WO2016176021A1 - Process for making a fabricated article from polyolefin - Google Patents
Process for making a fabricated article from polyolefin Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2016176021A1 WO2016176021A1 PCT/US2016/026453 US2016026453W WO2016176021A1 WO 2016176021 A1 WO2016176021 A1 WO 2016176021A1 US 2016026453 W US2016026453 W US 2016026453W WO 2016176021 A1 WO2016176021 A1 WO 2016176021A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- fabricated article
- mass
- article
- fibers
- boron
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title description 14
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 82
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 82
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000010000 carbonizing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 108
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 42
- 239000004327 boric acid Substances 0.000 claims description 41
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 40
- 229920005672 polyolefin resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 28
- UORVGPXVDQYIDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N borane Chemical compound B UORVGPXVDQYIDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910000085 borane Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Borate Chemical compound [O-]B([O-])[O-] BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- TVJORGWKNPGCDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N aminoboron Chemical compound N[B] TVJORGWKNPGCDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- BGECDVWSWDRFSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N borazine Chemical compound B1NBNBN1 BGECDVWSWDRFSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- UYANAUSDHIFLFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N borinic acid Chemical compound OB UYANAUSDHIFLFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- ZADPBFCGQRWHPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N boronic acid Chemical compound OBO ZADPBFCGQRWHPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- BRTALTYTFFNPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N boroxin Chemical compound B1OBOBO1 BRTALTYTFFNPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000748 compression moulding Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000009987 spinning Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 description 50
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 50
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 42
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 39
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 38
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 34
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 28
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 28
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 28
- NKSJNEHGWDZZQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl(trimethoxy)silane Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)C=C NKSJNEHGWDZZQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 25
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 23
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 22
- 238000002411 thermogravimetry Methods 0.000 description 22
- -1 isopropanol Chemical compound 0.000 description 21
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 19
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 18
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 17
- 238000000944 Soxhlet extraction Methods 0.000 description 17
- BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silane Chemical compound [SiH4] BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 238000010306 acid treatment Methods 0.000 description 13
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 12
- 238000001644 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 11
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 9
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000013043 chemical agent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 8
- BIKXLKXABVUSMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N trizinc;diborate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[Zn+2].[Zn+2].[O-]B([O-])[O-].[O-]B([O-])[O-] BIKXLKXABVUSMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- JKWMSGQKBLHBQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N diboron trioxide Chemical compound O=BOB=O JKWMSGQKBLHBQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- LGQXXHMEBUOXRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributyl borate Chemical compound CCCCOB(OCCCC)OCCCC LGQXXHMEBUOXRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910011255 B2O3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010923 batch production Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 4
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 4
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010382 chemical cross-linking Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000013008 moisture curing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000269 nucleophilic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 description 3
- VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Butene Chemical compound CCC=C VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LIKMAJRDDDTEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-hexene Chemical compound CCCCC=C LIKMAJRDDDTEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-octene Chemical compound CCCCCCC=C KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OZAIFHULBGXAKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-cyanopropan-2-yldiazenyl)-2-methylpropanenitrile Chemical compound N#CC(C)(C)N=NC(C)(C)C#N OZAIFHULBGXAKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Aminoethan-1-ol Chemical compound NCCO HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VVJKKWFAADXIJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Allylamine Chemical compound NCC=C VVJKKWFAADXIJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007848 Bronsted acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002841 Lewis acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000005062 Polybutadiene Substances 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003377 acid catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001642 boronic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- VOZRXNHHFUQHIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycidyl methacrylate Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OCC1CO1 VOZRXNHHFUQHIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VKYKSIONXSXAKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethylenetetramine Chemical compound C1N(C2)CN3CN1CN2C3 VKYKSIONXSXAKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NAQMVNRVTILPCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexane-1,6-diamine Chemical compound NCCCCCCN NAQMVNRVTILPCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VGTPKLINSHNZRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxoborinic acid Chemical compound OB=O VGTPKLINSHNZRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002857 polybutadiene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007723 transport mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003738 xylenes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- XMNIXWIUMCBBBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-phenylpropan-2-ylperoxy)propan-2-ylbenzene Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(C)(C)OOC(C)(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 XMNIXWIUMCBBBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JKNCOURZONDCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CN(C)CCOC(=O)C(C)=C JKNCOURZONDCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HQNSWBRZIOYGAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloro-n,n-dimethylpyridin-4-amine Chemical compound CN(C)C1=CC=NC(Cl)=C1 HQNSWBRZIOYGAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XDLMVUHYZWKMMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-trimethoxysilylpropyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)CCCOC(=O)C(C)=C XDLMVUHYZWKMMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LBSXSAXOLABXMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Vinylaniline Chemical compound NC1=CC=C(C=C)C=C1 LBSXSAXOLABXMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OCKGFTQIICXDQW-ZEQRLZLVSA-N 5-[(1r)-1-hydroxy-2-[4-[(2r)-2-hydroxy-2-(4-methyl-1-oxo-3h-2-benzofuran-5-yl)ethyl]piperazin-1-yl]ethyl]-4-methyl-3h-2-benzofuran-1-one Chemical compound C1=C2C(=O)OCC2=C(C)C([C@@H](O)CN2CCN(CC2)C[C@H](O)C2=CC=C3C(=O)OCC3=C2C)=C1 OCKGFTQIICXDQW-ZEQRLZLVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OMPJBNCRMGITSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzoylperoxide Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=O)OOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 OMPJBNCRMGITSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N D-Glucitol Natural products OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N D-glucitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 1
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylenediamine Chemical compound NCCN PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012300 argon atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- RWCCWEUUXYIKHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzophenone Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 RWCCWEUUXYIKHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012965 benzophenone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019400 benzoyl peroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052810 boron oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000005587 bubbling Effects 0.000 description 1
- CDQSJQSWAWPGKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N butane-1,1-diol Chemical compound CCCC(O)O CDQSJQSWAWPGKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003431 cross linking reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006356 dehydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004985 diamines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002009 diols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004662 dithiols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004312 hexamethylene tetramine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010299 hexamethylene tetramine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- ALPIESLRVWNLAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexane-1,1-dithiol Chemical compound CCCCCC(S)S ALPIESLRVWNLAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920002521 macromolecule Polymers 0.000 description 1
- FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N maleic anhydride Chemical compound O=C1OC(=O)C=C1 FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010128 melt processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000005395 methacrylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229960004011 methenamine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- PZRHRDRVRGEVNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N milrinone Chemical compound N1C(=O)C(C#N)=CC(C=2C=CN=CC=2)=C1C PZRHRDRVRGEVNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960003574 milrinone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Octanol Natural products CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012038 nucleophile Substances 0.000 description 1
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920013639 polyalphaolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007363 ring formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012047 saturated solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010129 solution processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000600 sorbitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007655 standard test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000005369 trialkoxysilyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
- D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
- D01F6/00—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof
- D01F6/02—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from homopolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D01F6/04—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from homopolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds from polyolefins
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
- D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
- D01F11/00—Chemical after-treatment of artificial filaments or the like during manufacture
- D01F11/10—Chemical after-treatment of artificial filaments or the like during manufacture of carbon
- D01F11/12—Chemical after-treatment of artificial filaments or the like during manufacture of carbon with inorganic substances ; Intercalation
- D01F11/124—Boron, borides, boron nitrides
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
- D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
- D01F9/00—Artificial filaments or the like of other substances; Manufacture thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture of carbon filaments
- D01F9/08—Artificial filaments or the like of other substances; Manufacture thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture of carbon filaments of inorganic material
- D01F9/12—Carbon filaments; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture thereof
- D01F9/14—Carbon filaments; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture thereof by decomposition of organic filaments
- D01F9/20—Carbon filaments; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture thereof by decomposition of organic filaments from polyaddition, polycondensation or polymerisation products
- D01F9/21—Carbon filaments; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture thereof by decomposition of organic filaments from polyaddition, polycondensation or polymerisation products from macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M11/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising
- D06M11/80—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with boron or compounds thereof, e.g. borides
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M11/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising
- D06M11/80—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with boron or compounds thereof, e.g. borides
- D06M11/82—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with boron or compounds thereof, e.g. borides with boron oxides; with boric, meta- or perboric acids or their salts, e.g. with borax
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M13/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
- D06M13/50—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with organometallic compounds; with organic compounds containing boron, silicon, selenium or tellurium atoms
- D06M13/51—Compounds with at least one carbon-metal or carbon-boron, carbon-silicon, carbon-selenium, or carbon-tellurium bond
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F10/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
- D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
- D01F6/00—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof
- D01F6/28—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D01F6/30—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds comprising olefins as the major constituent
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
- D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
- D01F6/00—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof
- D01F6/44—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from mixtures of polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds as major constituent with other polymers or low-molecular-weight compounds
- D01F6/46—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from mixtures of polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds as major constituent with other polymers or low-molecular-weight compounds of polyolefins
Definitions
- carbonaceous articles such as carbon fibers
- PAN polyacrylonitrile
- cellulose precursors a fabricated article, such as a fiber or a film
- Precursors may be formed into fabricated articles using standard techniques for forming or molding polymers.
- the fabricated article is subsequently stabilized to allow the fabricated article to substantially retain shape during the subsequent heat-processing steps; without being limited by theory, such stabilization typically involves a combination of oxidation and heat and generally results in dehydrogenation, ring formation, oxidation and crosslinking of the precursor which defines the fabricated article.
- the stabilized fabricated article is then converted into a carbonaceous article by heating the stabilized fabricated article in an inert atmosphere. While the general steps for producing a carbonaceous article are the same for the variety of precursors, the details of those steps vary widely depending on the chemical makeup of the selected precursor.
- the present disclosure describes a method for preparing a carbonaceous article comprising: providing a crosslinked polyolefin fabricated article; stabilizing the crosslinked polyolefin fabricated article by air oxidation to provide a stabilized fabricated article; treating with a boron-containing liquid (BCL) during or intermediate to at least one of the preceding steps; and carbonizing the stabilized fabricated article.
- BCL boron-containing liquid
- the present disclosure describes a method for preparing a stabilized article.
- numeric ranges for instance "from 2 to 10,” are inclusive of the numbers defining the range (e.g., 2 and 10).
- the crosslinkable functional group content for a polyolefin resin is characterized by the mol% crosslinkable functional groups, which is calculated as the number of mols of crosslinkable functional groups divided by the total number of mols of monomer units contained in the polyolefin.
- the present disclosure describes a process for producing a carbonaceous fabricated article from a polyolefin resin.
- the carbonaceous fabricated article is prepared by the following method: (a) providing an olefin resin; (b) forming a fabricated article from the olefin resin; (c) crosslinking the fabricated article to provide a crosslinked fabricated article;
- Suitable BCLs include liquids which include a boron-containing species.
- suitable boron-containing species include borane, borate, borinic acid, boronic acid, boric acid, borinic ester, boronic ester, boroxine, aminoborane, borazine, borohydrides and derivatives and combinations thereof.
- Elemental boron is also a suitable boron-containing species.
- derivatives of boric acid include metaboric acid, and boron oxide.
- borate derivatives include inorganic borates such as zinc borate and organoborates such as tributyl borate. In one instance the BCL is prepared with only the boron-containing species.
- the BCL also includes another component with the boron-containing species, and is chosen such that the other component is miscible, forms a suspension with, or otherwise is carried with the boron-containing species and is compatible with the overall process.
- the other component is a polar or non- polar liquid.
