WO2016198047A1 - Verfahren für die erstellung eines simulationsmodells zur abbildung zumindest eines funktionalen prozesses einer antriebstrangkomponente - Google Patents
Verfahren für die erstellung eines simulationsmodells zur abbildung zumindest eines funktionalen prozesses einer antriebstrangkomponente Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016198047A1 WO2016198047A1 PCT/DE2016/100263 DE2016100263W WO2016198047A1 WO 2016198047 A1 WO2016198047 A1 WO 2016198047A1 DE 2016100263 W DE2016100263 W DE 2016100263W WO 2016198047 A1 WO2016198047 A1 WO 2016198047A1
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- model
- simulation
- transformation function
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- optimization
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
- G06F30/10—Geometric CAD
- G06F30/15—Vehicle, aircraft or watercraft design
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
- G06F30/20—Design optimisation, verification or simulation
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F2111/00—Details relating to CAD techniques
- G06F2111/06—Multi-objective optimisation, e.g. Pareto optimisation using simulated annealing [SA], ant colony algorithms or genetic algorithms [GA]
Definitions
- the present invention relates to two methods for the creation of a simulation model for mapping, in particular in the form of a simulation, at least one functional process of a powertrain component and two corresponding computer program products for carrying out such methods.
- test benches and their use are associated with a high expenditure of time and correspondingly high costs during operation. Therefore, there is currently a desire to significantly reduce the time for the use of test benches.
- One way of reducing test bench occupancy times is to use a so-called “Design of Experiment”, also called DoE, for the test bench trials, and then to create simulation models from the test bench data that allow a mathematical description of the real functional process of the powertrain components , Accordingly, such simulation models calculate the relationship between input values and output values, so that a calculation or simulation for at least parts of the functional process of the real drive train components on a computer can be computationally determined.
- a disadvantage of the known solutions for simulation models is to create the most suitable simulation model and then select it.
- mathematical methods are used to create simulation models from basic models, on which a basic function space is based, and to adapt them to corresponding relationships between input variables and output variables.
- a variety of possible simulation models are validated and evaluated for their qualitative assessment with respect to the real powertrain component.
- different basic models are used to create the simulation models.
- the underlying basic function space of the respective basic model always represents a compromise for the entire width of the input variable range of the functional process of the drive train component.
- a method for the creation of a simulation model for imaging at least one functional process of a drive train component. Such a method comprises the following steps:
- An inventive method is used to create a simulation model, which is not based solely on a basic model, but extends this basic model by combining with input and / or output transformations.
- the basis function space underlying the basic model is defined, in particular if the data-based regression process is implemented using Gaussian-Process models on the specification of mean value function and covariance function, whereby these depend on so-called hyperparameters.
- the basic model can be adapted or trained by measuring data on the test bench or also simulation data from a computer experiment on an associated problem of a real functional process of a component of the drive train. The runs of a single optimization run for the base model result in an adaptation of the base model to the measurement data or simulation data.
- optimization runs are not only to be carried out for a single base model, but rather to base a combination with different modifications on the four optimization runs.
- this extended model set also includes simulation models with significantly improved model quality.
- a combined optimization run in the sense of the present invention relates to the combination of at least one transformation function and the basic model.
- a transformation function is a transformation which is specified as functionality for corresponding parameter values, the parameters being determined during the optimization run.
- the input transformation function is concerned with providing a defined functionality which provides a functional relationship for the transformation of input values.
- transformation functions are now not created separately before the optimization runs for the simulation model, but rather the optimization run is adapted to a combination of the base model with the respective transformation function.
- an input transformation function in a combined optimization run can basically be referred to as a "manifold” baseline model or “manifold” Gaussian process.
- the output transform function may be understood as a "warp” functionality for a corresponding base model and, in particular, a Gaussian process.
