WO2016191308A1 - Heat transfer fluids, systems, efficiencies, and methods - Google Patents
Heat transfer fluids, systems, efficiencies, and methods Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016191308A1 WO2016191308A1 PCT/US2016/033631 US2016033631W WO2016191308A1 WO 2016191308 A1 WO2016191308 A1 WO 2016191308A1 US 2016033631 W US2016033631 W US 2016033631W WO 2016191308 A1 WO2016191308 A1 WO 2016191308A1
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- Prior art keywords
- heat transfer
- composition
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- transfer composition
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- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 123
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 title claims description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 201
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 86
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 235000010446 mineral oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000013529 heat transfer fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000004996 alkyl benzenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 10
- 239000003507 refrigerant Substances 0.000 description 19
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 17
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 11
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000010725 compressor oil Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005461 lubrication Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920001515 polyalkylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005057 refrigeration Methods 0.000 description 3
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004378 air conditioning Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920013639 polyalphaolefin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- FYIRUPZTYPILDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane Chemical compound FC(F)C(F)C(F)(F)F FYIRUPZTYPILDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003416 augmentation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012217 deletion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037430 deletion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000005690 diesters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009533 lab test Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
- C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
- C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
- C09K5/041—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems
- C09K5/044—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds
- C09K5/045—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds containing only fluorine as halogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
- C09K2205/22—All components of a mixture being fluoro compounds
Definitions
- the field of the invention is heat transfer fluids, systems, efficiencies, and methods.
- Heat transfer fluids e.g., refrigerants
- refrigerants are commonly used in various heat transfer systems, including air conditioning, refrigeration, freezers, heaters, and the like. Many formulations for heat transfer fluids are known.
- R22 (cholordifluoromethane) is being phased out in many developed countries due to its ozone depletion potential (ODP) and high global warming potential (GWP).
- ODP ozone depletion potential
- GWP high global warming potential
- R22 replacement compositions are described in Retrofit Handbook, "R-22 Retrofit Guidelines and Procedures” (2009) by NRITM. Suitable R22 replacements preferably have similar or better performance metrics (e.g., heat absorption capacity, latent heat of vaporization, amperage, pressure differential, operational temperatures, cycle time, etc.) and better ODP and GWP than R22. Replacement compositions also preferably carry mineral oil (e.g., mineral oil is miscible in the heat transfer fluid) so that the replacement fluid can be used with R22-based heat transfer systems that currently use mineral oil as a lubricant. In addition, replacement compositions preferably have low flammability levels that meet industry standards and governmental regulations.
- a heat transfer fluid composition comprises the following heat transfer components: R32 present in an amount of 15-25% by weight; R125 present in an amount of 1-5% by weight; R134a present in an amount of 50-70% by weight; and R227ea present in an amount of 10-20% by weight. These weight percentages represent the weight of a particular heat transfer component in the composition relative to the total weight of heat transfer components in the composition.
- the heat transfer composition optionally includes R236 present in an amount of 0.5-3.5% by weight.
- R236 could comprise one or more of R236fa and R236ea.
- the heat transfer fluid composition could include, or used in combination with, a lubricant. It is further contemplated that the lubricant composition could be a mineral oil, alkylbenzene oil, and synthetic oil, or any combination thereof.
- the heat transfer components and their respective amounts are preferably selected such that the heat transfer compositions have a flammability classification of Al as defined by IS0817:2009, a Global Warming Potential (GWP) of less than 2000 at an Integration Time Horizon (ITH) of 100 years.
- GWP Global Warming Potential
- the heat transfer compositions described herein can be used in heat transfer systems comprising: a compressor; a condenser fluidly coupled with the compressor; an expansion device (e.g., fixed orifice, capillary tubes and various expansion valve types) fluidly coupled with the condenser; and an evaporator fluidly coupled with the expansion device.
- heat transfer systems include, but are not limited to, air conditioning, refrigeration, freezers, and heaters.
- the heat transfer system is designed to transfer heat with an external environment by utilizing the gas-to-liquid and liquid-to-gas phase change properties of the heat transfer composition.
- FIG. 1 illustrates the staggered boiling points of five different heat transfer fluid components at varying temperatures and pressures.
- FIG. 2A illustrates the ramp-up cycle time of R22.
