WO2016137966A1 - Transgenic mice - Google Patents
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- WO2016137966A1 WO2016137966A1 PCT/US2016/019090 US2016019090W WO2016137966A1 WO 2016137966 A1 WO2016137966 A1 WO 2016137966A1 US 2016019090 W US2016019090 W US 2016019090W WO 2016137966 A1 WO2016137966 A1 WO 2016137966A1
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- A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New or modified breeds of animals
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- C12N15/87—Introduction of foreign genetic material using processes not otherwise provided for, e.g. co-transformation
- C12N15/90—Stable introduction of foreign DNA into chromosome
- C12N15/902—Stable introduction of foreign DNA into chromosome using homologous recombination
- C12N15/907—Stable introduction of foreign DNA into chromosome using homologous recombination in mammalian cells
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
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- C12N15/8509—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for animal cells for producing genetically modified animals, e.g. transgenic
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a genetically modified mouse (transgenic mouse) wherein the mouse is able to produce a model of deletion of the Cnr2 gene in certain cell types.
- These cells include macrophages, monocytes, microglia, GABAergic, Glutamatergic, mono- aminergic cells in the periphery and neurons immune cells as well as brain glial cells.
- transgenic mice There are three ways for transgenic mice to be produced.
- One way is the pronuclear injection of a gene into a single cell of the mouse embryo, where it will randomly integrate into the mouse genome. This method creates a transgenic mouse and is used to insert new genetic information into the mouse genome or to over-express endogenous genes.
- the second way modifies embryonic stem cells with a DNA construct containing DNA sequences homologous to the target gene. Embryonic stem cells that recombine with the genomic DNA are selected for, and they are then injected into the mice blastocysts. This method is used to manipulate a single gene, in most cases "knocking out" the target gene.
- the disadvantages of these two germ line deletion methods include universal cell type gene deletions or interventions and developmental compensation.
- the third way is site-specific recombination using Cre-Lox recombination technology that involves the targeting and splicing out of a specific gene with the help of a recombinase. Cre is expressed in a specific cell type, creating a cell-type specific deletion of the targeted gene. This method requires mating Cre mice and floxed (sandwich the targeted gene with loxP sequences) mice to produce conditional knockout mice with the targeted gene deleted in certain cell type.
- the transgenic mice of the present invention are constructed in the third way. They are often called conditional Cre-Lox "knockout" mice because an activity of the gene is removed in a specific cell type. Such mouse models have been developed to study drug targets in a specific cell type related to obesity, heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, substance abuse, anxiety, aging and Parkinson's Disease.
- transgenic mice have been used to suppress genes to provide models for cancer therapies.
- the Cnr2 gene that is the subject of the present invention encodes the cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB 2 ).
- CB 2 cannabinoid receptor type 2
- This is a G-protein coupled receptor and is related to the cannabinoid receptor type 1 CBi.
- the CBi receptor is thought to be responsible for the pre-synaptic action of endocannabinoids, the psychoactive properties of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and other phytocannabinoids.
- the Cnr2 gene encodes the CB 2 receptor which has 360 amino acids in humans.
- This G-protein coupled receptor has seven transmembrane spanning domains. They include a glycosylated extracellular N-terminus and an intracellular C-terminus.
- CBRs cannabinoid receptors
- CBIRs CBIRs
- CB2Rs CB2Rs
- other candidates such as GPR55, PPARs and vanilloid receptor (VPl, TRPVl) receptors that are thought to be involved with either the effects of cannabinoids and/or endocannabinoids (eCBs).
- Cannabinoids are the constituents in marijuana
- endocannabinoids eCBs
- the endocannabinoid system consists of genes encoding cannabinoid receptors (CBRs), their endogenous ligands eCBs, and their enzymes involved in their syntheses and degradation of the eCBs (Ahn, K., M.K. McKinney and B.F. Cravatt (2008) (incorporated herein by reference) "Enzymatic pathways that regulate endocannabinoid signaling in the nervous system” Chem Rev 108(5): 1687-1701) CBRs are distributed in the brain and peripheral tissues. However, the neuronal and functional expression of CB 2 Rs in the brain has been much less well studied and characterized in comparison to the expression of the ubiquitous CBiRs. Although earlier evidence suggested that CB 2 Rs are present in the CNS, they were referred to as the peripheral CB 2 Rs because many investigators were not able to detect neuronal CB 2 Rs in healthy brains.
- CBRs cannabinoid receptors
- eCBs enzymes involved in
- CB 2 Rs are associated with immune regulation and function, and as such, they are of interest to probe the role of CB 2 Rs not only in neurological disorders associated with
- the CNR2 cannabinoid gene (related to CB 2 R) structure has not been well defined for the most part. However, many features of the CNR2 gene structure, regulation and variation are being defined with the use and identification of CB 2 Rs in the mammalian CNS. This prior poor definition could be related to the previously held view that the CNR2 gene and CB 2 Rs were not expressed in neurons in brain but mainly in immune cells. It was therefore less investigated for CNS roles except for the association with brain cells of macrophage lineage.
- the human CNR2 gene and its mouse and rat orthologs are located on chromosomes lp36, 4QD3 and 5Q36, respectively.
- Genome-sequencing projects have also identified CNR2 genes in chimpanzee, dog, cow, chicken amphibian, puffer fish, and zebra fish. It appears that the human, rat, mouse and zebra fish genomes contain two isoforms of CB2Rs that have differential distribution patterns in the brain and peripheral tissues.
- C R2 genomic structure is species specific for expression patterns which account for differences between C R2 genes in human and mice.
- CB2A isoform is predominantly expressed in human brain and testis and the promoter of CB 2 A is located 45kb upstream of the promoter of the previously identified CB2 gene (which is named CB2B isoform now), that is predominantly expressed in spleen.
- CB2B mRNA expression could not be detected in brain regions in any significant level and is predominantly expressed in spleen. It has been found and reported that R63Q polymorphism in C R2 gene is associated with alcoholism, depression, schizophrenia, and anorexia nervosa in Japanese subjects.
- CB 2 knockout mice that have been used in Western blots and in behavioral analysis.
- CB 2 knockout mice using the three TaqMan probes against two promoters of mouse CB 2 gene and the deleted part of CB 2 gene, are used, it is found that the promoters of CB 2 R ko mice were still active and that a CB2 truncated version was expressed, indicating that the CB2 ko mice with ablation of the C-terminal peptides of 131 amino acids was an incomplete CB 2 R knockout.
- CB 2 R ko mouse that has now been generated with ablation of the N- terminal peptide 156 amino acid may clarify the specificity of the antibodies that were used against the N-terminal epitopes.
- this CB 2 R-ko mouse is also an incomplete knockout as well.
- CB 2 Rs in different brain regions, on neural progenitor cells of the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus, and at CNS synapses in the entorhinal cortex (Morgan, N.H., I.M. Standord and G.L. Woodhall (2009) (incorporated herein by reference).
- CB2 type cannabinoid receptors at CNS synapses. Neuropharmacology 57(4):356-368). Additionally, functional CB 2 Rs are found in other neurons in the dorsal root ganglion, dopaminergic neurons in ventral tegmental area (VTA), and spinal cord, and activation of CB 2 Rs on dorsal root ganglion-spinal cord neurons inhibit neuronal response to noxious stimuli, thereby contributing to the antinociceptive effects of CB2R agonists.
- VTA ventral tegmental area
- CB 2 Rs have been controversial and ambiguous (Liu, Q.R., C.H. Pan, A. Hishimoto, C.Y. Li, Z.X.Xi, A. Llorente-Berzal, M.P. Viveros, H. Ishiguro, T. Arinami, E.S. Onaivi and G.R. Uhl (2009). "Species differences in cannabinoid receptor 2 (CNR2 gene): identification of novel human and rodent CB2 isoforms, differential tissue expression and regulation by cannabinoid receptor ligands.” Genes Brain Behav 8(5):519-530) (incorporated herein by reference). Thus, the role in depression and substance abuse was unknown.