- an advantage of the method is that the quality of the models, even with a relatively small amount of data for this degree of complexity, ie highly nonlinear behavior of the system to be described, is superior to those of standard methods. This in turn has the advantage that time can be saved on the test bench. If simulation models are to be used later in the context of the control unit of a vehicle, the same accuracy advantages will accordingly also benefit the engine control system.
- a possible example of the use of a method according to the invention is the behavior of the emissions in a gasoline engine.
- a change to a first parameter of a model structure of the base model is canceled by a change to a second parameter of the model structure of the base model.
- These two parameters therefore have a relative relationship to one another.
- individual parameters can be recalculated from such a collective parameter within an optimization run, so that in addition to the avoidance of redundancy, a reduction of the optimization effort is the result.
- a so-called optimization redundancy is avoided in a method according to the invention.
- a change to a first set of parameters, ie a parameter set, of a model structure of the base model is canceled by a change to a second set of parameters of the model structure of the base model.
- even certain parameters of the first or second set of parameters can be recalculated from the group parameter set within an optimization run, so that in addition to the avoidance of redundancy, a reduction of the optimization effort is the result.
- a method according to the invention can be carried out offline and thus independently of a test stand.
- an online application of the method or at least partial steps of the method is carried out.
- a test stand is in action, so for example an internal combustion engine is operated in different modes.
- the method according to the invention for generating a simulation model runs away, wherein the data from the current test bench test are introduced into the optimization runs.
- a feedback from an optimization run in the current experiment is conceivable, for example, to areas with high uncertainties new with current measurements from the ongoing trial at the test beoire.
- a method according to the invention or the simulation model produced can also be used directly in a vehicle, for example in a control unit, for example engine control unit or transmission control unit of a vehicle.
- the basic model and the transformation functions are specified in particular in parameterized form, the parameters being determined during the optimization run. Further advantages can be achieved if a predefined value is specified for at least one of these parameters. Also, restrictions on the parameters in the form of ranges or limits are conceivable. Therefore, a method is preferred in which at least one of the parameters of the basic function and of the transformation function is fixed or restricted to one area, this being taken into account in particular in the different sub-steps for determining the data-based regression model.
- the advantages here are that prior knowledge of the considered technical system is introduced, for example also by additional targeted measurements at defined measuring points, and a reduction of the optimization effort can be achieved. In particular, such a procedure refers to measurement noise and / or mathematical uncertainties.
- an optimization redundancy is utilized to reduce the optimization effort of the optimization runs.
- this optimization run is adapted to a combination of the base model with the respective transformation function. This is understood to mean that the individual optimization runs are carried out in particular sequentially in chronological succession.
- a method for the creation of a simulation model for imaging at least one functional process of a drive train component comprising the following steps:
- this method is a special case, which with reduced computing time brings about the same advantages as have been explained in greater detail with reference to the method of the first embodiment mentioned at the beginning.
- the combinatorics is reduced to the integration of both the output transformation and the input transformation into a combined optimization run of the base model with input transformation function and output transformation function. It is therefore special performed exclusively an optimization run with the optimization method combined in this way.
- it is sufficient to perform a single optimization run.
- At least one further optimization run is performed with specification of a modified input transformation function and / or a modified output transformation function.
- a targeted change of the respective transformation function can take place.
- the addition of a further term can take place in such an external repetition loop.
- a random variation of the respective transformation function is also conceivable in the context of this embodiment.
- a method according to the invention has the following steps: Selecting at least one selection criterion for the qualitative assessment of the simulation models of the model set,
- upstream of a process is preferably provided, which provides a model set with optimized simulation models available.
- data models are conceivable, which can be used as a simulation model.
- data-based regression methods are preferred which, in particular, undergo an optimization step.
- the result of such optimization steps is usually a plurality of optimized simulation models, so that, accordingly, the optimized model set forms as an input situation for a method according to the invention.
- consistently at least one selection criterion is selected for the qualitative evaluation of the simulation models of the model set. Possibilities for such qualitative selection criteria will be explained later. In particular, it is about evaluating the individual models in terms of their usability for the later use of the simulation model.
