) (Thermo 21224) in a final volume of 1 mL in PBS for 30 min at RT in the dark, then washed twice in a new ρ48 well plate with 1 mL PBS. Staining of the menisci was evaluated by measuring fluorescence in FITC channel (470/530 filter) using ChemiDoc MP Imaging System and

ImageLab software. [1259] Non-adherent Raji cells (10^'') were incubated with compound 4 or compound 20 as described above in Example B l . Cells were counted, and 0.5 x 10⁶ cells were placed over the meniscus explants in 1 mL of PBS in a 48 well plate and incubated for 30 min at RT. The explants were gently washed in 1 niL of PBS in a new p48 well plate.

[1260] Cell adherence to the meniscus explants was evaluated by measuring fluorescence of calcein dye using a ChemiDoc MP Imaging System (470/530 FITC filter) and ImageLab software.

[126.1] The results are shown in FIG. 8A and FIG. SB, These results demonstrate that compounds 4 and 20 romote adherence of Raji cells to meniscus explants. Compound 6873 is a

reference compound,

EXAMPLE B9. Persistance of Compound 4 in the Knee After Intra-Articular Injection

[1262] Six- to eight-week old Sprague Dawley rats were anesthetized with 3% sevofluorane, and both right and left knees were shaved and washed. 250 ul of a solution of 10 mg/ml Compound 4 in PEG400 (Spectrum POl 10) was injected intra-articulariy through the patellar ligament on the right knees. 250 μΐ of vehicle (PEG400) was injected intra-articulariy into left knees as a control.

[1263] Rats were euthanized at lh, 4h, 8h and 24h post-injection, and femoral condyles were extracted for macroscopic and fluorescence evaluation using a Gel Logic Pro6000 Imaging System (530/600 filter) and Carestream software.

[1264] The results are shown in FIG. 9. These results demonstrate that compound 4 is present in the knee 24 hr after intra-articular injection ,

EXAMPLE B10. Staining of Small Intestine After Oral Administration of Compound 20

[1265] Six- to eight-week old C57BL/6 mice were anesthetized with 3% sevofluorane. A solution of 10 mg/ml Compound 4 in 20% cyciodextrin was administered by oral gavage at a dose of 100 mg/kg. A solution of 20% cyciodextrin was administered by oral gavage as a control . [1266] After 24h, mice were euthanized and a portion of small intestine and Peyer's patches were extracted, washed in PBS and fluorescence was measured using a Gel Logic Pro6000 Imaging System (530/600 filter) and Carestream software,

[1267] The results are shown in FIG. 10A and FIG. 10B. These results demonstrate that Compound 4 stains the small intestine but not Peyer's patches after oral administration.

EXAMPLE Bll. Organ Staining Following Oral Administration of Compound 4

[1268] Six- to eight-week old Sprague Dawley rats were anesthetized with 3% sevofluorane. A solution of 10 mg/ml Compound 4 or 10 mg/mi Safranin-0 (Sigma S8884) in 20% cyciodextrin (Sigma C4805) was administered by oral gavage at a dose of 100 mg/kg. A solution of 20% cyciodextrin was administered by oral gavage as a control.

[1269] After 24h, rats were euthanized and different organs were extracted and washed in PBS. Fluorescence was measured using a Gel Logic ProoOOO Imaging System (530/600 filter) and Carestream software to determine the localization of Compound 4 or safranin-O. The results are shown in FIG. 11A and FIG, 11B.

EX AMPLE B12. Organ Staining Following Intravenous Administration of Compound 4

[1270] Six- to eight-week old Sprague Dawley rats were anesthetized with 3% sevofluorane. A solution of 100 mg/ml Compound 4 in 100% DM SO was administered intravenously at a dose of 100 mg g. A solution of 100% DMSO was administered IV as a control.

[1271] After 2h, rats were euthanized and different organs were extracted and washed in PBS. Fluorescence was measured using a Gel Logic ProoOOO Imaging System (530/600 filter) and Carestream software to determine where Compound 4 was localized. The results are shown in FIG. 12A and FIG. 1.2B.