- an alcohol such as isopropanol, is a suitable constituent of the BCL.
- at least a portion of the boron-containing species is carried as a suspension in the BCL.
- Polyolefins are a class of polymers produced from one or more olefin monomer.
- the polymers described herein may be formed from one or more types of monomers.
- Polyethylene is the preferred polyolefin resin, but other polyolefin resins may be substituted.
- the polyolefins described herein are typically provided in resin form, subdivided into pellets or granules of a convenient size for further melt or solution processing. In one instance, the polyolefin resins are treated with a BCL prior to being formed as a fabricated article.
- the polyolefin resins may be treated with the BCL by any mechanism known in the art, such as spraying, dipping, or imbibing.
- the BCL may be introduced in a suitable liquid form, for example neat, or as part of a solution, or as a suspension in a liquid.
- the BCL may be introduced as part of a continuous process or as part of a batch process.
- the polyolefin resins described herein are subjected to a crosslinking step. Any suitable method for crosslinking polyolefins is sufficient.
- the polyolefins are crosslinked by irradiation, such as by electron beam processing.
- Other crosslinking methods are suitable, for example, ultraviolet irradiation and gamma irradiation.
- an initiator such as benzophenone, may be used in conjunction with the irradiation to initiate crosslinking.
- the polyolefin resins have been modified to include crosslinkable functional groups which are suitable for reacting to crosslink the polyolefin resin.
- crosslinking may be initiated by known methods, including use of a chemical crosslinking agent, by heat, by steam, or other suitable method.
- copolymers are suitable to provide a polyolefin resin having crosslinkable functional groups where one or more alpha-olefins have been copolymerized with another monomer containing a group suitable for serving as a crosslinkable functional group, for example, dienes, carbon monoxide, glycidyl methacrylate, acrylic acid, vinyl acetate, maleic anhydride, or vinyl trimethoxy silane (VTMS) are among the monomers suitable for being copolymerized with the alpha- olefin.
- VTMS vinyl trimethoxy silane
- polyolefin resin having crosslinkable functional groups may also be produced from a poly(alpha-olefin) which has been modified by grafting a functional group moiety onto the base polyolefin, wherein the functional group is selected based on its ability to subsequently enable crosslinking of the given polyolefin.
- grafting of this type may be carried out by use of free radical initiators (such as peroxides) and vinyl monomers (such as VTMS, dienes, vinyl acetate, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, acrylic and methacrylic esters such as glycidyl methacrylate and methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane, allyl amine, p-aminostyrene, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) or via azido-functionalized molecules (such as 4-[2-(trimethoxysilyl)ethyl)]benzenesulfonyl azide).
- free radical initiators such as peroxides
- vinyl monomers such as VTMS, dienes, vinyl acetate, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, acrylic and methacrylic esters such as glycidyl methacrylate and methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane, allyl amine, p-aminostyrene, di
- Polyolefin resins having crosslinkable functional groups may be produced from a polyolefin resin, or may be purchased commercially.
- Examples of commercially available polyolefin resins having crosslinkable functional groups include SI-LINK sold by The Dow Chemical Company, PRIMACOR sold by The Dow Chemical Company, EVAL resins sold by Kuraray, and LOTADER AX8840 sold by Arkema.
- the polyolefin resin is processed to form a fabricated article.
- a fabricated article is an article which has been fabricated from the polyolefin resin.
- the fabricated article is formed using known polyolefin fabrication techniques, for example, melt or solution spinning to form fibers, film extrusion or film casting or a blown film process to form films, die extrusion or injection molding or compression molding to form more complex shapes, or solution casting.
- the fabrication technique is selected according to the desired geometry of the target carbonaceous article, and the desired physical properties of the same. For example, where the desired carbonaceous article is a carbon fiber, fiber spinning is a suitable fabrication technique. As another example, where the desired carbonaceous article is a carbon film, compression molding is a suitable fabrication technique.
- the fabricated article is treated with a BCL.
- the fabricated article is treated with the BCL prior to crosslinking the polyolefin resin.
- the fabricated article may be treated with the BCL by any mechanism known in the art, such as spraying, dipping, or imbibing.
- the BCL may be introduced in a suitable liquid form, for example neat, or as part of a solution, or as a suspension in a liquid.
- the BCL may be introduced as part of a continuous process or as part of a batch process.
- the polyolefin resin is crosslinked to yield a crosslinked fabricated article.
- crosslinking is carried out via chemical crosslinking.
- the crosslinked fabricated article is a fabricated article which has been treated with one or more chemical agents to crosslink the crosslinkable functional groups of the polyolefin resin.
- Such chemical agent functions to initiate the formation of intramolecular chemical bonds between the crosslinkable functional groups or reacts with the crosslinkable functional groups to form intramolecular chemical bonds, as is known in the art.
- Chemical crosslinking causes the crosslinkable functional groups to react to form new bonds, forming linkages between the various polymer chains which define the polyolefin resin having crosslinkable functional groups.
- the chemical agent which effectuates the crosslinking is selected based on the type of crosslinkable functional group(s) included in the polyolefin resin; a diverse array of reactions are known which crosslink crosslinkable functional groups via intermolecular and intramolecular chemical bonds.
- a suitable chemical agent is selected which is known to crosslink the crosslinkable functional groups present in the fabricated article to produce the crosslinked fabricated article.
- suitable chemical agents include free radical initiators such as peroxides or azo-bis nitriles, for example, dicumyl peroxide, dibenzoyl peroxide, t-butyl peroctoate, azobisisobutyronitrile, and the like.
- a suitable chemical agent can be a compound containing at least two nucleophilic groups, including dinucleophiles such as diamines, diols, dithiols, for example ethylenediamine, hexamethylenediamine, butane diol, or hexanedithiol.
- dinucleophiles such as diamines, diols, dithiols, for example ethylenediamine, hexamethylenediamine, butane diol, or hexanedithiol.
- Compounds containing more than two nucleophilic groups for example glycerol, sorbitol, or hexamethylene tetramine can also be used.
- Lewis or Bronsted acid or base catalysts include aryl sulfonic acids, sulfuric acid, hydroxides, zirconium alkoxides or tin reagents.
- Crosslinking the fabricated article is generally preferred to ensure that the fabricated article retains its shape at the elevated temperatures required for the subsequent processing steps. Without crosslinking, polyolefin resins typically soften, melt or otherwise deform or breakdown at elevated temperatures. Crosslinking adds thermal stability to the fabricated article.
- the fabricated article is treated with a BCL following crosslinking and prior to stabilization.
- the crosslinked fabricated article may be treated with the BCL by any mechanism known in the art, such as spraying, dipping, or imbibing.
- the BCL may be introduced in a suitable liquid form, for example neat, or as part of a solution, or as a suspension in a liquid.
- the BCL may be introduced as part of a continuous process or as part of a batch process.
- the crosslinked fabricated article is heated in an oxidizing environment to yield a stabilized fabricated article.
- the temperature for stabilizing the crosslinked fabricated article is at least 120 °C, preferably at least 190 °C. In some embodiments, the temperature for stabilizing the crosslinked fabricated article is no more than 400 °C, preferably no more than 300 °C.
- the crosslinked fabricated article is introduced to a heating chamber which is already at the desired temperature. In another instance, the fabricated article is introduced to a heating chamber at or near ambient temperature, which chamber is subsequently heated to the desired temperature.
- the heating rate is at least 1 °C/minute. In other embodiments the heating rate is no more than 15 °C/minute.
- the chamber is heated step wise, for instance, the chamber is heated to a first temperature for a time, such as, 120 °C for one hour, then is raised to a second temperature for a time, such as 180 °C for one hour, and third is raised to a holding temperature, such as 250 °C for 10 hours.
- the stabilization process involves holding the crosslinked fabricated article at the given temperature for periods up to 100 hours depending on the dimensions of the fabricated article.
- the fabricated article is treated with a BCL during the stabilization process.
- the crosslinked fabricated article may be treated with the BCL during stabilization by any mechanism known in the art, such as spraying, dipping, or imbibing.
- the BCL may be introduced in a suitable liquid form, for example neat, or as part of a solution, or as a suspension in a liquid.
- the BCL may be introduced as part of a continuous process or as part of a batch process.
- the stabilization process yields a boron-treated stabilized fabricated article which is a precursor for a carbonaceous article. Without being limited by theory, the stabilization process oxidizes the crosslinked fabricated article and causes changes to the hydrocarbon structure that increases the crosslink density while decreasing the
- the stabilization process in the presence of boron modifies the oxidation chemistry and increases the crosslink density.
- the present disclosure describes a boron- treated stabilized fabricated article which is formed from a polyolefin precursor (resin).
- the boron-treated stabilized fabricated article is formed according to the process described herein.
- a carbonaceous article and a process for making the same are provided.
- Carbonaceous articles are articles which are rich in carbon; carbon fibers, carbon sheets and carbon films are examples of carbonaceous articles.
- Carbonaceous articles have many applications, for example, carbon fibers are commonly used to reinforce composite materials, such as in carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites, while carbon discs or pads are used for high performance braking systems.
- the carbonaceous articles described herein are prepared by carbonizing the stabilized fabricated article by heat-treating the boron-treated stabilized fabricated articles in an inert environment.
- the inert environment is an environment surrounding the boron- treated stabilized fabricated article that shows little reactivity with carbon at elevated temperatures, preferably a high vacuum or an oxygen-depleted atmosphere, more preferably a nitrogen atmosphere or an argon atmosphere. It is understood that trace amounts of oxygen may be present in the inert atmosphere.
- the temperature of the inert environment is at or above 600 °C.
- the temperature of the inert environment is at or above 800 °C.
- the temperature of the inert environment is no more than 3000 °C. In one instance, the temperature is from 1400-2400 °C. Temperatures at or near the upper end of that range will produce a graphite article, while temperatures at or near the lower end of the range will produce a carbon article.
- the boron-treated stabilized fabricated article is introduced to a heating chamber containing an inert environment at or near ambient temperature, which chamber is subsequently heated over a period of time to achieve the desired final temperature.
- the heating schedule can also include one or more hold steps for a prescribed period at the final temperature or an intermediate temperature or a programmed cooling rate before the article is removed from the chamber.
- the chamber containing the inert environment is subdivided into multiple zones, each maintained at a desired temperature by an appropriate control device, and the boron-treated stabilized fabricated article is heated in a stepwise fashion by passage from one zone to the next via an appropriate transport mechanism, such as a motorized belt.
- this transport mechanism can be the application of a traction force to the fiber at the exit of the carbonization process while the tension in the stabilized fiber is controlled at the inlet.
- m PE is the initial mass of polyethylene
- mox is the mass remaining after oxidation
- mc F is the mass remaining after carbonization
- M PE is the mass % of polyethylene in the original formed article.
- Soxhlet extraction is a method for determining the gel content and swell ratio of crosslinked ethylene plastics.
- Soxhlet extraction is conducted according to ASTM Standard D2765-11 "Standard Test Methods for Determination of Gel Content and Swell Ratio of Crosslinked Ethylene Plastics.”
- ASTM Standard D2765-11 Standard Test Methods for Determination of Gel Content and Swell Ratio of Crosslinked Ethylene Plastics.
- a crosslinked fabricated article between 0.050 - 0.500 g is weighed and placed into a cellulose-based thimble which is then placed into a Soxhlet extraction apparatus with sufficient quantity of xylenes. Soxhlet extraction is then performed with refluxing xylenes for at least 12 hours.