- the desired correlation accuracy with actual measurement data of functional processes of a component of a drive train eg an internal combustion engine
- a reduction of uncertainty bands around a corresponding function course of a simulation model can provide a selection criterion.
- the complexity of individual simulation models can also be used to provide a qualitative assessment option for the simulation models.
- the step of selection can be done manually, for example, by the respective user of a method according to the invention. In principle, however, it is also conceivable to automate or partially automate these and / or further steps.
- the selection of an evaluation order for performing an efficient method according to this embodiment is crucial.
- the evaluation order is decisive for how long a corresponding evaluation and selection process takes with this embodiment.
- simply the corresponding overall optimized model set and thus all the simulation models can be used as a basis in the evaluation process with the at least one selected selection criterion.
- more complex sequential orders are also conceivable as evaluation order within the meaning of the present invention in order to be able to achieve optimizations, for example with regard to the computing time or the quality of the overall result.
- At least the last two steps of this embodiment ie the performance of the qualitative evaluation and the selection of the simulation model, are carried out in an automatic manner.
- the selection of the at least one selection criterion as well as the selection of the evaluation order can be carried out both manually and also automatically or semi-automatically.
- the subsequent steps of the qualitative assessment and the selection of the simulation model with the best qualitative evaluation are automated and essentially carried out directly in time.
- a functional process which in the context of the present invention is to be mapped by the simulation model, is in particular a process which determines input parameters of a component of the drive train, e.g. an internal combustion engine, correlated with output parameters.
- input parameters may be, for example, an air mixture, a temperature ratio, an accelerator pedal position or another load cycle number.
- a fuel consumption of the internal combustion engine or the gas composition of the exhaust gas can be used as output parameters.
- the simulation models can now be used again in order to avoid or significantly reduce actual test bench time.
- the selection option of a simulation model optimized as far as possible is juxtaposed with a broader user group.
- the version of the simulation model with the best qualitative rating selected at the end can be used in a variety of ways. For example, at this time the selected simulation model is in action to build a corresponding virtual test bench. It is also possible to condition or partially condition vehicle control units using the selected simulation model.
- a simulation model is optimally available for the user with regard to an ideal qualitative evaluation.
- the selection of the selection criterion is carried out from a plurality of at least two selection criteria, in particular from at least two of the following selection criteria:
- a selection criterion also includes an approximation to the selection criterion.
- the term "data to fit” is to be understood as meaning that a simulation model according to this selection criterion is considered particularly well if the correlation between input measurement points as the basis for optimizing the simulation model with the optimized simulation model is as appropriate as possible.
- the complexity of the simulation model can preferably be included in a corresponding combinatorics for the selection criterion as a mathematical penalty term, for example local optima in the optimization step of the simulation model, a good distinctness of the local optimum of surrounding parameters.
- the optimization step of the simulation model a small amount of computation in the optimization step of the simulation model or the numerical stability of the optimization step of the simulation model can be understood.
- the complexity of a simulation model the number of parameters / hyperparameters or the size of the basis function space of the base model can be used.
- reduced complexity reduced calculation complexity and reduced computing time are also possible for the later use of the simulation model.
- quality parameters can be determined in an abstract manner, which are preferably co-determined during the optimization runs for the individual simulation models.
- these quality parameters already exist at the time of the presence of the model set of all simulation models, so that a pure comparison can carry out the method according to the invention.
- Such quality parameters also allow individual selection criteria to be combined from a technical point of view in a mathematical term.
- An uncertainty of the simulation model is to be understood both punctually and globally. For example, stochastic variances have to be determined for the individual simulation models and their functional relationships, which calculate the uncertainty of this simulation model on the basis of the provided measurement values.
- Another advantage may be if the least number of local optima of the simulation model is used as at least one selection criterion. This leads to an increased ambiguity, which area of a functional relationship should actually be made available later for the control of a control unit as a local optimum for the control specification of a desired-actual loop.
