WO2016160089A1 - Compositions antivirales topiques, systèmes d'administration, et méthodes d'utilisation associées - Google Patents

Compositions antivirales topiques, systèmes d'administration, et méthodes d'utilisation associées Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016160089A1
WO2016160089A1 PCT/US2016/012668 US2016012668W WO2016160089A1 WO 2016160089 A1 WO2016160089 A1 WO 2016160089A1 US 2016012668 W US2016012668 W US 2016012668W WO 2016160089 A1 WO2016160089 A1 WO 2016160089A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
composition
subject
nitric oxide
topical composition
skin
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2016/012668
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Kimberly MCHALE
Ryan DOXEY
Nathan Stasko
Original Assignee
Novan, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from PCT/US2015/039908 external-priority patent/WO2016007834A1/fr
Application filed by Novan, Inc. filed Critical Novan, Inc.
Publication of WO2016160089A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016160089A1/fr
Priority to US15/713,185 priority Critical patent/US10322082B2/en
Priority to US16/431,214 priority patent/US10736839B2/en
Priority to US16/840,657 priority patent/US11040006B2/en
Priority to US17/329,587 priority patent/US11723858B2/en
Priority to US18/340,177 priority patent/US20230330008A1/en

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/13—Amines
    • A61K31/15—Oximes (>C=N—O—); Hydrazines (>N—N<); Hydrazones (>N—N=) ; Imines (C—N=C)
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0014—Skin, i.e. galenical aspects of topical compositions

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to topical antiviral compositions, delivery systems, and methods of using the same.
  • Delivery systems may include a topical antiviral composition.
  • Methods of using the topical antiviral compositions and/or delivery systems include methods of treating and/or preventing a viral infection.
  • Viruses cause a number of diseases that can be treated topically. For example, warts can be caused by human papillomavirus and can be treated topically. However, viruses can be difficult to treat since they invade host cells and replicate. In addition, new viral strains have emerged, including antiviral resistant strains.
  • compositions, kits, and/or methods for treating and/or preventing a viral infection are directed to compositions, kits, and/or methods for treating and/or preventing a viral infection.
  • a method of treating and/or preventing a viral infection in a subject in need thereof is provided.
  • the method includes administering a topical composition to the skin of a subject, wherein the topical composition comprises a nitric oxide-releasing active pharmaceutical ingredient in an amount of about 0.5% to about 20% by weight of the composition, thereby treating and/or preventing the viral infection in the subject.
  • the method includes administering a topical composition to the skin of a subject, wherein the topical composition comprises a nitric oxide-releasing active pharmaceutical ingredient that releases nitric oxide to the skin of the subject, and wherein the topical composition maintains a real time concentration of nitric oxide of at least about 7 pmol of NO/mg of the composition for at least 1 hour after administration, as measured by real time in vitro release testing, thereby treating and/or preventing the viral infection in the subject.
  • the method includes administering a topical composition to the skin of a subject, wherein the topical composition comprises a nitric oxide-releasing active pharmaceutical ingredient that releases nitric oxide to the skin of the subject, and wherein the topical composition maintains a real time concentration of nitric oxide of at least about 104 pmol of NO/cm over a time peripd of at least 1 hour after administration of the composition to the skin of the subject, as measured by real time in vitro release testing, thereby treating and/or preventing a viral infection in the subject.
  • the topical composition comprises a nitric oxide-releasing active pharmaceutical ingredient that releases nitric oxide to the skin of the subject
  • the topical composition maintains a real time concentration of nitric oxide of at least about 104 pmol of NO/cm over a time peripd of at least 1 hour after administration of the composition to the skin of the subject, as measured by real time in vitro release testing, thereby treating and/or preventing a viral infection in the subject.
  • Fig. 1 shows the outline of experimental infections on a rabbit.
  • Fig. 2 shows a graph of the mean + SEM of geometric mean diameter (G D) measurements of CRPV -induced rabbit papillomas from rabbits in Group A.
  • Papillomas were induced at 2 sites with 5 ⁇ g of wt-CRPV plasmid stock ( ⁇ , ⁇ ), and at 2 sites with 5 ⁇ g mE8- CRPV plasmid stock ( ⁇ , ⁇ ).
  • Left sites (LI and L2) were treated topically with placebo gel (#,0) and right sites (Rl and R2) were untreated ( ⁇ , ⁇ ).
  • Each symbol represents the mean ( ⁇ SEM) of QMDs of the weekly measurements.
  • FIG. 3 shows a graph of mean + SEM of GMD measurements of CRPV-induced rabbit papillomas from rabbits in Group B.
  • Papillomas were induced at 2 sites with 5 ⁇ g of wt- CRPV plasmid stock (#,T), and at 2 sites with 5 ⁇ g mE8-CRPV plasmid stock ( ⁇ , ⁇ ).
  • Left sites (LI and L2) were treated topically with 1% NitricilTM NVN1 ( ⁇ ,0) and right sites (Rl and R2) were untreated ( ⁇ , ⁇ ).
  • Each symbQl represents the mean (+ SEM) of GMDs of the weekly measurements.
  • Fig. 4 shows a graph of mean ⁇ SEM of GMD measurements of CRPV-induced rabbit papillomas from rabbits in Group C.
  • Papillomas were induced at 2 sites with 5 ⁇ g of wt- CRPV plasmid stock ( ⁇ , Y), and at 2 sites with 5 ⁇ mE8-CRPV plasmid stpck ( ⁇ , ⁇ ).
  • Left sites (LI and L2) were treated topically with 1.6% NitricilTM NVN4 ( ⁇ ,0) and right sites (Rl and R2) were untreated ( ⁇ , ⁇ ).
  • Each symbol represents the mean (+ SEM) of GMDs of the weekly measurements.
  • Fig. 5 shows a graph of mean ⁇ SEM of GMD measurements of CRPV-induced rabbit papillomas from rabbits in Group D.
  • Papillomas were induced at 2 sites with 5 ⁇ g of wt- CRPV plasmid stock (#,Y), and at 2 sites with 5 g mE8-CRPV plasmid stock ( ⁇ , ⁇ ).
  • Left sites (LI and L2) were treated topically with 10% NitricilTM NVN1 ( ⁇ ,0) and right sites (Rl and R2) were untreated ( ⁇ , ⁇ ).
  • Each symbol represents the mean (+ SEM) of GMDs of the weekly measurements.
  • FIG. 6 shows a graph of mean + SEM of GMD measurements of CRPV-induced rabbit papillomas from rabbits in Group E.
  • Papillomas were induced at 2 sites with 5 ⁇ g of wt- CRPV plasmid stock ( ⁇ , Y), and at 2 sites with 5 ⁇ g mE8-CRPV plasmid stock ( ⁇ , ⁇ ).
  • Left sites (LI and L2) were treated topically with 16.3% NitricilTM NVN4 ( ⁇ ,0) and right sites (Rl and R2) were untreated ⁇ , ⁇ ).
  • Each symbol represents the mean (+ SEM) of GMDs of the weekly measurements.
  • Fig. 7 shows a graph of mean + SEM of GMD measurements of CRPV-induced rabbit papillomas from rabbits in Group F.
  • Papillomas were induced at 2 sites with 5 ⁇ g of wt- CRPV plasmid stock (#,Y), and at 2 sites with 5 ⁇ g mE8-CRPV plasmid stock ( ⁇ , ⁇ ).
  • Left sites (LI and L2) were treated topically with placebo ointment ( ⁇ ,0) and right sites (Rl and R2) were untreated ( ⁇ , ⁇ ).
  • Each symbol represents the mean (+ SEM) of GMDs of the weekly measurements.
  • Fig. 8 shows a graph of mean + SEM of GMD measurements of CRPV-induced rabbit papillomas from rabbits in Group G.
  • Papillomas were induced at 2 sites with 5 ⁇ g of wt- CRPV plasmid stock ( ⁇ , Y), and at 2 sites with 5 ⁇ g mE8-CRPV plasmid stock ( ⁇ , ⁇ ).
  • Left sites (LI and L2) were treated topically with a single phase, 10% NitricilTM NVN1 ointment (#,0) and right sites (Rl and R2) were untreated ( ⁇ , ⁇ ).
  • Each symbol represents the mean (+ SEM) of GMDs of the weekly measurements.
  • Fig. 9 shows a graph of mean + SEM of GMD measurements of CRPV-induced rabbit papillomas from rabbits in Group H.
  • Papillomas were induced at 2 sites with 5 ⁇ g of wt- CRPV plasmid stock (#,T), and at 2 sites with 5 ⁇ g mE8-CRPV plasmid stock ( ⁇ , ⁇ ).
  • Left sites (LI and L2) were treated topically with 0.3% cidofovir in cremophor (50%) ( ⁇ ,0) and right sites (Rl and R2) were untreated ( ⁇ , ⁇ ).
  • Each symbol represents the mean (+ SEM) of GMDs of the weekly measurements.
  • Fig. 10 shows a graph of mean ⁇ SEM rabbit weight (kg) for rabbits in Groups A-H. Weights are plotted together with SEM error bars against time after infection with CRPV.
  • Fig. 11 shows a graph of the cumulative nitric oxide (NO) release over time for the formulations used in Groups B, D, and G.
  • Fig. 12 shows a graph of the real time NO release over time for the formulations used in Groups B and D.
  • Fig. 13 shows a graph of the cumulative NO release over time for the formulations used in Groups C, E, and G.
  • Fig. 14 shows a graph of the real time NO release over time for the formulations used in Groups C and E.
  • Fig. 15 shows a graph of the cumulative NO release over time for the formulations used in Groups B, C, D, E, and G.
  • Fig. 16A shows a graph of the real time NO release in pmol/mg for the formulations used in Groups B, D, E and G with rectangles representing 1 hour, 2 hour, and 4 hour time periods with ranges of NO release according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • Fig. 16B is an enlarged version of the first 1.5 hours of Fig. 16A with a rectangle representing the 1 hour time period with ranges of NO release according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • Fig. 17 shows a graph of the real time NO release in pmol/cm 2 for the formulations used in Groups D and E with rectangles representing 1 hour, 2 hour, and 4 hour time periods with ranges of NO release per cm according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • Fig. 18 shows a graph of papilloma size (GMD) in mm over time for the formulation used in Group A.
  • Papillomas were induced at 2 sites with 5 ⁇ g of wt-CRPV plasmid stock (#,T), and at 2 sites with 5 g mE8-CRPV plasmid stock ( ⁇ , ⁇ ).
  • Left sites (LI and L2) were treated topically with the placebo ( ⁇ ,0) and right sites (Rl and R2) were untreated ( ⁇ , ⁇ ).
  • Each symbol represents the mean (+ SEM) of GMDs of the weekly measurements.
  • Fig. 19 shows a graph f papilloma size (GMD) in mm over time for the formulation used in Group B.
  • PapiUpmas were induced at 2 sites with 5 ⁇ g of wt-CRPV plasmid stock ( ⁇ , ⁇ ), and at 2 sites with 5 ⁇ g mE8-CRPV plasmid stock ( ⁇ , ⁇ ).
  • Left sites (LI and L2) were treated topically with the 2% NitricilTM NVN1 formulation ( ⁇ ,0) and right sites (Rl and R2) were untreated ( ⁇ , ⁇ ).
  • Each symbol represents the mean (+ SEM) of GMDs of the weekly measurements.
  • Fig. 20 shows a graph of papilloma size (GMD) in mm over time for the formulation used in Group C.
  • Papillomas were induced at 2 sites with 5 ⁇ g of wt-CRPV plasmid stock (#,T), and at 2 sites with 5 g mE8-CRPV plasmid stock ( ⁇ , ⁇ ).
  • Left sites (LI and L2) were treated topically with the 4% NitricilTM NVNl formulation ( ⁇ ,0) and right sites (Rl and R2) were untreated ( , ⁇ ).
  • Each symbol represents the mean (+ SEM) of GMDs of the weekly measurements.
  • Fig. 21 shows a graph of papilloma size (GMD) in mm over time for the formulation used in Group D.
  • Papillomas were induced at 2 sites with 5 ⁇ g of wt-CRPV plasmid stock ( ⁇ , ⁇ ), and at 2 sites with 5 ⁇ g mE8-CRPV plasmid stock ( ⁇ , ⁇ ).
  • Left sites (LI and L2) were treated topically with the 8% NitricilTM NVNl formulation ( ⁇ ,0) and right sites (Rl and R2) were untreated ( ⁇ , ⁇ ).
  • Each symbol represents the mean (+ SEM) of GMDs of the weekly measurements.
  • Fig. 22 shows a graph of papilloma size (GMD) in mm over time for the formulation used in Group E.
  • Papillomas were induced at 2 sites with 5 ⁇ g of wt-CRPV plasmid stock (#,T), and at 2 sites with 5 ⁇ g mE8-CRPV plasmid stock ( ⁇ , ⁇ ).
  • Left sites (LI and L2) were treated topically with the 10% NitricilTM NVNl formulation ( ⁇ ,0) and right sites (Rl and R2) were untreated ( ⁇ , ⁇ ).
  • Each symbol represents the mean (+ SEM) of GMDs of the weekly measurements.
  • Fig. 23 shows a graph of papilloma size (GMD) in mm over time for the formulation used in Group F.
  • Papillomas were induced at 2 sites with 5 ⁇ g of wt-CRPV plasmid stock ( ⁇ , ⁇ ), and at 2 sites with 5 ⁇ g mE8-CRPV plasmid stock ( ⁇ , ⁇ ).
  • Left sites (LI and L2) were treated topically with the imiquimod control ( ⁇ ,0) and right sites (Rl and R2) were untreated ( ⁇ , ⁇ ).
  • Each symbol represents the mean (+ SEM) of GMDs of the weekly measurements.
  • Figs. 24A-24C illustrate representative images of uninfected raft cultures that were treated with 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 mg/mL of NitricilTM NVNl, respectively, and are stained with H&E or labeled with BrdU antibodies.
