WO2016183602A1 - Centrally symmetric liquid crystal polarization diffractive waveplate and its fabrication - Google Patents

Centrally symmetric liquid crystal polarization diffractive waveplate and its fabrication Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016183602A1
WO2016183602A1 PCT/AM2015/000001 AM2015000001W WO2016183602A1 WO 2016183602 A1 WO2016183602 A1 WO 2016183602A1 AM 2015000001 W AM2015000001 W AM 2015000001W WO 2016183602 A1 WO2016183602 A1 WO 2016183602A1
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Prior art keywords
liquid crystal
along
centrally symmetric
ordering
molecules
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PCT/AM2015/000001
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French (fr)
Inventor
Hakob MARGARYAN
Nune HAKOBYAN
David HOVHANNISYAN
Valeri ABRAHAMYAN
Vladimir Aroutiounian
Nelson Tabirian
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Margaryan Hakob
Hakobyan Nune
Hovhannisyan David
Abrahamyan Valeri
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Application filed by Margaryan Hakob, Hakobyan Nune, Hovhannisyan David, Abrahamyan Valeri filed Critical Margaryan Hakob
Publication of WO2016183602A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016183602A1/en

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/18—Diffraction gratings
    • G02B5/1847—Manufacturing methods
    • G02B5/1857—Manufacturing methods using exposure or etching means, e.g. holography, photolithography, exposure to electron or ion beams
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/28—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 for polarising
    • G02B27/286—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 for polarising for controlling or changing the state of polarisation, e.g. transforming one polarisation state into another
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/30—Polarising elements
    • G02B5/3016—Polarising elements involving passive liquid crystal elements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/32—Holograms used as optical elements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/29—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the position or the direction of light beams, i.e. deflection
    • G02F1/292—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the position or the direction of light beams, i.e. deflection by controlled diffraction or phased-array beam steering

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the field of optics, specifically to creation of centrally symmetric polarization diffraction waveplate, based on liquid crystal polymers, and to development of its fabrication method and it can be used in the field of optical instrument making.
  • Liquid crystal polarization diffractive waveplates are switchable diffractive elements, by means of which the light can be modulated with nearly 100% efficiency. They belong to general category of electrically tunable diffraction gratings and impact a broad spectrum of application in photonics, displays, optical communications, multiplexers, ellipsometry, bio-imaging, tomography [1-4].
  • the uniqueness of polarization gratings is polarization selectivity of the diffraction efficiency [5, 6-10].
  • Diffractive gratings and the method of its recording was first considered in 1970's [14]. Illumination of photo-anisotropic medium by left- and right-circularly polarized beams with constant intensity leads to periodically spatial distribution of medium molecules.
  • the obtained grating is characterized only by change of the induced optical axis orientation [15].
  • ⁇ The liquid crystal materials and azobenzene polimers are used for recording of polarization diffractive gratings. High optical anisotropy, flexibility and memory effect of these materials make it possible to record the high efficiency gratings [16-21].
  • the thin gratings with 100% diffraction efficiency may be obtained using Methyl Red azobenzene as a polymer layer [22, 23].
  • Various photopolymerized materials, allowing orienting the LC molecules with high spatial resolution are developed [24].
  • the recording is realized by illumination of substrate coated with photo-orienting material by linearly polarized light beam.
  • a rectangular optical gap the length of which coincides with substrate diameter, is used in recording optical scheme.
  • the optical gap position is fixed, whereas the substrate rotates.
  • PDW is recorded, where along any circle one period LC polarization diffraction grating (LC PDG) is obtained.
  • LC PDG LC polarization diffraction grating
  • the principal objective/embodiment of the present invention is the fabrication of the centrally symmetric liquid crystal polarization diffractive waveplate, which spatially separates the incident light to left and right circularly polarized two components.
  • the essence of the invention is that unlike the prototype, in the centrally symmetric liquid crystal polarization diffractive waveplate the ordering of LC molecules directors along each radius corresponds to axial LC PDG. As a result in two PDGs recorded along one diameter, the ordering of LC directors regarding the center is symmetric.
  • the fabrication method of LC CDW is based on illumination of substrate coated by photo-orienting material. Unlike the prototype, where for recording a linearly polarized beam and rectangular optical gap, the length of which coincides with diameter of substrate are used, in the proposed method the recording is realized by overlapping of two - left and right circularly polarized beams and the used optical gap has a shape of angular sector, the peak of which coincides with the center of circular substrate.
  • Fig.l shows ordering of centrally symmetric LC CDW molecules on the circle substrate and along one diameter, where ⁇ is a period of the grating.
  • Fig.2 shows optical scheme of LC CDW recording.
  • the left and right circularly polarized beams of He:Cd laser at 325 nm wavelength at 3.69° angle overlap on the mask with a gap of angular sector shape.
  • the substrate rotates with constant angular speed 1 °/min.
  • Fig.3 shows scheme, explaining the operation principle of centrally symmetric LC CDW.
  • the linearly polarized beam (1) perpendicularly falls onto the optical element (2).
  • the directions of LC molecules directors along one diameter are shown here as well.
  • the diffraction image obtained at the output of centrally symmetric LC CDW looks like inscribed circles corresponding to diverging left (3) and converging right (4) circularly polarized diffracted beams.
  • Fig.4 shows experimentally recorded images at the output of centrally symmetric LC CDW.
  • Fig.4a shows image obtained at the output of LC CDW in case of illumination by linearly polarized light. The light circle appeared in the centre is conditioned by the presence of 0-diffraction order at the output of the optical element.
  • Fig.4b shows image obtained at the output of grating in case of illumination by right circularly polarized light.
  • Fig.4c shows image obtained at the output of grating in the case of illumination by left circularly polarized light.
  • the proposed centrally symmetric liquid crystal polarization diffraction waveplate is a geometrical phase optical element [34]. It can be used as a diffractive axicon, having polarization selectivity due to polarization patterned structure:
  • diffracted Bessel beam in the near field and ring shaped image in the far field are obtained at the output.
  • a ring shaped image along the axis from a point light source is obtained at the output.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Nonlinear Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Liquid Crystal (AREA)