- the data volumes used for the selection criterion are not used to create the optimized simulation models. These are then so-called validation data. These are also measured at the test bench but are not included in the training of the models. This means that they check the prediction accuracy of the models by comparing the output variables determined by the simulation model with the real measured output variables.
- the model set has at least two model shares, the evaluation order being first the model After this evaluation, the qualitative best model group is selected, and then from the selected model group the qualitatively best simulation model is selected.
- optimization runs can be used to generate a model set of a multiplicity of simulation models for each optimization run.
- the set of models is composed of a plurality of sets of models, which in turn contain a plurality of simulation models. If, according to this embodiment, the entire model family is qualitatively evaluated in a first step, then a selection in a first step can be made roughly, which has a significantly lower computational requirement than the qualitative evaluation of all existing simulation models of all model families.
- the best quality simulation model will be selected from this selected set of models.
- a corresponding qualitative evaluation of the simulation models contained therein is preferably carried out exclusively in the selected model family.
- this two-step process can use different selection criteria for each stage.
- the reduction of the computational effort can lead to the possibility that individual simulation models in less qualitative model sets than singular simulation models would however have a high quality, which would be discarded by the negative evaluation of the model set.
- an embodiment according to this paragraph provides an advantage in terms of the correlation between the evaluation time and the quality of the selection made.
- the model set has at least two model shares, wherein all simulation models of all model shares are qualitatively evaluated as evaluation order, and then the simulation model with the best qualitative evaluation is selected from the model set of all model shares.
- a total quantity is formed from all simulation models of all model shares, which is completely fed into the evaluation process.
- the model shares are brought together in the common model set and thus the qualitative assessment is actually carried out for each individual simulation model which is present in all model sets.
- the increased computational effort achieved in this way is justified by the fact that now an optimized choice for the best-quality simulation model of all existing simulation models of all model families can actually be performed.
- a further advantage may be that, in a method according to the invention, the model set has at least two model shares, the evaluation order chosen being the best-quality family of models from each model family, and then the best quality simulation model being selected from all family simulation models.
- This is preferably a combination of the embodiment of the two preceding paragraphs.
- a qualitative evaluation is carried out for each model family and thus also for all simulation models of the entire model set.
- a two-stage process is also provided here, so that, in particular, a time-parallel processing can take place. If, for example, a first model family is provided and generated in a first optimization run, the second optimization run for generating a second model family is then started.
- the selection of the at least one selection criterion and / or the selection of the evaluation sequence is based on at least one base parameter, in particular designed as hyperparameter, of the basic model of the model model simulation models.
- this is an automatic or semi-automatic selection.
- a corresponding basic parameter can take into account possible disadvantages or uncertainties of the corresponding function.
- Such basic parameters In other words, they can lead to eliminating or reducing possible disadvantages in the selection of the corresponding function in an automated manner by skillfully selecting the selection criterion.
- this correlation takes place in an automated manner, so that no dependence on possibly existing knowledge of the user is more necessary.
- At least one selection criterion is switched on and / or off before selecting at least one selection criterion.
- the pre-switching of a purely manual selection step in the form of switching on and off makes it possible to provide a manual adaptability despite a high level of automation of the method. This combines high flexibility in the use of a method according to the invention with the advantages described by the degree of automation.
- the simulation models of the model set are data-based regression models, in particular using Bayes regression methods, preferably Gaussian process models.
- data-based regression methods it is possible to significantly reduce the necessary measurement data for the optimization runs and thus to minimize the necessary test bench time before the optimization runs are carried out.
- the use of data-based regression methods is also simple and cost-effective in the actual implementation of a method according to the invention.
- Another advantage of the present invention is that these transformation functions are now not created separately before the optimization runs for the simulation model, but rather the optimization run is adapted to a combination of the base model with the respective transformation function.