  • Figs. 25A-25C illustrate representative images of HPV-18 infected cultures that were treated with 0.75, 1.0, and 1.5 mg/mL of NitricilTM NVNl, respectively, and are stained with H&E or labeled with rdU antibodies.
  • Figs. 26A-26D illustrate representative images of uninfected raft cultures that were treated with 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg/mL of NitricilTM NVN4, respectively, and are stained with H&E or labeled with BrdU antibodies.
  • Figs. 27A-27D illustrate representative images of HP V- 18 infected cultures that were treated with 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg/mL of NitricilTM NVN4, respectively, and are stained with H&E or labeled with BrdU antibodies.
  • AISQ as used herein, "and/or” refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items, as well as the lack of combinations when interpreted in the alternative ("or").
  • the transitional phrase “consisting essentially of (and grammatical variants) is to be interpreted as encompassing the recited materials or steps "and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s)" of the claimed invention. See, In re Herz, 537 F.2d 549, 551-52, 190 U.S.P.Q. 461, 463 (CCPA 1976) (emphasis in the original); see also MPEP ⁇ 2111.Q3.
  • the term “consisting essentially of as used herein should not be interpreted as equivalent to "comprising.”
  • a measurable value such as an amount or concentration and the like
  • a measurable value such as an amount or concentration and the like
  • variations of up to ⁇ 20% of the specified value such as, but not limited to, ⁇ 10%, ⁇ 5%, ⁇ 1%, ⁇ 0.5%, or even ⁇ 0.1% of the specified value, as well as the specified value.
  • "about X" where X is the measurable value is meant to include X as well as variations of ⁇ 20%, ⁇ 10%, ⁇ 5%, ⁇ 1%, ⁇ 0.5%, or even ⁇ 0.1%» of X.
  • a range provided herein for a measureable value may include any other range and/or individual value therein.
  • a method of treating and/or preventing a viral infection may comprise administering a topical antiviral composition (i.e., a composition of the present invention) to the skin of a subject, thereby treating and/or preventing the viral infection in the subject.
  • a topical antiviral composition i.e., a composition of the present invention
  • the topical antiviral composition may be administered and/or applied to virally infected skin of the subject.
  • a method of the present invention may suppress and/or inhibit viral replication of a virus and/or enhance the local immune response of a subject.
  • administration of the topical antiviral composition to the skin of a subject may provide for topical and/or transdermal delivery of nitric oxide (NO) to the subject.
  • a method of the present invention may provide for targeted delivery of NO to an area of skin of a subject and/or may provide for local, systemic delivery of NO to the skin and/or surrounding tissues and/or organs of the subject.
  • a method of administering a composition of the present invention may administer NO to the skin of a subject and/or through the skin to a localized area.
  • a drug delivery system may be used to administer a topical antiviral composition of the present invention and/or a nitric oxide (NO)-releasing active pharmaceutical ingredient to the skin of a subject, thereby treating and/or preventing a viral infection in a subject.
  • a drug delivery system of the present invention may comprise a composition of the present invention.
  • Example drug delivery systems may include, but are not limited to, substrates, such as a cloth, dressing, membrane, sponge, ring, suppository, and the like, which may be in contact with a composition of the present invention.
  • a composition of the present invention and/or a nitric oxide (NQ)-releasing active pharmaceutical ingredient may be in and/or on a substrate and/or formed into a substrate (e.g., film, suppository, etc.).
  • the substrate may be placed in contact with the skin of a subject to administer the composition and/or a nitric oxide (NO)-releasing active pharmaceutical ingredient to the skin of a subject.
  • Exemplary viral infections include, but are not limited to, a viral infection caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV), epstein-barr virus, varicella zoster virus (VZV), vaccinia virus, cowpox virus, monkeypox virus, herpes simplex virus (HSV 1+2), herpes zoster, human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6), human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8), papillomavirus, molluscum contagiosum, orf, variola, and/or coxsackie virus.
  • the viral infection may be caused by a papillomavirus, such as a human papillomavirus.
  • the human papillomavirus may be HPV type 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 10, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, and/or 59.
  • the viral infection may be caused by a herpes simplex virus, such as herpes simplex type 1 and/or herpes simplex type 2.
  • the viral infection may infect the skin, including mucosa, of the subject.
  • the virus may be a human virus.
  • a method of treating and/or preventing a virus-related cutaneous condition may comprise administering a topical antiviral composition (i.e., a composition of the present invention) to the skin of a subject, thereby treating and/or preventing the virus-related cutaneous condition in the subject.
  • a topical antiviral composition i.e., a composition of the present invention
  • Virus-related cutaneous conditions that may be treated and/or prevented include, but are not limited to, cutaneous conditions associated with bowenoid papulosis, buffalopox, butcher's wart, condylomata acuminate, cowpox, cytomegalovirus, disseminated herpes zoster, eczema herpeticum (Kaposi's varicelliform eruption), eczema vaccinatum, epidermodysplasia verruciformis, erythema infectiosum (fifth disease, slapped cheek disease), farmyard pox, generalized vaccinia, genital herpes (herpes genitalis, herpes progenitalis), Buschke-Lowenstein tumor, hand-foot-and-mouth disease (Coxsackie), Heck's disease (focal epithelial hyperplasia), herpangina, herpes gladiatorum (scrum pox), herpes simple
  • Treating refers to any type of treatment that imparts a benefit to a subject and may mean that the severity of the subject's condition is reduced, at least partially improved or ameliorated and/or that some alleviation, mitigation or decrease in at least one clinical symptom associated with a viral infection is achieved and/or there is a delay in the progression of the viral infection and/or condition.
  • the severity of a viral infection e.g., a viral infection caused by human papillomavirus
  • a method of the present invention treats a viral infection in a subject, such as a viral infection that has affected the skin of the subject.
  • a method of the present invention may treat a viral infection by eliminating and/or reducing the size and/or appearance of at least one clinical symptom associated with the viral infection (e.g., a benign lesion).
  • a method of the present invention may treat a viral infection by eliminating at least one clinical symptom associated with the viral infection (e.g., a benign lesion) for a given period of time (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 day(s), or 1, 2, 3, 4, or more weeks, etc.).
  • a topical antiviral composition of the present invention is administered in a treatment effective amount.
  • a "treatment effective" amount as used herein is an amount that is sufficient to treat (as defined herein) a subject. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the therapeutic effects need not be complete or curative, as long as some benefit is provided to the subject.
  • a treatment effective amount of a topical antiviral composition of the present invention may be administered and may include administering a treatment effective amount of a nitric oxide-releasing active pharmaceutical ingredient.
  • a treatment effective amount of nitric oxide may be administered and/or applied in a method of the present invention.
  • a method of the present invention is carried out in a manner such that the administration of a topical antiviral composition comprising a nitric oxide (NO)-releasing active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) does not produce systemic effects (e.g., adverse systemic effects) from the administration of nitric oxide, such as, for example, when the composition, NO-releasing API, and/or NO is administered in a treatment effective amount.
  • a topical antiviral composition comprising a nitric oxide (NO)-releasing active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) does not produce systemic effects (e.g., adverse systemic effects) from the administration of nitric oxide, such as, for example, when the composition, NO-releasing API, and/or NO is administered in a treatment effective amount.
  • systemic effects e.g., adverse systemic effects
  • a method of the present invention is carried out in a manner such that the administration of a topical antiviral composition comprising a nitric oxide-releasing active pharmaceutical ingredient produces a local, systemic effect from the administration of nitric oxide, such as, for example, when the composition, NO-releasing API, and/or NO is administered in a treatment effective amount.
  • the terms "prevent,” “preventing” and “prevention” refer to avoidance, reduction and/or delay of the onset of a viral infection and/or a clinical symptom associated therewith in a subject and/or a reduction in the severity of the onset of the viral infection and/or clinical symptom relative to what would occur in the absence of a method of the present invention.
  • the prevention can be complete, e.g., the total absence of the viral infection and/or clinical symptom.
  • the prevention can also be partial, such that the occurrence of the viral infection and/or clinical symptom in the subject and/or the severity of onset is less than what would occur in the absence of a method of the present invention.
  • a method of the present invention prevents a viral infection in a subject, such as a viral infection that can affect the skin of the subject.
  • a topical antiviral composition of the present invention is administered in a prevention effective amount.
  • a "prevention effective" amount as used herein is an amount that is sufficient to prevent (as defined herein) the viral infection and/or clinical symptom in the subject. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the level of prevention need not be complete, as long as some benefit is provided to the subject.
  • a prevention effective amount of a topical antiviral composition of the present invention may be administered and may include administering a prevention effective amount of a nitric oxide-releasing active pharmaceutical ingredient.
  • a prevention effective amount pf nitric oxide may be administered and/or applied in a method of the present invention.
  • a method of the present invention is carried out in a manner such that the administration of a topical antiviral composition comprising a NO-releasing API does npt produce systemic effects (e.g., adverse systemic effects) from the administration of nitric oxide, such as, fpr example, when the composition, NO-releasing API, and/or NO is administered in a prevention effective amount.
  • systemic effects e.g., adverse systemic effects
  • a method of the present invention is carried out in a manner such that the administration of a topical antiviral composition comprising a nitric oxide-releasing active pharmaceutical ingredient produces a local, systemic effect from the administration of nitric oxide, such as, for example, when the composition, NO-releasing API, and/or NO is administered in a prevention effective amount.
  • the topical antiviral composition may be topically applied to a subject using any method known to those of skill in the art.
  • the composition may be topically applied to the subject at least 1, 2, 3, or more times per day.
  • the composition may be topically applied to the subject at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or more times per week and/or month.
  • the composition may be topically applied to the subject once daily, twice daily, every other day, every third day, once per week, or twice per week.
  • the composition may be applied at least once daily for an extended period of time (e.g., a week, month, 2 months, etc.) and/or until the viral infection and/or clinical symptom associated therewith has been treated and/or prevented. In some embodiments, the composition may be applied on an as needed basis.
  • an extended period of time e.g., a week, month, 2 months, etc.
  • the composition may be applied on an as needed basis.
  • the present invention finds use in both veterinary and medical applications. Suitable subjects of the present invention include, but are not limited to avians and mammals.
  • avian as used herein includes, but is not limited to, chickens, ducks, geese, quail, turkeys, pheasants, parrots, parakeets, macaws, cockatiels, canaries, and finches.
  • mammal includes, but is not limited to, primates (e.g., simians and humans), non-human primates (e.g., monkeys, baboons, chimpanzees, gorillas), bovines, ovines, caprines, ungulates, porcines, equines, felines, canines, lagomorphs, pinnipeds, rodents (e.g., rats, hamsters, and mice), etc.
  • the subject is a mammal and in certain embodiments the subject is a human.
  • Human subjects include both males and females and subjects of all ages including fetal, neonatal, infant, juvenile, adolescent, adult, and geriatric subjects.
  • the methods of the present invention may also be carried out on animal subjects, particularly mammalian subjects such as mice, rats, dogs, cats, livestock and horses for veterinary purposes, and/or for drug screening and drug development purposes.
  • the subject is "in need of or "in need thereof a method of the present invention, for example, the subject is in an at-risk population (e.g. the subject may be at-risk for or more susceptible to a viral infection), the subject has findings typically associated with a viral infection, and/or the subject is suspected to be or to have been exposed to a virus.
  • a subject in need thereof has a viral infection and/or a clinical sign or symptom associated therewith that may be treated with a method of the present invention.
  • the present invention may be particularly suitable for children, adolescents, adults, and/or geriatric subjects.
  • a topical antiviral composition of the present invention may be administered and/or applied topically to any portion of a subject's skin, including mucosa.
  • the composition may be topically administered to a subject's hand, finger, foot, toe, arm, leg, trunk, anus, genitals, face, a mucous membrane (including a body cavity), nail, etc.
  • an antiviral composition of the present invention may be topically administered to at least a portion of a subject's hand, finger, foot, and/or toe.
  • an antiviral composition of the present invention may be topically administered to at least a portion of a subject's anus, genitals, and/or a mucous membrane (e.g., urethra, cervix, and/or vagina). In some embodiments, an antiviral composition of the present invention may be topically administered to at least a portion of a subject's face, lips, and/or a mucous membrane (e.g., nostrils, mouth, tongue, and/or pharynx),
  • a method of the present invention may prevent and/or reduce the appearance and/or size of a benign lesion.
  • benign lesions include, but are not limited to, a wart (e.g., common warts (verruca vulgaris), flat warts, plantar warts, subungual and/or periungal warts, anal/genital warts, etc.), oral and/or laryngeal papilloma, anogenital mucosal condylomata, focal epithelial hyperplasic, oral florid papillomatosis, condyloma accuminata, papillomata, molluscum contagiosum, herpetic lesions, orf, and/or cowpow.
  • a wart e.g., common warts (verruca vulgaris), flat warts, plantar warts, subungual and/or periungal warts, anal/genital warts, etc.
  • the benign lesion may be an external genital wart and/or anal wart (e.g., a perianal wart). In some embodiments, the benign lesion may be a nongenital wart. In some embodiments, the benign lesion may be induced and/or caused by a papillomavirus, such as a human papillomavirus.
  • a papillomavirus such as a human papillomavirus.
  • a method of the present invention may reduce the appearance and/or size of a benign lesipn by at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97% or 100% compared to the appearance and/or size of a benign lesion prior to administering of a topical antiviral composition of the present invention.
  • the appearance of the benign lesion may be evaluated visually, such as, but not limited to, by the subject and/or a physician.
  • the size of the benign lesion may be determined using methods known to those of skill in the art.
  • a method of the present invention may prevent and/or reduce the appearance and/or size of a wart.
  • the subject may see a reduction in the size and/or appearance of a benign lesion within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, or more day(s) and/or week(s).
  • the method may reduce the size and/or appearance of a benign lesion in the skin of the subject with 12 weeks or less, in some embodiments, within 8 weeks or less, and in further embodiments, within 4 weeks or less.