- VTMS vinyl trimethoxysilane
- the prepared fibers are continuously treated in a vessel containing an isopropanol solution with 5 wt% of an aryl sulfonic acid, Nacure B201, supplied by King Industries, for 30 min.
- the treated fibers are allowed to dry cure for 3 days.
- the fibers are subsequently moisture cured at 80 °C (100% relative humidity) for 5 days.
- the gel fraction is determined to be 61.4-61.9% by Soxhlet extraction.
- the crosslinked fibers are oxidized and carbonized using a Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) instrument using the conditions outlined in Table 1 with temperature ramp rates of 10 °C/min. Table 2 reports the mass retained during air oxidation and final mass yield after both oxidation and carbonization treatments.
- TGA Thermogravimetric Analysis
- VTMS vinyl trimethoxysilane
- MI 19 g/10 min, 190°C/2.16 kg; 1.4 wt% grafted silane content determined by 13 C NMR
- the VTMS-grafted precursor resin is melt spun to form fibers with the following properties: 1573 filaments, 1978.2 total denier, 2.31 gf/den, 12.94% elongation-to-break.
- the prepared fibers are continuously treated in a vessel containing an isopropanol solution with 5 wt% of an aryl sulfonic acid, Nacure B201, for 30 min.
- the treated fibers are allowed to dry cure for 3 days.
- the fibers are subsequently moisture cured at 80 °C (100% relative humidity) for 5 days.
- the gel fraction is determined to be 61.4-61.9% by Soxhlet extraction.
- the crosslinked fibers are subsequently treated with a 5 wt% solution of boric acid in isopropanol for the times reported in Table 3. After the boric acid solution treatment, the fibers are dried overnight in air at ambient conditions.
- the mass of the fibers prior to/and after boric acid treatment and relative change in mass are reported in Table 4.
- treatment (g) treatment (g)
- the boric acid treated crosslinked fibers are oxidized and carbonized using a Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) instrument using the conditions outlined in Table 5 with temperature ramp rates of 10 °C/min.
- Table 6 reports the mass retained during air oxidation and final mass yield after both oxidation and carbonization treatments.
- VTMS vinyl trimethoxysilane
- MI 19 g/10 min, 190°C/2.16 kg; 1.4 wt% grafted silane content determined by 13 C NMR
- the VTMS-grafted precursor resin is melt spun to form fibers with the following properties: 1573 filaments, 1978.2 total denier, 2.31 gf/den, 12.94% elongation-to-break.
- the prepared fibers are continuously treated in a vessel containing an isopropanol solution with 5 wt% of an aryl sulfonic acid, Nacure B201 for 30 min.
- the treated fibers are allowed to dry cure for 3 days.
- the fibers are subsequently moisture cured at 80 °C (100% relative humidity) for 5 days.
- the gel fraction is determined to be 61.4-61.9% by Soxhlet extraction.
- the crosslinked fibers are subsequently treated with a 5 wt% solution of boric acid in isopropanol for the times reported in Table 7.
- the fibers are dried overnight in air at ambient conditions.
- the dried, boric acid treated fibers undergo thermal treatment (80 °C) overnight in a vacuum oven.
- the mass of the fibers prior to/and after boric acid treatment and relative change in mass are reported in Table 8.
- treatment (g) treatment (g)
- the thermally treated, boric acid treated crosslinked fibers are oxidized and carbonized using a Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) instrument using the conditions outlined in Table 9 with temperature ramp rates of 10 °C/min for oxidation and carbonization regimes.
- TGA Thermogravimetric Analysis
- VTMS vinyl trimethoxysilane
- MI 19 g/10 min, 190°C/2.16 kg; 1.4 wt% grafted silane content determined by 13 C NMR
- the VTMS-grafted precursor resin is melt spun to form fibers with the following properties: 1573 filaments, 1945.8 total denier, 2.25 gf/den, 12.17% elongation-to-break.
- the prepared fibers are continuously treated in a vessel containing an isopropanol solution with 5 wt% of an aryl sulfonic acid, Nacure B201 for 5 seconds.
- the treated fibers are allowed to dry cure for 3 days.
- the fibers are subsequently moisture cured at 80°C (100% relative humidity) for 5 days.
- the gel fraction is determined to be 58.2-58.9% by Soxhlet extraction.
- the crosslinked fibers are oxidized and carbonized using a Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) instrument using the conditions outlined in Table 11 with temperature ramp rates of 10°C/min.
- Table 12 reports the mass retained during air oxidation and final mass yield after both oxidation and carbonization treatments.
- VTMS vinyl trimethoxysilane
- MI 19 g/10 min, 190°C/2.16 kg; 1.4 wt% grafted silane content determined by 13 C NMR
- the VTMS-grafted precursor resin is melt spun to form fibers with the following properties: 1573 filaments, 1945.8 total denier, 2.25 gf/den, 12.17% elongation-to-break.
- the prepared fibers are continuously treated in a vessel containing an isopropanol solution with 5 wt% of an aryl sulfonic acid, Nacure B201 for 5 seconds.
- the treated fibers are allowed to dry cure for 3 days.
- the fibers are subsequently moisture cured at 80 °C (100% relative humidity) for 5 days.
- the gel fraction is determined to be 58.2-58.9% by Soxhlet extraction.
- the crosslinked fibers are subsequently treated with a 5 wt% solution of boric acid in isopropanol for the times reported in Table 13.
- the fibers are dried overnight in air at ambient conditions.
- the dried, boric acid treated fibers undergo thermal treatment (80 °C) overnight in a vacuum oven.
- the mass of fibers prior to/and after boric acid treatment and relative change in mass are reported in Table 14
- the thermally treated, boric acid treated crosslinked fibers are oxidized and carbonized using a Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) instrument using the conditions outlined in Table 15 with temperature ramp rates of 10°C/min Table 16 reports the mass retained during air oxidation and final mass yield after both oxidation and carbonization treatments.
- TGA Thermogravimetric Analysis
- VTMS vinyl trimethoxysilane
- MI 19 g/10 min, 190°C/2.16 kg; 1.4 wt% grafted silane content determined by 13 C NMR
- the VTMS-grafted precursor resin is melt spun to form fibers with the following properties: 1573 filaments, 1945.8 total denier, 2.25 gf/den, 12.17% elongation-to-break.
- the prepared fibers are continuously treated in a vessel containing an isopropanol solution with 5 wt% of an aryl sulfonic acid, Nacure B201 for 5 seconds.
- the treated fibers are allowed to dry cure for 3 days.
- the fibers are subsequently moisture cured at 80 °C (100% relative humidity) for 5 days.
- the gel fraction is determined to be 58.2-58.9% by Soxhlet extraction.
- the crosslinked fibers are subsequently treated with a 5 wt% solution of boric acid in isopropanol for the times reported in Table 17.
- the fibers are dried overnight in air at ambient conditions.
- the dried, boric acid treated fibers undergo thermal treatment (80 °C) overnight in a vacuum oven.
- the mass of the fibers prior to/and after boric acid treatment and relative change in mass are reported in Table 18.
- treatment (g) treatment (g)
- Thermally treated, boric acid treated crosslinked fibers were oxidized and carbonized using a Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) instrument using the conditions outlined in Table 19 with temperature ramp rates of 10 °C/min.
- Table 20 reports the mass retained during air oxidation and final mass yield after both oxidation and carbonization treatments.
- VTMS vinyl trimethoxysilane
- MI 19 g/10 min, 190°C/2.16 kg; 1.4 wt% grafted silane content determined by 13 C NMR
- the VTMS-grafted precursor resin is melt spun to form fibers with the following properties: 1573 filaments, 1978.2 total denier, 2.31 gf/den, 12.94% elongation-to-break.
- the prepared fibers are continuously treated in vessel containing an isopropanol solution with 5 wt% of an aryl sulfonic acid, Nacure B201 for 30 min.
- the treated fibers are allowed to dry cure for 3 days.
- the fibers are subsequently moisture cured at 60°C (100% relative humidity) for 5 days.
- the gel fraction is determined to be 55.59-56.30% by Soxhlet extraction.
- the crosslinked fibers are oxidized and carbonized using a Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) instrument using the conditions outlined in Table 21 with temperature ramp rates of 10 °C/min.
- Table 22 reports the mass retained during air oxidation and final mass yield after both oxidation and carbonization treatments.
- VTMS vinyl trimethoxysilane
- MI 19 g/10 min, 190°C/2.16 kg; 1.4 wt% grafted silane content determined by 13 C NMR
- the VTMS-grafted precursor resin is melt spun to form fibers with the following properties: 1573 filaments, 1978.2 total denier, 2.31 gf/den, 12.94% elongation-to-break.
- the prepared fibers are continuously treated in a vessel containing an isopropanol solution with 5 wt% of an aryl sulfonic acid, Nacure B201 for 30 min.
- the treated fibers are allowed to dry cure for 3 days.
- the fibers are subsequently moisture cured at 60 °C (100% relative humidity) for 5 days.
- the gel fraction is determined to be 55.59-56.30% by Soxhlet extraction.
- the crosslinked fibers are subsequently treated with a saturated solution of boric oxide in isopropanol for the times reported in Table 23. After the boric oxide solution treatment, the fibers are dried overnight in air at ambient conditions. The mass of the fibers prior to/and after boric oxide treatment and relative change in mass are reported in Table 24.
- the boric oxide treated crosslinked fibers are oxidized and carbonized using a Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) instrument using the conditions outlined in
- Table 25 with temperature ramp rates of 10 °C/min Table 26 reports the mass retained during air oxidation and final mass yield after both oxidation and carbonization treatments.
- VTMS-grafted precursor resin is melt spun to form fibers with the following properties: 1573 filaments, 1978.2 total denier, 2.31 gf/den, 12.94% elongation-to-break.
- the prepared fibers are continuously treated in a vessel containing an isopropanol solution with 5 wt% of an aryl sulfonic acid, Nacure B201 for 30 min.
- the treated fibers are allowed to dry cure for 3 days.
- the fibers are subsequently moisture cured at 60 °C (100% relative humidity) for 5 days.
- the gel fraction is determined to be 55.59-56.30% by Soxhlet extraction.
- the crosslinked fibers are subsequently treated with a 5 wt% suspension of zinc borate, (Firebrake ZB - XF) in isopropanol for the times reported in
- Table 27 After the zinc borate suspension treatment, the fibers are dried overnight in air at ambient conditions. The dried, zinc borate treated fibers underto thermal treatment (80 °C) overnight in a vacuum oven. The mass of the fibers prior to/and after boric acid treatment and relative change in mass are reported in Table 28. Table 27
- Zinc borate treated crosslinked fibers are oxidized and carbonized using a
- TGA Thermogravimetric Analysis
- VTMS vinyl trimethoxysilane
- MI 19 g/10 min, 190°C/2.16 kg; 1.4 wt% grafted silane content determined by 13 C NMR
- the VTMS-grafted precursor resin is melt spun to form fibers with the following properties: 1573 filaments, 1978.2 total denier, 2.31 gf/den, 12.94% elongation-to-break.
- the prepared fibers are continuously treated in a vessel containing an isopropanol solution with 5 wt% of an aryl sulfonic acid, Nacure B201 for 30 min.
- the treated fibers are allowed to dry cure for 3 days.
- the fibers are subsequently moisture cured at 80 °C (100% relative humidity) for 5 days.
- the gel fraction is determined to be 61.4-61.9% by Soxhlet extraction.
- the crosslinked fibers are subsequently treated with a 5 wt% solution of boric acid in isopropanol for the times reported in Table 31.
- the fibers are dried overnight in air at ambient conditions.