Abstract

Invention relates to development of centrally symmetric liquid crystal polarization diffraction waveplate (LC CDW) and its fabrication method. In the created optical element the ordering of LC molecules directors along each radius corresponds to axial LC polarization diffraction grating (PDG), and in two PDGs recorded along one diameter, the ordering of LC directors is symmetric regarding the center. Recording is based on illumination of substrate coated by photo-orienting material and is realized by overlapping of two - left and right circularly polarized beams through optical gap with angular sector shape, the peak of which coincides with the center of circular substrate. When illuminating by linearly polarized beam at the output of centrally symmetric LC CDW only in +/-1 diffraction orders the centrally symmetric diffracted beams in the shape of inscribed circle, corresponding to left and right circularly polarized components, are observed.

Description

Centrally symmetric liquid crystal polarization diffractive waveplate and its fabrication
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of optics, specifically to creation of centrally symmetric polarization diffraction waveplate, based on liquid crystal polymers, and to development of its fabrication method and it can be used in the field of optical instrument making.
Background Art
Liquid crystal polarization diffractive waveplates (LC PDWs) are switchable diffractive elements, by means of which the light can be modulated with nearly 100% efficiency. They belong to general category of electrically tunable diffraction gratings and impact a broad spectrum of application in photonics, displays, optical communications, multiplexers, ellipsometry, bio-imaging, tomography [1-4]. The uniqueness of polarization gratings is polarization selectivity of the diffraction efficiency [5, 6-10].
Recently LC PDWs become the subject of intensive researches in connection with their usage in polarimetry and spectropolarimetry [1 1, 12]. This interest is conditioned by uniqueness of these gratings - they instantly spatially separate the incident light into the right and left circularly polarized components. This feature is conditioned by periodic distribution of LC director along one axis [13].
However in the field of optics the centrally symmetric elements are the most interesting (lenses, Fresnel lenses, axicons etc.). Diffraction gratings, including PDWs, are not centrally symmetric, limiting the usage of these elements in centrally symmetric optical systems.
Diffractive gratings and the method of its recording was first considered in 1970's [14]. Illumination of photo-anisotropic medium by left- and right-circularly polarized beams with constant intensity leads to periodically spatial distribution of medium molecules.
The obtained grating is characterized only by change of the induced optical axis orientation [15]. < The liquid crystal materials and azobenzene polimers are used for recording of polarization diffractive gratings. High optical anisotropy, flexibility and memory effect of these materials make it possible to record the high efficiency gratings [16-21]. The thin gratings with 100% diffraction efficiency may be obtained using Methyl Red azobenzene as a polymer layer [22, 23]. Various photopolymerized materials, allowing orienting the LC molecules with high spatial resolution are developed [24].
Due to synthesis of new photo-polymerized polymers [25] the recording of new generation optical elements [26-29] like liquid crystal polarization diffractive gratings became possible.
One of the closest prior arts for the optical element of the current invention is the ' polarization diffraction waveplate (PDW) recorded on the circular substrate, where LC molecules director orientation is constantly rotates along the circle within one period [30-33].
The recording is realized by illumination of substrate coated with photo-orienting material by linearly polarized light beam. At that a rectangular optical gap, the length of which coincides with substrate diameter, is used in recording optical scheme. During recording the optical gap position is fixed, whereas the substrate rotates. As a result along each diameter of the circle induced optical axes of LC have the same spatial orientation, which changes at the diameter rotation. By the given method PDW is recorded, where along any circle one period LC polarization diffraction grating (LC PDG) is obtained. Such element does not allow to spatially separating the incident light of random polarization to left and right circularly polarized components.
However, in some cases, particularly in polarimetry, it is necessary to have a centrally symmetric optical element, allowing spatially separating of incident light of random polarization to left and right circularly polarized two components.
Summary of Invention
The principal objective/embodiment of the present invention is the fabrication of the centrally symmetric liquid crystal polarization diffractive waveplate, which spatially separates the incident light to left and right circularly polarized two components.