  • a method of the present invention may reduce the number of benign lesions by at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97% or 100% compared to the number of benign lesions prior to administering of a topical antiviral composition of the present invention.
  • the number of benign lesions may be evaluated visually, such as, but not limited to, by the subject and/or a physician.
  • the number of benign lesions may be determined using methods known to those of skill in the art.
  • a method of the present invention may prevent and/or reduce the number of warts.
  • a method of the present invention may decrease the rate of recurrence of a benign lesion in a subject by at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97% or 100% compared to the rate of recurrence of the same type of benign lesion in the absence of administering of a topical antiviral composition of the present invention.
  • the rate of recurrence may be determined using methods known to those of skill in the art. For example, after a treatment and/or removal of a benign lesion, the number of benign lesions may be visually determined after a given period of time to determine the rate of recurrence.
  • a method of the present invention may decrease the rate of recurrence of warts in a subject.
  • the method may comprise topically administering and/or applying a topical antiviral composition to virally infected skin, including mucosa, of the subject that comprises a benign lesion.
  • the virally infected skin comprises a lesion and the method may further comprise debriding the lesion prior to administering the topical composition to the skin of the subject.
  • the virally infected skin comprises a lesion and the method may not comprise debriding the lesion prior to administering the topical composition to the skin of the subject.
  • the lesion may comprise a wart.
  • a method of the present invention may prevent and/or reduce the appearance and/or size of a premalignant lesion and/or a malignant lesion, such as, for example, a tumor.
  • the premalignant lesion and/or malignant lesion may be caused by and/or induced by a viral infection.
  • a premalignant lesion and/or malignant lesion may be a premalignant and/or malignant cutaneous lesion.
  • the premalignant lesion and/or malignant lesion may be due to and/or caused by cancer of the cervix, penis, anus, and/or oral cavity.
  • the premalignant lesion and/or malignant lesion may be induced and/or caused by a papillomavirus, such as a human papillomavirus.
  • a method of the present invention may prevent and/or reduce the appearance and/or size of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.
  • a method of the present invention may reduce the appearance and/or size of a premalignant lesion and/or malignant by at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97% or more compared to the appearance and/or size of a premalignant lesion and/or a malignant lesion prior tp administering of a topical antiviral composition of the present invention.
  • the appearance of the premalignant lesion and/or a malignant lesion may be evaluated visually, such as, but not limited to, by the subject and/or a physician.
  • the size of the premalignant lesion and/or a malignant lesion may be determined using methods known to those of skill in the art.
  • a method of the present invention may reduce the number of premalignant lesions and/or malignant lesions by at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97% or 100% compared to the number of premalignant lesions and/or malignant lesions prior to administering of a topical antiviral composition of the present invention.
  • the number of premalignant lesions and/or malignant lesions may be evaluated visually, such as, but not limited to, by the subject and/or a physician.
  • the number of premalignant lesions and/or malignant lesions may be determined using methods known to those of skill in the art.
  • a method of the present invention may decrease the rate of recurrence of a premalignant lesion and/or malignant lesion in a subject by at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97% or 100% compared to the rate of recurrence of the same type of premalignant lesion and/or malignant lesion in the absence of administering of a topical antiviral composition of the present invention.
  • the rate of recurrence may be determined using methods known to those of skill in the art. For example, after a treatment and/or removal of a premalignant lesion and/or malignant lesion, the number of premalignant and/or malignant lesions may be visually determined after a given period of time to determine the rate of recurrence.
  • a method of the present invention may administer nitric oxide to the basal layer of a subject's epithelium.
  • a method of the present invention may administer a treatment effective and/or a prevention effective amount of nitric oxide to the basal layer of a subject's epithelium.
  • nitric oxide may be administered to the basement membrane of a subject's epithelium. The upper epithelial layers pf a subject's skin may not need to be debrided, exfoliated, and/or removed in order for the method to administer nitric oxide to the basal layer and/or basement membrane.
  • a method of the present invention may administer nitric oxide to the skin of a subject. In some embodiments, a method of the present invention may administer nitric oxide in an amount sufficient to induce apoptosis or other cellular damage in virally infected cells. In some embodiments, a method of the present invention may administer nitric oxide in an amount sufficient to inhibit and/or prevent viral replication. A method of the present invention may reduce viral replication by at least about 1 %, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% compared to the rate of replication prior to the method of the present invention.
  • a method of the present invention may treat and/or prevent a viral infection in a subject without cytotoxicity to host cells or with reduced cytotoxicity to host cells.
  • the method may treat and/or prevent the viral infection in the subject with reduced host cell cytotoxicity compared to a different method for treating the viral infection, such as, for example, one that does not administer nitric oxide to the skin of a subject or one that uses acidified nitrite.
  • a method of the present invention may reduce host cell cytotoxicity by at least about 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% compared to a different method for treating the viral infection.
  • a method of the present invention may reduce and/or eliminate viral replication with no or minimal host cell cytotoxicity.
  • the method may provide a host cell cytotoxicity of about 50% or less (e.g., about 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%), 5%, or less).
  • Cytotoxicity may be determined using methods known to those of skill in the art, such as, for example, a qualitative reading of hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) slides, a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay and/or a 3-(4, 5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.
  • a method of the present invention may not cause apoptosis. For example, the method may not cause apoptosis in keratinocyte layers of the skin.
  • a method of the present invention may cause cells in the skin to normalize.
  • the cells may be thpse that received a therapeutic and/or prophylactic effect from a method of the present invention.
  • the cells may be those that were administered nitric oxide according tp a method of the present invention.
  • the cells may normalize by, for example, returning to a normal growth rate and/or may complete differentiation.
  • a method of the present invention may reduce the number of actively dividing cells throughout the skin layer and may cause cellular division to be restricted to the basal layer of the skin as is the normal physiologic state.
  • a method of the present invention may return cells in the skin to a growth rate that does not cause the cells and/or skin to display hyperproliferation, hyperplasia (e.g., benign hyperplasia), and/or dysplasia.
  • hyperplasia e.g., benign hyperplasia
  • dysplasia e.g., dysplasia
  • the virus may cause a thickening in an area of the skin (e.g., the virus may lead to a wart on the skin) and a method of the present invention may reduce the thickness of the skin in this area, such as by at least about 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, or more and/or may return the thickness of the skin in this area to a normal thickness.
  • the method may reduce the thickness of a thickened area of skin and/or return the thickness of the skin in the thickened area to a thickness of about 20% or less than the normal thickness of the skin.
  • an area of normal skin may have a thickness of 2 mm and a method of present invention may reduce the thickness of thickened skin in this area to a thickness in a range of about 2.4 mm to about 2 mm.
  • a method of the present invention may cause cells in the skin to return to a normal G2 and/or S phase.
  • a virus may cause cells to have a prolonged G2 phase following S phase reentry.
  • a method of the present invention may disrupt and/or interfere with a protein involved in viral replication.
  • a method of the present invention may disrupt and/or interfere with an E7 and/or E6 protein and/or its interactions and/or signaling.
  • a method of the present invention may activate and/or increase a cellular process that prohibits and/or decreases viral replication.
  • a method of the present invention may reduce the amount of viral DNA.
  • a method of the present invention may reduce the amount of viral DNA by at least about 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% compared to the amount of viral DNA present prior to the method of the present invention.
  • a topical antiviral composition comprising, but are not limited to, those described in International Application No. PCT/US2014/019536, U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/863,541 filed on August 8, 2013, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/868,139 filed on August 21, 2013, the disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
  • the topical antiviral composition may comprise a nitric oxide-releasing active pharmaceutical ingredient (NQ- releasing API).
  • the topical antiviral composition does not comprise acidified nitrite.
  • nitric oxide releasing composition refers to a nitric oxide releasing composition where the primary mechanism of nitric oxide release is when a nitrite is reduced, in the presence of an acid, to dinitrogen trioxide, which can dissociate into nitric oxide and nitrous oxide.
  • a method of the present invention may administer nitric oxide to the skin of a subject without staining the skin of the subject.
  • a method of the present invention may administer nitric oxide to the skin of a subject without staining the subject's skin yellow, brown, and/or black.
  • Nitric oxide releasing active pharmaceutical ingredient and "NO-releasing API,” as used herein, refer to a compound or other composition that provides nitric oxide to the skin of a subject, but is not gaseous nitric oxide.
  • the NO-releasing API is also not acidified nitrite.
  • the NO-releasing API includes a nitric oxide- releasing compound, hereinafter referred to as a "NO-releasing compound.”
  • An NO- releasing compound includes at least one NO donor, which is a functional group that may release nitric oxide under certain conditions.
  • the NO-releasing compound includes a small molecule compound that includes an NO donor group.
  • "Small molecule compound” as used herein is defined as a compound having a molecular weight of less than 500 daltons, and includes organic and/or inorganic small molecule compounds.
  • the NO-releasing compound includes a macromolecule that includes an NO donor group.
  • a "macromolecule” is defined herein as any compound that has a molecular weight of 500 daltons or greater.
  • Any suitable macromolecule may be used, including crosslinked or non-crosslinked polymers, dendrimers, metallic compounds, organometallic compounds, inorganic-based compounds, and other macromolecular scaffolds.
  • the macromolecule has a nominal diameter ranging from about 0.1 nm to about 100 ⁇ and may comprise the aggregation of two or more macromolecules, whereby the macromolecular structure is further modified with an NO donor group.
  • the NO-releasing compound includes a diazeniumdiolate functional group as an NO donor.
  • the diazeniumdiolate functional group may produce nitric oxide under certain conditions, such as upon exposure to water.
  • the NO-releasing compound includes a nitrosothiol functional group as the NO donor.
  • the NO donor may produce nitric oxide under certain conditions, such as upon exposure to light. Examples of pther NO donor groups include nitrosamine, hydroxyl nitrosamine, hydroxyl amine and hydroxyurea. Any suitable combination of NO donors and/or NO-releasing compounds may also be used in a second composition as described herein. Additionally, the NO donor may be incorporated into or onto the small molecule or macromolecule through covalent and/or non-covalent interactions.
  • An NO-releasing macromolecule may be in the form of an NO-releasing particle, such as those described in U.S. Patent No. 8,282,967, U.S. Patent No. 8,962,029 or U.S. Patent No. 8,956,658, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
  • NO-releasing compounds include NO-releasing zeolites as described in United States Patent Publication Nos. 2006/0269620 or 2010/0331968; NO- releasing metal organic frameworks (MOFs) as described in United States Patent Application Publication Nos. 2010/0239512 or 2011/0052650; NO-releasing multi-donor compounds as described in International Application No.
  • PCT/US2012/052350 entitled "Tunable Nitric Oxide-Releasing Macromolecules Having Multiple Nitric Oxide Donor Structures”; NO- releasing dendrimers or metal structures as described in U.S. Publication No, 2009/0214618; nitric oxide releasing coatings as described in U.S. Publication No. 2011/0086234; and compounds as described in U.S. Publication No. 2010/0098733.
  • NO-releasing macromolecules may be fabricated as described in International Application No. PCT/US2012/022048 entitled “Temperature Controlled Sol-Gel Co- Condensation" filed January 20, 2012, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • a nitric oxide-releasing active pharmaceutical ingredient may include NO-loaded precipitated silica.
  • the NO-loaded precipitated silica may be formed from nitric oxide donor modified silane monomers into a co-condensed siloxane network.
  • the nitric oxide donor may be an N-diazeniumdiolate.
  • the nitric oxide-releasing active pharmaceutical ingredient may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of a co-condensed siloxane network comprising a diazeniumdiolate (e.g., a N- diazeniumdiolate).
  • the nitric oxide donor may be formed from an aminoalkoxysilane by a pre-charging method
  • the co-condensed siloxane network may be synthesized from the condensation f a silane mixture that includes an alkoxysilane and the aminoalkoxysilane to form a nitric oxide donor modified co-condensed siloxane network.
  • the "pre-charging method” means that aminoalkoxysilane is "pretreated” or "precharged” with nitric oxide prior to the co-condensation with alkoxysilane.
  • the precharging nitric oxide may be accomplished by chemical methods.
  • the "pre-charging" method may be used to create co-condensed siloxane networks and materials more densely functionalized with NO-donors.
  • the nitric oxide-releasing active pharmaceutical ingredient may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of a co-condensed silica network synthesized from the condensation of a silane mixture comprising an alkoxysilane and at least one aminoalkoxysilane having an amine substituted by a diazeniumdiolate (e.g., a N- diazeniumdiolate).
  • the co-condensed siloxane network may be silica particles with a uniform size, a collection of silica particles with a variety of size, amorphous silica, a fumed silica, a nanocrystalline silica, ceramic silica, colloidal silica, a silica coating, a silica film, organically modified silica, mesoporous silica, silica gel, bioactive glass, or any suitable form or state of silica.
  • the alkoxysilane is a tetraalkoxysilane having the formula Si(OR)4, wherein R is an alkyl group.
  • R is an alkyl group.
  • the R groups may be the same or different.
  • the tetraalkoxysilane is selected as tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS) or tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS).
  • the aminoalkoxysilane has the formula: R"-(NH-R')n-Si(OR)3, wherein R is alkyl, R' is alkylene, branched alkylene, or aralkylene, n is 1 or 2, and R" is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and alkylamine.
  • the aminoalkoxysilane may be selected from N-(6- aminohexyl)aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (AHAP3); N-(2-aminoethyl)-3 - aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (AEAP3); (3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)di- ethyl enetriamine (DET3); (aminoethylaminomethyl)phenethyltrimethoxysilane (AEMP3); [3- (methylamino)propyl]trimethoxysilane (MAP3); N-butylamino-propyltrimethoxysilane(n- B AP3 ) ; t-buty lamino-propyltrimethoxysilane(t-B AP3 ) ;N- ethylaminoisobutyltrimethoxysilane(EAiB3); N-phen
  • the aminoalkoxysilane has the formula: NH [R'-Si(OR)3]2, wherein R is alkyl and R' is alkylene.