- the dried, boric acid treated fibers undergo thermal treatment (80 °C) overnight in a vacuum oven.
- the mass of the fibers prior to/and after boric acid treatment and relative change in mass are reported in Table 32.
- the thermally treated, boric acid treated crosslinked fibers are oxidized and carbonized using a Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) instrument using the conditions outlined in Table 33 with temperature ramp rates of 10 °C/min.
- Table 34 reports the mass retained during air oxidation and final mass yield after both oxidation and carbonization treatments.
- VTMS vinyl trimethoxysilane
- MI 19 g/10 min, 190 °C/2.16 kg; 1.4 wt% grafted silane content determined by 13 C NMR
- the VTMS-grafted precursor resin is melt spun to form fibers with the following properties: 1573 filaments, 1945.8 total denier, 2.25 gf/den, 12.17% elongation-to-break.
- Fiber tows are continuously treated in a vessel containing an isopropanol solution with 5 wt% of boric acid. Fiber residence time in the solution is 5 seconds. The treated fibers are allowed to dry cure for 3 days. The fibers are subsequently moisture cured at 80 °C (100% relative humidity) for 1-5 days, as reported in Table 35. Gel fraction is determined by Soxhlet extraction. Complete results are reported in Table 36.
- the thermally treated, boric acid treated crosslinked fibers are oxidized and carbonized using a Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) instrument using the conditions outlined in Table 39. Temperature ramp rates are maintained at 10 °C/min for oxidation and carbonization regimes. Table 40 reports the mass retained during air oxidation and final mass yield after both oxidation and carbonization treatments.
- TGA Thermogravimetric Analysis
- Films are compression molded using a Carver press at 180 °C into thin films measuring 3 millimeters (76.2 microns) thick by micrometer. All films are crosslinked by treating the films with a commercial aryl sulfonic acid catalyst in isopropanol solution (Nacure B-201, King Industries) for 12 hours, followed by moisture curing at 60-80 °C for 72 hours. Gel fraction is determined to be 81.8% by Soxhlet extraction.
- Films are compression molded using a Carver press at 180 °C into thin films measuring 3 millimeters (76.2 microns) thick by micrometer. All films are crosslinked by treating the films with a commercial aryl sulfonic acid catalyst in isopropanol solution (Nacure B-201, King Industries) for 12 hours, followed by moisture curing at 60-80 °C for 72 hours. Gel fraction is determined to be 81.8% by Soxhlet extraction.
- a film is compression molded using a Carver press at 160 °C.
- the film is oxidized in the convection oven at 250 °C for 10 hours under air (21% oxygen content).
- the film is weighed after air oxidation. Mass retention during air oxidation (oxidation mass yield) is reported in Table 45.
- the oxidized film is then carbonized under nitrogen from 25 °C to 800 °C using a ramp rate of 10 °C/min. Mass retention during carbonization
- a film is compression molded using a Carver press at 160 °C. The film is oxidized in the convection oven at 250 °C for 10 hours under air (21% oxygen content). The film is weighed after air oxidation. Mass retention during air oxidation (oxidation mass yield) is reported in Table 46.
- the oxidized film is then carbonized under nitrogen from 25 °C to 800 °C using a ramp rate of 10 °C/min. Mass retention during carbonization (carbonization mass yield) is reported in Table 46. Calculated overall mass yield is reported in Table 46. Table 46
- a film is compression molded using a Carver press at 160 °C.
- a 300 mL 6.66 mM BH 3 (borane) solution was prepared in a glovebox by dissolving 2.01 mL of 1M BH 3 solution in THF in 300 mL of THF.
- the film was immersed in 100 mL of the B3 ⁇ 4 solution overnight. After removal from the solution, the film was dried in the glovebox atmosphere. After 16 hr, the film is removed from the glovebox. The film is oxidized in the convection oven at 250 °C for 10 hours under air (21% oxygen content). The film is weighed after air oxidation. Mass retention during air oxidation (oxidation mass yield) is reported in Table 47. The oxidized film is then carbonized under nitrogen from 25 °C to 800 °C using a ramp rate of 10 °C/min. Mass retention during carbonization
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Abstract
In one instance, the present disclosure describes a method for preparing a carbonaceous article comprising: providing a crosslinked polyolefin fabricated article; stabilizing the crosslinked polyolefin fabricated article by air oxidation to provide a stabilized fabricated article; treating with a boron-containing liquid (BCL) during or intermediate to at least one of the preceding steps; and carbonizing the stabilized fabricated article. In one instance the present disclosure describes a method for preparing a stabilized article.
Description
PROCESS FOR MAKING A FABRICATED ARTICLE FROM
POLYOLEFIN
BACKGROUND
[0001] Previously, carbonaceous articles, such as carbon fibers, have been produced primarily from polyacrylonitrile (PAN), pitch, or cellulose precursors. The process for making carbonaceous articles begins by forming a fabricated article, such as a fiber or a film, from the precursor. Precursors may be formed into fabricated articles using standard techniques for forming or molding polymers. The fabricated article is subsequently stabilized to allow the fabricated article to substantially retain shape during the subsequent heat-processing steps; without being limited by theory, such stabilization typically involves a combination of oxidation and heat and generally results in dehydrogenation, ring formation, oxidation and crosslinking of the precursor which defines the fabricated article. The stabilized fabricated article is then converted into a carbonaceous article by heating the stabilized fabricated article in an inert atmosphere. While the general steps for producing a carbonaceous article are the same for the variety of precursors, the details of those steps vary widely depending on the chemical makeup of the selected precursor.
[0002] Polyolefins have been investigated as an alternative precursor for carbonaceous articles, but a suitable and economically viable preparation process has proven elusive. Of particular interest is identifying an economical process for preparing carbonaceous articles from polyolefin precursors. For example, maximizing mass retention during the stabilization and carbonization steps is of interest.
STATEMENT OF INVENTION
[0003] The present disclosure describes a method for preparing a carbonaceous article comprising: providing a crosslinked polyolefin fabricated article; stabilizing the crosslinked polyolefin fabricated article by air oxidation to provide a stabilized fabricated article; treating with a boron-containing liquid (BCL) during or intermediate to at least one of the preceding steps; and carbonizing the stabilized fabricated article. In one instance the present disclosure describes a method for preparing a stabilized article.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0004] Unless otherwise indicated, numeric ranges, for instance "from 2 to 10," are inclusive of the numbers defining the range (e.g., 2 and 10).
[0005] Unless otherwise indicated, ratios, percentages, parts, and the like are by weight.
[0006] Unless otherwise indicated, the crosslinkable functional group content for a polyolefin resin is characterized by the mol% crosslinkable functional groups, which is calculated as the number of mols of crosslinkable functional groups divided by the total number of mols of monomer units contained in the polyolefin.
[0007] Unless otherwise indicated, "monomer" refers to a molecule which can undergo polymerization, thereby contributing constitutional units to the essential structure of a macromolecule, for example, a polyolefin. In one aspect, the present disclosure describes a process for producing a carbonaceous fabricated article from a polyolefin resin. As is described in more detail herein, the carbonaceous fabricated article is prepared by the following method: (a) providing an olefin resin; (b) forming a fabricated article from the olefin resin; (c) crosslinking the fabricated article to provide a crosslinked fabricated article;
(d) stabilizing the fabricated article by air oxidation to provide a stabilized fabricated article;
(e) treating with a boron-containing liquid (BCL) during or intermediate to at least one of the preceding steps; and (f) carbonizing the stabilized fabricated article.
[0008] Suitable BCLs include liquids which include a boron-containing species. Examples of suitable boron-containing species include borane, borate, borinic acid, boronic acid, boric acid, borinic ester, boronic ester, boroxine, aminoborane, borazine, borohydrides and derivatives and combinations thereof. Elemental boron is also a suitable boron-containing species. Examples of derivatives of boric acid include metaboric acid, and boron oxide. Examples of borate derivatives include inorganic borates such as zinc borate and organoborates such as tributyl borate. In one instance the BCL is prepared with only the boron-containing species. In one instance, the BCL also includes another component with the boron-containing species, and is chosen such that the other component is miscible, forms a suspension with, or otherwise is carried with the boron-containing species and is compatible with the overall process. In one instance, the other component is a polar or non- polar liquid. For example, an alcohol, such as isopropanol, is a suitable constituent of the BCL. In one instance, at least a portion of the boron-containing species is carried as a suspension in the BCL.
[0009] Unless stated otherwise, any method or process steps described herein may be performed in any order.
[0010] Polyolefins are a class of polymers produced from one or more olefin monomer. The polymers described herein may be formed from one or more types of monomers.
Polyethylene is the preferred polyolefin resin, but other polyolefin resins may be
substituted. For example, a polyolefin produced from ethylene, propylene, or other alpha- olefin (for instance, 1-butene, 1-hexene, 1-octene), or a combination thereof, is also suitable. The polyolefins described herein are typically provided in resin form, subdivided into pellets or granules of a convenient size for further melt or solution processing. In one instance, the polyolefin resins are treated with a BCL prior to being formed as a fabricated article. The polyolefin resins may be treated with the BCL by any mechanism known in the art, such as spraying, dipping, or imbibing. The BCL may be introduced in a suitable liquid form, for example neat, or as part of a solution, or as a suspension in a liquid. The BCL may be introduced as part of a continuous process or as part of a batch process.
[0011] The polyolefin resins described herein are subjected to a crosslinking step. Any suitable method for crosslinking polyolefins is sufficient. In one instance, the polyolefins are crosslinked by irradiation, such as by electron beam processing. Other crosslinking methods are suitable, for example, ultraviolet irradiation and gamma irradiation. In some instances, an initiator, such as benzophenone, may be used in conjunction with the irradiation to initiate crosslinking. In one instance, the polyolefin resins have been modified to include crosslinkable functional groups which are suitable for reacting to crosslink the polyolefin resin. Where the polyolefin resin includes crosslinkable functional groups, crosslinking may be initiated by known methods, including use of a chemical crosslinking agent, by heat, by steam, or other suitable method. In one instance, copolymers are suitable to provide a polyolefin resin having crosslinkable functional groups where one or more alpha-olefins have been copolymerized with another monomer containing a group suitable for serving as a crosslinkable functional group, for example, dienes, carbon monoxide, glycidyl methacrylate, acrylic acid, vinyl acetate, maleic anhydride, or vinyl trimethoxy silane (VTMS) are among the monomers suitable for being copolymerized with the alpha- olefin. Further, the polyolefin resin having crosslinkable functional groups may also be produced from a poly(alpha-olefin) which has been modified by grafting a functional group moiety onto the base polyolefin, wherein the functional group is selected based on its ability to subsequently enable crosslinking of the given polyolefin. For example, grafting of this type may be carried out by use of free radical initiators (such as peroxides) and vinyl monomers (such as VTMS, dienes, vinyl acetate, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, acrylic and methacrylic esters such as glycidyl methacrylate and methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane, allyl amine, p-aminostyrene, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) or via azido-functionalized molecules (such as 4-[2-(trimethoxysilyl)ethyl)]benzenesulfonyl azide). Polyolefin resins
having crosslinkable functional groups may be produced from a polyolefin resin, or may be purchased commercially. Examples of commercially available polyolefin resins having crosslinkable functional groups include SI-LINK sold by The Dow Chemical Company, PRIMACOR sold by The Dow Chemical Company, EVAL resins sold by Kuraray, and LOTADER AX8840 sold by Arkema.