- the present invention provides a mouse model to advance understanding and using drugs in human subjects.
- mice preferring alcohol have reduced Cnr2 gene expression in the ventral midbrain whereas the Cnr2 gene expression is unaltered in the ventral midbrain region of mice with little or no preference for alcohol.
- Treatment of mice with the putative CB 2 R agonist JWH 015 enhances alcohol consumption in mice subjected to chronic mild stress (CMS), and the treatment with the CB 2 R antagonist AM630, reduces the stress- induced increase in alcohol consumption.
- CMS chronic mild stress
- CB 2 R antagonist AM630 reduces the stress- induced increase in alcohol consumption.
- This CB 2 R agonist or antagonist effect is absent in normal mice that were not subjected to CMS.
- Cnr2 gene transcripts in rodents treated with opioids, cocaine and alcohol in comparison to control animals is useful. Animals treated with cocaine or heroin show increased Cnr2 gene transcripts in comparison to controls, indicating the presence of Cnr2 gene transcripts in the brain that is influenced by abused substances. Therefore, the pharmacological actions at brain CB 2 Rs may be more complex than previously appreciated with species and subtype differences and distribution patterns and are studied with the conditional ko mice of the invention.
- the therapeutic potential of targeting CB 2 Rs in brain has not been extensively characterized, perhaps in part due to its relatively low expression in brain or because of the lack of specific CB 2 Rs and the long held believes that CB 2 Rs were predominantly expressed in immune cells.
- the human CNR2 gene is about four times larger than that of rodents and some studies using antibodies against human hCB 2 epitopes for rodent brain immunostaining may have added to the CB 2 controversy and ambiguity (Liu, Pan et al., 2009).
- the present invention seeks to determine the specificity of a new CB 2 R antibody designed using another CB 2 R epitope "EHQDRQVPGIARMRLD" for use in studies.
- the Cnr2-flox mouse line when mated with for example, a gene promoter specific expressing Cre recombinase mouse line, is able to produce mouse models of complete deletion of Cnr2 gene in specific cell types, such as macrophage, monocytes,
- GAB Aergic, Glutamatergic, mono-aminergic systems in the periphery and in neurons and glial cells in brain.
- the cell-type-specific deletion of Cnr2 gene provides a much desired animal model for developing pharmacological treatments for cancer, inflammation, neurodegeneration, osteoporosis and drug addiction, amongst other diseases.
- conditional Cnr2 mouse line with loxP flanking the full-length protein coding sequence is able to mate with a mouse line that expresses gene specific Cre recombinase, therefore producing a cell-type specific deletion of Cnr2.
- the offsprings of the floxed Cnr2 mice mating with Cx3crl Cre mice have Cnr2 deletion in macrophage in blood and microglia in brain.
- the conditional Cx3crl-Cnr2 knockout mouse model provides invaluable mouse models to develop effective treatment for chronic inflammation in peripheral and central systems that play causal roles in cancer and Alzheimer's disease.
- the present invention is the first time that a floxed mouse line with site-specific loxP sites flanking Cnr2 fully protein coding exon and its 5' splicing site has been created.
- the previous germ line knock out mouse lines are partial Cnr2 deletions of the C-terminal and N- terminal amino acid sequences, respectively.
- the germ line Cnr2 knock out mouse models have issues of developmental compensatory effects and lack cell or -tissue expression patterns that prevent the effective mouse models with cell type deletion of Cnr2 in order to study specific diseases such as cancer and Alzheimer's disease.
- the foxed Cnr2 - Cre mice provide such models to investigate the inflammatory and molecular basis of CB 2 cannabinoid receptor function.
- the present invention is exemplified with mouse models. Primate models may be more relevant to human diseases but are more expensive and gene targeted deletion of Cnr2 are more technically challenging. However, recent gene editing technology CRISPR-CAS9 successfully carried out in Rhesus monkey and that could be applied to Cnr2 gene locus in primate model. As such, other animal models are encompassed with the present invention.
- the present invention overcomes these issues with a functional conditional knock out mouse that is a model for use in drug development and the development of mouse models for studying drug activities such as activation or inhibition of target cells.
- the mouse is one of the animals useful as the animal model of the invention.
- the animal model of the invention has the Neo gene deleted from the Cnr2 gene and that gene is flanked with LoxP. More specifically, Seq ID No: 1 is a gene sequence useful in the present invention.
- Another object of the invention is an animal model wherein said animal model comprises a Cre gene and LoxP genes flanking the CRB 2 gene coding region.
- Cre genes selected for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to B6-Sjh- Slc6A3-creJ, (B6J.B6N(Cg)-Cx3crltml. l(Cre)Jung/J), B6(q-Tq(NesOCre)l .Kn 2 or B6.129-01iq 2 .
- Other mouse models are also useful for producing mice with the Cnr2-floxed mice.
- Resunab® Ajulemic acid
- These animals are mice and are named conditional knockout mice. They are used for drug screening in the BTBR T+tfJ mouse with autism behavioral phenotypes and up-regulated CB 2 A gene expression in the brain. This is of significance with clinical implications to understanding the CNS effects of CB 2 R acting drugs that have great potential therapeutic applications in pain, inflammation, auto-immune, mental and neurodegenerative disorders, drug and alcohol addiction.
- Neo gene in a transgenic mouse deleted and have it flanked with LoxP.
- sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 is useful for this model and for the transgenic mice of the present invention.
- the present invention uses the cassette found in Figure 17. It is an object of the present invention to use the cassette identified in Figure 17 to produce transgenic mice.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide transgenic mice by crossing Cnr2- floxed mice with other mouse models, such as Cre gene related mice.
- a further object of the invention is to provide a method for selecting a drug that targets the CB 2 Rs.
- these methods include screening to discover medicines to treat drug addiction, Parkinson's Disease, post-stroke inflammation and to help reduce Central Nervous System (CNS) diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease and other inflammations caused by neuronal injuries and/or ailments, such as cancers.
- CNS Central Nervous System
- Another object of the present invention is to produce transgenic mice and mouse models for testing compounds that prophylactically and/or therapeutically are used to administer to patients with drug addiction ailments, alcohol addiction, neurological ailments such as
- Parkinson's Disease Alzheimer's Disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Stroke, Post-Stroke Inflammation other Inflammation diseases, osteoporosis and cancer. This involves using the method of the invention to test or select drugs for prophylactically or therapeutically effects of these diseases.
- FIG. 1 Behavioral effects THC in a mouse model of depression: The time and number of immobility in the test is the index measured. The performance of the BTBR mice that exhibit autism-like phenotype in comparison to the control mice is shown. The data indicate that the BTBR mice are insensitive to the effects of THC compared to the control mice.
- C57BL/6) hybrid embryonic stem cells are microinjected into C57BL/6 blastocysts.
- the resulting chimeras with a high percentage agouti coat color are mated to C57BL/6 FLP mice to remove the Neo cassette.
- Tail DNA is analyzed from pups with agouti or black coat color.
- Primer set NDELl and NDEL2 is used to screen mice for the deletion of the Neo cassette.
- the PCR product for the wild-type is 386 bp. After Neo deletion, one set of LoxP-FRT sites remain (-159 bp). A second band with a size of 545 bp indicates Neo deletion. The presence of the Neo cassette is not amplified by this PCR screening because the size is too great.
- FIG. 3 Deletion of drug selection marker Neo: Primer set NDELl and NDEL2 is used to screen mice for the deletion of the Neo cassette.
- the PCR product for the wild-type is 386 bp (lower band).
- one set of LoxP-FRT sites remain (-159 bp).
- a second band with a size of 545 bp indicates Neo deletion (9579, 9582, 9560, 9564, 9566, and 9569).