  • the aminoalkoxysilane may be selected from bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)amine, bis-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]amine and bis- [(3-trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine.
  • the aminoalkoxysilane is precharged for NO-release and the amino group is substituted by a diazeniumdiolate. Therefore, in some embodiments, the aminoalkoxysilane has the formula: R"-N(NONO-X+)- R'-Si(OR)3, wherein R is alkyl, R' is alkylene or aralkylene, R" is alkyl or alkylamine, and X+ is a cation selected from the group consisting of Na+, K+ and Li+.
  • composition of the siloxane network (e.g., amount or the chemical composition of the aminoalkoxysilane) and the nitric oxide charging conditions (e.g., the solvent and base) may be varied to optimize the amount and duration of nitric oxide release.
  • the composition of the silica particles may be modified to regulate the half-life of NO release from silica particles.
  • the amino group of aminoalkoxysilane is substituted with a diazeniumdiolate, and the aminoalkoxysilane having a formula of R"-N(NONO-X+)-R'- Si(OR)3, wherein: R is alkyl, R' is alkylene or aralkylene, R" is alkyl or alkylamine, and X+ is a cation selected from the group consisting of Na+ and K+.
  • the NO-releasing API may comprise a co-condensed silica network comprising diazeniumdiolated aminoethylaminopropyl trimethoxy silane (AEAP3) and tetra methyl orthosilicate (TMOS) and/or a co-condensed silica network comprising diazeniumdiolated aminoethylaminopropyl trimethoxy silane (AEAP3) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS).
  • AEAP3 diazeniumdiolated aminoethylaminopropyl trimethoxy silane
  • TMOS tetra methyl orthosilicate
  • the NO-releasing API may comprise a co- condensed silica network comprising diazeniumdiolated methylaminopropyl trimethoxysilane (MAP3) and tetra methyl orthosilicate (TMOS) and/or a co-condensed silica network comprising diazeniumdiolated methylaminopropyl trimethoxysilane (MAP3) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS).
  • MAP3 diazeniumdiolated methylaminopropyl trimethoxysilane
  • TMOS tetra methyl orthosilicate
  • the particle size of a NO-releasing API may be in a range of about 20 nm to about 2Q ⁇ or any range therein, such as, but not limited to, about 100 nm to about 20 ⁇ or about 1 ⁇ to about 20 ⁇ .
  • the particle size may be tailored to minimize or prevent toxicity and/or penetration through the epidermis (or compromised dermis) and into the blood vessels.
  • the particle size is distributed around a mean particle size of less than 20 ⁇ , or any range therein, and the size may allow the particle to enter a follicle.
  • a NO-releasing API may have a particle size that is distributed around a mean particle size of about 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 ⁇ .
  • a NO- releasing API may have a particle size that is distributed around a mean particle size of less than 10 ⁇ , or any range therein, such as, but not limited to about 2 ⁇ to about 1 ⁇ or about 4 ⁇ to about 8 ⁇ .
  • the particle size may be distributed around a mean particle size of greater than 20 ⁇ , or any range therein, and the size may prevent the particle from entering the follicle.
  • a mixture of particles with mean particle sizes distributed around two or more mean particle sizes may be provided.
  • a NO-releasing API may be micronized (e.g., ball and/or jet milled). Methods for providing a desired particle size and/or micronization include, but are not limited to, those described in U-$. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0310533, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • a NO-releasing API may be present in a topical antiviral composition in an amount of about 0.5% to about 25% by weight of the composition.
  • a NO-releasing API may be present in a composition of the present invention in an amount of about 0.5% to about 20%, about 0.5% to about 5%, about 1% to about 20%, about 1% to about 10%, about 1% to about 8%, about 1% to about 20%, about 5% to about 15%, or about 2% to about 6% by weight of the composition.
  • a nitric oxide-releasing active pharmaceutical ingredient may be present in a composition of the present invention in an amount of about 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, or 25% by weight of the composition.
  • a composition of the present invention may comprise a NO-releasing API and may store and/or release nitric oxide in an amount of about 0.05% to about 10% by weight of the composition, such as, but not limited to, about 0.15% to about 2%, about 0.15% to about 1%, about 0.3% to about 1.2%, about 0.15% to about 6%, about 1% to about 10%, about 3% to about 6%, or about 1% to about 5% by weight of the composition.
  • a composition of the present invention may comprise a nitric oxide-releasing active pharmaceutical and may store and/or release nitric oxide in an amount of about 0.15%, 0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9%, 1%, 1.25%, 1.5%, 1.75%, 2%, 2.25%, 2.5%, 2.75%, 3%, 3.25%, 3.5%, 3.75%, 4%, 4.25%, 4.5%, 4.75%, 5%, 5.25%, 5.5%, 5.75%, 6%, 6.25%, 6.5%, 6.75%, 7%, 7.25%, 7.5%, 7.75%, 8%, 8.25%, 8.5%, 8.75%, 9%, 9.25%, 9.5%, 9.75%, or 10% by weight of the composition.
  • a composition of the present invention may provide and/or allow for an extended period of time of NO release.
  • a composition of the present invention may provide and/or allow for a continuous release of NO for about 1 hour or more, such as, but not limited to, about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1, 12, or more hours after administration of the topical composition to a subject.
  • the composition may provide for a continuous release of NO for at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 hours after administration of the topical composition to a subject.
  • a topical antiviral composition of the present invention may provide a release rate of about 1 to about 5,000 pmol of NO/mg/s of the composition at a defined time period after administration of the composition to a subject. All releases of nitric oxide described herein, including those described with regard to a time period after administration to a subject, are referenced with respect to real time in vitro release testing.
  • the in vivo release of nitric oxide i.e., the nitric oxide release when the topical antiviral composition of the present invention is applied to a subject
  • the in vivo release of nitric oxide may vary depending on the particular embodiment of topical antiviral composition. However, it is believed that differences in the in vitro release of topical antiviral compositions according to the present invention will be reflected in the release of nitric oxide when the topical composition is applied to a subject. Accordingly, for clarity, unless specifically stated that the nitric oxide release is when applied to a subject, references to nitric oxide release with regard to embodiments of the topical antiviral compositions of the present invention will be with reference to the in vitro release of the composition. Time point zero or the initial time point of the in vitro release testing may be correlated to the time of administration to a subject with all subsequent real-time points corresponding to a certain time after administration.
  • the composition may release about 1 to about 10, about 1 to about 100, about 100 to about 1000, about 1000 to about 4,000, or about 2,500 to about 5,000 pmol of NO/mg of the composition at 1 hour, 45, 30, 15, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 minute(s) as measured by in vitro release.
  • the composition may release, on average, about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, or more pmol of NO/mg of the composition at 24, 20, 15, 10, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 hours as measured by in vitro release.
  • the NO release values provided herein may include the amount of variation typically associated with the manufacture of the NO-releasing API. For example, variation in the NO release may e seen between samples in the same lot and/or different lots. In some embodiments, variation in the NO release between samples in the same lot and/or different lots may be in a range of ⁇ about 0% to about 15% and this variation may be included in the NO release values described herein. In some embodiments, variation in the NO release between samples in the same lot and/or different lots may be in a range of ⁇ about 10% to about 15% and this variation may be included in the NO release values described herein.
  • the composition may release about 1 to about 10, about 1 to about 100, about 100 to about 1000, about 1000 to about 4,000, or about 2,500 to about 5,000 pmol of NQ/mg of the composition at 0.5, 1 hour, 45, 30, 15, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 minute(s) after administration of the composition to a subject.
  • the composition may release, on average, about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, or more pmol of NO/mg of the composition at 24, 20, 15, 10, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 hours after administration of the composition to a subject.
  • a topical antiviral composition of the present invention may provide for a continuous release of NO for at least about 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more hours as measured by in vitro release, and the composition may have a release of NO during the continuous release that, on average, is in a range of about 1 to about 500 pmol of NO/mg of the composition, such as, but not limited to, about 10 to about 50, about 50 to about 200, about 100 to about 500, about 300 to about 500, about 1 to about 10, or about 1 to about 3 pmol of NO/mg of the composition.
  • a topical antiviral composition of the present invention may provide for a continuous release of NO for at least about 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more hours after administration of the composition to a subject, and the composition may have a release of NO during the continuous release that, on average, is in a range of about 1 to about 500 pmol of NO/mg of the composition, such as, but not limited to, about 10 to about 50, about 50 to about 200, about 100 to about 500, about 300 to about 500, about 1 to about 10, or about 1 to about 3 pmol of NO/mg of the composition.
  • a topical antiviral composition of the present invention maintains a real time concentration of NO of greater than 5 pmol of NO/mg for a period of at least 4 hours, a real time concentration of NO of greater than 6 pmol of NO/mg for a period of at least 2 hours, and/or a real time concentration of NO of greater than 7 pmol of NO/mg for a period of at least 1 hour as measured by in vitro release.
  • a topical antiviral composition of the present invention may maintain a real time concentration of NO of at least about 5 pmol of NO/mg or more (e.g., 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 500, 1000, 2000 pmol of NO/mg of the composition or more) for a period of at least 1 hour or more (e.g., 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5 hours or more) as measured by in vitro release.
  • a real time concentration of NO of at least about 5 pmol of NO/mg or more (e.g., 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 500, 1000, 2000 pmol of NO/mg of the composition or more) for a period of at least 1 hour or more (e.g., 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5 hours or more) as measured by in vitro
  • a topical antiviral composition of the present invention maintains a real time concentration of NO in a range of about 5 pmol to about 4000 pmol of NO/mg for a period of at least 4 hours, a real time concentration of NO in a range of about 6 to about 4000 pmol of NO/mg for a period of at least 2 hours, and/or a real time concentration of NO in a range of about 7 to about 4000 pmol of NO/mg for a period of at least 1 hour as measured by in vitro release.
  • a topical antiviral composition of the present invention maintains a real time concentration of NO of greater than 74 pmol of NO/cm for a period of at least 4 hours, a real time concentration of NO of greater than 89 pmol of NO/cm for a period of at least 2 hours, and/or a real time concentration of NO of greater than 104 pmol of NO/cm 2 for a period of at least 1 hour as measured by in vitro release.
  • a topical antiviral composition of the present invention maintains a real time concentration of NO in a range of about 74 pmol of NO/cm 2 to about 59,520 pmol of NO/cm 2 for a period of at least 4 hours, a real time concentration of NO in a range of about 89 to about 59,520 pmol of NO/cm 2 for a period of at least 2 hours, and/or a real time concentration of NO in a range of about 104 to 59,520 pmol of NO/cm 2 for a period of at least 1 hour as measured by in vitro release.
  • a topical antiviral composition of the present invention may provide for a cumulative release of NO of at least about 10 nmol of NO/mg of the composition at 24 hours or less (e.g., 24, 20, 15, 10, 5, 4, 2, or 1 hours) after administration of the composition to a subject.
  • the topical antiviral composition may have a cumulative release of NO in a range of about 10 to about 50, about 10 to about 100, about 100 to about 1000, about 250 to about 750, about 500 to about 750, about 50 to about 1000, about 100 to about 1500, about 200 to about 1000, about 100 to about 500, or about 500 to about 1000 nmol of NO/mg of the composition at 24 hours or less after administration of the composition to a subject.
  • a topical antiviral composition of the present invention provides a cumulative release of NO in a range of about 180 nmol of NO/mg to about 1000 nmol of NO/mg in 24 hpurs after administration of the composition to a subject. In some embodiments of the present invention, a topical antiviral composition of the present invention provides a cumulative release of NO of greater than 180 nmol of NO/mg in 24 hours after administration of the composition to a subject while maintaining a real time concentration of NO of greater than 5 pmol of NO/mg for a period of at least 4 hours as measured by in vitro release.
  • a topical antiviral composition of the present invention provides a cumulative release of NO in a range of about 90 nmol of NO/mg to about 450 nmol of NO/mg in 4 hours after administration of the composition to a subject.
  • a topical antiviral composition of the present invention releases half of the NO released from the composition in about 9 minutes or longer based on a total NO release determined at 24 hours measured by in vitro release.
  • the topical antiviral composition may release half of the NO released from the composition in about 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, or 60 minutes, or 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 hours or more based on a total NO release determined at 24 hours measured by in vitro release.
  • a topical antiviral composition of the present invention releases half of the NO released from the composition in a range of about 9 minutes to about 8 hours based on a total NO release determined at 24 hours measured by in vitro release,
  • a topical antiviral composition of the present invention provides a maximum concentration (Cmax) of NO released of greater than 160 pmol of NO/mg based on a total NO release determined at 24 hours measured by in vitro release.
  • the topical antiviral composition of the present invention may provide a Cmax of NO released of about 175, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500 pmol of NO/mg or more based on a total NO release determined at 24 hours measured by in vitro release.
  • a topical antiviral composition of the present invention provides a maximum concentration of NO released in a range of about 160 pmol of NO/mg to about 3500 pmol of NO/mg. In some embodiments, a topical antiviral composition of the present invention provides a maximum concentration of NO released of greater than 160 pmol of NO/mg and releases half of the NO released from the composition in about 9 minutes or longer based on a total NO release determined at 24 hours measured by in vitro release.
  • a topical antiviral composition provides a maximum concentration of NO released of at least about 3000 pmol of NO/mg, releases at least about 900 nmol of NO/mg in 24 hours, and/or releases half of the NO release in about 9 minutes based on a total NO release determined at 24 hours measured by in vitro release.
  • a topical antiviral composition provides a maximum concentration of NO released of at least about 13 pmol of NO/mg, releases at least about 300 nmol of NO/mg in 24 hours and/or releases half of the NO release in about 420 minutes based on a total NO release determined at 24 hours measured by in vitro release.
  • a topical antiviral composition has a real time concentration of NO of at least 5 pmol of NO/mg at 4 hours as measured by in vitro release.