[0012] As described above, the polyolefin resin is processed to form a fabricated article. A fabricated article is an article which has been fabricated from the polyolefin resin. The fabricated article is formed using known polyolefin fabrication techniques, for example, melt or solution spinning to form fibers, film extrusion or film casting or a blown film process to form films, die extrusion or injection molding or compression molding to form more complex shapes, or solution casting. The fabrication technique is selected according to the desired geometry of the target carbonaceous article, and the desired physical properties of the same. For example, where the desired carbonaceous article is a carbon fiber, fiber spinning is a suitable fabrication technique. As another example, where the desired carbonaceous article is a carbon film, compression molding is a suitable fabrication technique. In one instance, the fabricated article is treated with a BCL. In one instance, the fabricated article is treated with the BCL prior to crosslinking the polyolefin resin. The fabricated article may be treated with the BCL by any mechanism known in the art, such as spraying, dipping, or imbibing. The BCL may be introduced in a suitable liquid form, for example neat, or as part of a solution, or as a suspension in a liquid. The BCL may be introduced as part of a continuous process or as part of a batch process.
[0013] As noted above, at least a portion of the polyolefin resin is crosslinked to yield a crosslinked fabricated article. In some embodiments, crosslinking is carried out via chemical crosslinking. Thus, in some embodiments, the crosslinked fabricated article is a fabricated article which has been treated with one or more chemical agents to crosslink the crosslinkable functional groups of the polyolefin resin. Such chemical agent functions to initiate the formation of intramolecular chemical bonds between the crosslinkable functional groups or reacts with the crosslinkable functional groups to form intramolecular chemical bonds, as is known in the art. Chemical crosslinking causes the crosslinkable functional groups to react to form new bonds, forming linkages between the various polymer chains which define the polyolefin resin having crosslinkable functional groups. The chemical agent which effectuates the crosslinking is selected based on the type of crosslinkable functional group(s) included in the polyolefin resin; a diverse array of reactions are known
which crosslink crosslinkable functional groups via intermolecular and intramolecular chemical bonds. A suitable chemical agent is selected which is known to crosslink the crosslinkable functional groups present in the fabricated article to produce the crosslinked fabricated article. For example, without limiting the present disclosure, if the crosslinkable functional group attached to the polyolefin is a vinyl group, suitable chemical agents include free radical initiators such as peroxides or azo-bis nitriles, for example, dicumyl peroxide, dibenzoyl peroxide, t-butyl peroctoate, azobisisobutyronitrile, and the like. If the crosslinkable functional group attached to the polyolefin is an acid, such as a carboxylic acid, or an anhydride, or an ester, or a glycidoxy group, a suitable chemical agent can be a compound containing at least two nucleophilic groups, including dinucleophiles such as diamines, diols, dithiols, for example ethylenediamine, hexamethylenediamine, butane diol, or hexanedithiol. Compounds containing more than two nucleophilic groups, for example glycerol, sorbitol, or hexamethylene tetramine can also be used. Mixed di- or higher- nucleophiles, which contain at least two different nucleophilic groups, for example ethanolamine can also be suitable chemical agents. If the crosslinkable functional group attached to the polyolefin is a mono-, di- or tri- alkoxy silyl group, water, and Lewis or Bronsted acid or base catalysts can be used as suitable chemical agents. For example, without limiting the present disclosure, Lewis or Bronsted acid or base catalysts include aryl sulfonic acids, sulfuric acid, hydroxides, zirconium alkoxides or tin reagents.
[0014] Crosslinking the fabricated article is generally preferred to ensure that the fabricated article retains its shape at the elevated temperatures required for the subsequent processing steps. Without crosslinking, polyolefin resins typically soften, melt or otherwise deform or breakdown at elevated temperatures. Crosslinking adds thermal stability to the fabricated article. In one instance, the fabricated article is treated with a BCL following crosslinking and prior to stabilization. The crosslinked fabricated article may be treated with the BCL by any mechanism known in the art, such as spraying, dipping, or imbibing. The BCL may be introduced in a suitable liquid form, for example neat, or as part of a solution, or as a suspension in a liquid. The BCL may be introduced as part of a continuous process or as part of a batch process.
[0015] The crosslinked fabricated article is heated in an oxidizing environment to yield a stabilized fabricated article. In some embodiments, the temperature for stabilizing the crosslinked fabricated article is at least 120 °C, preferably at least 190 °C. In some embodiments, the temperature for stabilizing the crosslinked fabricated article is no more
than 400 °C, preferably no more than 300 °C. In one instance, the crosslinked fabricated article is introduced to a heating chamber which is already at the desired temperature. In another instance, the fabricated article is introduced to a heating chamber at or near ambient temperature, which chamber is subsequently heated to the desired temperature. In some embodiments the heating rate is at least 1 °C/minute. In other embodiments the heating rate is no more than 15 °C/minute. In yet another instance, the chamber is heated step wise, for instance, the chamber is heated to a first temperature for a time, such as, 120 °C for one hour, then is raised to a second temperature for a time, such as 180 °C for one hour, and third is raised to a holding temperature, such as 250 °C for 10 hours. The stabilization process involves holding the crosslinked fabricated article at the given temperature for periods up to 100 hours depending on the dimensions of the fabricated article. In one instance, the fabricated article is treated with a BCL during the stabilization process. The crosslinked fabricated article may be treated with the BCL during stabilization by any mechanism known in the art, such as spraying, dipping, or imbibing. The BCL may be introduced in a suitable liquid form, for example neat, or as part of a solution, or as a suspension in a liquid. The BCL may be introduced as part of a continuous process or as part of a batch process. The stabilization process yields a boron-treated stabilized fabricated article which is a precursor for a carbonaceous article. Without being limited by theory, the stabilization process oxidizes the crosslinked fabricated article and causes changes to the hydrocarbon structure that increases the crosslink density while decreasing the
hydrogen/carbon ratio of the crosslinked fabricated article. Without being limited by theory, the stabilization process in the presence of boron modifies the oxidation chemistry and increases the crosslink density.
[0016] Unexpectedly, it has been found that introducing boron via a BCL in the fabricated article improves mass retention of the subsequently produced stabilized article and carbonaceous article. It has also been found that treating the fabricated article with a boron- containing species improves form-retention of the subsequently produced carbonaceous article.
[0017] In another aspect, the present disclosure describes a boron- treated stabilized fabricated article which is formed from a polyolefin precursor (resin). In one instance, the boron-treated stabilized fabricated article is formed according to the process described herein.
[0018] In yet another aspect, a carbonaceous article and a process for making the same are provided. Carbonaceous articles are articles which are rich in carbon; carbon fibers, carbon sheets and carbon films are examples of carbonaceous articles. Carbonaceous articles have many applications, for example, carbon fibers are commonly used to reinforce composite materials, such as in carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites, while carbon discs or pads are used for high performance braking systems.
[0019] The carbonaceous articles described herein are prepared by carbonizing the stabilized fabricated article by heat-treating the boron-treated stabilized fabricated articles in an inert environment. The inert environment is an environment surrounding the boron- treated stabilized fabricated article that shows little reactivity with carbon at elevated temperatures, preferably a high vacuum or an oxygen-depleted atmosphere, more preferably a nitrogen atmosphere or an argon atmosphere. It is understood that trace amounts of oxygen may be present in the inert atmosphere. In one instance, the temperature of the inert environment is at or above 600 °C. Preferably, the temperature of the inert environment is at or above 800 °C. In one instance, the temperature of the inert environment is no more than 3000 °C. In one instance, the temperature is from 1400-2400 °C. Temperatures at or near the upper end of that range will produce a graphite article, while temperatures at or near the lower end of the range will produce a carbon article.
[0020] In order to prevent bubbling or damage to the fabricated article during carbonization, it is preferred to heat the inert environment in a gradual or stepwise fashion. In one embodiment, the boron-treated stabilized fabricated article is introduced to a heating chamber containing an inert environment at or near ambient temperature, which chamber is subsequently heated over a period of time to achieve the desired final temperature. The heating schedule can also include one or more hold steps for a prescribed period at the final temperature or an intermediate temperature or a programmed cooling rate before the article is removed from the chamber.
[0021] In yet another embodiment, the chamber containing the inert environment is subdivided into multiple zones, each maintained at a desired temperature by an appropriate control device, and the boron-treated stabilized fabricated article is heated in a stepwise fashion by passage from one zone to the next via an appropriate transport mechanism, such as a motorized belt. In the instance where a boron-treated stabilized fabricated article is a fiber, this transport mechanism can be the application of a traction force to the fiber at the exit of the carbonization process while the tension in the stabilized fiber is controlled at the
inlet.
[0022] Some embodiments of the invention will now be described in detail in the following Examples.
[0023] In the Examples, overall mass yield is calculated as the product of oxidation mass yield and carbonization mass yield (calculated as provided below). PHR refers to parts per hundred resin (mass basis). MI refers to melt index which is a measure of melt flow rate. Wt% refers to parts per 100 total parts, mass basis. PE refers to polyethylene. BA refers to boric acid. MBA refers to metaboric acid. BO refers to boric oxide. ZB refers to zinc borate. Tg5% refers to the temperature at which 5% mass loss (°C) is observed. T5o% refers to the temperature at which 50% mass loss (°C) is observed. Ts% refers to the temperature at which 95% mass loss (°C) is observed. Definitions of measured yields:
Oxidation mass yield: Yn =——
mpE
Carbonization mass yield: Yr =
mox
Overall mass yield: YM = Y0Y
Overall mass yield (carbonaceous mass per initial mass of PE): YM PE = Y°Yc
M%PE
Where mPE is the initial mass of polyethylene; mox is the mass remaining after oxidation; mcF is the mass remaining after carbonization; M PE is the mass % of polyethylene in the original formed article.
[0024] Soxhlet extraction is a method for determining the gel content and swell ratio of crosslinked ethylene plastics. As used herein, Soxhlet extraction is conducted according to ASTM Standard D2765-11 "Standard Test Methods for Determination of Gel Content and Swell Ratio of Crosslinked Ethylene Plastics." In the method employed, a crosslinked fabricated article between 0.050 - 0.500 g is weighed and placed into a cellulose-based thimble which is then placed into a Soxhlet extraction apparatus with sufficient quantity of xylenes. Soxhlet extraction is then performed with refluxing xylenes for at least 12 hours. Following extraction, the thimbles are removed and the crosslinked fabricated article is dried in a vacuum oven at 80 °C for at least 12 hours and then weighed, thereby providing a Soxhlet-treated article. The gel content (%) is then calculated from the weight ratio (Soxhlet-treated article)/(crosslinked fabricated article).
[0025] Comparative Example 1
[0026] An ethylene/octene copolymer (density = 0.941 g/cm3; MI = 34 g/10 min,
190°C/2.16 kg) is reactive extruded with vinyl trimethoxysilane (VTMS) to form a VTMS- grafted ethylene/octene copolymer (MI = 19 g/10 min, 190°C/2.16 kg; 1.4 wt% grafted silane content determined by 13C NMR) precursor resin. The VTMS-grafted precursor resin is melt spun to form fibers with the following properties: 1573 filaments, 1978.2 total denier, 2.31 gf/den, 12.94% elongation-to-break. The prepared fibers are continuously treated in a vessel containing an isopropanol solution with 5 wt% of an aryl sulfonic acid, Nacure B201, supplied by King Industries, for 30 min. The treated fibers are allowed to dry cure for 3 days. The fibers are subsequently moisture cured at 80 °C (100% relative humidity) for 5 days. The gel fraction is determined to be 61.4-61.9% by Soxhlet extraction. The crosslinked fibers are oxidized and carbonized using a Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) instrument using the conditions outlined in Table 1 with temperature ramp rates of 10 °C/min. Table 2 reports the mass retained during air oxidation and final mass yield after both oxidation and carbonization treatments.