Claims

1. A method of preparing a pellet composition comprising a population of repair cells, comprising:

(a) incubating a population of repair cells with a compound under conditions sufficient for the compound to bind to the surface of the repair cells;

(b) subjecting the population to centrifugation to form a pellet; and

(c) culturing the pellet for less than three weeks,

wherein the compound is (i) a cationic dye multimer comprising a first cationic dye moiety, a second cationic dye moiety, and a first linker connecting the first and second cationic dye moieties; or (ii) a cationic dye comprising a linker.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the cationic dye multimer further comprises a second linker and a third cationic dye moiety.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the cationic dye multimer further comprises a third linker and a fourth cationic dye moiety.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different cationic dye moieties.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are the same cationic dye moiety.

6. The method of any of claims 1-5, wherein each cationic dye moiety is independently selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

7. The method of any of claims 1-6, wherein at least one cationic dye moiety is safranin- O and the pendant phenyl ring of the safranin-O optionally is substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,—OH,— 0\ — NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR, — OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R— C₆H₅,— NO₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo, trihalide,— CN, — SO₃H,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and—COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the first cationic dye moiety is azure A and the second cationic dye multimer is safranin-O.

9. The method of any of claims 1-8, comprising a linker selected from the group consisting of:

(^a) , in which n is 1-6, «_/ is 1-4, and each * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

(^a-¹) , in which n is 1-6, nj is 1-4, and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

(^{a 2}) , in which n is 1-6, nj is 1-4, and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

in which n is 0-6, nj is 1-4, and each * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

in which n is 0-6, wi is 1-4, and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

, in which n is 0-6; «_/ is 1-4; for each independent instance of R_a and R_b, (1) R_a and R_b independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a and R_b are

'^¾ ^ or '^¾ *~ , or (3) two of CR_aR_b are '^¾ ; and each * i is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

, in which n is 0-6; is 1-4; for each independent instance of R_a and R_b, (1) R_a and R_b independently are H or CH₃ or (2) R_a and R_b are '^¾ ^

; and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

, in which n is 0-6; tii is 1-4; for each independent instance of R_a and R_b, (1) R_a and R_b independently are H or CH₃ or (2) R_a and Rb are '^¾ ^ or

or (3) two of CR_aR_b are and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

(d) , where k is 2-10; for each independent instance of R_a and Rb, R_a and Rb (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a and R_b are '^¾ ^ or <*\ or (3) two of CR_aR_b are ; and each * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

^(e) , in which n is 0-6, w is 1-4, and each * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

^{(e 1)} , in which n is 0-6, rii is 1-4, and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

, in which «_? is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5 and each * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

, in which ttj is 0-5, »2 is 1-5 and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

, in which ni is 0-5, « is 1-5 and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

(g) , in which ni is 0-5, «2 is 1-5 and each * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

(9-1 ) , in which ni is 0-5, W2 is 1-5 and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

(g.2) , in which rtj is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5 and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety; , in which ni is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5, and each * is an attachment site dye moiety;

(^h- ¹ ) , in which ni is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5, and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

(^h-²) , in which n₇ is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5, and * is an attachment site for cationic dye moiety;

(') , in which tij and n₂ independently are 1-5 and each * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

('· ) , in which tij and n₂ independently are 1-5 and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

(i.2) , in which »i and n₂ independently are 1-5 and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

, in which n₂ is 1-5 and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

, in which n₂ is 1-5 and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

K , in which and l₂ independently are 1-4, n is 1-4; ring

A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and R_bi, R_ai and R_bi (1) inde endently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ai and R_bi independently are '^¾ * or

or (3) two of CR_aiR_bi are ^{ν ¾}· ; for each independent instance of R_a2 and R_b2, R_a2 and R_b2 (1) independently are

V7 ⁰

H or CH₃, or and R_b2 independently are " or '^¾ or (3) two of

CR_a2R_b2 are

and each * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

0 , in which li, l₂, n, oi, and o₂

independently are 1-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and R_bi, R_ai and R_bi (1) independently are H or

CH₃, or (2) R_ai and R_bi independently are '^¾ ^ or '^¾ or (3) two of

CR_aiR_bi are ; for each independent instance of R_a2 and R_b2, R_a2 and R_b2 (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and R_b2 independently are