  • a topical antiviral composition provides a maximum concentration of NO released in a range of about 12 pmol of NO/mg to about 3200 pmol of NO/mg, a real time concentration of NO of at least 5 pmol of NO/mg at 4 hours, releases NO in a range of about 300 nmol of NO/mg to about 1000 nmol of NO/mg in 24 hours, and/or releases half of the NO release in a range of about 9 minutes to about 420 minutes based on a total NO release determined at 24 hours measured by in vitro release.
  • a topical antiviral composition of the present invention may maintain a real time concentration of NO of at least about 70 pmol of NO/cm 2 or more (e.g., 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000 pmol of NO/cm 2 or more) for a period of at least 0.5 hours or more (e.g., 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5 hours or more) after administration of the composition to a subject, as measured by in vitro release.
  • a topical antiviral composition of the present invention maintains a real time concentration of NO of greater than 70 pmol of NO/cm for a period of at least 4 hours as measured by in vitro release.
  • a topical antiviral composition of the present invention may provide for a cumulative release of NO of at least about 4500 nmol of NO/cm 2 (e.g., 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000 nmol of NO/cm 2 or more) at 24 hours or less (e.g., 24, 20, 15, 10, 5, 4, 2, or 1 hours) after administration of the composition to a subject.
  • a topical antiviral composition of the present invention provides a cumulative release of NO in a range of about 4500 nmol of NO/cm 2 to about 14000 nmol of NO/cm 2 in 24 hours after administration of the composition to a subject.
  • a topical antiviral composition of the present invention provides a cumulative release of NO of greater than 4500 nmol of NO/cm in 24 hours after administration of the composition to a subject while maintaining a real time concentration of NO of greater than 70 pmol of NO/cm 2 for a period of at least 4 hours as measured by in vitro release.
  • a topical antiviral composition of the present invention provides a cumulative release of NO in a range of about 1300 nmol of NO/cm 2 to about 14000 nmol of NO/cm 2 in 4 hours after administration of the composition to a subject.
  • a topical antiviral composition of the present invention may have a real time concentration of NO of at least about 10 pmol of NO/cm 2 or more (e.g., 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000 pmol of NO/cm 2 or more) at 0.5 hours or more (e.g., 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5 hours or more) after administration of the composition to a subject.
  • NO/cm 2 or more e.g., 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000 pmol of NO/cm 2 or more
  • 0.5 hours or more e.g., 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5 hours or more
  • a topical antiviral composition of the present invention provides a real time concentration of NO of at least 100 pmol of NO/cm 2 at 0.5 hours, at least 50 pmol of NO/cm 2 at 1 hour, at least 40 pmol of NO/cm 2 at 2 hours, at least 25 pmol of NO/cm 2 at 3 hours, and/or at least 20 pmol of NO/cm 2 at 4 hours, each as measured by in vitro release.
  • a topical antiviral composition of the present invention provides a real time concentration of NO of at least 130 pmol of NO/cm 2 at 0.5 hours, at least 115 pmol of NO/cm 2 at 1 hour, at least 90 pmol of NO/cm 2 at 2 hours, at least 90 pmol of NO/cm 2 at 3 hours, and/or at least 80 pmol of NO/cm 2 at 4 hours, each as measured by in vitro release.
  • a topical antiviral composition of the present invention provides a real time concentration of NO of at least 800 pmol of NO/cm 2 at 0.5 hours, at least 500 pmol of NO/cm 2 at 1 hour, at least 200 pmol of NO/cm 2 at 2 hours, at least 100 pmol of NO/cm 2 at 3 hours, and/or at least 50 pmol of NO/cm 2 at 4 hours, each as measured by in vitro release.
  • a topical antiviral composition of the present invention provides a maximum concentration of NO released of greater than 2400 pmol of NO/cm 2 . In some embodiments, a topical antiviral composition of the present invention provides a maximum concentration of NO released in a range of about 2400 pmol of NO/cm 2 to about 47000 pmol of NO/cm". In some embodiments, a topical antiviral composition of the present invention provides a maximum concentration of NO released of greater than 2400 pmol of NO/cm 2 and releases half of the NO released from the composition in 10 minutes or longer based on a total NO release determined at 24 hours measured by in vitro release.
  • a topical antiviral composition provides a maximum concentration of NO released of at least about 47000 pmol of NO/cm 2 , releases at least about 13000 nmol of NO/cm 2 in 24 hours and/or releases half of the NO release in about 9 minutes based on a total NO release determined at 24 hours measured by in vitro release.
  • a topical antiviral composition provides a maximum concentration of NO released of at least about 190 pmol of NO/cm 2 , releases at least about 4600 nmol of NO/cm 2 in 24 hours and/or releases half of the NO in about 420 minutes based on a total NO release determined at 24 hours measured by in vitro release.
  • a topical antiviral composition has a real time concentration of NO of at least 70 pmol of NO/cm 2 at 4 hours as measured by in vitro release.
  • a topical antiviral composition provides a maximum concentration of NO release in a range of about 190 pmol of NO/cm 2 to about 47000 pmol of NO/cm 2 , a real time concentration of NO of at least 70 pmol of NO/cm 2 at 4 hours, releases NO in a range of about 4600 nmol of NO/cm 2 to about 47000 nmol of NO/cm in 24 hours and/or releases half of the NO release in a range of about 9 minutes to about 420 minutes based on a total NO release determined at 24 hours measured by in vitro release.
  • the efficacy of the nitric oxide releasing product may be related, not only to the amount of nitric oxide release, but to the rate at which it is released. Accordingly, products with an average release rate over about 5 minutes and in some embodiments, 4.7 minutes, pf 600 nmol NO/mg hour 0'5 or greater, 900 nmol NO/mg hour 0,5 or greater, 2500 nmol NO/mg hour 0 5 or greater, 4000 nmol NO/mg hour 0,5 or greater or 4500 nmol NO/mg hour 0 5 or greater measured by in vitro release may be utilized according to certain embodiments of the present invention.
  • the pH of a composition of the present invention may be in a range of about 3 to about 11.
  • the pH of the composition may be in a range of about 3 to about 5, about 3.5 to about 4.5, about 5 to about 7, about 5.5 to about 6.5, about 3.5 to about 6.5, about 6 to about 10, about 6 to about 7, about 7 to about 10, about 7 to about 9, about 7 to about 8, about 7.5 to about 8, or about 8 to about 9.
  • the pH of the composition may be about 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 1 1.
  • the pH of the composition may be determined prior to administration to a subject and/or may be determined once applied to the skin of the subject.
  • the pH may be determined upon combination and/or mixing of the two or more parts and/or phases prior to and/or after administration to the skin of the subject. In certain embodiments, the pH of the composition is measured prior to administration to the skin of the subject, but after combining all parts and/or phases of the composition.
  • the pH may be measured using known methods.
  • the pH of a composition of the present invention may be determined once a steady state pH is achieved prior to and/or after administration and/or after combination of a first part and second part of the composition.
  • the pH of a composition of the present invention may be determined after a defined period of time, such as, but not limited to, after about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60 minutes or more.
  • the pH of a composition of the present invention may be measured in vitro.
  • the pH of a composition of the present invention may be measured after administration to a subject, such as, for example, a skin surface pH may be measured after administration of a composition of the present invention to the skin of a subject,
  • a composition of the present invention may comprise at least two parts. The at least two parts may be combined prior to, during, and/or after administration to a subject to form an antiviral composition of the present invention.
  • a composition of the present invention comprises a first part comprising a first composition and a second part comprising a second composition.
  • the first and second composition may be combined by mixing, stirring, blending, dispersing, milling, homogenizing, applying to same area or region, and the like.
  • the first and second composition may be mixed and/or blended prior to, during, and/or after administration to the skin of a subject.
  • the first composition and second composition may be combined by applying one or more layers of the second composition onto a subject and then applying one or more layers of the first composition onto a subject or vice versa to form a topical antiviral composition of the present invention.
  • the second composition may comprise a NO-releasing API.
  • a composition of the present invention may comprise a first part comprising a first composition that may be in the form of a hydrogel.
  • “Hydro gel,” as used herein, refers to a hydrophilic gel comprising a gel matrix and water.
  • the first composition may comprise at least one polyhydric alcohol, at least one viscosity increasing agent, and water.
  • the first composition may comprise at least one polyhydric alcohol, at least one viscosity increasing agent, water, at least one additional solvent ⁇ i.e., at least one solvent in addition to water), a buffer and/or buffering agent, an emollient, and optionally a preservative.
  • Exemplary polyhydric alcohols that may be present in a first composition include, but are not limited to, glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, triethylene glycol, neopental glycols, butylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, sorbitol, arabitol, erythritol, HSH, isomalt, lactitol maltitpl, mannitol, xylitol, threitol, ribitol, galactitol, fucitol, iditol, inositol, volemitol, and any combination thereof.
  • the first composition comprises glycerol, such as, but not limited to, anhydrous glycerol.
  • a polyhydric alcohol may be present in a first composition in an amount of about 1% to about 30% by weight of the first composition or any range and/or individual value therein, such as, but not limited to, about 1% to about 20%, about 1% to about 10%, about 5% to about 10%, or about 5% to about 15% by weight of the first composition.
  • a polyhydric alcohol may be present in the first composition in an amount of about 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, or 30% by weight of the first composition or any range and/or individual value therein.
  • Exemplary viscosity increasing agents that may be present in a first composition include, but are not limited to, a carboxypolymethylene; a polyacrylic polymer such as polyacrylic acid, a polyacrylate polymer, a cross-linked polyacrylate polymer, a cross-linked polyacrylic acid, and mixtures thereof; a cellulose ether such as hydroxyalkyl cellulose polymers such as hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), hydroxypropyl cellulose, hyrdoxyethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, and mixtures thereof; a methacrylate; a polyvinylpyrollidone; cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone; polyvinylpyrrolidone-vinyl acetate copolymer; polyvinylalcohol; polyethylene oxide; polyethylene glycol; polyvinylalkyl ether-maleic acid copolymer; a carboxy vinyl polymer; a polys
  • hydroxypropylated high amylose starch dextrin, levan, elsinan, gluten, and mixtures thereof; bentonite; calcium stearate; ceratonia; colloidal silicon dioxide; dextrin; hypromellose; polycarbophil; kaolin; saponite; sorbitan esters; sucrose; sesame oil; tragacanth; potassium alginate; povidone; sodium starch glycolate; phospholipids; and any combination thereof.
  • a first composition may comprise a carboxypolymethylene, such as, but not limited to, those commercially available from Lubrizol Corporation of Wickliffe, Ohio under the trade name Carbopol ® .
  • Exemplary Carbopol ® polymers that may be present in a first composition include, but are not limited to, Carbopol ® 974P NF polymer, such as Type A, Type B and/or Type C Homopolymers; Carbopol ® Ultrez 10, 20, 21 NF polymer; Carbopol ® 97 IP NF polymer; Carbopol® 980 Homopolymer Type C polymer, Carbopol® 980 NF polymer, Carpobol ® 980P polymer, Carbopol ® ETD 2020 NF polymer, Carbopol® 71 G NF polymer, Carbopol ® 981P NF polymer, Carbopol ® 970P NF polymer, Carbopol ® 9
  • a first composition may comprise a cellulose, such as, but not limited to, a carboxymethyl cellulose or a salt thereof. In some embodiments, a first composition may comprise carboxymethyl cellulose sodium.
  • a viscosity increasing agent present in the first composition may be a polymer comprising acidic groups, such as, but not limited to, carboxylic acid groups. The acidic groups of the polymer may be partially neutralized in the first composition.
  • a viscosity increasing agent present in the first composition may be a carboxypolymethylene.
  • a carboxypolymethylene present in the first composition may be partially neutralized.
  • a first composition may comprise a carboxypolymethylene and have a pH of about 3 to about 7, about 3.5 to about 6.5, about 3.5 to about 6, or about 4 to about 6.
  • a first composition may comprise a carboxypolymethylene and have a pH of about 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, or 7.
  • a viscosity increasing agent may be present in the first composition.
  • a composition of the present invention may comprise at least two viscosity increasing agents that may be the same or different.
  • a first viscosity increasing agent may be present in a first composition in an amount of about 0.01% to about 5% by weight of the first composition or any range and/or individual value therein, such as, but not limited to, about 0.05% to about 3%, about 1% to about 5%, about 1% to about 3%, or about 0.1% to about 1.5% by weight of the first composition.
  • a first viscosity increasing agent is present in a first composition in an amount of about 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5%, or 5% by weight of the first composition or any range and/or individual value therein.
  • Water may be present in the first composition in an amount of about 55% to about 99% by weight of the first composition or any range and/or individual value therein, such as, but not limited to, about 55% to about 75%, about 60% to about 95%, about 60% to about 80%, about 75% to about 95%, or about 80% to about 90% by weight of the first composition.
  • water is present in a first composition in an amount of about 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% by weight of the first composition or any range and/or individual value therein.
  • one or more solvent(s) in addition to water may be present in a first composition.
  • the first composition may comprise water and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or more additional solvents.
  • the one or more solvent(s) in addition to water may each be present in the first composition in an amount of about 0-5% to about 20% by weight of the first composition or any range and/or individual value therein, such as, but not limited to, about 1% to about 15%, about 1% to about 10%, about 5% to about 15%, or about 1% to about 5% by weight of the first composition.
  • the one or more solvent(s) in addition to water may each be present in a first composition in an amount of about 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%), 19%, or 20% by weight of the first composition or any range and/or individual value therein.
  • Example solvents in addition to water that may be present in a first composition include, but are not limited to an alcohol, such as, for example, isopropyl alcohol or ethanol.
  • a first composition comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of at least one polyhydric alcohol present in an amount of about 1% to about 30% by weight of the first composition, at least one viscosity increasing agent present in an amount of about 0.1% to about 5% by weight of the first composition, and water present in an amount of about 55% to about 99% by weight of the first composition.
  • the viscosity increasing agent may be a carboxypolymethylene or a carboxymethyl cellulose or a salt thereof.
  • the first composition may be a hydrogel.
  • a first composition may comprise a preservative.