Table 1
Oxidation (air) Carbonization (nitrogen)
Segment Isothermal Isothermal Starting Final
Hold, Time (hr) Hold, Temperature Temperature
Temperature (°C) (°C)
(°C)
1 10 190 190 800
2 10 230 230 800
3 10 270 270 800
Table 2
Segment Mass retained during oxidation (%) Overall mass yield (%)
1 97.34 5.90
2 81.17 14.11
3 78.50 12.53
[0027] Example 1A
[0028] An ethylene/octene copolymer (density = 0.941 g/cm3; MI = 34 g/10 min,
190°C/2.16 kg) is reactive extruded with vinyl trimethoxysilane (VTMS) to form a VTMS- grafted ethylene/octene copolymer (MI = 19 g/10 min, 190°C/2.16 kg; 1.4 wt% grafted silane content determined by 13C NMR) precursor resin. The VTMS-grafted precursor resin
is melt spun to form fibers with the following properties: 1573 filaments, 1978.2 total denier, 2.31 gf/den, 12.94% elongation-to-break. The prepared fibers are continuously treated in a vessel containing an isopropanol solution with 5 wt% of an aryl sulfonic acid, Nacure B201, for 30 min. The treated fibers are allowed to dry cure for 3 days. The fibers are subsequently moisture cured at 80 °C (100% relative humidity) for 5 days. The gel fraction is determined to be 61.4-61.9% by Soxhlet extraction. The crosslinked fibers are subsequently treated with a 5 wt% solution of boric acid in isopropanol for the times reported in Table 3. After the boric acid solution treatment, the fibers are dried overnight in air at ambient conditions. The mass of the fibers prior to/and after boric acid treatment and relative change in mass are reported in Table 4.
Table 3
Segment Boric acid treatment time
(min)
1 30
2 60
3 300
Table 4
Segment Mass of fiber Mass of fiber Mass change
before BA after BA (%)
treatment (g) treatment (g)
1 0.4816 0.5053 4.92
2 0.4679 0.4906 4.85
3 0.4703 0.4940 5.04
[0029] The boric acid treated crosslinked fibers are oxidized and carbonized using a Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) instrument using the conditions outlined in Table 5 with temperature ramp rates of 10 °C/min. Table 6 reports the mass retained during air oxidation and final mass yield after both oxidation and carbonization treatments.
Table 5
Oxidation (air) Carbonization (nitrogen)
Segment Isothermal Isothermal Hold, Starting Final
Hold, Time (hr) Temperature (°C) Temperature Temperature
(°C) (°C)
A 10 190 190 800
B 10 230 230 800
C 10 270 270 800
Table 6
Segment Mass retained during Char yield (%) Overall Mass Yield oxidation (%) (%, per mass PE)
1A 83.86 18.38 19.28
IB 86.99 22.09 23.18
1C 73.56 27.23 28.57
2A 89.79 14.29 14.98
2B 88.13 20.75 21.76
2C 82.86 14.34 15.04
3A 94.51 7.28 7.65
3B 89.90 17.78 18.68
3C 86.23 14.25 14.97
[0030] Example IB
[0031] An ethylene/octene copolymer (density = 0.941 g/cm3; MI = 34 g/10 min,
190°C/2.16 kg) is reactive extruded with vinyl trimethoxysilane (VTMS) to form a VTMS- grafted ethylene/octene copolymer (MI = 19 g/10 min, 190°C/2.16 kg; 1.4 wt% grafted silane content determined by 13C NMR) precursor resin. The VTMS-grafted precursor resin is melt spun to form fibers with the following properties: 1573 filaments, 1978.2 total denier, 2.31 gf/den, 12.94% elongation-to-break. The prepared fibers are continuously treated in a vessel containing an isopropanol solution with 5 wt% of an aryl sulfonic acid, Nacure B201 for 30 min. The treated fibers are allowed to dry cure for 3 days. The fibers are subsequently moisture cured at 80 °C (100% relative humidity) for 5 days. The gel fraction is determined to be 61.4-61.9% by Soxhlet extraction. The crosslinked fibers are subsequently treated with a 5 wt% solution of boric acid in isopropanol for the times reported in Table 7. After the boric acid solution treatment, the fibers are dried overnight in air at ambient conditions. The dried, boric acid treated fibers undergo thermal treatment (80
°C) overnight in a vacuum oven. The mass of the fibers prior to/and after boric acid treatment and relative change in mass are reported in Table 8.
Table 7
Segment Boric acid treatment time
(min)
1 30
2 60
3 300
Table 8
Segment Mass of fiber Mass of fiber Mass change
before BA after BA (%)
treatment (g) treatment (g)
1 0.2338 0.2483 6.20
2 0.2339 0.2421 3.51
3 0.2340 0.2422 3.50
[0032] The thermally treated, boric acid treated crosslinked fibers are oxidized and carbonized using a Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) instrument using the conditions outlined in Table 9 with temperature ramp rates of 10 °C/min for oxidation and carbonization regimes.
[0033] reports the mass retained during air oxidation and final mass yield after both oxidation and carbonization treatments.
Table 9
Oxidation (air) Carbonization (nitrogen)
Segment Isothermal Isothermal Starting Final
Hold, Time (hr) Hold, Temperature Temperature
Temperature (°C) (°C) TO
A 10 190 190 800
B 10 230 230 800
C 10 270 270 800
Table 10
Segment Mass retained during Char yield (%) Overall Mass Yield oxidation (%) (%, per mass PE)
1A 86.39 14.64 15.55
IB 63.63 30.72 32.62
1C 70.96 35.29 37.48
2A 96.15 5.59 5.79
2B 81.58 17.03 17.63
2C 78.76 25.76 26.66
3A 91.99 14.99 15.51
3B 70.07 29.59 30.63
3C 86.81 18.61 19.26
[0034] Comparative Example 2
[0035] An ethylene/octene copolymer (density = 0.941 g/cm3; MI = 34 g/10 min,
190°C/2.16 kg) is reactive extruded with vinyl trimethoxysilane (VTMS) to form a VTMS- grafted ethylene/octene copolymer (MI = 19 g/10 min, 190°C/2.16 kg; 1.4 wt% grafted silane content determined by 13C NMR) precursor resin. The VTMS-grafted precursor resin is melt spun to form fibers with the following properties: 1573 filaments, 1945.8 total denier, 2.25 gf/den, 12.17% elongation-to-break. The prepared fibers are continuously treated in a vessel containing an isopropanol solution with 5 wt% of an aryl sulfonic acid, Nacure B201 for 5 seconds. The treated fibers are allowed to dry cure for 3 days. The fibers are subsequently moisture cured at 80°C (100% relative humidity) for 5 days. The gel fraction is determined to be 58.2-58.9% by Soxhlet extraction. The crosslinked fibers are oxidized and carbonized using a Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) instrument using the conditions outlined in Table 11 with temperature ramp rates of 10°C/min. Table 12 reports the mass retained during air oxidation and final mass yield after both oxidation and carbonization treatments.
Table 11
Oxidation (air) Carbonization (nitrogen)
Segment Isothermal Hold, Isothermal Hold, Starting Final
Time (hr) Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C)
A 2 270 270 800
B 3 270 270 800
C 4 270 270 800
D 5 270 270 800
E 10 270 270 800
Table 12
Segment Mass retained during Char yield (%) Overall Mass oxidation (%) Yield (%, per mass
PE)
A 47.91 25.69 25.69
B 44.53 25.85 25.85
C 41.83 23.83 23.83
D 41.05 23.60 23.60
E 38.37 19.95 19.95
[0036] Example 2A
[0037] An ethylene/octene copolymer (density = 0.941 g/cm3; MI = 34 g/10 min,
190°C/2.16 kg) is reactive extruded with vinyl trimethoxysilane (VTMS) to form a VTMS- grafted ethylene/octene copolymer (MI = 19 g/10 min, 190°C/2.16 kg; 1.4 wt% grafted silane content determined by 13C NMR) precursor resin. The VTMS-grafted precursor resin is melt spun to form fibers with the following properties: 1573 filaments, 1945.8 total denier, 2.25 gf/den, 12.17% elongation-to-break. The prepared fibers are continuously treated in a vessel containing an isopropanol solution with 5 wt% of an aryl sulfonic acid, Nacure B201 for 5 seconds. The treated fibers are allowed to dry cure for 3 days. The fibers are subsequently moisture cured at 80 °C (100% relative humidity) for 5 days. The gel fraction is determined to be 58.2-58.9% by Soxhlet extraction. The crosslinked fibers are subsequently treated with a 5 wt% solution of boric acid in isopropanol for the times reported in Table 13. After the boric acid solution treatment, the fibers are dried overnight in air at ambient conditions. The dried, boric acid treated fibers undergo thermal treatment (80 °C) overnight in a vacuum oven. The mass of fibers prior to/and after boric acid treatment and relative change in mass are reported in Table 14
Table 13
Segment Boric acid treatment time
(min)
1 5
2 10
3 20
4 30
Table 14
Segment Mass of fiber Mass of fiber Mass change
before BA after BA (%) treatment (g) treatment (g)
1 0.1150 0.1235 7.39
2 0.1155 0.1233 6.75
3 0.1188 0.1296 9.09
4 0.2213 0.2246 1.49
[0038] The thermally treated, boric acid treated crosslinked fibers are oxidized and carbonized using a Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) instrument using the conditions outlined in Table 15 with temperature ramp rates of 10°C/min Table 16 reports the mass retained during air oxidation and final mass yield after both oxidation and carbonization treatments.
Table 15
Oxidation (air) Carbonization (nitrogen)
Segment Isothermal Isothermal Hold, Starting Final
Hold, Time (hr) Temperature (°C) Temperature Temperature
TO (°C)
A 5 270 270 800
B 10 270 270 800
Table 16
Segment Mass retained during Char yield (%) Overall Mass Yield oxidation (%) (%, per mass PE)
1A 66.25 41.47 44.53
IB 62.81 36.72 39.43
2A 65.44 40.92 43.68
2B 61.97 36.91 39.40
3A 65.28 38.53 42.03
3B 62.81 37.27 40.66
4A 66.24 38.23 38.80
4B 64.25 38.77 37.35
[0039] Example 2B
[0040] An ethylene/octene copolymer (density = 0.941 g/cm3; MI = 34 g/10 min,
190°C/2.16 kg) is reactive extruded with vinyl trimethoxysilane (VTMS) to form a VTMS- grafted ethylene/octene copolymer (MI = 19 g/10 min, 190°C/2.16 kg; 1.4 wt% grafted silane content determined by 13C NMR) precursor resin. The VTMS-grafted precursor resin is melt spun to form fibers with the following properties: 1573 filaments, 1945.8 total
denier, 2.25 gf/den, 12.17% elongation-to-break. The prepared fibers are continuously treated in a vessel containing an isopropanol solution with 5 wt% of an aryl sulfonic acid, Nacure B201 for 5 seconds. The treated fibers are allowed to dry cure for 3 days. The fibers are subsequently moisture cured at 80 °C (100% relative humidity) for 5 days. The gel fraction is determined to be 58.2-58.9% by Soxhlet extraction. The crosslinked fibers are subsequently treated with a 5 wt% solution of boric acid in isopropanol for the times reported in Table 17. After the boric acid solution treatment, the fibers are dried overnight in air at ambient conditions. The dried, boric acid treated fibers undergo thermal treatment (80 °C) overnight in a vacuum oven. The mass of the fibers prior to/and after boric acid treatment and relative change in mass are reported in Table 18.