V7 ⁰

'^¾ ^ or '^¾ or (3) two of CR_a2Rb2 are '^¾ ; for each independent instance of Ra and Rdi, R_ci and Rdi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_di independently are '^¾ or '^¾ or (3) two of CRciRdi are

; for each independent instance of R_<.₂ and Rj₂, R_c2 and Rj₂ (1) inde endently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_c2 and Rd2 independently are or

; and each * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

¹ ) , in which , h, n, oi, and o₂ independently are 1-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and R_bi, R_ai and Rbi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2)

R_ai and R_bi independently are or (3) two of CR_aiRbi are ¾· ^¾ ; for each independent instance of R^ and Rb2, R_a2 and Rb2 (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and Rb₂ independently are '^¾ ^ or O

'^¾ or (3) two of CR_a2Rb2 are "^{¾ ¾} ; for each independent instance of R_ci and Rai, R_ci and Rdi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) Rd and Rai independently are

or (3) two of CR_ciRai are ' ^«· ^¾ ; for each independent instance of R_c2 and Ra₂, R_c2 and Rj2 (1) independently a

H or CH₃, or (2) R_c2 and Ra₂ independently are '^¾ ^ or '^¾ or (3) two of '^¾ and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

(' ²) , in which /_/, l₂, n, ø_/, and o₂ independently are 1-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and Rbi, R_ai and Rbi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2)

R_ai and R_bi independently are '^¾ or " or (3) two of CR_aiR_bi are '^{¾ ¾} ; for each independent instance of R^ and Rb2, Ra2 and Rb₂ (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and R ₂ independently are

or o

or (3) two of CR_a2R_b2 are "*· for each independent instance of R_ci and Rai, R_ci and Rdi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ci and Rai independently are '^¾ ^ or '^¾ or (3) two of CR_ciR_di are x · f_or each independent instance of R_c2 and Rj₂, R_c2 and Rj₂ (1) independently are

H or CH₃, or (2) R^ and R_d2 independently are '^¾ or "^Y ^ , or (3) two of * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

, in which n is 0-6, W/ is 1-4, and each

attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

in which n is 0-6, η is 1-4, and * is an attachment dye moiety;

in which ri₂ is 1-5 and each * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

^{ ' , in which n₂ is 1-5 and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

in which n₂ is 1-5 and * is an attachment site for a cationic

^\°> , in which in which nj is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5, n3 is 0-5, and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

(P) , in which tij is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5, n3 is 0-5, and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

(^) , in which n.4 is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5, and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

> , in which W/ is 0-5, «2 is 1-5, «5 is 0-5, and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety; and

, in which ni is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5, n₃ is 0-5 and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety.

10. The method of claim 11, wherein the cationic dye multimer has a formula selected from the group consisting of:

formula (1): C ) , wherein each of Dl and

D2 is a cationic dye moiety, n is 1-6, and rtj is 1-4;

formula (2):

, wherein each of Dl and

D2 is a cationic dye moiety, n is 0-6, and rtj is 1-4;

formula (3): ^ , wherein each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety; n is 0-6, and «_/ is 1-4; and, for each independent instance of R_a and Rb, (1) R_a and Rb independently are H or CH₃, or (2)

R_a a

formula (4): (⁴) , wherein Dl and D2 each is a cationic dye moiety; k is 2-10; and, for each independent instance of R_a and R_b, (1) R_a and R_b independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a and R_b are

¼- or ^ ,ΟΓ (3) two of CR_aR_b are ;

formula (4a): ^

wherein k is 2-10; for each independent instance of R_a and Rb, (1) R_a and

O

R_b independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a and R_b are ^¾ ^ or "^¾ ^ or

(3) two of CR_aRb are ^v¾ ; ¾, R₂, R₃, R₄, Rs, and R independently are absent or independently are selected from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂, —OH,— O^~,— NHCOCH3,— NHCOR,— OCH3,—OR,— C₂H₅, — R,— C₆H₅,— NO₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo, trihalide,— CN,— SO₃H,— COOH, — COOR,— CHO, and—COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl;

formula (5): (⁵)

wherein each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety, n is 0-6, and rij is 1- 4;

formula (6): (⁶) , wherein each of Dl and

D2 is a cationic dye moiety, tii is 0-5, and «₂ is 1-5;

formula (7): _; wherein each of Dl and

D2 is a cationic dye moiety, nj is 0-5, and n₂ is 1-5;

formula (8):