  • a preservative may be present in a first composition in an amount of about 0.01% to about 1% by weight of the first composition or any range and/or individual value therein, such as, but not limited to, about 0.01% to about 0.1%, about 0.05% to about 0.5%, about 0.05% to about 1%, or about 0.1% to about 1% by weight of the first composition.
  • a preservative is present in a first composition in an amount of about 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, Q.09%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, or 1% by weight of the first composition or any range and/or individual value therein.
  • Exemplary preservatives that may be present in a first composition include, but are not limited to, sorbic acid, benzoic acid, methyl-paraben, propyl-paraben, methylchloroisothiazolinone, metholisothiazolinone, diazolidinyl urea, chlorobutanol, triclosan, benzethonium chloride, p-hydroxybenzoate, chlorhexidine, digluconate, hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, alcohols, benzalkonium chloride, boric acid, bronopol, butylparaben, butylene calcium acetate, calcium chloride, calcium lactate, carbon dioxide, cationic, and bentonite, cetrimide, cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorhexidine, chlorobutanol, chlorocresol, chloroxylenol, citric acid monohydrate,cresol, dimethyl ether, ethylparaben,
  • a first composition may comprise a neutralizing agent.
  • a neutralizing agent may be present in a first composition in an amount sufficient to provide a desired pH, such as, but not limited to, a pH of about 3 to about 11, or any range and/or individual value therein, such as, but not limited to, about 3 to about 8, about 4 to about 7, or about 6 to about 7, or about 6 to 11.
  • a neutralizing agent may be present in a first composition in an amount sufficient to provide the first composition with a pH in a range of about 3 to about 8.
  • a neutralizing agent may be present in a first composition in an amount sufficient to provide a composition of the present invention with a desired pH upon combination of the first composition and a second part (e.g., a second composition) and/or upon administration of the first composition and/or the composition comprising the first composition and the second part to the skin of a subject.
  • a neutralizing agent may be present in a first composition in an amount sufficient to provide a composition of the present invention (e.g., a composition comprising the first composition and a second composition) with a desired pH, such as, but not limited to, a pH of about 3 to about 11, or any range and/or individual value therein.
  • a neutralizing agent adjusts the pH of the first composition and/or composition of the present invention.
  • a neutralizing agent is present in a first composition in an amount sufficient for the first composition to have a pH of about 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, or 8 or any range and/or individual value therein.
  • a neutralizing agent is present in a composition of the present invention in an amount sufficient for the composition to have a pH of about 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5, 10, 10.5, or 11, or any range and/or individual value therein.
  • Exemplary neutralizing agents that may be present in a first composition include, but are not limited to, bases such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and mixtures thereof; acids such as hydrochloric acid, citric acid, lactic acid, glycolic acid, acetic acid, and mixtures thereof; sodium carbonate; trolamine; tromethamine; aminomethyl propanol; triisopropanolamine; aminomethyl propanol; tetrahydroxypropyl ethylenediamine; tetrasodium EDTA; suttocide A; and any combination thereof.
  • bases such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and mixtures thereof
  • acids such as hydrochloric acid, citric acid, lactic acid, glycolic acid, acetic acid, and mixtures thereof
  • sodium carbonate such as sodium carbonate
  • trolamine tromethamine
  • aminomethyl propanol triisopropanolamine
  • aminomethyl propanol tetrahydroxypropyl ethylenedi
  • a neutralizing agent may be present in a first composition in an amount of about 0.01% to about 1% by weight of the first composition or any range and/or individual value therein, such as, but not limited to, about 0.01% to about 0.1%, about 0.05% to about 1%, or about 0.1% to about 1% by weight of the first composition.
  • a neutralizing agent may be present in a first composition in an amount of about 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%), 0.8%, 0.9%, or 1% by weight of the first composition or any range and/or individual value therein.
  • a first composition may be unbuffered or buffered. In some embodiments, a first composition may be unbuffered. In other embodiments, a first composition may be buffered. Exemplary buffers that may be present in a first composition include, but are not limited to, acetic acid/acetate buffers; hydrochloric acid/citrate buffers; citro-phosphate buffers; phosphate buffers; citric acid/citrate buffers; lactic acid buffers; tartaric acid buffers; malic acid buffers; glycine/HCl buffers; saline buffers such as phosphate buffered saline (PBS), Tris-buffered saline (TBS), Tris-HCl, NaCl, Tween buffered saline (TNT), phosphate buffered saline, Triton X-100 (PBT) and mixtures thereof; cacodylate buffers; barbital buffers; tris buffers; and any combination thereof.
  • a buffer may be present in a first composition in an amount of about 0.01% to about 20% by weight of the first composition or any range and/or individual value therein, such as, but not limited to, about 0.1% to about 20%, about 1% to about 15%, about 5% to about 20%, about 10% to about 20%, or about 1% to about 10% by weight of the first composition.
  • a buffer is present in a first composition in an amount of about 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0-06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, or 20% by weight of the first composition or any range and/or individual value therein.
  • a first composition may comprise a buffering agent.
  • Exemplary buffering agents include, but are not limited to, citric acid, acetic acid, lactic acid, boric acid, succinic acid, malic acid, and any combination thereof.
  • a buffering agent may be present in a first composition in an amount of about 0.01% to about 4% by weight of the first composition or any range and/or individual value therein, such as, but not limited to, about 0.01% to about 0.1%, about 0.05% to about 1%, about 0.1% to about 0.5%, about 1% to about 3%, or about 0.1% to about 2% by weight of the first composition.
  • a buffering agent is present in a first composition in an amount of about 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 1.25%, 1.5%, 1.75%, 2%, 2.25%, 2.5%, 2.75%, 3%, 3.25%, 3.5%, 3.75%, or 4% by weight of the first composition or any range and/or individual value therein.
  • a buffer and/or buffering agent is present in a first composition in an amount sufficient for the first composition to have a pH of about 3 to about 8 or any range and/or individual value therein, such as, but not limited to, about 3 to about 6, about 3 to about 5, about 4 to about 7, about 5 to about 7, or about 6 to about 7.
  • a buffer and/or buffering agent may be present in a first composition in an amount sufficient for the first composition to have a pH of about 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, or 8, or any range and/or individual value therein.
  • a buffer and/or buffering agent may be present in a first composition in an amount sufficient to provide a desired pH for a composition of the present invention comprising the first composition and a second part (e.g., a second composition).
  • a composition of the present invention may comprise a second composition and a first composition comprising a buffer and/or buffering agent, wherein the buffer and/or buffering agent is present in an amount sufficient to provide the composition with a pH of about 3 to about 11, such as, but not limited to, about 3 to about 8, about 7 to about 11, about 8 to about 10, about 3 to about 5, about 4 to about 7, about 5 to about 7, or about 6 to about 7.
  • a buffer and/or buffering agent may be present in a first composition in an amount sufficient for the composition of the present invention to have a pH of about 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5, 10, 10.5, or 11, or any range and/or individual value therein.
  • the buffer and/or buffering agent may be present in a first composition in an amount sufficient to provide a desired pH upon administration of a composition of the present invention comprising the first composition and a second part to the skin of a subject.
  • a buffer, buffering agent, and/or neutralizing agent may be present in a first composition in an amount sufficient to provide a composition of the present invention and/or a first composition with a desired pH.
  • an emollient may be provided in a first composition, such as, but not limited to, silicones, such as, fqr example, cyclomethicone, dimethicone, simethicone, C26-28 alkyl dimethicone, C26-28 alkyl methicone, polyphenylsisquioxane, trimethylsiloxysilicate and crosspolymers of cyclopentasiloxane and dimethicone/vinyltrimethylsiloxysilicate, and blends thereof.
  • a first composition may comprise cyclomethicone.
  • An emollient may be present in the first composition in an amount of about 0.5% to about 10% by weight of the first composition or any range and/or individual value therein, such as, but not limited to, about 1% to about 5%, about 0.5% to about 4%, about 1% to about 10%, or about 2% to about 8% by weight of the first composition. In certain embodiments, an emollient may be present in the first composition in an amount of about 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, or 10% by weight of the first composition or any range and/or individual value therein.
  • a first composition may comprise at least one polyhydric alcohol present in an amount of about 1% to about 30% by weight of the first composition, at least one viscosity increasing agent present in an amount of about 0.01% to about 5% by weight of the first composition, water present in an amount of about 55% to about 99% by weight of the first composition, and optionally at least one preservative in an amount of about 0.01% to about 1% by weight of the first composition.
  • the first composition may have a pH in a range of about 3 to about 8, about 3 to about 6, or about 6 to about 8 and may be buffered.
  • the first composition may be a hydrogel.
  • a first composition may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of a polyhydric alcohol in an amount of about 1% to about 15%» by weight of the first composition, a viscosity increasing agent in an amount of about 0.1% to about 5% by weight of the first composition, water in an amount of about 55% to about 85% by weight of the first composition, optionally a buffer in an amount of about 0.1 % to about 20%, optionally a buffering agent in an amount of about 0.001% to about 2% by weight of the first composition, optionally a preservative in an amount of about 0.001% to about 1%» by weight of the first composition, and optionally a neutralizing agent in an amount of about 0.001%) to about 1% by weight of the first composition.
  • the first composition may have a pH in a range of about 3 to about 5 or about 5 to about 7.
  • the viscosity increasing agent present in the first composition may be a carboxypolymethylene or carboxymethyl cellulose or a salt thereof.
  • the first composition may be cosmetically elegant.
  • the first composition may be a hydrogel.
  • a first composition may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of a polyhydric alcohol in an amount of about 1% to about 30% by weight of the first composition, a viscosity increasing agent in an amount of about 0.01% to about 5% by weight of the first composition, water in an amount of about 55% to about 99% by weight of the first composition, optionally at least one additional solvent (e.g., an alcohol) in an amount of about 0.5% to about 20% by weight of the first composition, optionally an emollient in an amount of about 0.5% to about 10% by weight of the first composition, optionally a buffer in an amount of about 0.01% to about 20% by weight of the first composition, optionally a preservative in an amount of about 0,001% to about 1% by weight of the first composition, and optionally a neutralizing agent in an amount of about 0.001% to about 1% by weight of the first composition.
  • additional solvent e.g., an alcohol
  • emollient in an amount of about 0.5% to about 10% by weight of the first composition
  • the at least one solvent comprises an alcohol and the first composition comprises a buffer, an emollient, and a preservative.
  • the first composition may have a pH in a range of about 3 to about 5 or about 5 to about 7. In some embodiments, the pH may be about 4.5.
  • the viscosity increasing agent present in the first composition may be carboxymethylcellulose or a salt thereof.
  • the first composition may be cosmetically elegant.
  • the first composition may be a hydrogel.
  • a composition of the present invention may comprise an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Except for acidified nitrite, any suitable API or combinations of APIs may be included in a composition of the present invention.
  • the API may be any suitable API that provides the nitric oxide release as described herein.
  • Examples of APIs include, but are not limited to, antimicrobial agents, anti-acne agents, anti-inflammatory agents, analgesic agents, anesthetic agents, antihistamine agents, antiseptic agents, immunosuppressants, antihemorrhagic agents, vasodilators, wound healing agents, anti- biofilm agents, and any combination thereof.
  • Exemplary APIs include, but are not limited to, those described in International Application Publication No. WO 2013/006608, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • a first composition may not comprise an API.
  • a first composition does not contain a nitric oxide (NO) releasing API.
  • a first composition may comprise at least one API, but the first composition may not comprise an NO-releasing API.
  • a first composition comprises an API (e.g., a moisture sensitive API) and a second composition comprises a second API, such as, for example, a NO-releasing API.
  • the second composition may be an anhydrous composition.
  • Anhydrous as used herein, means that there is no direct addition of water to the second composition when it is being prepared. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that water may be physically and/or chemically absorbed by the second composition and/or by one or more ingredients in the second composition at any time during the preparation, storage, and/or use of the second composition (i.e., indirect addition of water to the second composition).
  • the term “anhydrous” means that the second composition has a water content of less than 5% by weight of the second composition or any range and/or individual value therein.
  • a second composition may have a water content of less than 5, 4.5, 4, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1, or 0.5%, or any range therein, by weight of the second composition. Water content may be measured by methods known to those of skill in the art, such as, but not limited to, Karl Fischer titration.
  • a composition of the present invention upon contact with a second composition, adds water to the second composition and/or the second composition absorbs water from a composition of the present invention.
  • Exemplary second compositions that may be used and/or placed in contact with a first composition include, but are not limited to, those described in International Application Publication No. WO 2013/006608, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • An exemplary second composition that may be used and/or placed in contact with a first composition to form a topical antiviral composition of the present invention may comprise an anhydrous composition comprising at least one viscosity increasing agent present in the second composition in an amount of about 0.1% to about 30% by weight of the second composition, at least one organic solvent present in the second composition in an amount of about 50% to about 90 by weight of the second composition, and at least one humectant present in the second composition in an amount of about 2% to about 20% by weight of the second composition.
  • the second composition may further comprise at least one water repelling agent, also referred to as a water repellant.
  • Exemplary viscosity increasing agents for the second composition include, but are not limited to, co-polymers of carboxymethylcellulose and acrylic acid, N-vinylpyrrolidone, polyalkylene glycols (e.g., poly(ethylene glycol)), polyalkylene oxides (e.g., polyethylene oxide), polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polysiloxanes, poly( vinyl acetates), cellulose, derivatized celluloses, alginates, copolymers thereof and blends thereof.
  • polyalkylene glycols e.g., poly(ethylene glycol)
  • polyalkylene oxides e.g., polyethylene oxide
  • polyvinyl alcohols e.g., polyvinyl alcohols
  • polyvinylpyrrolidone polysiloxanes
  • poly( vinyl acetates) e.g., cellulose, derivatized celluloses, alginates, copolymers thereof and blends thereof.
  • a specific example of a viscosity agent for the second composition is a hydroxypropylcellulose, such as Klucel® hydroxypropylcellulose (e.g., Klucel ® MF Pharm grade).