Table 17
Segment Boric acid treatment time
(min)
1 5
Table 18
Segment Mass of fiber Mass of fiber Mass change
before BA after BA (%)
treatment (g) treatment (g)
1 0.1150 0.1235 7.39
[0041] Thermally treated, boric acid treated crosslinked fibers were oxidized and carbonized using a Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) instrument using the conditions outlined in Table 19 with temperature ramp rates of 10 °C/min. Table 20 reports the mass retained during air oxidation and final mass yield after both oxidation and carbonization treatments.
Table 19
Oxidation (air) Carbonization (nitrogen)
Segment Isothermal Isothermal Hold, Starting Final
Hold, Time (hr) Temperature (°C) Temperature Temperature
TO (°C)
A 2 270 270 800
B 3 270 270 800
C 4 270 270 800
D 5 270 270 800
E 10 270 270 800
Table 20
Segment Mass retained during Char yield (%) Overall Mass Yield oxidation (%) (%, per mass PE)
1A 74.79 38.42 41.26
IB 70.48 43.32 46.52
1C 68.91 43.23 46.42
ID 66.25 41.47 44.53
IE 62.81 36.72 39.43
[0042] Comparative Example 3
[0043] An ethylene/octene copolymer (density = 0.941 g/cm3; MI = 34 g/10 min,
190°C/2.16 kg) is reactive extruded with vinyl trimethoxysilane (VTMS) to form a VTMS- grafted ethylene/octene copolymer (MI = 19 g/10 min, 190°C/2.16 kg; 1.4 wt% grafted silane content determined by 13C NMR) precursor resin. The VTMS-grafted precursor resin is melt spun to form fibers with the following properties: 1573 filaments, 1978.2 total denier, 2.31 gf/den, 12.94% elongation-to-break. The prepared fibers are continuously treated in vessel containing an isopropanol solution with 5 wt% of an aryl sulfonic acid, Nacure B201 for 30 min. The treated fibers are allowed to dry cure for 3 days. The fibers are subsequently moisture cured at 60°C (100% relative humidity) for 5 days. The gel fraction is determined to be 55.59-56.30% by Soxhlet extraction. The crosslinked fibers are oxidized and carbonized using a Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) instrument using the conditions outlined in Table 21 with temperature ramp rates of 10 °C/min. Table 22 reports the mass retained during air oxidation and final mass yield after both oxidation and carbonization treatments.
Table 21
Oxidation (air) Carbonization (nitrogen)
Segment Isothermal Isothermal Hold, Starting Final
Hold, Time (hr) Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C)
1 10 230 230 800
2 10 270 270 800
Table 22
Sej *ment Mass retained during Overall mass yield (%) oxidation (%)
1 84.68 11.36
2 81.17 11.05
[0044] Example 3A
[0045] An ethylene/octene copolymer (density = 0.941 g/cm3; MI = 34 g/10 min,
190°C/2.16 kg) is reactive extruded with vinyl trimethoxysilane (VTMS) to form a VTMS- grafted ethylene/octene copolymer (MI = 19 g/10 min, 190°C/2.16 kg; 1.4 wt% grafted silane content determined by 13C NMR) precursor resin. The VTMS-grafted precursor resin is melt spun to form fibers with the following properties: 1573 filaments, 1978.2 total denier, 2.31 gf/den, 12.94% elongation-to-break. The prepared fibers are continuously treated in a vessel containing an isopropanol solution with 5 wt% of an aryl sulfonic acid, Nacure B201 for 30 min. The treated fibers are allowed to dry cure for 3 days. The fibers are subsequently moisture cured at 60 °C (100% relative humidity) for 5 days. The gel fraction is determined to be 55.59-56.30% by Soxhlet extraction. The crosslinked fibers are subsequently treated with a saturated solution of boric oxide in isopropanol for the times reported in Table 23. After the boric oxide solution treatment, the fibers are dried overnight in air at ambient conditions. The mass of the fibers prior to/and after boric oxide treatment and relative change in mass are reported in Table 24.
Table 23
Segment Boric oxide treatment time
(min)
1 10
2 30
Table 24
Segment Mass of fiber Mass of fiber Mass change
before BO after BO (%) treatment (g) treatment (g)
1 0.2349 0.2268 -3.45
2 0.2221 0.2141 -3.60
[0046] The boric oxide treated crosslinked fibers are oxidized and carbonized using a Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) instrument using the conditions outlined in
[0047]
[0048] Table 25 with temperature ramp rates of 10 °C/min Table 26 reports the mass retained during air oxidation and final mass yield after both oxidation and carbonization treatments.
Table 25
Oxidation (air) Carbonization (nitrogen)
Segment Isothermal Isothermal Hold, Starting Final
Hold, Time (hr) Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C)
A 10 230 230 800
B 10 270 270 800
Table 26
Segment Mass retained during Char yield (%)
oxidation (%)
1A 74.08 10.47
IB 58.36 17.81
2A 76.08 10.70
2B 56.94 17.94
[0049] Example 3B
[0050] An ethylene/octene copolymer (density = 0.941 g/cm3; MI = 34 g/10 min,
190°C/2.16 kg) is reactive extruded with vinyl trimethoxysilane (VTMS) to form a VTMS- grafted ethylene/octene copolymer (MI = 19 g/10 min, 190°C/2.16 kg; 1.4 wt% grafted silane content determined by 13C NMR) precursor resin. VTMS-grafted precursor resin is melt spun to form fibers with the following properties: 1573 filaments, 1978.2 total denier, 2.31 gf/den, 12.94% elongation-to-break. The prepared fibers are continuously treated in a vessel containing an isopropanol solution with 5 wt% of an aryl sulfonic acid, Nacure B201 for 30 min. The treated fibers are allowed to dry cure for 3 days. The fibers are subsequently moisture cured at 60 °C (100% relative humidity) for 5 days. The gel fraction is determined to be 55.59-56.30% by Soxhlet extraction. The crosslinked fibers are subsequently treated with a 5 wt% suspension of zinc borate, (Firebrake ZB - XF) in isopropanol for the times reported in
[0051]
Table 27. After the zinc borate suspension treatment, the fibers are dried overnight in air at ambient conditions. The dried, zinc borate treated fibers underto thermal treatment (80 °C) overnight in a vacuum oven. The mass of the fibers prior to/and after boric acid treatment and relative change in mass are reported in Table 28.
Table 27
Segment Zinc borate treatment time (min)
1 10
2 30
Table 28
Segment Mass of fiber before Mass of fiber after Mass change
ZB treatment (g) ZB treatment (g) (%)
1 0.2404 0.2571 6.95
2 0.2262 0.2542 12.4
[0052] Zinc borate treated crosslinked fibers are oxidized and carbonized using a
Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) instrument using the conditions outlined in Table 29 with temperature ramp rates of 10°C/min. Table 30 reports the mass retained during air oxidation and final mass yield after both oxidation and carbonization treatments.
Table 29
Oxidation (air) Carbonization (nitrogen)
Segment Isothermal Isothermal Hold, Starting Final
Hold, Time (hr) Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C)
A 10 230 230 800
B 10 270 270 800
Table 30
Segment Mass retained during Char yield (%)
oxidation (%)
1A 75.11 25.76
IB 74.53 17.64
2A 84.38 23.04
2B 79.62 26.28
[0053] Example 4
[0054] An ethylene/octene copolymer (density = 0.941 g/cm3; MI = 34 g/10 min,
190°C/2.16 kg) is reactive extruded with vinyl trimethoxysilane (VTMS) to form a VTMS- grafted ethylene/octene copolymer (MI = 19 g/10 min, 190°C/2.16 kg; 1.4 wt% grafted silane content determined by 13C NMR) precursor resin. The VTMS-grafted precursor resin is melt spun to form fibers with the following properties: 1573 filaments, 1978.2 total
denier, 2.31 gf/den, 12.94% elongation-to-break. The prepared fibers are continuously treated in a vessel containing an isopropanol solution with 5 wt% of an aryl sulfonic acid, Nacure B201 for 30 min. The treated fibers are allowed to dry cure for 3 days. The fibers are subsequently moisture cured at 80 °C (100% relative humidity) for 5 days. The gel fraction is determined to be 61.4-61.9% by Soxhlet extraction. The crosslinked fibers are subsequently treated with a 5 wt% solution of boric acid in isopropanol for the times reported in Table 31. After the boric acid solution treatment, the fibers are dried overnight in air at ambient conditions. The dried, boric acid treated fibers undergo thermal treatment (80 °C) overnight in a vacuum oven. The mass of the fibers prior to/and after boric acid treatment and relative change in mass are reported in Table 32.
Table 31
Segment Boric acid treatment time (min)
1 30
Table 32
Segment Mass of fiber Mass of fiber Mass change
before BA after BA (%) treatment (g) treatment (g)
1 0.2363 0.2536 7.32
[0055] The thermally treated, boric acid treated crosslinked fibers are oxidized and carbonized using a Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) instrument using the conditions outlined in Table 33 with temperature ramp rates of 10 °C/min. Table 34 reports the mass retained during air oxidation and final mass yield after both oxidation and carbonization treatments.
Table 33
Oxidation (air) Carbonization (nitrogen)
Segment Isothermal Isothermal Hold, Starting Final
Hold, Time (hr) Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C)
A 10 270 270 800
Table 34
Segment Mass retained during Char yield (%) Overall Mass Yield oxidation (%) (%, per mass PE)
1A 61.97 38.66 41.49
[0056] Example 5
[0057] An ethylene/octene copolymer (density = 0.941 g/cm3; MI = 34 g/10 min,
190°C/2.16 kg) is reactive extruded with vinyl trimethoxysilane (VTMS) to form a VTMS- grafted ethylene/octene copolymer (MI = 19 g/10 min, 190 °C/2.16 kg; 1.4 wt% grafted silane content determined by 13C NMR) precursor resin. The VTMS-grafted precursor resin is melt spun to form fibers with the following properties: 1573 filaments, 1945.8 total denier, 2.25 gf/den, 12.17% elongation-to-break. Fiber tows are continuously treated in a vessel containing an isopropanol solution with 5 wt% of boric acid. Fiber residence time in the solution is 5 seconds. The treated fibers are allowed to dry cure for 3 days. The fibers are subsequently moisture cured at 80 °C (100% relative humidity) for 1-5 days, as reported in Table 35. Gel fraction is determined by Soxhlet extraction. Complete results are reported in Table 36.
Table 35
Segment Moisture Curing Time (days)
A 1
B 3
C 5
Table 36
Segment Gel Fraction (%)
A 42.9
B 53.3
C 55.2
[0058] Three segments (A, B, and C) prepared and crosslinked are treated with a 15 wt% solution of boric acid in methanol for various times reported in Table 37. After the boric acid solution treatment, the fibers are dried overnight in air at ambient conditions. The dried, boric acid treated fibers next undergo thermal treatment (80 °C) overnight in a vacuum oven. Mass of the fiber prior to and after boric acid treatment and relative change in mass are reported in Table 38.