The essence of the invention is that unlike the prototype, in the centrally symmetric liquid crystal polarization diffractive waveplate the ordering of LC molecules directors along each radius corresponds to axial LC PDG. As a result in two PDGs recorded along one diameter, the ordering of LC directors regarding the center is symmetric. The fabrication method of LC CDW is based on illumination of substrate coated by photo-orienting material. Unlike the prototype, where for recording a linearly polarized beam and rectangular optical gap, the length of which coincides with diameter of substrate are used, in the proposed method the recording is realized by overlapping of two - left and right circularly polarized beams and the used optical gap has a shape of angular sector, the peak of which coincides with the center of circular substrate. At that the symmetry axis of sector is perpendicular to interference lines, appeared as a result of two recording beams overlapping. Then the substrate is coated by liquid crystal polymer layer, the rdering of molecules of which repeats the ordering of photo-orienting material molecules. When illuminating by linearly polarized beam at the output of centrally symmetric liquid crystal CDW only in +/-1 diffraction orders the centrally symmetric diffracted beams in the shape of inscribed circle, corresponding to left and right circularly polarized components, are observed. At that the right circularly polarized circular beam coincides, and the left circularly polarized circular beam diverges. Therefore, the diffraction image at the output is overlapping of coinciding and diverging diffracted circular beams.
Brief Description of Drawings
Fig.l shows ordering of centrally symmetric LC CDW molecules on the circle substrate and along one diameter, where Λ is a period of the grating.
Fig.2 shows optical scheme of LC CDW recording. The left and right circularly polarized beams of He:Cd laser at 325 nm wavelength at 3.69° angle overlap on the mask with a gap of angular sector shape. As a result of overlapping of beams passed through the gap, the interference image with spatial period 2Λ=5.04 μηι is recorded on the rotating substrate. The substrate rotates with constant angular speed 1 °/min.
Fig.3 shows scheme, explaining the operation principle of centrally symmetric LC CDW. The linearly polarized beam (1) perpendicularly falls onto the optical element (2). The directions of LC molecules directors along one diameter are shown here as well. The diffraction image obtained at the output of centrally symmetric LC CDW looks like inscribed circles corresponding to diverging left (3) and converging right (4) circularly polarized diffracted beams.
Fig.4 shows experimentally recorded images at the output of centrally symmetric LC CDW. Fig.4a shows image obtained at the output of LC CDW in case of illumination by linearly polarized light. The light circle appeared in the centre is conditioned by the presence of 0-diffraction order at the output of the optical element. Fig.4b shows image obtained at the output of grating in case of illumination by right circularly polarized light. Fig.4c shows image obtained at the output of grating in the case of illumination by left circularly polarized light. Mode for Carrying out the Invention
The proposed centrally symmetric liquid crystal polarization diffraction waveplate is a geometrical phase optical element [34]. It can be used as a diffractive axicon, having polarization selectivity due to polarization patterned structure:
- functioning in the mode of plano-convex axicon: diffracted Bessel beam in the near field and ring shaped image in the far field are obtained at the output.
- functioning in the mode of plano-concave axicon: a ring shaped image along the axis from a point light source is obtained at the output.
References
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13. Nelson V. Tabiryan, Sarik R. Nersisyan, Timothy J. White, Timothy J. Bunning, Diane M.
Steeves, and Brian R. Kimball. Transparent thin film polarizing and optical control systems. AIPAdvances 1,022153 (2011).
14. Sh. D. Kakichashvili, "Method for phase polarization recording of holograms," Sov. J.
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N. Kawatsuki, E. Uchida, and H. Ono. Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 4544 (2003).
T. Todorov, et al., "High-sensitivity material with reversible photoinduced anisotropy," Opt. Commun. 47, 123, 1983.
G. Cipparrone, et al., "Permanent polarization gratings in photosensitive langmuir-blodget films," Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 2106, 2000.
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S.R. Nersisyan, et al., "Optical Axis Gratings in Liquid Crystals and their use for Polarization insensitive optical switching," J. Nonlinear Opt. Phys. & Mat., 18, 1, (2009). S.R. Nersisyan, et al., "Characterization of optically imprinted polarization gratings," Appl. Optics 48, 4062, (2009).
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Claims