- Fig. 2B illustrates the ramp-up cycle time one composition of the inventive subject matter.
- FIG. 3 compares the performance of R22 with one composition of the inventive subject matter in terms of compressor amp usage over a one-hour period.
- inventive subject matter provides many example embodiments of the inventive subject matter. Although each embodiment represents a single combination of inventive elements, the inventive subject matter is considered to include all possible combinations of the disclosed elements. Thus if one embodiment comprises elements A, B, and C, and a second embodiment comprises elements B and D, then the inventive subject matter is also considered to include other remaining combinations of A, B, C, or D, even if not explicitly disclosed.
- an ideal R22 replacement minimizes environmental impact characteristics (e.g., GWP and ODP) and hazard potential (e.g., flammability, toxicity), while maximizing efficiency (e.g., reduced equipment amperage) and compatibility with existing refrigerant systems (e.g., compatibility with mineral oil as a lubricant).
- environmental impact characteristics e.g., GWP and ODP
- hazard potential e.g., flammability, toxicity
- efficiency e.g., reduced equipment amperage
- compatibility with existing refrigerant systems e.g., compatibility with mineral oil as a lubricant
- the disclosed compositions have been developed to (i) deliver operating performance that is comparable with R22 and (ii) reduce energy consumption compared to R22 through reduced equipment amperage and reduced run-times. As a result of increased energy efficiency, the mechanical and operational load of the heat transfer system is reduced in measurable amounts, where the result can be characterized through reduced energy consumption.
- R22 replacements are blends of individual components. Table 1 below shows a number of characteristics of common components in R22 replacement blends.
- R22 replacement components have an ODP of zero, or substantially zero. However, depending on the component, the boiling point, GWP, and flammability values vary. Each of these characteristics may make a component desirable or undesirable as a refrigerant or component in a refrigerant blend.
- a discussion of R22 replacement blends is discussed in "Refrigerant blends; a review of alternate refrigerants and near-azeotropic refrigerant mixtures," by John A Tomczyk, Engineering Systems May 1993, page 15.
- R32 is a popular R22 replacement because it has desirable environmental performance (GWP of 675 and an ODP of 0.00). Additionally, R32 has similar performance metrics as R22.
- One disadvantage of R32 is its flammability (ASFIRAE Safety Group A2) Additionally, R32 is not miscible with mineral oil.
- R134a is a desirable component because it has an ODP of zero.
- many blends only contain R134a in moderate amounts (often ⁇ 50%) because R134a has a moderate GWP potential (1430).
- One additional disadvantage to R134a is that it is not miscible with mineral oil.
- R125 Another common component in many R22 replacement compositions is R125. Many R22 replacement compositions use R125 in large amounts (often >25%) because of R125's fire suppression properties. However, R125 has a very high GWP (3500) and is not miscible with mineral oil.
- Table 3 shows properties of several R22 replacement blends compared with the properties of several blends of the inventive subject matter.
- the inventive compositions have a flammability rating of Al and a GWP below 2000 (GWP values were calculated as a straight linear average of the components of each blend). Additionally, the inventive compositions have a liquid phase pressure under 1400 kPa and a latent heat of vaporization ranging from 232-242 kJ/kg.
- the inventors have discovered that certain blends of components in novel quantities greatly outperform similar R22 replacement compositions.
- the inventors have discovered a combination of specific heat transfer components with sequenced or spaced 'boiling points' which produces a superior heat transfer capability.
- the improvement over existing R22 replacements is greater than would otherwise be expected based on the individual and collective chemical heat absorption attributes of each constituent.
- the inventive subject matter provides heat transfer compositions that have at least four heat transfer components that have been purposely selected to provide staggered boiling points and related P/T charts. Five possible heat transfer components and their respective boiling points are provided below (see also Table 1):
- the pressure/temperature graph in Figure 1 illustrates the sequenced (e.g., "stacked” or “staggered") nature of these five heat transfer components. While R32, R125, R134a, R227ea, and R236fa are shown in Figure 1, the inventive subject matter includes alternative heat transfer components that have similar characteristics (e.g., flammability, boiling temperature/pressure, GWP, ODP, etc.) to provide a heat transfer composition with comparable performance to R22 and reduced energy consumption compared to R22.