Table 37
Segment Boric acid treatment time (min)
1 5
2 30
Table 38
Segment Mass of fiber before Mass of fiber after Mass change
BA treatment (g) BA treatment (g) (%)
Al 0.2418 0.2877 18.98
Bl 0.2476 0.3013 21.69
CI 0.2315 0.2732 18.01
A2 0.2600 0.3104 19.38
B2 0.2338 0.2854 22.07
C2 0.2356 0.2858 21.31
[0059] The thermally treated, boric acid treated crosslinked fibers are oxidized and carbonized using a Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) instrument using the conditions outlined in Table 39. Temperature ramp rates are maintained at 10 °C/min for oxidation and carbonization regimes. Table 40 reports the mass retained during air oxidation and final mass yield after both oxidation and carbonization treatments.
Table 39
Oxidation (air) Carbonization (nitrogen)
Segment Isothermal Isothermal Hold, Starting Final
Hold, Time (hr) Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C)
A-C 5 270 270 800
Table 40
Segment Mass retained during Char yield (%) Overall Mass Yield oxidation (%) (%, per mass PE)
Al 68.78 45.87 56.62
B l 67.71 45.44 58.03
CI 71.35 39.46 48.13
A2 68.11 43.81 54.34
B2 68.04 43.87 56.29
C2 68.92 43.96 55.86
[0060] Comparative Example 6
A vinyl trimethoxysilane-grafted ethylene/octene copolymer (MI = 7 g/10 min, 190 °C/2.16 kg; 1.6 wt% grafted silane content) is used as a precursor resin. Films are compression molded using a Carver press at 180 °C into thin films measuring 3 millimeters (76.2 microns) thick by micrometer. All films are crosslinked by treating the films with a commercial aryl sulfonic acid catalyst in isopropanol solution (Nacure B-201, King Industries) for 12 hours, followed by moisture curing at 60-80 °C for 72 hours. Gel fraction is determined to be 81.8% by Soxhlet extraction. Nine (9) smaller circular films are sectioned from the prepared film and weighed. The films are oxidized in a convection oven at 270 °C for 5 hours under air (21% oxygen content). The nine (9) films are weighed after air oxidation. Mass retention during air oxidation (oxidation mass yield) is reported in Table 41. Oxidized films are then carbonized under nitrogen from 25 °C to 800 °C using a ramp rate of 10 °C/min. Mass retention during carbonization (carbonization mass yield) is reported in Table 41. Calculated overall mass yield is reported in Table 41. Mean oxidation mass yield, carbonization mass yield, and overall mass yield are 43.5%, 45.7%, and 19.7%, respectively.
Table 41
Example Oxidation Mass Carbonization Overall Mass
Yield (%) Mass Yield (%) Yield (%)
A 43.50 51.01 22.19
B 42.19 43.59 18.39
C 41.58 50.52 21.00
D 43.81 45.03 19.73
E 45.31 42.46 19.24
F 40.26 52.07 20.96
G 43.87 43.11 18.91
H 49.09 42.74 20.98
I 41.85 41.13 17.21
[0061] Example 6
[0062] A vinyl trimethoxysilane-grafted ethylene/octene copolymer (MI = 7 g/10 min, 190 °C/2.16 kg; 1.6 wt% grafted silane content) is used as a precursor resin. Films are compression molded using a Carver press at 180 °C into thin films measuring 3 millimeters (76.2 microns) thick by micrometer. All films are crosslinked by treating the films with a commercial aryl sulfonic acid catalyst in isopropanol solution (Nacure B-201, King
Industries) for 12 hours, followed by moisture curing at 60-80 °C for 72 hours. Gel fraction is determined to be 81.8% by Soxhlet extraction. Four (4) films labeled A-D are submerged in vials containing solutions of methylene chloride and tributyl borate according to Table 42. Films are treated in tributyl borate solution overnight. Film weights are recorded before and after treatment with tributyl borate. Table 43 reports weight change for each film. The films are oxidized in a convection oven at 270 °C for 5 hours under air (21% oxygen content). The films are weighed after air oxidation. Mass retention during air oxidation (oxidation mass yield) is reported in Table 44. Oxidized films are then carbonized under nitrogen from 25 °C to 800 °C using a ramp rate of 10 °C/min. Mass retention during carbonization (carbonization mass yield) is reported in Table 44. Mean oxidation mass yield increases 5.5-42.1% for films treated with tributyl borate prior to oxidation compared with control films (Comparative Example 6). Mean carbonization mass yield increases 13.6-24.5% for films treated with tributyl borate prior to oxidation and carbonization compared with control films (Comparative Example 6). Mean overall mass yield increases 25.4-78.2% for films treated with tributyl borate prior to oxidation and carbonization compared with control films (Comparative Example 6).
Table 42
Example BCL Methylene chloride: tributyl
borate (vol: vol)
A 19:1
B 9:1
C 2.33:1
D 1:1
Table 43
Example Weight change (%)
A -2
B 0
C 5
D 14
Table 44
Example Oxidation Mass Carbonization Overall Mass
Yield (%) Mass Yield (%) Yield (%)
A 49.5 51.9 25.7
B 45.9 53.7 24.7
C 54.1 55.3 29.9
D 61.8 56.9 35.1
[0063] Comparative Example 7
[0064] An ethylene/octene copolymer (density = 0.950 g/cm3; MI = 17 g/10 min, 190 °C/2.16 kg) is melt blended at 160 °C in a DSM Xplore 15 micro-compounder under nitrogen. A film is compression molded using a Carver press at 160 °C. The film is oxidized in the convection oven at 250 °C for 10 hours under air (21% oxygen content). The film is weighed after air oxidation. Mass retention during air oxidation (oxidation mass yield) is reported in Table 45. The oxidized film is then carbonized under nitrogen from 25 °C to 800 °C using a ramp rate of 10 °C/min. Mass retention during carbonization
(carbonization mass yield) is reported in Table 45. Calculated overall mass yield is reported in Table 45.
Table 45
Example Oxidation Mass Carbonization Overall Mass
Yield (%) Mass Yield (%) Yield (%)
7 54.2 15.4 7.7
[0065] Example 7A
[0066] An ethylene/octene copolymer (density = 0.950 g/cm3; MI = 17 g/10 min, 190 °C/2.16 kg) is melt blended with polybutadiene, used as received from Sigma Aldrich (average Mn 1,530-2,070; catalog #434779), at 5 wt% at 160 °C in a DSM Xplore 15 micro- compounder under nitrogen. A film is compression molded using a Carver press at 160 °C. The film is oxidized in the convection oven at 250 °C for 10 hours under air (21% oxygen content). The film is weighed after air oxidation. Mass retention during air oxidation (oxidation mass yield) is reported in Table 46. The oxidized film is then carbonized under nitrogen from 25 °C to 800 °C using a ramp rate of 10 °C/min. Mass retention during carbonization (carbonization mass yield) is reported in Table 46. Calculated overall mass yield is reported in Table 46.
Table 46
Example Oxidation Mass Carbonization Overall Mass
Yield (%) Mass Yield (%) Yield (%)
7A 59.9 13.7 7.5
[0067] Example 7B
[0068] An ethylene/octene copolymer (density = 0.950 g/cm3; MI = 17 g/10 min, 190 °C/2.16 kg) is melt blended with polybutadiene, used as received from Sigma Aldrich (average Mn 1,530-2,070; catalog #434779), at 5 wt% at 160 °C in a DSM Xplore 15 micro- compounder under nitrogen. A film is compression molded using a Carver press at 160 °C. A 300 mL 6.66 mM BH3 (borane) solution was prepared in a glovebox by dissolving 2.01 mL of 1M BH3 solution in THF in 300 mL of THF. The film was immersed in 100 mL of the B¾ solution overnight. After removal from the solution, the film was dried in the glovebox atmosphere. After 16 hr, the film is removed from the glovebox. The film is oxidized in the convection oven at 250 °C for 10 hours under air (21% oxygen content). The film is weighed after air oxidation. Mass retention during air oxidation (oxidation mass yield) is reported in Table 47. The oxidized film is then carbonized under nitrogen from 25 °C to 800 °C using a ramp rate of 10 °C/min. Mass retention during carbonization
(carbonization mass yield) is reported in Table 47. Calculated overall mass yield is reported in Table 47. A relative increase in carbonization mass yield of 221-261% is observed for a film treated with borane (Example 7B) compared with control films (Comparative Example 7 and Example 7A). A relative increase in overall mass yield of 297-308% is observed for a film treated with borane compared with control films (Comparative Example 7 and
Example 7A).
Table 47
Example Oxidation Mass Carbonization Overall Mass
Yield (%) Mass Yield (%) Yield (%)
7B 61.9 49.5 30.6
Claims
1. A method for preparing a carbonaceous article comprising:
(a) providing an olefin resin;
(b) forming a fabricated article from the olefin resin;
(c) cros slinking the fabricated article;
(d) stabilizing the fabricated article by air oxidation;
(e) treating with a boron-containing liquid (BCL) during or intermediate to at least one of the preceding steps; and
(f) carbonizing the stabilized fabricated article.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the BCL is a boron source suitable for depositing boron in the fabricated article.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the boron source is elemental boron, borane, borate, borinic acid, boronic acid, boric acid, borinic ester, boronic ester, boroxine, aminoborane, borazine, borohydrides and derivatives and combinations thereof.
4. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein step (d) comprises heating the
fabricated article at or above 120 °C.
5. The method of any one of claims 1-4, wherein step (b) comprises converting said polyolefin resin to a fabricated article by fiber spinning, film extrusion casting, blown film processing, profile extrusion through a die, injection molding, solution casting or compression molding.
6. A method for preparing a carbonaceous article comprising:
(a) providing a crosslinked polyolefin fabricated article;
(b) stabilizing the crosslinked polyolefin fabricated article by air oxidation to
provide a stabilized fabricated article;
(c) treating with a boron-containing liquid (BCL) during or intermediate to at least one of the preceding steps; and
(d) carbonizing the stabilized fabricated article.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the BCL is a boron source suitable for depositing boron in the fabricated article.
The method of claim 7, wherein the boron source is elemental boron, borane, borate, borinic acid, boronic acid, boric acid, borinic ester, boronic ester, boroxine, aminoborane, borazine, borohydrides and derivatives and combinations thereof.
The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein step (b) comprises heating the crosslinked fabricated article at or above 120 °C.
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JP2017554298A JP2018517850A (en) | 2015-04-27 | 2016-04-07 | Process for making processed articles from polyolefins |
CN201680023492.3A CN107532340A (en) | 2015-04-27 | 2016-04-07 | The method of product is made up of polyolefin |
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Citations (2)
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GB1451550A (en) * | 1974-03-29 | 1976-10-06 | Ube Industries | Process for producing carbon fibre |
WO2015042387A1 (en) * | 2013-09-19 | 2015-03-26 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Polyolefin-derived carbon fibers containing boron |
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US1267201A (en) * | 1918-01-24 | 1918-05-21 | Paul Joseph Fleming | Capsule-filler. |
GB1267201A (en) * | 1968-10-03 | 1972-03-15 | ||
JP5015366B2 (en) * | 2000-09-12 | 2012-08-29 | ポリマテック株式会社 | Thermally conductive molded body and method for producing the same |
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2016
- 2016-04-07 EP EP16718570.1A patent/EP3289120A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2016-04-07 JP JP2017554298A patent/JP2018517850A/en active Pending
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- 2016-04-07 WO PCT/US2016/026453 patent/WO2016176021A1/en active Application Filing
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GB1451550A (en) * | 1974-03-29 | 1976-10-06 | Ube Industries | Process for producing carbon fibre |
WO2015042387A1 (en) * | 2013-09-19 | 2015-03-26 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Polyolefin-derived carbon fibers containing boron |
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