- FIG. 1 Presence of FLP (flipase) in Flp-mice: Primer set FLP1 and FLP2 is used to screen mice for the presence of the FLP transgene in Neo-deleted mice. The amplified product for primer set FLP1 and FLP2 is 725bp.
- FIG. 5 Screening for Distal LoxP Site: A PCR was performed to detect the presence of the distal LoxP site flaking coding exon using the SCI and SDL2 primers. This reaction amplifies a wild type product 350 bp in size. The presence of a second PCR product 44 bp greater than the wild type product indicates a positive LoxP PCR in Neo-deleted mice.
- Figure 7 Absence of FLP Transgene: Primer set FLP1 and FLP2 is used to screen mice for the absence of the FLP transgene. The amplified product for primer set FLP1 and FLP2 is 725bp. (Mice C2274 and C2278 are FLP present and are sacrificed.)
- FIG 8A Production and screening for homozygous Neo Deletion with LoxP flanking entire Cnr2 coding region: Primer set NDELl and NDEL2 is used to screen mice for the deletion of the Neo cassette.
- the PCR product for the wild-type is 386 bp. After Neo deletion, one set of LoxP - FRT sites remains (159 bp).
- a second band with a size of 545 bp indicates Neo deletion.
- a single band of 386 bp indicates a wild type mouse, two bands 386 and 545 bp in size indicates a heterozygous mouse, and a single band 545 bp in length indicates a mutant mouse.
- C2626, C2627, and C2632 are homozygous Cnr2-floxed mice).
- FIG. 8B Further production and screening for homozygous Neo Deletion with LoxP flanking entire Cnr2 coding region: A single band of 386 bp indicates a wild type mouse, two bands 386 and 545 bp in size indicates a heterozygous mouse, and a single band 545 bp in length indicates a mutant mouse. (C2643, C2645, and C2648 are homozygous Cnr2-floxed mice).
- FIG 8C Further production and screening for homozygous Neo Deletion with LoxP flanking entire Cnr2 coding region: A single band of 386 bp indicates a wild type mouse, two bands 386 and 545 bp in size indicates a heterozygous mouse, and a single band 545 bp in length indicates a mutant mouse. (C2671 is homozygous Cnr2-floxed mice).
- Figure 9. DNA listing of mouse # C2283. The sequence shaded is the Neo cassette. The underlined sequence is FRT, and the loxP site is red shaded. This provides the comparison of the DNA sequence of the invention to that of known DNA. f/f
- FIG. 10 Cnr2-floxed (CB2 ) mouse model. Homozygous Cnr2 transgenic mice with loxP flanking the entire coding region of exon 3 of CB2 cannabinoid receptor are produced. This is the first time Cnr2-floxed mice are available to generate cell type specific knockout CB 2 R. The mice are fostering and reproducing for studying macrophage, microglia, and neuron specific (e.g. dopaminergic neuron) CB 2 R effects. Those cell type specific CB 2 R knockout mice are
- FIG. 11 Provides Dat-Cnr2 mouse double allele genotyping Cnr2-flox mice: mutant allele is 545 bp; wild type allele is 386 bp. Dat-Cre mutant allele is 152 bp, wild type allele 264 bp.
- FIG. 12 Provides Cx3crl-Cnr2 mouse double allele genotyping: Cnr2-flox mutant allele 545 bp; wild type allele 386. Cx3crl-Cre mutant allele 380 bp; wild type allele 819 bp. Homozygous Cnr2- flox mutant allele and heterozygous Cx3crl-cre mutant alleles of Cx3crl-Cnr2 mice are identified by genotyping #4-1.
- CB 2 -02 probe is used (506-934 bp of NM_009924.4; catalog No: 436091, Advanced Cell Diagnostics.) to hybridize deleted region of Cnr2 protein coding sequence.
- the CB2 mRNA is detected in most dopamine neurons of (A) wildtype (+/+ ;+/+) and (B) a few of heterozygous (-/-; -/+); while (C) absent in Dat-Cnr2 (-/- ;-/-).
- White arrow heads represent DA neurons with CB2 mRNA, brown arrow heads DA neurons without CB2 mRNA, and green arrow heads non-DA neurons with CB2 mRNA.
- Homozygous mice of Cnr2 deletion have higher locomotor activity than heterozygous and wild type mice on cocaine stimulation.
- FIG. 17 This figure provides a detailed illustration of the cassette used in the invention and Cnr2-flox gene locus after homologous recombination and deletion of the Neo gene.
- loxP_site2 represents distal loxP sequence and loxP proximal loxP sequence for cell type specific deletion of Cnr2 protein coding sequence (5pr_exon3) and splicing acceptor site
- Targeted region represents Cnr2 entire protein coding sequence and the splicing acceptor site sequence. Stop seq represents stop codon.
- FRT Neo FRT loxP represents Neo construct including FRT sequence, Neo flanking sequence and Neo gene.
- NDEL1 CB2F and NDEL2 CB2R represent genotyping primers for detection of Neo deletion after flipase recombination. The Neo gene is inserted in the exon3 that is interrupted into 5pr-exon3 and 3pr- exon3. (Lower panel) After homologous recombination and selection: Neo gene and the most of Neo flanking sequence are deleted by flipase recombination. The entire Cnr2 protein coding region and exon3 splicing site sequence are sandwiched by loxP sequence for the purpose of cell type specific deletion of complete CB2R protein. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
- PCR is an effective procedure to test for the coding regions of the desired gene.
- LAMP loop-mediated isothermal amplification
- Strand Displacement Amplification is another amplification technique that is useful in amplifying the requested gene of the invention.
- Primers are used to screen mice produced with the Neo cassette deletion of the floxed Cnr2 gene. These primers are the FLP1 and FLP2 primers to identify mice that do not have a FLP transgene.
- Primers NDEL1 and NDEL2 are used to screen mice for the Neo cassette deletion.
- Figures 8 A, 8B and 8C These mice are identified in Tables 1, 2 and 3 (heterozygeous mice), and Table 4 confirms that homozygous mice screened and selected for furtherance of producing transgenic mice of the invention.
- FIG. 10 provides a schematic of the production of the Cre mice. Basically, a Cre mouse is bred with the loxP (floxed) mouse. The resulting CreLoxP mouse is the F 1 generation in Figure 10. Then, these mice are screened, and F 2 generation mice are produced from the various Cre mouse models used for breeding.
- the Cre mouse is an example of a mouse system that consists of a single enzyme, Cre recombinase, that recombines that sequence without having to insert any extra supporting sequences.
- Another system that is useful for such creations is the FLP-FRT recombination system. Those of ordinary skill in the art are well aware of other such systems.
- mice generated by this procedure and that have the Cnr2 gene floxed are provided and tested to ensure the requested DNA is present. As such, genotyping of these mice is conducted. Tail samples of DNA tissue are ways in which to obtain tissue for such sampling. Other mechanisms to obtain DNA samples also are useful. Biopsies of ears are also useful for genotyping.
- a typical master mixture for preparing a DNA sample for PCR amplification is provided in the following examples. Those of ordinary skill in the art are familiar with the mixes useful to prepare DNA samples for PCR.
- Southern blots for example, Southern blots, restriction fragment length polymorphism or RFLP analysis, and/or Hederoduplex Analysis (HA) and/or Conformation Sensitive Gel electrophoresis (CSGE) are other genotyping methods.
- HA Hederoduplex Analysis
- CSGE Conformation Sensitive Gel electrophoresis
- mice of the invention are then evaluated. For instance, CB 2 R is tested for the behavior effects of dopamine, DAT-Cnr2. Anti-inflammation and
- mice of the present invention are studied when known agonists of synthetic cannabinoids are tested in Dat- Cnr2 and Cx3crl-Cnr2 mice of the present invention.
- tested compounds include JWH13 obtained from Tocris Bioscience.