  • a viscosity increasing agent may be present in the second composition in an amount of about 0.1% to about 30% by weight of the second composition or any range and/or individual value therein, such as, but not limited to, about 0.5% to about 20%, about 0.1% to about 2%, about 0.5% to about 5%, about 1%) to about 10%, or about 1% to about 5% by weight of the second composition.
  • a viscosity increasing agent may be present in the second composition in an amount of about 0-1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 1 1%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, or 30% by weight of the second composition or any range and/or individual value therein.
  • Exemplary organic solvents for the second composition include, but are not limited to, acetone, methyl alcohol, ethanol, isopropanol, butyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, dimethyl isosorbide, propylene glycol, glycerol, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether or mixtures thereof.
  • the organic solvent in the second composition may be ethanol and/or isopropyl alcohol.
  • An organic solvent may be present in the second composition in an amount of about 40% to about 90% by weight of the second composition or any range and/or individual value therein, such as, but not limited to, about 40% to about 80%, about 50% to about 70%, about 50% to about 80%, about 60% to about 90%, about 70% to about 90%, or about 75% to about 85% by weight of the second composition.
  • an organic solvent may be present in the second composition in an amount of about 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, or 90% by weight of the second composition or any range and/or individual value therein.
  • Exemplary humectants for the second composition include, but are not limited to, glycols, such as diethylene glycol monoethyl ether; glycerols; sugar polyols, such as sorbitol, xylitol and maltitol; polyols such as polydextroses; quillaia, urea, and blends thereof.
  • the humectant in the second composition may comprise an alkylene glycol, such as, for example, hexylene glycol.
  • a humectant may be present in the second composition in an amount of about 2% to about 20% by weight of the second composition or any range and/or individual value therein, such as, but not limited to, about 2% to about 15%, about 5% to about 15%, or about 15% to about 20% by weight of the second composition.
  • a humectant may be present in the second composition in an amount of about 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, or 20% by weight of the second composition or any range and/or individual value therein.
  • Exemplary water repellants for the second composition include, but are not limited to, silicones, such as cyclomethicone, dimethicone, simethicone, C26-28 alkyl dimethicone, C26-28 alkyl methicone, polyphenylsisquioxane, trimethylsiloxysilicate and crosspolymers of cyclopentasiloxane and dimethicone/vinyltrimethylsiloxysilicate, and blends thereof.
  • a second composition may comprise cyclomethicone.
  • a water repellant may be present in the second composition in an amount of about 0.5% to about 15% by weight of the second composition or any range and/or individual value therein, such as, but not limited to, about 0.5 % to about 10%, about 1% to about 5%, or about 2% to about 5% by weight of the second composition.
  • a water repellant may be present in the second composition in an amount of about 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, or 15% by weight of the second composition or any range and/or individual value therein.
  • a topical antiviral composition of the present invention may comprise at least one polyhydric alcohol, a first viscosity increasing agent, water, a second viscosity increasing agent, at least one organic solvent, at least one humectant, optionally at least one solvent in addition to water, optionally an emollient, optionally a water repelling agent, optionally at least one preservative, and optionally at least one buffering agent and/or buffer.
  • the composition may be buffered to a pH of about 3 to about 11, such as, but not limited to, about 6 to about 10, about 7 to about 10, or about 7 to about 9.
  • the composition may have a pH of 7 or greater, 7.5 or greater, or 9.5 or greater.
  • the composition may comprise at least one API, such as, but not limited to, a nitric oxide-releasing active pharmaceutical ingredient.
  • the NO- releasing API may be a diazeniumdiolate modified macromolecule.
  • a topical antiviral composition of the present invention may comprise a first composition and a second composition as described herein.
  • the amount or concentration of individual components in a composition of the present invention may vary depending on the amount of the first composition and second composition present in the composition (e.g., the ratio of the first composition and second composition present in the composition).
  • the ratio of a first composition of the present invention to a second composition in a composition of the present invention may be about 5:1 or less, in further embodiments, about 4:1 or less, about 3:1 or less, about 2:1 or less, about 1 :1 or less, about 0.5:1 r less, or about 0.2:1 or less.
  • the ratio may be about 3:1.
  • the ratio may be about 1 :1.
  • a composition of the present invention may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of a polyhydric alcohol in an amount of about 0.5% to about 10% by weight of the composition, a first viscosity increasing agent in an amount of about 0.01% to about 3% by weight of the composition, water in an amount of about 30% to about 50% by weight of the composition, at least one solvent in addition to water in an amount of about 0.5% to about 10% by weight of the composition, an emollient in an amount of about 0.5% to about 5% by weight of the composition, a buffer in an amount of about 0.01% to about 10% by weight of the composition, a second viscosity increasing agent in an amount of about 0.01% to about 10% by weight of the composition, an organic solvent in an amount of about 20% to about 45% by weight of the composition, a humectant in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight of the composition, a water repelling agent in an amount of about 0.1% to about 10% by weight of the composition, an NO-releasing API in
  • the buffer, buffering agent and/ot neutralizing agent may be present in an amount sufficient to provide the first part of the composition with a pH of about 3 to about 8.
  • the composition may have a pH of less than about 11, such as, but not limited to, less than about 9.5, less than about 7, or less than about 6. In some embodiments, the composition may have a pH of about 4.5.
  • the first and second viscosity increasing agents may be the same and/or different.
  • the first viscosity increasing agent may be a carboxypolymethylene and the second viscosity increasing agent may be a cellulose, such as, but not limited to, hydroxypropyl cellulose.
  • the first viscosity increasing agent may be a carboxymethyl cellulose or a salt thereof and the second viscosity increasing agent may be a cellulose, such as, but not limited to, hydroxypropyl cellulose.
  • the composition may be cosmetically elegant.
  • a composition of the present invention may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of a polyhydric alcohol in an amount of about 1% to about 7% by weight of the composition, a first viscosity increasing agent in an amount of about 0.1% to about 3% by weight of the composition, water in an amount of about 25% to about 40% by weight pf the composition, at least one solvent in addition to water in an amount of about 0.5% to about 10% by weight of the composition, an emollient in an amount of about 0.5% to about 5% by weight of the composition, a buffer in an amount of about 0.01% to about 10% by weight of the composition, a second viscosity increasing agent in an amount of about 0.1% to about 2% by weight of the composition, an organic solvent in an amount of about 20% to about 45% by weight of the composition, a humectant in an amount of about 2% to abput 7% by weight of the composition, a water repelling agent in an amount of about 1% to about 5% by weight of the composition, an
  • the buffer, buffering agent, and/or neutralizing agent may be present in an amount sufficient to provide the first part of the composition with a pH of about 4 or about 6.
  • the composition may have a pH of less than about 11 , such as, but not limited to, less than about 9.5, less than about 7, or less than about 6. In some embodiments, the composition may have a pH of about 4.5.
  • the first and second viscosity increasing agents may be the same and/or different.
  • the first viscosity increasing agent may be a carboxypolymethylene and the second viscosity increasing agent may be a cellulose, such as, but not limited to, hydroxypropyl cellulose.
  • the first viscosity increasing agent may be a carboxymethyl cellulose or a salt thereof and the second viscosity increasing agent may be a cellulose, such as, but not limited to, hydroxypropyl cellulose.
  • the composition may be cosmetically elegant.
  • the composition may comprise a composition as set forth in Table 2 and/or Table 13.
  • a composition of the present invention may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of a polyhydric alcohol in an amount of about 1% to about 15% by weight of the composition, a first viscosity increasing agent in an amount of about 0.01%» to about 2.5% by weight of the composition, water in an amount of about 25% to about 50%» by weight of the composition, at least one additional solvent (e.g., an alcohol) in an amount of about 0.5% to about 10% by weight of the composition, an emollient in an amount of about 0.5% to about 5% by weight of the composition, a buffer in an amount of about 0.01% to about 10% by weight of the composition, a second viscosity increasing agent in an amount of about 0.01% to about 10% by weight of the composition, an organic solvent in an amount of about 20% to about 50% by weight of the composition, a humectant in an amount of about 2% to about 10% by weight of the composition, a water repelling agent in an amount of about 0.1% to about 10% by weight of the composition
  • a composition of the present invention may comprise at least two different viscosity increasing agents.
  • One viscosity increasing agent may be present in the first part of a composition of the present invention and the other viscosity increasing agent may be present in the second part of the composition.
  • a composition of the present invention comprises a carboxypolymethylene and a cellulose, such as, but not limited to, hydroxypropyl cellulose.
  • Carboxypolymethylene may be present in a first composition of the present invention and the cellulose may be present in a second composition, which may be combined to form a composition of the present invention.
  • a composition of the present invention comprises carboxymethyl cellulose sodium and a second cellulose, such as, but not limited to, hydroxypropyl cellulose.
  • Carboxymethyl cellulose sodium may be present in a first composition of the present invention and the second cellulose may be present in a second composition, which may be combined to form a composition of the present invention.
  • a composition of the present invention comprising at least two different viscosity increasing agents may provide a cosmetically elegant composition comprising an API, such as, but not limited to, a particulate API and/or an insoluble API (e.g., an aqueous and/or moisture insoluble API, such as, for example, benzoyl peroxide).
  • a composition of the present invention may comprise an API, carboxymethyl cellulose sodium, and hydroxypropyl cellulose, and may be a cosmetically elegant composition.
  • the composition may not be gritty and/or may have a reduced grittiness compared to the API in the absence of a composition of the present invention.
  • the composition may not be tacky (i.e., sticky) and/or may have a reduced tackiness (i.e., stickiness) compared to the API in the absence of a composition of the present invention.
  • the composition may have a reduced and/or increased stiffness (i.e., hardness) and/or may have an increased homogeneity compared to the API in the absence of a composition of the present invention.
  • a composition of the present invention may comprise an API and may be a cosmetically elegant, homogeneous composition.
  • a topical antiviral composition may be provided in a kit.
  • a kit of the present invention may comprise a first composition and a second composition as described herein that may be combined to form the topical antiviral composition.
  • the kit may separately store the first and second composition.
  • the kit may be configured to mix the two compositions upon dispensing and/or for application to the skin of a subject in a desired ratio (e.g., 1 :1, 2:1, etc.).
  • Groups of rabbits received anti-viral treatments at various doses as described below in Table 1.
  • the formulations for the anti-viral treatments in Groups A-G are provided in Tables 2 and 3.
  • Each of the formulations for Groups A-E included two separate compositions that were separately stored in a dual chamber pump. Prior to application, the two compositions were dispensed and mixed together in a 1:1 ratio to provide a combined composition that was applied to the rabbit.
  • the target pH for the combined composition was pH 8.
  • Table 1 Anti-viral treatment dosages.
  • Table 2 Formulations for the anti- viral treatments in Groups A-E.
  • Table 3 Formulations for the anti-viral treatments in Groups F and G.
  • Fig. 1 shows the outline of experimental infections.
  • the mE8-CRPV was included as this genome generates smaller, slower-growing papillomas that are more clinically similar to human papillomavirus infections.
  • a total of 32 Adult New Zealand White rabbits (including both genders) were purchased from Robinson, PA. and used in the experiment. The rabbits were quarantined and cleared (14 days). Each rabbit was inoculated with wt CRPV (at 2 sites; 5 ⁇ g /site) and mE8- CRPV viral DNA (at 2 sites; 5 ⁇ g /site). CRPV viral DNA was used to generate papillomas and infection was developed via a delayed scarification technique (Cladel N. M., et al., J Virol Methods 2008; 148(l-2):34-39). Of the two sites inoculated with one of the viruses, one site received treatment (i.e., the left site (LI or L2)) and the other site was untreated (i.e., the right site (Rl or R2)).
  • LI or L2 left site
  • Rl or R2 untreated
  • the rabbits were placed into one of eight groups (Groups A-H).
  • a placebo group i.e., Group A
  • Groups B-G represented test compound comparisons vs. placebo negative control.
  • Treatments for Groups A-H began at week two at a time when the papillomas were not yet visible. This time point allowed for effects on subclinical papillomas to be assessed. Treatment was 5X weekly (Monday-Friday), for five weeks with a dose of 0.1 ml per approximately 2.5 cm X 2.5 cm site for topical treatments. Body weights were taken weekly, and blood sera were collected at the end of the treatment period for blood chemistries, as needed.
  • kidney and liver samples were retrieved for histology and toxicity assessment, as needed. Skin/papilloma sites were monitored photographically and biopsies assessed for histology at experiment/treatment termination.
  • Figs. 2-9 show plots of mean (+ SEM) of the GMD measurements for each treatment group plotted against time after CRPV infection. For calculations of mean GMDs, the spontaneous regressor in Group D was not used.
  • Fig. 10 shows mean body weights for the treatment groups.
  • the gel vehicle without a NO-releasing API provided little to no separation in papilloma size between the treated and untreated sites for either the wild type or mE8-CRPV mutant papilloma virus sites.
  • the 1% NitricilTM NVN1 group showed some separation between treated and untreated sites for the mutant strain. However, complete inhibition of papilloma growth was not achieved.
  • the 1.6% NitricilTM NVN4 group showed little or no separation between treated and untreated sites for wild type virus and mutant strain.
  • Fig. 5 shows that 10% NitricilTM NVN1 was effective in treating both wild type virus and the mutant strain with complete inhibition of papilloma growth in the mutant strain and substantial separation between treated and untreated sites in the faster growing wild type.
  • Fig. 6 shows that 16.3% NitricilTM NVN4 was effective at inhibiting growth of the mutant strain but was not effective at inhibiting growth of the wild type virus.
  • the ointment vehicle without a NO-releasing API provided little to no separation in papilloma size between the treated and untreated sites for either the wild type or mutant papilloma virus sites.
  • Fig. 7 shows that the ointment vehicle without a NO-releasing API provided little to no separation in papilloma size between the treated and untreated sites for either the wild type or mutant papilloma virus sites.