- the heat transfer composition could included R32 present in an amount of 15-25% by weight, R125 present in an amount of 1-5% by weight, and three additional components that have boiling temperatures within the ranges of -55°C (-67°F) and -35°C (-31°F), -40°C (- 40°F) and - 20°C (68°F), and -25°C (-13° F) and -5°C (23 °F), respectively, at 101.3 kPa (14.696 PSIA).
- the three additional components are preferably selected such that the heat transfer composition has (i) a latent heat of vaporization of at least 230 kJ/kg, and more preferably at least 232 kJ/kg, and (ii) a liquid phase pressure at 37.78°C (100° F) of less than 1400 kPa (203 PSIG).
- a latent heat of vaporization of at least 230 kJ/kg, and more preferably at least 232 kJ/kg
- the additional heat transfer components could be selected based on their partial pressures at a given temperature rather than, or in addition to, their boiling temperatures.
- the first additional component could have a partial pressure between 503.3 kPa (73 PSIG) and 641.2 kPa (93 PSIG) at 0°C (32° F), 737.7 kPa (107 PSIG) and 875.6 kPa (127 PSIG) at 10°C (50° F), and/or 1606 kPa (233 PSIG) and 1744 kPa (253 PSIG) at 35°C (95° F).
- the second additional component could have a partial pressure between 124.1 kPa (18 PSIG) and 262 kPa (38 PSIG) at 0°C (32° F), 241.3 kPa (35 PSIG) and 379.2 kPa (55 PSIG) at 10°C (50° F), and/or 717.1 kPa (104 PSIG) and 854.9 kPa (124 PSIG) at 35°C (95° F).
- the third component could have a partial pressure between 27.58 kPa (4 PSIG) and 165.5 kPa (24 PSIG) at 0°C (32° F), 110 3 kPa (16 PSIG) and 248.2 kPa (36 PSIG) at 10°C (50° F), and/or 441.3 kPa (64 PSIG) and 579.2 kPa (84 PSIG) at 35°C (95° F).
- R32 is a highly effective refrigerant, it has a flammable rating and high operating pressure that increases electricity consumption. As a result, many R22
- the disclosed compositions use multiple flame-retarding or flame-inhibiting constituents with varying boiling points and operating pressures to offset both the flammability and high operating pressure of R32.
- the sequence spaced boiling points of the multiple constituents effectively offset the flammability and high operating pressure of R32 to provide a non-flammable, low pressure, energy efficient and highly effective heat transfer composition.
- the disclosed composition is unexpected because, although many R22 replacement compositions contain R134a, they do not do so in quantities greater than 50%.
- R134a is a good refrigerant, but many blends only use R134a in moderate amounts (often ⁇ 50%) because R134a has a moderate GWP potential (1430) and is not miscible with mineral oil.
- R236fa and R227ea are very flammable (see Table 1, Table 2b, and Table 3).
- Table 1, Table 2b, and Table 3 the inventors have discovered a unique combination of R22 replacement components that, when blended together, not only optimize flammability, GWP, and ODP, but also provide unexpected improvements in performance and efficiency compared to known refrigerant blends made of similar components.
- the inventive subject matter includes novel combinations of R22 replacement components that perform better than expected given conventional understanding of R22 replacements. Two important metrics for increasing the effectiveness of an R22
- Table 4 shows a 24 hour performance comparison between R22 and
- Composition 5 under similar conditions. The test occurred on different days with nearly identical temperatures so that the same testing equipment could be used.
- compositions 3 and 5 were completed at PG&E' s San Ramon Technology Center. Table 6 below shows the results.
- R425A has a similar latent heat of vaporization (238 kJ/kg), and pressure (1259 kPa), and achieves a flammability rating of Al .
- R425a comprises 69.5% R134a, 18.5% R32 and 12% R227ea.
- Composition 5 outperforms R425A by 50% when comparing its cooling capacity (over an industry expectation target) and was also superior when comparing cooling speed / cycle time.
- R425A was shown to use the same amount of electricity (amps) as Composition 5 although Composition 5 produced more capacity and reaches optimal cooling much more rapidly and therefore ran less often due to reduced cycle time to produce substantial energy savings.
- the overall cooling performance comparison was based on the variance to the targeted Temperature Split (Room Return Air Dry Bulb minus Supply Air Dry Bulb Temperature adjusted for the impact of varying indoor conditions (Return Air Wet Bulb)).