- An animal mouse model useful in identifying reduced hyperalgesia in multiple sclerosis is another animal model produced by using the transgenic mice of the present invention.
- transgenic mice of the present invention have the DNA sequence provided in SEQ ID No: 1, provided herewith below. Additionally, Figure 17 provides the clone constructed with the replaced Cnr2 gene having the LoxP sequences flanking the Cnr2 coding region. This construct is useful in any embryonic stem cell delivery for the production of transgenic mice.
- SEQ ID NO: 1 Key: Shade: exons; Underline: loxP sequence; Bold: FRT sequence; Italics: restriction enzyme site engineered; Double Underline: splicing acceptor site sequence; Broken Underline: residue Neo cassette sequence.
- Neo cassette which is an antibiotic gene for the drug selection of positive embryonic stem cells successfully transfected with the construct.
- FRT flanking Neo cassette enables deletion of the Neo gene by mating the version 1 of Cnr2-floxed mice with recombinant flipase expressed transgenic mice.
- the resulting version the 2 Cnr2-floxed mouse contains loxP sequence flanking the CB2R entire coding sequence and 5'- acceptor splicing site without Neo cassette.
- Example 1 shows developmental research in the examples, but is illustrative thereof and not limitative of the invention.
- Example 1 shows developmental research in the examples, but is illustrative thereof and not limitative of the invention.
- Example 1 shows developmental research in the examples, but is illustrative thereof and not limitative of the invention.
- the construct (new Figure 17) of 5' and 3' arms is for recombination to delete the targeted sequence including the open reading frame of exon 3 and its splicing site.
- the Neo cassette as antibiotic gene for the drug selection of positive embryonic stem cells successfully transfected with the construct.
- FRT flanking Neo cassette enable deletion of Neo gene by mating the version 1 of Cnr2-floxed mice with recombinant flipase expressed transgenic mice.
- the resulting version 2 Cnr2-floxed mouse contains loxP sequence flanking the CB2R entire coding sequence and 5'- acceptor splicing site without Neo cassette.
- C5BL/6 hybrid embryonic stem cells are microinjected into C57BL/6 blastocysts. Resulting chimeras with a high percentage agouti coat color are mated to C57BL/6 FLP mice to remove the Neo cassette (for antibiotic selection of recombinant clone) resulted.
- the coding exon of Cnr2 are flanked by left LoxP at 5 '-splicing site and right LoxP downstream of the stop codon so the Cre recombination produces cell-type specific deletion of the entire Cnr2 coding region and splicing site result. This is the first conditional Cnr2 full knockout mouse. See Figure 2 for schematics of mouse development of the invention.
- LoxP sites Rectangular: for recombinase Cre to delete the target Cnr2 protein coding and splicing sequences.
- Primer set NDEL1 and NDEL2 is used to screen mice for the deletion of the Neo cassette.
- the PCR product for the wild-type is 386 bp (lower band).
- one set of LoxP -FRT sites remain (-159 bp).
- a second band with a size of 545 bp indicates Neo deletion (9570, 9582, 9560, 9564, 9566, and 9569).
- Example 3 After a 2 minute hot start at 94°C, the samples are run. The PCR product is run on a 2% gel with a 100 bp ladder as reference. Tail DNA sample from a FLP mouse is used as a positive control and is denoted by a (+) in the gel photograph.
- Example 3 Example 3:
- a PCR is performed as in Example 3 to detect the presence of the distal LoxP site flaking coding exon using the SC and SDL2 primers (from iTL). This reaction amplifies a wild type product 350 bp in size. The presence of a second PCR product 44 bp greater than the wild type product indicates a positive LoxP PCR in Neo-deleted mice. (See Figure 5)
- NEOGT Tail DNA samples from positive mice are amplified with primers NEO-GT and Al .
- NEOGT is located inside the Neo cassette, and Al is located downstream of the short homology arm, outside the region used to create the targeting construct.
- NEO-GT/Al amplifies a fragment of 4.34 kb in length. Due to the presence of the Neo cassette in the expanded ES cell, the amplified size is 6.3 kb. (See Figure 6)
- CH is chimera mice and CS7BL/6 is the mouse strain that expresses flipase (FLP).
- FLP flipase
- Primer set FLP1 and FLP2 (obtained from iTL) is used to screen mice for absence of the FLP transgene.
- the amplified product for primer set FLP1 and FLP2 is 725bp. (*Mice C2274 and C2278 are FLP present and are sacrificed.) (See Figure 7)
- Primer set NDEL1 and NDEL2 (obtained from iTL) is used to screen mice for the deletion of the Neo cassette.
- the PCR product for the wild-type is 386 bp.
- one set of LoxP-FRT sites remain (159 bp).
- a second band with a size of 545 bp indicates Neo deletion.
- a single band of 386 bp indicates a wild type mouse; two bands 386 and 545 bp in size indicate a heterozygous mouse; and a single band 545 bp in length indicates a homozygous mutant mouse. (See Figures 8A, 8B and 8C)
- Primer set NDEL1 and NDEL2 ( Figure 2) is used to screen mice for the deletion of the Neo cassette.
- the PCR product for the wild-type is 386 bp. After Neo deletion, one set of LoxP-FRT site remains (-159 bp). A second band with a size of 545 bp indicates Neo deletion. The presence of the Neo cassette is not amplified by this PCR screening because the size is too great.
- a PCR (as in Example 8) is performed to detect presence of the distal LoxP site using the SCI and SDL2 primers (iTL). This reaction amplifies a wild type product 350 bp in size. The presence of a second PCR product 44bp greater than the wild type product indicates a positive LoxP PCR.
- Primer set NDEL1 and NDEL2 is used to screen mice for the deletion of the Neo cassette.
- the PCR product for the wild-type is 386 bp.
- one set of LoxP-FRT sites remain (159 bp).
- a second band with a size of 545 bp indicates Neo deletion.
- a single band of 386 bp indicates a homozygous mouse, two bands 386 and 545 bp in size indicates a heterozygous mouse, and a single band 545 bp in length indicates a wild type mouse.
- CB2 flox mice are engineered and generated for the production of cell type selective deletion of CB2R receptors.
- the mutant, heterozygous and wild type CB2 flox mice are confirmed by genotyping and "without differences following behavioral characterization" using locomotor activity and emotionality tests. Breeding pairs are set up so as to continue a colony of the CB2 flox line.
- DAT-Cre and Cx3crl-Cre mice are commercially obtained (Jackson Laboratories) and are crossed with the Cnr2-flox mice to generate DAT-Cnr2 and Cx3crl-Cnr2 lox transgenic mice and their wild type litter mates. The strategy is to keep these lines breeding.
- Cnr2-flox mice are breed with Jackson Laboratory (1600 Maine Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609) DAT-Cre homozygous mice (B6-SJL-SLc6A3-CreJ) and generate DAT-Cnr2 transgenic mice for studying drug addiction and Parkinson's disease.
- Crn2-flox mice are breed with Jackson Laboratory (1600 Maine Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609) Cx3crl-Cre mice (B6J.B6N(Cg)-Cx3crltml . l(cre)Jung/J) to generate Cx3crl-Cnr2 transgenic mice for studying inflammation associated diseases such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease and cancer.
- Cnr2-flox mice are breed with the neural progenitor cells (NPC) specific gene, Nestin promoter linked Cre recombinase mice (B6.Cg-Tg(Nes-cre)lKln/J) for studying stroke and
- Cnr2-flox mice are breed with oligodendrite specific gene, 01ig2 promoter linked Cre recombinase mice (B6. ⁇ 29-Olig2 tmL1(cre)Wdr l]) for studying autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. (Obtained from Jackson Laboratories)
- the Cre gene selected for use in the present invention is selected from mouse strains of B6;SJL-Slc6a3 tol 1(cre)Bkm 7J; B6J.B6N(Cg)-Cx3crl tml 1(cre)Jun /J; B6Cq-Tg(Nes-Cre) lKln/J; or B6.129-01ig2 tml l(cre)Wdr /J; sppl-Cre; Opn-CnR2; or IL6-Cre.