Claims
Polarization diffraction waveplate (PDW) recorded on the circular substrate coated by liquid crystal polymer, where liquid crystal (LC) molecules director orientation constantly rotates along the circle within one period, and along each diameter the orientation of LC molecules director is the same, and recording is realized by illumination of photo-orienting material applied on the rotating substrate with one linearly polarized beam through the fixed rectangular optical gap, as a result of which LC polarization diffraction grating (PDG) with one period is recorded along a random diameter, differs by that the ordering of LC molecules directors along each radius corresponds to axial LC PDG and two PDGs recorded along one diameter, the ordering of LC directors regarding the center is symmetric, the recording of which is realized by overlapping of two - left and right circularly polarized beams; the used optical gap has a shape of angular sector, the peak of which coincides with the center of circular substrate, and the symmetry axis of sector is perpendicular to interference lines.
PCT/AM2015/000001 2015-05-20 2015-06-02 Centrally symmetric liquid crystal polarization diffractive waveplate and its fabrication WO2016183602A1 (en)

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2023085257A1 (en) * 2021-11-11 2023-05-19 富士フイルム株式会社 Exposure method and exposure device, and method for forming optical anisotropic layer
WO2023085308A1 (en) * 2021-11-11 2023-05-19 富士フイルム株式会社 Exposure method, exposure device, and production method for optical anisotropic layer

Citations (4)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2004003596A2 (en) * 2002-06-28 2004-01-08 Technion Research And Development Foundation Ltd. Geometrical phase optical elements with space-variant subwavelength gratings
EP1970734A1 (en) * 2007-03-12 2008-09-17 JDS Uniphase Corporation Space-variant liquid-crystal waveplate
US20140092373A1 (en) * 2010-04-21 2014-04-03 U.S. Government As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Fabrication of high efficiency, high quality, large area diffractive waveplates and arrays
WO2014062615A2 (en) * 2012-10-15 2014-04-24 North Carolina State University Direct write lithography for the fabrication of geometric phase holograms

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2004003596A2 (en) * 2002-06-28 2004-01-08 Technion Research And Development Foundation Ltd. Geometrical phase optical elements with space-variant subwavelength gratings
EP1970734A1 (en) * 2007-03-12 2008-09-17 JDS Uniphase Corporation Space-variant liquid-crystal waveplate
US20140092373A1 (en) * 2010-04-21 2014-04-03 U.S. Government As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Fabrication of high efficiency, high quality, large area diffractive waveplates and arrays
WO2014062615A2 (en) * 2012-10-15 2014-04-24 North Carolina State University Direct write lithography for the fabrication of geometric phase holograms

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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Title
ATTIA M ET AL: "Anisotropic gratings recorded from two circularly polarized coherent waves", OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS, NORTH-HOLLAND PUBLISHING CO. AMSTERDAM, NL, vol. 47, no. 2, 15 August 1983 (1983-08-15), pages 85 - 90, XP024466866, ISSN: 0030-4018, [retrieved on 19830815], DOI: 10.1016/0030-4018(83)90092-5 *

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2023085257A1 (en) * 2021-11-11 2023-05-19 富士フイルム株式会社 Exposure method and exposure device, and method for forming optical anisotropic layer
WO2023085308A1 (en) * 2021-11-11 2023-05-19 富士フイルム株式会社 Exposure method, exposure device, and production method for optical anisotropic layer

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