- the variance to target for Composition 5 was 24.2%.
- the variance to target for R425A was 12.1%.
- Composition 5 significantly surpassed the R425A with a 50% improvement in performance compared to R425A.
- novel compositions have staggered constituents that both increase cooling over the full length of the condenser coils and reduce cycle time by increasing cooling speed.
- compositions disclosed above began to absorb heat in less time upon system startup and reached optimal performance faster as compared to R22. This attribute known as 'ramp time' resulted in a reduction in the equipment ⁇ -time or run-time' as compared to the R22 based equipment which reduces energy consumption.
- FIGS. 2A and 2B are a representation of 'ramp time' observation for the inventive subject manner as it is cycles from off to in system operation.
- the slope of the ramp time curve represents the disclosed composition's ability to absorb heat faster and obtain optimum operating performance quicker as a result of the sequence spaced boiling point capabilities. This decreased time to obtain optimum operating performance results in a shorter cycle time and reduced of kilowatt hours of 15-30%.
- the comparison in Figures 2A and 2B was performed on a Carrier 120,000 Btu/hr Packaged Rooftop Heat Pump Unit with two compressors.
- compositions have demonstrated in testing the characteristic and capability of reducing the temperature of the air flow being provided to the space being serviced (Supply Air) as the evaporator performs at a higher degree of cooling. Testing has demonstrated that the temperature range of the evaporating function is typically equivalent to heat transfer systems using R22 Replacement heat transfer fluids.
- the test data in Figures 2A and 2B, in addition to the results in Table 4 for Composition 5 further illustrate this finding.
- Figure 3 is a graph of a one hour period (9:00 AM - 9:59 AM on both testing days) comparing the amp usage of R22 and Composition 5. As can be seen in Figure 3,
- Composition 5 uses less amps overall. Additionally, the amp usage of Composition 5 is more stable than R22. The amp usage of R22 has a greater variance when compared with
- composition 6 and composition 7 have a high level of heat absorption at a significantly lower liquid and vapor pressure compared to the R22 replacement compositions. This combination of high heat absorption and lower pressure reduces the energy requirements of the HVAC equipment, creating a reduction in energy consumption.
- the test data also shows the comparison between a composition with and without the addition of R236. The addition of R236 in even a small weight percentage to volume of product shows a substantial increase in latent heat of vaporization, while achieving measurable lower pressure.
- compositions disclosed herein Another key feature of the compositions disclosed herein is their ability to carry mineral oil.
- some of the heat transfer components in the composition are selected specifically selected for their Oil carrying' characteristics. It is known that there are conflicts between some compressor oils (e.g., mineral, POE, PAG) and today' s refrigerants that requires the replacement of the compressor oils or by adding a highly flammable hydrocarbon to the refrigerant.
- compressor oils e.g., mineral, POE, PAG
- the attributes of the compositions disclosed herein specifically address this compressor oil issue by utilizing the specific oil carrying
- the inventive subject matter includes a heat transfer composition that adequately carries mineral oil in R22 based equipment to obtain lubrication without using a hydrocarbon component in the heat transfer composition.
- the disclosed compositions include R227ea and R236 in sufficient amounts to adequately carry mineral oil to achieve lubrication in the R22 based equipment while still maintaining a flammability classification of Al .
- the composition includes up to 15- 25% by wt of R32; 10-20% by wt of R227ea, and 0.5-3.5% by wt. of R236.
- the composition may additionally include 50-70% by wt of R134a, and 1-5% by wt of R125.
- R236 has one of the strongest dipole moment of all HFC based refrigerants, (i.e., bond polarity is measured by its dipole moment).
- the strong dipole moment gives R236 the ability to induce hydrogen bonding with proton acceptor compounds.
- the inventive subject matter includes compositions that have five or more heat transfer components with sequenced boiling temperatures, wherein the fifth (or last) component has a high polarity, wherein the polarity of the molecule is the sum of all of the bond polarities in the molecule.
- the polarity of the fifth (or last) constituent is preferably near, or even higher than, the polarity of R236 - 6.7 ⁇ 0.5 10-24 cm 3 .
- the fifth (or last) component could not only have the highest boiling temperature of all the heat transfer components in the composition, but could also have the highest polarity of all the heat transfer components in the composition.