- Cx3crl-Cnr2 microglia conditional knockout mice are created by crossing Cnr2-floxed mice with Cx3crl-Cre recombinase mice (Table 1 for primer sequences and Figure 12 genotyping of Cx3crl-Cnr2 mice). Both the Fl and F2 generation of the Cx3crl-Cnr2 mice are obtained. The Fl generation of CB2F (includes eleven males and seven females). These then are used to obtain the F2 generation of Cx3Crl-Cnr2 lox mice, wherein five males and seven females are cross bred with ten male and ten females CB2F mice.
- mice with Cnr2 flox that are homozygous and heterozygous Cx3crl-Cre are found in Figure 12. These mice are mated to produce Cnr2-flox and Cx3crl-Cre double allele homozygous mice for use in the mouse inflammation disease model.
- Inbreed strains are produced by sibling matings, and in order to optimize the breeding performance two females are placed (one of them will be a proven breeder) and one male per cage. In some cases one male and one female are placed in the cage. To rapidly produce animals, two females are rotated through a male's cage every 1 or 2 weeks with nesting material placed in the cage, and animals receive breeder chow and water ad libitum. Litters are expected within a month of mating since female mice go into estrus every 3 or 4 days, and the gestation time of mice is 19-21 days. Males are removed from the cage right before or after the females give birth to prevent overcrowded cages or cannibalism. Ear tag or toe clipping are performed when pups are two weeks old. Tail biopsies for genotyping are obtained at the same time. The spread sheet is set up to keep track of breeding performance and track of the mice.
- mice inventory of animals indicates mouse ID, date of birth, parents, gender and genotype is shown in Table 5.
- a 2-mm piece of tail tissue is cut and placed into a 0.5 mL PCR tube.
- the disodium EDTA acts as a chelating agent.
- This is placed in a tube in the PCR machine and incubated at 95 e C for 30-60 minutes. The heated sample is placed on ice to cool for 5 min.
- 75 L of neutralizing buffer is added (40mM Tris-HCl, pH 5.0) to each sample and then the samples are mixed.
- the PCR machine is turned on and all reagents are put on ice.
- the master mix (MM) component amounts (shown above) are multiplied by (# of samples + 1).
- the primers are diluted in a 1 : 10 dilution. Pipetted corrected amounts are placed into 1 Eppendorf tubes and labeled MM . The tube is shaken vigorously, pipette 10 ⁇ of MM into each PCR tube. 2 ⁇ of DNA are pipetted into the corresponding PCR tube (1DNA sample/tube).
- the PCR tubes are covered and centrifuge for a few seconds.
- the tubes are placed in a PCR machine (Run program under - MAIN -> 09V-DAT). Denaturation accrues at 94°C. Annealing occurs at 65°C and takes place at extension: 72°C. The reaction is done when the PCR says "forever.” The PCR stays at 10 ° until cancelled. While the PCR is running, gels are prepared for electrophoresis.
- agarose a buffer solution containing a mixture of Tris base, acetic acid and EDTA
- TAE a buffer solution containing a mixture of Tris base, acetic acid and EDTA
- the top of the flask is covered with Kim wipes, and then the flask is placed in a microwave for 30 seconds. The flask is then taken out, swirled, and placed back in the microwave for 20 seconds. This is repeated in 10 second intervals until all agarose is dissolved. 13.5ul of ethidium bromide is added to flask and swirled.
- the sides of a gel container are taped and placed in the top and lower rows. The gels are poured into containers and let to solidify.
- mice tetrad Protocols for screening the Knockout mice in various drug delivery assays. Assessment of CB 2 R mediated behavioral effects of DAT-C «r2-Lox and WT mice is evaluated. Cannabinoid induced behavioral changes in the DAT-C «r2-Lox and WT mice is used to determine the role of CB 2 Rs in the mouse tetrad tests. Briefly, the mouse tetrad consists of four simple evaluations, which may be measured in sequence. They are as follows:. Ten mins in the locomotor activity boxes, b). Catalepsy test, amount of time in 5 mins if the animal remains immobile, c). Rectal temperature and d). Nociception by the tail flick response.
- N 10 animals per group, because of variability in behavioral studies.
- the data from this work sheds further light in the understanding that functional CB2Rs are present and expressed in dopamine neurons, and potential CB2R agonist as therapeutic agents in treating drug abuse and Parkinson's disease associated with dopamine neuron dysfunction.
- CB2R agonist for anti-inflammation and neurodegeneration is studied after stroke.
- CB2R selective agonists synthetic cannabinoid JWH133 or AM1241 Tocris Bioscience (The Watkins Bldg. Atlantic Road, Avonmouth, Bristol, BS11 9QD, United Kingdom), significantly reduce brain infarct volumes and neurological deficits.
- Both CB2Rs mRNA and proteins are increased significantly in microglia and neurons after stroke in a time-dependent manner.
- CB2R agonists are identified to reduce hyperalgesia in multiple sclerosis.
- An experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis an animal model of the human CNS demyelinating diseases that involves t-cell mediated autoimmune disease, is used in olig2-Cnr2 oligodendrite cells specific to Cb2 conditional knockout mice. This is used to screen CB2R agonists as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of central pain in an animal model of multiple sclerosis using somatosensory pain behavioral testing.
- Dat-Cnr2 dopamine neuron conditional knockout mice are produced by crossing Cnr2-floxed mice with dopamine transporter promoter driven DAT-Cre recombinase mice and genotype of double allele homozygous mice are confirmed (Table 8, Figure 11 ).
- the absence of CR2R mRNA in dopamine neurons is demonstrated by RNAscope in situ hybridization of mid brain ventral tegmental area (VTA) of wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous mice.
- VTA mid brain ventral tegmental area
- Genotyped F2 generation are developed and identified as Dat-Cnr2 dopamine neuron conditional knockout mice, e.g. #8-7 mouse ( Figure 12) that is homozygous in both Cnr2-flox and Dat-Cre alleles.
- Table 7 The primers used for the DAT-cre mouse genotyping:
- 20669, 206702 and 21250 are labels for Cx3crl-Cre mice genotyping.
- RNAscope in situ hybridization (ISH) using probe (see Figure 13 probe positions) is a verification that confirms targeting to Cnr2-floxed region ( Figure 14, probe positions, CB2 mRNA deleted in DA neurons).
- the anxiety test is evaluated by elevated plus-maize behavioral measurement. The longer time of mice staying in the open arm represents less anxious mice so do the less time of mice staying in the close arm. Dat-Cnr2 mice are statistically less anxious than wild type and heterozygous mice ( Figure 15).
- the motor function test is evaluated by observing the effects of cocaine (a
- Table 9 provides the specifics of the transgenic mice tested and useful in mouse models to test for effects of compounds for treating damaged neurons, dopaminergic neurons such as found in Parkinson's disease, stroke and multiple sclerosis. Furthermore, these mouse models are effectively used in screens for drug abuse.
- CB2R activation and its influence on food and alcohol consumption in mice have been evaluated using the ko mice.
- CB 2 Rs in the brain play a role in food and alcohol consumption, and data demonstrate a role of central CB 2 Rs on food intake in neonatal chicks.
- Alizadeh A Zendehdel M, Babapour V, Charkhkar S, Hassanpour S, Role of cannabinoidergic system on food intake in neonatal layer-type chicken.
- CB2R agonists are useful as potential therapeutic agents for treating osteoporosis.
- CB2- deficient mice show a markedly accelerated age-related bone loss and the CNR2 gene (encoding CB2R) in women is associated with low bone mineral density after menopause (Bab I, Zimmer A. Cannabinoid receptors and the regulation of bone mass. British journal of pharmacology.