, wherein each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety, «_/ is 0-5, and «2 is 1-5;

formula (9): ^ , wherein each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety and nj and «2 independently are 1-5;

formula (10): (^{1 0}) , wherein each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety and n is 1-6;

formula (10a):

wherein n is 1-6; Ri, R₂, R3, R4, R5, and R₆ independently are absent or independently are selected from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O\ — NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R,— C₆H₅,— NO₂, — NR₃ ⁺, halo, trihalide,— CN,— SO₃H,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl;

formula (11): C ^ , wherein each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety; h and 1₂ independently are 1-4; n is 1-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with halo or Cl- C6 linear or branched alkyl; for each independent instance of R_al and Rbi, R_ai and R_bi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ or O

'^¾ <*\ or (3) two of CR_aiR_bi are '^¾ ; and, for each independent instance of R_a2 and R ₂, R_a2 and R_b2 (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and

R_b2 are ¼ or

.;

formula (11a): (^{1 1 a})

wherein / and 1₂ independently are 1-4; n is 1-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and R_bi_, R_ai and R_bi

(1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ai and R_bi are ' or '^¾ * or (3) two of CRaiRbi are

; for each independent instance of R_a2 and R_b2,

R_a2 and Rb2 (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and R_b2 are ^{' "}^ or O

¼· or (3) two of CR_a2R_b2 are

R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, and R₆

independently are absent or independently are selected from— NH₂,— NHR, — NR₂,—OH,— 0\— NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅, — R,— C₆H₅,— NO₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo, trihalide,— CN,— SO₃H,— COOH, — COOR,— CHO, and—COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl;

formula (12): C ^) , wherein each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety; , ¾, n, oi, and 0₂ independently are 1-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and R_bi_, R_ai and R_bi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) and Rbi are or , or (3) two of CRaiRbi ; for each independent instance of R_a2 and Rb2, Ra2 and Rb2 (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ or '^¾ ^ , or (3) two of CR_a2R_b2 are

; for each independent instance of R_ci and Rdi, Rd and R_di (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) Rd and R_di independently are

or

O

v^" , or (3) two of CRciRdi are "*· ^v ; for each independent instance of R_c2 and Rd2, Rc2 and Rd2 (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_c2 and Rd2 independently

or (3) two of CR_C2Rd2 are formula (12a):

(12a) wherein , l₂, «, oj, and o₂ independently are 1-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and Rbi, R_ai and R_bi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ai and R i are '^¾ ^ or O

'^¾ , or (3) two of CRaiRbi are "^¾ ; for each independent instance of R_a2 and R_b2, R_a2 and R_b2 (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and Rb2

are

or ' Ά^{¾ 5} or (3) two of CRa2Rb2 are wv ^¾ ; for each independent instance of R_ci and Rji, R_ci and Rdi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2)

Rci and Rdi independently are ^ or '^¾ or (3) two of CRciRai are VV

^¾ ; for each independent instance of R_c2 and Rd₂, R_C2 and Rj₂ (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) Rc₂ and R,j₂ independently are

or O

^ , or (3) two of CR_c2R_d2 are _; R_t, R₂, R₃, ¾, R_s, and Re independently are absent or independently are selected from— NH₂,— NHR, — NR₂,—OH,— O ,— NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅, — R— C₆H₅,— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo, trihalide,— CN,— SO3H,— COOH, — COOR,— CHO, and—COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl;

formula (12b): ^' (^{1 2b}) , in which each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety; Ιχ, l₂, n, independently are 1-4; 07, and 02 independently are 1-8; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and Rbi, R_ai and Rbi (1)

V7 ⁰

independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ai and Rbi are '^¾ or '^¾ <*\ or (3) two of CRaiRbi are ; for each independent instance of R_a2 and Rb₂, Ra2 and Rb₂ (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and Rb2 are

or

, or (3) two of CR_a2Rb2 are ; for each independent instance of

Rci and Rai, Rci and Rji (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ci and Rji are