- compositions disclosed herein may be further enhanced by the incorporation of a lubricant, which can be added in pre/post production processes to further enhance the capacity, energy savings and temperature reductions typically experienced when using the disclosed compositions.
- Contemplated lubricants include mineral oil, alkylbenzene oil, and synthetic oil, or any combination thereof.
- Popular synthetics include polyalkylene glycol (PAG), esters (diester and polyolester) and polyalphaolefin (PAO).
- Applicant has discovered a new approach for designing an HCFC-free heat transfer composition for a heat transfer system.
- the contemplated compositions meet the criteria for REPLACEMENT SHEET an effective HCFC refrigerant replacement.
- the contemplated compositions not only have improved ozone depletion potential (ODP) and high global warming potential (GWP) values, but also have a flammability rating of Al or better as defined by
- inventive compositions described herein provide an HCFC-free R22 replacement that performs equal to or better than R22.
- compositions 8-15 are a non-exhaustive list of compositions that demonstrate the inventive principles described herein. As can be seen from Table 7, compositions 8-15 all have four or more constituents.
- compositions 8-15 have a 14% or greater variance-to-liquid pressure at a temperature of 37.8 °C (100°F) wherein the variance-to-liquid pressure is the ratio of the difference between liquid pressure and vapor pressure of the composition at 37.8 °C (100°F) over the liquid pressure of the composition at 37.8 °C (100°F).
- compositions 1-8 all have a flammability classification of Al .
- the conventional heat transfer compositions shown in table 8 have less than 14% variance-to-liquid pressure at a temperature of 37.8 °C (100°F), with the exception of R453A.
- R453A contains a large amount of R125, which is used to reduce flammability of the blended composition.
- R453A comprises R32/R125/R134a R227ea/600/601a as follows: 20%/20%/53.8%/5%/0.6%/0.6%).
- inventive compositions described herein provide al4% variance-to-liquid pressure at a temperature of 37.8 °C (100°F) and a flammability classification of Al while keeping R125 under 10%.
- compositions 8-15 are representative of a new approach for designing R22 replacements.
- the design approach optimizes the heat transfer properties (e.g., latent heat of vaporization, energy consumed per run time) of each individual constituent in the blended composition by selecting constituents with staggered boiling temperatures.
- the advantage of selecting constituents with staggered boiling temperatures is described in detail in co-owned patent application serial nos. 15/130713, 14/536422, and PCT/US 15/34564, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
- compositions that maintain a 14% or greater variance-to-liquid pressure across a temperature range of 32.2°C (90°F) to 37.8°C REPLACEMENT SHEET
- compositions 8-15 all maintain a 14% or greater variance-to-liquid pressure across a temperature range of 32.2°C (90°F) to 37.8°C (100°F).
- the numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, properties such as concentration, reaction conditions, and so forth, used to describe and claim certain embodiments of the invention are to be understood as being modified in some instances by the term "about " Accordingly, in some embodiments, the numerical parameters set forth in the written description and attached claims are approximations that can vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by a particular embodiment. In some embodiments, the numerical parameters should be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of some embodiments of the invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as practicable. The numerical values presented in some
- embodiments of the invention may contain certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements.
- Coupled to is intended to include both direct coupling (in which two elements that are coupled to each other contact each other) and indirect coupling (in which at least one additional element is located between the two elements). Therefore, the terms “coupled to” and “coupled with” are used synonymously.
Abstract
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MX2017014940A MX2017014940A (en) | 2015-05-22 | 2016-05-20 | Heat transfer fluids, systems, efficiencies, and methods. |
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US201562165711P | 2015-05-22 | 2015-05-22 | |
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2016
- 2016-05-20 CA CA2986923A patent/CA2986923C/en active Active
- 2016-05-20 MX MX2017014940A patent/MX2017014940A/en unknown
- 2016-05-20 WO PCT/US2016/033631 patent/WO2016191308A1/en active Application Filing
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US20150353801A1 (en) * | 2014-06-06 | 2015-12-10 | Bluon Energy, LLC | Heat Transfer Fluids, Systems, Efficiencies and Methods |
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CA2986923C (en) | 2023-05-16 |
CA2986923A1 (en) | 2016-12-01 |
MX2017014940A (en) | 2018-07-06 |
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