- Opn-Cnr2 mice with osteocyte specific deletions of Cnr2 as a osteoporosis animal model are provided in the present invention (Opn)-Cre mice.
- CB2R agonist Ajulemic acid (ResunabTM ) is in the accelerated FDA approval process for the treatment of Systemic sclerosis -scleroderma (Gonzalez EG, Selvi E, Balistreri E, Akhmetshina A, Palumbo K, Lorenzini S, Lazzerini PE, Montilli C, Capecchi PL, Lucattelli M, Baldi C, Gianchecchi E, Galeazzi M, Pasini FL, Distler JH. Synthetic cannabinoid ajulemic acid exerts potent antifibrotic effects in experimental models of systemic sclerosis. Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 2012;71(9): 1545-51.
- transgenic mice Two types are generated.
- One type is a Cnr2-flox with Neo for producing Cnr2-flox mice without Neo.
- cell type specific deletions of Cnr2 are derived by mating conditional knockout mice of Cnr2-flox mice and Cre expressing mice or other appropriate mouse models.
- dopaminergic neuron, microglia, neural progenitor and oligodendrite cell types as well as osteocyte specific deletions of Cnr2 are provided.
- a Cnr2-Cre mouse is also available.
- Other Cnr2 combinations are also available and are ones those of ordinary skill in the art recognize as part of the present invention.
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Abstract
The present invention provides a transgenic mouse and an animal model that is used to assay for the inhibition or activation of the Cnr2 gene and methods for screening drugs to treat or prevent psychosis, anxiety, depression, autism disorders, drug addiction, Parkinson's disease and/or Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, inflammation, stroke, osteoporosis, scleroderma or cancer.
Description
TRANSGENIC MICE
PRIORITY TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/121,227, filed February 26, 2015. The entire contents of the above-identified application is hereby
incorporated by reference.
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR
DEVELOPMENT
This invention was partially made with Government support under R15 DA032890- 01 Al . The Government has certain rights in the invention.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a genetically modified mouse (transgenic mouse) wherein the mouse is able to produce a model of deletion of the Cnr2 gene in certain cell types. These cells include macrophages, monocytes, microglia, GABAergic, Glutamatergic, mono- aminergic cells in the periphery and neurons immune cells as well as brain glial cells.
There are three ways for transgenic mice to be produced. One way is the pronuclear injection of a gene into a single cell of the mouse embryo, where it will randomly integrate into the mouse genome. This method creates a transgenic mouse and is used to insert new genetic information into the mouse genome or to over-express endogenous genes.
The second way modifies embryonic stem cells with a DNA construct containing DNA sequences homologous to the target gene. Embryonic stem cells that recombine with the genomic DNA are selected for, and they are then injected into the mice blastocysts. This method is used to manipulate a single gene, in most cases "knocking out" the target gene. The disadvantages of these two germ line deletion methods include universal cell type gene deletions or interventions and developmental compensation.
The third way is site-specific recombination using Cre-Lox recombination technology that involves the targeting and splicing out of a specific gene with the help of a recombinase. Cre is expressed in a specific cell type, creating a cell-type specific deletion of the targeted gene. This method requires mating Cre mice and floxed (sandwich the targeted gene with loxP sequences) mice to produce conditional knockout mice with the targeted gene deleted in certain cell type.
The transgenic mice of the present invention are constructed in the third way. They are often called conditional Cre-Lox "knockout" mice because an activity of the gene is removed in a specific cell type. Such mouse models have been developed to study drug targets in a specific cell type related to obesity, heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, substance abuse, anxiety, aging and Parkinson's Disease.
Additionally, transgenic mice have been used to suppress genes to provide models for cancer therapies.
The Cnr2 gene that is the subject of the present invention encodes the cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2). This is a G-protein coupled receptor and is related to the cannabinoid receptor type 1 CBi. The CBi receptor is thought to be responsible for the pre-synaptic action of endocannabinoids, the psychoactive properties of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and other phytocannabinoids.
As stated, the Cnr2 gene encodes the CB2 receptor which has 360 amino acids in humans. This G-protein coupled receptor has seven transmembrane spanning domains. They include a glycosylated extracellular N-terminus and an intracellular C-terminus.
There are two well characterized cannabinoid receptors (CBRs), CBIRs and CB2Rs, with other candidates, such as GPR55, PPARs and vanilloid receptor (VPl, TRPVl) receptors that are thought to be involved with either the effects of cannabinoids and/or endocannabinoids (eCBs). Cannabinoids are the constituents in marijuana, and endocannabinoids (eCBs) are the
endogenous marijuana-like substances found in animals and humans. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) consists of genes encoding cannabinoid receptors (CBRs), their endogenous ligands eCBs, and their enzymes involved in their syntheses and degradation of the eCBs (Ahn, K., M.K. McKinney and B.F. Cravatt (2008) (incorporated herein by reference) "Enzymatic pathways that regulate endocannabinoid signaling in the nervous system" Chem Rev 108(5): 1687-1701) CBRs are distributed in the brain and peripheral tissues. However, the neuronal and functional expression of CB2Rs in the brain has been much less well studied and characterized in comparison to the expression of the ubiquitous CBiRs. Although earlier evidence suggested that CB2Rs are present in the CNS, they were referred to as the peripheral CB2Rs because many investigators were not able to detect neuronal CB2Rs in healthy brains.
It has been found that functional neuronal CB2Rs are expressed in brain and that activation and inhibition of these functional neuronal CB2 cannabinoid receptors induce behavioral responses in motor function, cocaine addiction and emotionality tests in the rodent model.
Also CB2Rs are associated with immune regulation and function, and as such, they are of interest to probe the role of CB2Rs not only in neurological disorders associated with
neuroinflamation but also in neuropsychiatric disturbances. Indeed studies have provided evidence for neuronal CNS effects of CB2Rs and its possible role in drug addiction, eating disorders, psychosis, depression, and autism spectrum disorders.
The CNR2 cannabinoid gene (related to CB2R) structure has not been well defined for the most part. However, many features of the CNR2 gene structure, regulation and variation are being defined with the use and identification of CB2Rs in the mammalian CNS. This prior poor definition could be related to the previously held view that the CNR2 gene and CB2Rs were not expressed in neurons in brain but mainly in immune cells. It was therefore less investigated for CNS roles except for the association with brain cells of macrophage lineage. The human CNR2 gene and its mouse and rat orthologs are located on chromosomes lp36, 4QD3 and 5Q36, respectively. Genome-sequencing projects have also identified CNR2 genes in chimpanzee, dog, cow, chicken amphibian, puffer fish, and zebra fish. It appears that the human, rat, mouse and
zebra fish genomes contain two isoforms of CB2Rs that have differential distribution patterns in the brain and peripheral tissues.
It has been discovered that the C R2 genomic structure is species specific for expression patterns which account for differences between C R2 genes in human and mice. With the discovery of a novel human CB2R isoform, it has been discovered that the CB2A isoform is predominantly expressed in human brain and testis and the promoter of CB2A is located 45kb upstream of the promoter of the previously identified CB2 gene (which is named CB2B isoform now), that is predominantly expressed in spleen. In contrast, CB2B mRNA expression could not be detected in brain regions in any significant level and is predominantly expressed in spleen. It has been found and reported that R63Q polymorphism in C R2 gene is associated with alcoholism, depression, schizophrenia, and anorexia nervosa in Japanese subjects.
The distribution of the CB2Rs has been resolved and some of the controversial issues associated with the detection and location of CB2Rs in the CNS, by using CB2 isoform specific TaqMan probes that could differentiate the isoform-specific expression patterns and are more sensitive and specific than the CB2 probes and primers previously used has been explained. It is thought that absence of CB2R brain expression could be due to the low expression levels of CB2A isoform in brain regions and the less specific CB2R commercial antibodies in
immunohistochemical studies, especially those studies using antibodies against human hCB2 epitopes for rodent brain immunostaining.