  • the 10% NVN1 ointment provided little to no separation in papilloma size between the treated and untreated sites for either the wild type or mutant papilloma virus sites, illustrating the release of nitric oxide from the composition affects the effectiveness of inhibiting papilloma growth, as opposed to the presence of the siloxane backbone as the 10% NVN1 ointment and the 10% NVN1 gel both contained the same amount of the polysiloxane backbone but achieved markedly different results.
  • nitric oxide Conversion from parts per billion (PPB) NO to moles nitric oxide was achieved by measuring the nitric oxide generated from a known amount of sodium nitrite in a solution of potassium iodide to acquire a PPB-to-mole conversion factor. Any gaps in real time nitric oxide release data resulting from multichannel operation were filled in by using a linear interpolation program. For any sample that was not measured to exhaustion of nitric oxide, a linear extrapolation to zero release of the last -5000 sec of release was performed. Real time nitric oxide release data was then integrated, resulting in a total nitric oxide accumulation curve.
  • PPB parts per billion
  • Nitric oxide release parameters such as C max ⁇ i.e., the maximum concentration of NO released), T max (i.e., the time at which C ma is achieved), Cumulative Nitric Oxide Released (i.e., the sum of all data points per unit time), and Time to Half of Total Released ( ⁇ 50 ) (i.e., the time at which 50% of the cumulative NO is released) can be calculated from both the real time and total accumulation nitric oxide release curves. All of the above calculations were performed automatically in custom-built data processing software (NovanWare).
  • Example 2 The test articles in Example 2 were applied to the 2.5 cm X 2.5 cm sites of the rabbits of Example 1. Application of 0-1 mL of the test articles to 6.25 cm 2 results in an in vitro assay release of NO/cm 2 as reflected in Table 5.
  • Figs. 11 through 17 Real time and cumulative NO release profiles are illustrated in Figs. 11 through 17 as described above. Based on the effectiveness of the formulations for treatment groups D and E against the mutant strains, parameters for real time NO release that may be anti- viral may be identified as illustrated in Figs. 16A, 16B, and 17. Accordingly, in some embodiments of the present invention, the NO release from an anti-viral composition may fall within one or more of the windows illustrated in Figs. 16A and/or 17. The NO release within the defined windows may occur at any time point within the anticipated time in which the composition will be applied. Accordingly, the NO release falling within the window may occur within the first 1, 2, or 4 hours or may occur beginning at another time during the application period. The time windows illustrated in Figs. 16A, 16B, and 17 are shown in Table 6.
  • Groups of rabbits received anti-viral treatments at various doses as described below in Table 7.
  • the formulations for the anti-viral treatments in Groups A-F are provided in Table 8.
  • Each of the formulations for Groups A-E included two separate compositions that were separately stored in a dual chamber pump. Prior to application, the two compositions were dispensed and mixed together in a 1 : 1 ratio to provide a combined composition that was applied to the rabbit.
  • the target pH for the combined composition was pH 8.
  • Table 8 Formulations for the anti- viral treatments in Groups A-E.
  • Fig. 1 shows the outline of experimental infections.
  • the mE8-CRPV was included as this genome generates smaller, slower-growing papillomas that are more clinically similar to human papillomavirus infections.
  • a total of 24 Adult New Zealand White rabbits (including both genders) were purchased from Robinson, PA. and used in the experiment. The rabbits were quarantined and cleared (14 days). Each rabbit was inoculated with wt CRPV (at 2 sites; 5 ⁇ g /site) and mE8- CRPV viral DNA (at 2 sites; 5 ⁇ g /site). CRPV viral DNA was used to generate papillomas and infection was developed via a delayed scarification technique (Cladel N. M., et al., J Virol Methods 2008; 148(1 -2);34-39). Of the two sites inoculated with one of the viruses, one site received treatment (i.e., the left site (LI or L2)) and the other site was untreated (i.e., the right site (Rl or R2)).
  • LI or L2 left site
  • Rl or R2 untreated
  • the rabbits were placed into one of six groups (Groups A-F).
  • a placebo group i.e., Group A
  • Treatments for Groups A-F began at week two at a time when the papillomas were not yet visible. This time point allowed for effects on subclinical papillomas to be assessed. Treatment was 5X weekly (Monday-Friday), for five weeks with a dose of 0.1 ml per approximately 2.5 cm X 2.5 cm site for topical treatments. Body weights were taken weekly, and blood sera were collected at the end of the treatment period for blood chemistries, as needed.
  • kidney and liver samples were retrieved for histology and toxicity assessment, as needed. Skin/papilloma sites were monitored photographically and biopsies assessed for histology at experiment/treatment termination.
  • Figs. 18-23 show graphs of papilloma size (GMD) in mm over time for the formulations in Groups A-F, respectively.
  • a product e.g., a topical composition
  • an NO release falling within a 30 minute window defined as measured based on weight and having a minimum instantaneous release of 7 pmol/mg and a maximum instantaneous release of 4,000 pmol/mg
  • a product with an NO release falling within a 30 minute window defined as measured based on weight and having a minimum instantaneous release of 15 pmol/mg and a maximum instantaneous release of 4,000 pmol/mg may be suitable.
  • the NO release within the defined windows may occur at any time point within the anticipated time in which the product will be applied and/or present on the skin of a subject. Accordingly, an NO release falling within one or more of the windows illustrated in Figs. 16A and/or 17 may occur within the first 1, 2, or 4 hours after application/administration or may occur beginning at another time after application/ administration.
  • Tissue samples from New Zealand white rabbits infected with Cottontail Rabbit Papillomavirus and treated as described in Example 4 were obtained at the end of treatment.
  • the skin sections were processed to hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) slides and submitted for microscopic evaluation in a blinded fashion. After evaluating the slides, the results were summarized into three main categories: 1) papilloma, 2) hyperplasia of marked intensity, and 3) hyperplasia of minimal to mild intensity.
  • the presence of inflammatory cells was determined qualitatively. No quantitative analysis was performed. However, the qualitative assessment revealed a similar level of inflammation amongst the three categories, which was that inflammation was generally low and comparable.
  • Table 10 provides the histology results from the H&E staining.
  • Diffuse infiltration of minimal to mild numbers of inflammatory cells that include in decreasing order: lymphocytes, plasma cells, and heterophils with rare macrophages.
  • Papillary projections either protrude or invade within the dermis and are covered by moderate to marked degrees of keratin that are rarely mixed with serocellular material.
  • lymphocytes Mainly in the superficial dermis a more or less diffuse infiltration of mild numbers of inflammatory cells that include in decreasing order: lymphocytes, plasma cells, and heterophils with rare macrophages.
  • Papillary projections invade the dermis with a minimal amount of keratin covering the eipidermis.
  • lymphocytes Mainly in the superficial dermis a more or less diffuse infiltration of mild numbers of inflammatory cells that include in decreasing order: lymphocytes, plasma cells, and heterophils with rare macrophages.
  • the tissues slides assigned to Category #3 include the tissue samples obtained from animals treated with either 8% NitricilTM NVNl or 10% NitricilTM NVNl. Intra-nuclear dark to light basophilic viral inclusions were not observed in the tissue slides assigned to Category #3, which suggests that treatment with high concentrations of NitricilTM NVNl, such as, for example, with the 8% or 10% NitricilTM NVNl formulations, suppresses and/or inhibits viral replication of a virus without altering the local infiltration of inflammatory immune cells.
  • Additional formulations were prepared and used to determine efficacy in treating and/or preventing virus-related cutaneous conditions, such as, for example, genital warts. These formulations included NitricilTM NVNl in an amount of 4%, 8%, 12%, or 16% along with a placebo. Each of the formulations included a hydrogel having a pH of 4.5 and a composition as provided in Table 11, and a second composition in the form of a gel and having a composition as provided in Table 12. Upon admixing the hydrogel and gel, a combined composition was achieved having a composition as provided in Table 13.
  • FIGs. 24A-24C and 25A-25C Representative images of uninfected raft cultures treated with NitricilTM NVNl and HPV-18 infected raft cultures treated with NitricilTM NVNl are provided in Figs. 24A-24C and 25A-25C, respectively.
  • Figs. 24A-24C illustrate uninfected cultures that were treated with 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 mg/mL of NitricilTM NVNl, respectively, and are stained with H&E or labeled with BrdU antibodies.
  • Figs. 25A-25C illustrate HPV-18 infected cultures that were treated with 0.75, 1.0, and 1.5 mg/mL of NitricilTM NVN1, respectively, and are stained with H&E or labeled with BrdU antibodies.
  • the amount of HPV-18 viral replication in raft cultures treated with NitricilTM NVN1 is provided in Table 14.
  • Table 14 HPV-18 viral copy number in raft cultures treated with NitricilTM NVN1.
  • FIGs. 26A-26D and 27A-27D Representative images of uninfected raft cultures treated with NitricilTM NVN4 and HPV-18 infected raft cultures treated with NitricilTM NVN4 are provided in Figs. 26A-26D and 27A-27D, respectively.
  • Figs. 26A-26D illustrate uninfected cultures that were treated with 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg/mL of NitricilTM NVN4, respectively, and are stained with H&E or labeled with BrdU antibodies.
  • Figs. 27A-27D illustrate HPV-18 infected cultures that were treated with 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg/mL of NitricilTM NVN4, respectively, and are stained with H&E or labled with BrdU antibodies.
  • the amount of HPV-18 viral replication in raft cultures treated with NitricilTM NVN4 is provided in Table 15.
  • Table 15 HPV-18 viral copy number in raft cultures treated with NitricilTM NVN4.

Abstract

L'invention concerne généralement des compositions antivirales topiques, des systèmes d'administration, et des méthodes d'utilisation.
PCT/US2016/012668 2014-07-11 2016-01-08 Compositions antivirales topiques, systèmes d'administration, et méthodes d'utilisation associées WO2016160089A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (5)

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US15/713,185 US10322082B2 (en) 2014-07-11 2017-09-22 Topical antiviral compositions and methods of using the same
US16/431,214 US10736839B2 (en) 2014-07-11 2019-06-04 Topical antiviral compositions, delivery systems, and methods of using the same
US16/840,657 US11040006B2 (en) 2014-07-11 2020-04-06 Topical antiviral compositions, delivery systems, and methods of using the same
US17/329,587 US11723858B2 (en) 2014-07-11 2021-05-25 Topical antiviral compositions, delivery systems, and methods of using the same
US18/340,177 US20230330008A1 (en) 2014-07-11 2023-06-23 Topical antiviral compositions, delivery systems, and methods of using the same

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US201562139176P 2015-03-27 2015-03-27
US62/139,176 2015-03-27
PCT/US2015/039908 WO2016007834A1 (fr) 2014-07-11 2015-07-10 Compositions antivirales topiques et méthodes d'utilisation de celles-ci
USPCT/US2015/039908 2015-07-10

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US16/431,214 Continuation-In-Part US10736839B2 (en) 2014-07-11 2019-06-04 Topical antiviral compositions, delivery systems, and methods of using the same

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US10322081B2 (en) 2014-07-11 2019-06-18 Novan, Inc. Topical antiviral compositions and methods of using the same
US10322082B2 (en) 2014-07-11 2019-06-18 Novan, Inc. Topical antiviral compositions and methods of using the same
WO2019201195A1 (fr) 2018-04-16 2019-10-24 上海岸阔医药科技有限公司 Méthode pour prévenir ou traiter les effets secondaires d'une cancérothérapie
US10849864B2 (en) 2015-07-28 2020-12-01 Novan, Inc. Combinations and methods for the treatment and/or prevention of fungal infections
US10925689B2 (en) 2014-07-14 2021-02-23 Novan, Inc. Nitric oxide releasing nail coating compositions, nitric oxide releasing nail coatings, and methods of using the same
US11077194B2 (en) 2012-03-14 2021-08-03 Novan, Inc. Nitric oxide releasing pharmaceutical compositions
US11166980B2 (en) 2016-04-13 2021-11-09 Novan, Inc. Compositions, systems, kits, and methods for treating an infection
US11285171B2 (en) 2018-03-01 2022-03-29 Novan, Inc. Nitric oxide releasing suppositories and methods of use thereof
US11534382B2 (en) 2017-06-19 2022-12-27 Novan, Inc. Topical compositions and methods of using the same

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US11077194B2 (en) 2012-03-14 2021-08-03 Novan, Inc. Nitric oxide releasing pharmaceutical compositions
US10322081B2 (en) 2014-07-11 2019-06-18 Novan, Inc. Topical antiviral compositions and methods of using the same
US10322082B2 (en) 2014-07-11 2019-06-18 Novan, Inc. Topical antiviral compositions and methods of using the same
US10736839B2 (en) 2014-07-11 2020-08-11 Novan, Inc. Topical antiviral compositions, delivery systems, and methods of using the same
US11040006B2 (en) 2014-07-11 2021-06-22 Novan, Inc. Topical antiviral compositions, delivery systems, and methods of using the same
US11723858B2 (en) 2014-07-11 2023-08-15 Novan, Inc. Topical antiviral compositions, delivery systems, and methods of using the same
US10925689B2 (en) 2014-07-14 2021-02-23 Novan, Inc. Nitric oxide releasing nail coating compositions, nitric oxide releasing nail coatings, and methods of using the same
US10849864B2 (en) 2015-07-28 2020-12-01 Novan, Inc. Combinations and methods for the treatment and/or prevention of fungal infections
US11166980B2 (en) 2016-04-13 2021-11-09 Novan, Inc. Compositions, systems, kits, and methods for treating an infection
US11534382B2 (en) 2017-06-19 2022-12-27 Novan, Inc. Topical compositions and methods of using the same
US11285171B2 (en) 2018-03-01 2022-03-29 Novan, Inc. Nitric oxide releasing suppositories and methods of use thereof
WO2019201195A1 (fr) 2018-04-16 2019-10-24 上海岸阔医药科技有限公司 Méthode pour prévenir ou traiter les effets secondaires d'une cancérothérapie

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