- At least one input transformation function for input values of the simulation model and / or one output transformation function for output values of the simulation model are taken into account in at least one combined optimization run of the base model of the simulation model and the respective transformation .
- the use of an input transformation function in a combined optimization run can basically be referred to as a "manifold" basic model or “manifold” Gaussian process.
- the output transformation function may be understood as a "warped" functionality for a corresponding base model and, in particular, a Gaussian process.
- the optimization run then runs over the total combination of the corresponding transformation functions and the base model. It is preferred if a combinatorics takes into account all possible combinations, ie in particular four optimization runs are carried out.
- a first optimization run becomes the base model alone
- a second combined optimization run of base model and input transformation function
- a third combined optimization run of base model and output transformation function
- a last, fourth combined optimization run of base model and input transformation function and output transformation function optimize The four model families, which now yield the model set with a large number of simulation models, now provide the basis on which the evaluation and selection steps according to the invention are carried out.
- a computer program product stored on a computer-readable medium for the selection of a simulation model for imaging at least one functional process of a component of a drive train from an optimized model set, comprising:
- Computer readable program means for causing a computation unit to specify an input transformation function for the input values of the simulation model
- Computer readable program means for causing a computation unit to specify an output transformation function for the output values of the simulation model
- Computer-readable program means for causing a computation unit to specify a basic model of a data-based regression method as a basis for the simulation model
- Computer-readable program means for causing a computation unit to perform a first optimization run of the basic model for generating optimized simulation models of a first model family
- Computer-readable program means for causing a computation unit to perform a second, combined optimization run of the base model with input transformation function for generating optimized simulation models of a second model family
- Computer-readable program means for causing a computation unit to perform a third, combined optimization run of the base model with output transformation function for generating optimized simulation models of a third model family
- Computer readable program means for causing a computational unit to execute a fourth, combined optimization run of the base model with input
- Computer readable program means for causing a computation unit to select at least one simulation model from the model set of all model shares.
- a computer program product stored on a computer-readable medium for the selection of a simulation model for imaging at least one functional process of a component of a drive train from an optimized model set, comprising:
- Computer readable program means for causing a computation unit to
- Computer readable program means for causing a computation unit to specify an output transformation function for the output values of the simulation model
- Computer-readable program means for causing a computation unit to specify a basic model of a data-based regression method as a basis for the simulation model
- Computer readable program means for causing a computation unit to execute a combined optimization run of the base model with input
- Computer readable program means for causing a computing unit to select at least one simulation model from the model set.
- the two computer program products are preferably equipped with computer readable program means for causing a computation unit to perform the steps according to a method having the features of claims 1 to 18.
- a computer program product according to the invention brings the same advantages as have been explained in detail with reference to the methods according to the invention.
- FIG. 1 shows a representation of a simulation model
- FIG. 2 shows a possibility of an optimization run for the generation of a model family
- FIG. 3 shows another possibility for generating a model family
- FIG. 4 shows another possibility for generating a model crowd
- FIG. 5 shows a further possibility for generating a model family
- FIG. 6 shows a possibility of an evaluation sequence
- Figure 7 shows another possibility of an evaluation order
- Figure 8 shows another possibility of an evaluation order.
- FIG. 1 shows schematically how a number of input values E can be correlated with an arbitrary number of output values A by means of a simulation model 10.
- This simulation model is preferably a data-based regression method based on stochastic fundamentals.
- a Gaussian process model is used here.
- FIGS. 2 to 5 show ways in which a corresponding training can be carried out by optimizing the basic model 14 on the basis of data measured at a test bench or also data from a computer experiment.
- a basic model 14 is given as a Gaussian process model, as shown in FIG. 5. With a corresponding optimization run O, it becomes possible to optimize this basic model 14 and to provide a model family 22 with a multiplicity of optimized simulation models 10.
- model family 22 which is regarded as the best-quality model family 22.