Further, unlike the present mice, there also are problems with the use of the CB2 knockout (ko) mice that have been used in Western blots and in behavioral analysis. When the analyzed CB2 knockout mice using the three TaqMan probes against two promoters of mouse CB2 gene and the deleted part of CB2 gene, are used, it is found that the promoters of CB2R ko mice were still active and that a CB2 truncated version was expressed, indicating that the CB2 ko mice with ablation of the C-terminal peptides of 131 amino acids was an incomplete CB2R knockout. Another mouse CB2R ko mouse that has now been generated with ablation of the N- terminal peptide 156 amino acid may clarify the specificity of the antibodies that were used against the N-terminal epitopes. Unfortunately, this CB2R-ko mouse is also an incomplete
knockout as well. Nevertheless, many studies have now identified CB2Rs in different brain regions, on neural progenitor cells of the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus, and at CNS synapses in the entorhinal cortex (Morgan, N.H., I.M. Standord and G.L. Woodhall (2009) (incorporated herein by reference). "Functional CB2 type cannabinoid receptors at CNS synapses." Neuropharmacology 57(4):356-368). Additionally, functional CB2Rs are found in other neurons in the dorsal root ganglion, dopaminergic neurons in ventral tegmental area (VTA), and spinal cord, and activation of CB2Rs on dorsal root ganglion-spinal cord neurons inhibit neuronal response to noxious stimuli, thereby contributing to the antinociceptive effects of CB2R agonists.
The CNS effects of CB2Rs have been controversial and ambiguous (Liu, Q.R., C.H. Pan, A. Hishimoto, C.Y. Li, Z.X.Xi, A. Llorente-Berzal, M.P. Viveros, H. Ishiguro, T. Arinami, E.S. Onaivi and G.R. Uhl (2009). "Species differences in cannabinoid receptor 2 (CNR2 gene): identification of novel human and rodent CB2 isoforms, differential tissue expression and regulation by cannabinoid receptor ligands." Genes Brain Behav 8(5):519-530) (incorporated herein by reference). Thus, the role in depression and substance abuse was unknown. The present invention provides a mouse model to advance understanding and using drugs in human subjects.
The involvement of brain neuronal CB2Rs in drug abuse and depression is studied by using the conditional ko mice of the invention. Mice preferring alcohol have reduced Cnr2 gene expression in the ventral midbrain whereas the Cnr2 gene expression is unaltered in the ventral midbrain region of mice with little or no preference for alcohol. Treatment of mice with the putative CB2R agonist JWH 015, enhances alcohol consumption in mice subjected to chronic mild stress (CMS), and the treatment with the CB2R antagonist AM630, reduces the stress- induced increase in alcohol consumption. This CB2R agonist or antagonist effect is absent in normal mice that were not subjected to CMS.
The expression of Cnr2 gene transcripts in rodents treated with opioids, cocaine and alcohol in comparison to control animals is useful. Animals treated with cocaine or heroin show increased Cnr2 gene transcripts in comparison to controls, indicating the presence of Cnr2 gene
transcripts in the brain that is influenced by abused substances. Therefore, the pharmacological actions at brain CB2Rs may be more complex than previously appreciated with species and subtype differences and distribution patterns and are studied with the conditional ko mice of the invention.
The therapeutic potential of targeting CB2Rs in brain has not been extensively characterized, perhaps in part due to its relatively low expression in brain or because of the lack of specific CB2Rs and the long held believes that CB2Rs were predominantly expressed in immune cells. Furthermore, the human CNR2 gene is about four times larger than that of rodents and some studies using antibodies against human hCB2 epitopes for rodent brain immunostaining may have added to the CB2 controversy and ambiguity (Liu, Pan et al., 2009). The present invention seeks to determine the specificity of a new CB2R antibody designed using another CB2R epitope "EHQDRQVPGIARMRLD" for use in studies. The specificity of this CB2R antibody or other available specific antibody will undoubtedly resolve part of the controversy and ambiguity of CB2Rs in the mammalian brain. The new knowledge from our data and those of other recent studies that CB2Rs are present in the brain raises many questions about the possible roles that CB2Rs may play in the nervous system.
In the present invention, the Cnr2-flox mouse line, when mated with for example, a gene promoter specific expressing Cre recombinase mouse line, is able to produce mouse models of complete deletion of Cnr2 gene in specific cell types, such as macrophage, monocytes,
GAB Aergic, Glutamatergic, mono-aminergic systems in the periphery and in neurons and glial cells in brain.
The cell-type-specific deletion of Cnr2 gene provides a much desired animal model for developing pharmacological treatments for cancer, inflammation, neurodegeneration, osteoporosis and drug addiction, amongst other diseases.
The conditional Cnr2 mouse line with loxP flanking the full-length protein coding sequence is able to mate with a mouse line that expresses gene specific Cre recombinase, therefore producing a cell-type specific deletion of Cnr2. For instance, the offsprings of the
floxed Cnr2 mice mating with Cx3crl Cre mice have Cnr2 deletion in macrophage in blood and microglia in brain. The conditional Cx3crl-Cnr2 knockout mouse model provides invaluable mouse models to develop effective treatment for chronic inflammation in peripheral and central systems that play causal roles in cancer and Alzheimer's disease. Another example is that the floxed Cnr2 mice mating with osteopontin (Opn) Cre mice to produce Cnr2 deletion in bone for development of treatment of osteoporosis is doable. In many other combinations including the conditional DAT-Cre-Cnr2-flox studies characterize and determine the role of CB2Rs in dopamine neurons. This is of huge importance in determining CB2R as a target in drug development for psychosis, anxiety, depression, autism disorders and drug addiction and neurological disturbances like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease.
The present invention is the first time that a floxed mouse line with site-specific loxP sites flanking Cnr2 fully protein coding exon and its 5' splicing site has been created. The previous germ line knock out mouse lines are partial Cnr2 deletions of the C-terminal and N- terminal amino acid sequences, respectively. The germ line Cnr2 knock out mouse models have issues of developmental compensatory effects and lack cell or -tissue expression patterns that prevent the effective mouse models with cell type deletion of Cnr2 in order to study specific diseases such as cancer and Alzheimer's disease. The foxed Cnr2 - Cre mice provide such models to investigate the inflammatory and molecular basis of CB2 cannabinoid receptor function.
The present invention is exemplified with mouse models. Primate models may be more relevant to human diseases but are more expensive and gene targeted deletion of Cnr2 are more technically challenging. However, recent gene editing technology CRISPR-CAS9 successfully carried out in Rhesus monkey and that could be applied to Cnr2 gene locus in primate model. As such, other animal models are encompassed with the present invention.
Additionally, previous attempts to use CB2 knock out mice have had certain issues.
However, the use of the promoters of CB2R mice show that these previous mouse models were unsuccessful, because the ablation of the C-terminal peptides of 131 amino acids resulted in an incomplete knockout.
The present invention overcomes these issues with a functional conditional knock out mouse that is a model for use in drug development and the development of mouse models for studying drug activities such as activation or inhibition of target cells.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide an animal model having deletions of the cannabinoid gene. It is a further object of the invention to provide an animal model comprising a floxed Cnr2 gene. The mouse is one of the animals useful as the animal model of the invention. The animal model of the invention has the Neo gene deleted from the Cnr2 gene and that gene is flanked with LoxP. More specifically, Seq ID No: 1 is a gene sequence useful in the present invention. Another object of the invention is an animal model wherein said animal model comprises a Cre gene and LoxP genes flanking the CRB2 gene coding region.