, n orr ( (3Ϊ) t twwno n off C C!RR-cIiRRdJiI a arree. ; for each independent instance of R_c2 and R_d2, R_c2 and R_d2 (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2)

R_c2 and Ra₂ are ¼- ^ or ¼- or (3) two of CR_c2Rd₂ are ;

formula (13): , wherein each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety and n is 0-6, and itj is 1-4;

formula (14): (¹⁴)

in which each ofDl, D2, and D3 is a cationic dye moiety, n is 0-6, n is 1-4, nb is 0-6, and n_bl is 0-6;

formula (15):

wherein each ofDl, D2, and D3 is a cationic dye moiety, n and nb

independently are 0-6, and nj and independently are 1-4;

formula (16): C ^) , wherein each ofDl, D2, and D3 is a cationic dye moiety; n and nb independently are 0-6; ni and nj independently are 1-4; for each independent instance of R_ai and R_bi_{, a}i and (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ai and Rbi are or

; and, for each independent instance of R_a2 and R_b2, R_a2 and Rb₂ (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2)

R_a2 and R_b2 are or <*\ or (3) two of CR_a2R_b2 are ;

formula (17): (^{1 7})

wherein each of Dl, D2, and D3 is a cationic dye moiety; kj is 2-10; A¾ is 2- 10; for each independent instance of R_ai and Rbi, R_ai and Rbi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ or '^¾ or (3) two of CRaiRbi are

; and, for each independent instance of R_a2 and R_b2,

R_a2 and R_b2 (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and R ₂ are

or

, or (3) two of CR_a2R_b2 are

formula (18): < ⁸>

wherein each of Dl, D2, and D3 is a cationic dye moiety, n and nb

independently are 0-6, and nj and % independently are 1-4; formula (19):

wherein each of Dl, D2, and D3 is a cationic dye moiety, tii and n_w independently are 0-5, and n₂ and /¾₂ independently are 1-5;

formula (20):

(20)

wherein each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety, rij and ½ independently are 0-5 and n₂ and nb₂ independently are 1-5;

formula (21): (^1 ) , wherein each of

Dl, D2, and D3 is a cationic dye moiety, tij and independently are 0-5 and «2 and nb₂ independently are 1-5;

formula (22): (22) _^ wherein each of

Dl, D2, and D3 is a cationic dye moiety, «/, «₂, w//, and nbi independently are 1-5;

formula (23):

wherein each of Dl, D2, and D3 is a cationic dye moiety and n and nb independently are 1-6;

formula (24): , wherein m is 2; each of Dl, a first D2, and a second D2 is a cationic dye moiety; lj and l₂ independently are 1-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and R^_, R_ai and R_bi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2)

each independent instance of R_a2 and R_b2, R_a2 and R_b2 (1) independently are CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and Rb2 are \ or (3) two of CR_a2Rb2 are

formula (24a):

(24a) wherein m is 2; /_/ and l₂ independently are 1-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl; for each independent instance of R_al and Rbi, R_ai and Rbi

(1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ai and R_bi are "^x ^ or '^¾ <*\ or (3) two of CR_aiR_bi are ^ ^i^■ for each independent instance of R_a2 and R_b2,

R_a2 and R_b2 (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and R_b2 are

or O

^ , or (3) two of CR_a2R_b2 are - ^¾ _{; 1S} R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, and R₆ independently are absent or independently are selected from— NH₂,— NHR, — NR₂,—OH,— 0\— NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅, — R,— C₆H₅,— NO₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo, trihalide,— CN,— SO₃H,— COOH, — COOR,— CHO, and—COR; and R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl;

formula (25): (²⁵)

wherein m is 2; each of Dl, a first D2, and a second D2 is a cationic dye moiety; lj, l₂, n, Oi, and o₂ independently are 1-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and R_bi, R_ai and R_bi

(1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_al and R_bi are ^ or '^¾ <*\ or (3) two of CR_alR_bi are ; for each independent instance of R_a2 and R_b2,

R_a2 and R_b2 (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and R_b2 are

or

O

'^¾ , or (3) two of CR_a2R_b2 are ^{V <1} ; for each independent instance of R_ci and R_di_, R^ and RJI (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_d and Rai independently are '^¾ ^ or "^¾ or (3) two of CR_ciR_di are ^{^} ; for each independent instance of R_c2 and Ra_2, R_c2 and R_d2 (1) independently are