- the entire model set 20 can also be evaluated with regard to all model shares 22, so that the best high-quality simulation model 10 can be made available directly following this now one-step process with the aid of the selection criterion 30.
- the entire model set 20 is already evaluated with regard to the individual model shares 22.
- the best simulation model 10 is selected for each model family 22, as soon as it is present.
- the corresponding selection criterion 30 can be selected specifically for the individual model shares 22.
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DE112016002596.3T DE112016002596A5 (de) | 2015-06-10 | 2016-06-10 | Verfahren für die erstellung eines simulationsmodells zur abbildung zumindest eines funktionalen prozesses einer antriebstrangkomponente |
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Cited By (3)
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CN107844623A (zh) * | 2017-09-04 | 2018-03-27 | 中车工业研究院有限公司 | 轮轨车辆产品的生成方法、系统、设备及存储介质 |
CN113536628A (zh) * | 2021-07-09 | 2021-10-22 | 深圳佰维存储科技股份有限公司 | 焊点回损预测方法、装置、可读存储介质及电子设备 |
DE102021002318A1 (de) | 2020-06-06 | 2021-12-09 | FEV Europe GmbH | Verfahren zur Erstellung eines Simulationsmodells, Verwendung eines Simulationsmodells, Computerprogrammprodukt, Verfahren zur Kalibrierung eines Steuergeräts |
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WO2006007621A2 (de) * | 2004-07-22 | 2006-01-26 | Avl List Gmbh | Verfahren zur untersuchung des verhaltens von komplexen systemen, insbesondere von brennkraftmaschinen |
US20070208677A1 (en) * | 2006-01-31 | 2007-09-06 | The Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Illinois | Adaptive optimization methods |
DE102013206286A1 (de) * | 2013-04-10 | 2014-10-16 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Bestimmen eines Zündwinkels in einem Motorsteuergerät |
WO2014170188A1 (de) * | 2013-04-15 | 2014-10-23 | Kompetenzzentrum - Das Virtuelle Fahrzeug, Forschungsgesellschaft Mbh | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur co-simulation von zwei teilsystemen |
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2016
- 2016-06-10 WO PCT/DE2016/100263 patent/WO2016198047A1/de active Application Filing
- 2016-06-10 DE DE112016002596.3T patent/DE112016002596A5/de not_active Withdrawn
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WO2006007621A2 (de) * | 2004-07-22 | 2006-01-26 | Avl List Gmbh | Verfahren zur untersuchung des verhaltens von komplexen systemen, insbesondere von brennkraftmaschinen |
US20070208677A1 (en) * | 2006-01-31 | 2007-09-06 | The Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Illinois | Adaptive optimization methods |
DE102013206286A1 (de) * | 2013-04-10 | 2014-10-16 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Bestimmen eines Zündwinkels in einem Motorsteuergerät |
WO2014170188A1 (de) * | 2013-04-15 | 2014-10-23 | Kompetenzzentrum - Das Virtuelle Fahrzeug, Forschungsgesellschaft Mbh | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur co-simulation von zwei teilsystemen |
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CN107844623A (zh) * | 2017-09-04 | 2018-03-27 | 中车工业研究院有限公司 | 轮轨车辆产品的生成方法、系统、设备及存储介质 |
CN107844623B (zh) * | 2017-09-04 | 2021-03-16 | 中车工业研究院有限公司 | 轮轨车辆产品的生成方法、系统、设备及存储介质 |
DE102021002318A1 (de) | 2020-06-06 | 2021-12-09 | FEV Europe GmbH | Verfahren zur Erstellung eines Simulationsmodells, Verwendung eines Simulationsmodells, Computerprogrammprodukt, Verfahren zur Kalibrierung eines Steuergeräts |
CN113536628A (zh) * | 2021-07-09 | 2021-10-22 | 深圳佰维存储科技股份有限公司 | 焊点回损预测方法、装置、可读存储介质及电子设备 |
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