H or CH₃, or (2) R_c2 and R_d2 independently are

or (3) two of

formula (25a):

(25a)

, wherein m is 2; Zi, Z₂, n, οχ, and o₂ independently are 1-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with halo or Cl- C6 linear or branched alkyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and Rbi, R_ai and Rbi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ai and Rbi are

or

O

'^¾ r~ , or (3) two of CRaiRbi are

for each independent instance of R_a2 and Rb₂, _a2 and Rb2 (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and Rb2 are

t twwno n off C CRR_a-I2RRL_b2I a arme ^¾ ; for each independent instance of R_ci and Rai, R_ci and Rai (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2)

Rci and Rai independently are

or (3) two of CR_ciR<ii are

; for each independent instance of R^ and Rj2, R_c2 and Rj2 (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) Rc₂ and Rj2 independently are

or O

or (3) two of CRc₂R_d2 are ^ ^ - R₂, R₃, R₅, and Re independently are absent or independently are selected from— NH₂,— NHR, — NR₂,—OH,— 0\— NHCOCH3,— NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R,— C₆H₅,— NO₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo, trihalide,— CN,— SO₃H,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and—COR; and R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl;

formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32): (26)

(27) (28) (29)

, wherein D is a cationic dye moiety, nx is 0-5, ny is 1-5, and L is absent or L is a linker selected from linker (a.l), linker (a.2), linker (b.l), linker (c.l), linker (c.2), linker (d), linker (e.l), linker (f.l), linker (f.2), linker (g.l), linker (g.2), linker (h.l), linker (h.2), linker (i.l), linker (i.2), linker (j.l), linker (j.2), linker (k), linker (1.1), linker (1.2), is linker (m.l), linker (n.l), linker (n.2), linker (o), linker (p), linker (q), linker (r), and linker (s);

formula (33): (33) , wherein each of Dl, D2, D3, and D4 is a cationic dye moiety and L is absent or L is a linker selected from linker (a.l), linker (a.2), linker (b.l), linker (c.l), linker (c.2), linker (d), linker (e.l), linker (f.l), linker (f.2), linker (g.l), linker (g.2), linker (h.l), linker (h.2), linker (i.l), linker (i.2), linker (j.l), linker (j.2), linker (k), linker (1.1), linker (1.2), is linker (m.l), linker (n.l), linker (n.2), linker (o), linker (p), linker (q), linker (r), and linker (s); and

formula (34): (34) , wherein each of

Dl, D2, and D3 is a cationic dye moiety and L is absent or L is a linker selected from linker (a.l), linker (a.2), linker (b.l), linker (c.l), linker (c.2), linker (d), linker (e.l), linker (f.l), linker (f.2), linker (g.l), linker (g.2), linker (h.l), linker (h.2), linker (i.l), linker (i.2), linker (j.l), linker (j-2), linker (k), linker (1.1), linker (1.2), is linker (m.l), linker (n.l), linker (n.2), linker (o), linker (p), linker (q), linker (r), and linker (s); or

wherein the cationic dye multimer is

11. The method of any of claims 1-10, wherein the cationic dye is selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

12. A pellet composition formed by the method of any of claims 1-11.

13. A pellet composition comprising a compound and one or more repair cells, wherein the compound is a cationic dye multimer as recited in any of claims 1-11.

14. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the pellet composition of claim 12 or claim 13.

15. A method of repairing a tissue injury in an individual, comprising administering to an injured tissue:

(a) the pellet composition of claim 12 or claim 13; or

(b) the pharmaceutical composition of claim 14.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein the pellet composition of claim 14 is administered, wherein the pellet composition is not cultured before the step of administering.

17. The method of claim 15 or claim 16, wherein the injured tissue is selected from cartilage, pancreas, kidney, intestine, and heart.

18. The method of any of claims 1-11, the pellet composition of claim 12 or claim 13, or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 14, wherein the repair cells are mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).

19. The method or the pellet composition or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 18, wherein the MSCs are autologous MSCs.

20. Use of the pellet composition of claim 12 or claim 13 or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 14 for repairing a tissue injury in an individual.