Cre genes selected for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to B6-Sjh- Slc6A3-creJ, (B6J.B6N(Cg)-Cx3crltml. l(Cre)Jung/J), B6(q-Tq(NesOCre)l .Kn2 or B6.129-01iq2. Other mouse models are also useful for producing mice with the Cnr2-floxed mice. It is a further object of the invention to provide Opn-Cnr2 mice with osteocyte specific deletions of Cnr2 in order to have that mouse in an animal model to study osteoporosis It also is an object of the present invention to use the IL6-Cnr2 transgenic mice of the present invention with macrophage specific deletions of Cnr2. These provide models to study the effectiveness of such compounds as Ajulemic acid (Resunab®) for treating various immunological and/or autoimmune diseases such as but not limited to systemic sclerosis (scleroderma).
It is another object of the present invention to produce a mouse model wherein there is functional neuronal CB2Rs induced behavioral responses in motor function and emotionality tests. These animals are mice and are named conditional knockout mice. They are used for drug screening in the BTBR T+tfJ mouse with autism behavioral phenotypes and up-regulated CB2A gene expression in the brain. This is of significance with clinical implications to understanding the CNS effects of CB2R acting drugs that have great potential therapeutic applications in pain,
inflammation, auto-immune, mental and neurodegenerative disorders, drug and alcohol addiction.
It is a further object of the invention to have the Neo gene in a transgenic mouse deleted and have it flanked with LoxP. The sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 is useful for this model and for the transgenic mice of the present invention.
Additionally, the present invention uses the cassette found in Figure 17. It is an object of the present invention to use the cassette identified in Figure 17 to produce transgenic mice.
Another object of the present invention is to provide transgenic mice by crossing Cnr2- floxed mice with other mouse models, such as Cre gene related mice.
A further object of the invention is to provide a method for selecting a drug that targets the CB2Rs. Examples of these methods include screening to discover medicines to treat drug addiction, Parkinson's Disease, post-stroke inflammation and to help reduce Central Nervous System (CNS) diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease and other inflammations caused by neuronal injuries and/or ailments, such as cancers.
Another object of the present invention is to produce transgenic mice and mouse models for testing compounds that prophylactically and/or therapeutically are used to administer to patients with drug addiction ailments, alcohol addiction, neurological ailments such as
Parkinson's Disease, Alzheimer's Disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Stroke, Post-Stroke Inflammation other Inflammation diseases, osteoporosis and cancer. This involves using the method of the invention to test or select drugs for prophylactically or therapeutically effects of these diseases.
These and further objects of the invention are illustrated, but not limited by the more detailed description of the invention provided herein below.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1. Behavioral effects THC in a mouse model of depression: The time and number of immobility in the test is the index measured. The performance of the BTBR mice that exhibit autism-like phenotype in comparison to the control mice is shown. The data indicate that the BTBR mice are insensitive to the effects of THC compared to the control mice.
Figure 2. Strategy of making Cnr2-floxed mice: (2A) Targeted iTL BA1 (129/SvEv x
C57BL/6) hybrid embryonic stem cells are microinjected into C57BL/6 blastocysts. The resulting chimeras with a high percentage agouti coat color are mated to C57BL/6 FLP mice to remove the Neo cassette. Tail DNA is analyzed from pups with agouti or black coat color.
Primer set NDELl and NDEL2 is used to screen mice for the deletion of the Neo cassette. (2B) The PCR product for the wild-type is 386 bp. After Neo deletion, one set of LoxP-FRT sites remain (-159 bp). A second band with a size of 545 bp indicates Neo deletion. The presence of the Neo cassette is not amplified by this PCR screening because the size is too great. Triangles: LoxP sites; Rectangular: FRT sites for recombinase flipase deletion of drug selection marker Neo; LA (long arm), MA (middle arm), and SA (short arm): genomic regions for homologous recombination are done.
Figure 3. Deletion of drug selection marker Neo: Primer set NDELl and NDEL2 is used to screen mice for the deletion of the Neo cassette. The PCR product for the wild-type is 386 bp (lower band). After Neo deletion, one set of LoxP-FRT sites remain (-159 bp). A second band with a size of 545 bp (upper band) indicates Neo deletion (9579, 9582, 9560, 9564, 9566, and 9569).
Figure 4. Presence of FLP (flipase) in Flp-mice: Primer set FLP1 and FLP2 is used to screen mice for the presence of the FLP transgene in Neo-deleted mice. The amplified product for primer set FLP1 and FLP2 is 725bp.
Figure 5. Screening for Distal LoxP Site: A PCR was performed to detect the presence of the distal LoxP site flaking coding exon using the SCI and SDL2 primers. This reaction
amplifies a wild type product 350 bp in size. The presence of a second PCR product 44 bp greater than the wild type product indicates a positive LoxP PCR in Neo-deleted mice.
Figure 6. Confirmation of Short Homology Arm Integration: Tail DNA samples from positive mice are amplified with primers NEO-GT and Al . NEOGT is located inside the Neo cassette and Al is located downstream of the short homology arm, outside the region used to create the targeting construct. NEO-GT/Al amplifies a fragment of 4.34 kb in length. Due to the presence of the Neo cassette in the expanded ES cell, the amplified size is 6.31 kb.
Figure 7. Absence of FLP Transgene: Primer set FLP1 and FLP2 is used to screen mice for the absence of the FLP transgene. The amplified product for primer set FLP1 and FLP2 is 725bp. (Mice C2274 and C2278 are FLP present and are sacrificed.)
Figure 8A. Production and screening for homozygous Neo Deletion with LoxP flanking entire Cnr2 coding region: Primer set NDELl and NDEL2 is used to screen mice for the deletion of the Neo cassette. The PCR product for the wild-type is 386 bp. After Neo deletion, one set of LoxP - FRT sites remains (159 bp). A second band with a size of 545 bp indicates Neo deletion. A single band of 386 bp indicates a wild type mouse, two bands 386 and 545 bp in size indicates a heterozygous mouse, and a single band 545 bp in length indicates a mutant mouse. (C2626, C2627, and C2632 are homozygous Cnr2-floxed mice).
Figure 8B. Further production and screening for homozygous Neo Deletion with LoxP flanking entire Cnr2 coding region: A single band of 386 bp indicates a wild type mouse, two bands 386 and 545 bp in size indicates a heterozygous mouse, and a single band 545 bp in length indicates a mutant mouse. (C2643, C2645, and C2648 are homozygous Cnr2-floxed mice).
Figure 8C. Further production and screening for homozygous Neo Deletion with LoxP flanking entire Cnr2 coding region: A single band of 386 bp indicates a wild type mouse, two bands 386 and 545 bp in size indicates a heterozygous mouse, and a single band 545 bp in length indicates a mutant mouse. (C2671 is homozygous Cnr2-floxed mice).
Figure 9. DNA listing of mouse # C2283. The sequence shaded is the Neo cassette. The underlined sequence is FRT, and the loxP site is red shaded. This provides the comparison of the DNA sequence of the invention to that of known DNA. f/f
Figure 10. Cnr2-floxed (CB2 ) mouse model. Homozygous Cnr2 transgenic mice with loxP flanking the entire coding region of exon 3 of CB2 cannabinoid receptor are produced. This is the first time Cnr2-floxed mice are available to generate cell type specific knockout CB2R. The mice are thriving and reproducing for studying macrophage, microglia, and neuron specific (e.g. dopaminergic neuron) CB2R effects. Those cell type specific CB2R knockout mice are
invaluable animal models for studying and development of effective therapy for cancer, pain, addition, neurodegenerative, autism and psychiatric disease.
Figure 11. Provides Dat-Cnr2 mouse double allele genotyping Cnr2-flox mice: mutant allele is 545 bp; wild type allele is 386 bp. Dat-Cre mutant allele is 152 bp, wild type allele 264 bp.
Homozygous double allele mutant Dat-Cnr2 mice are identified by genotyping #8-7.
Figure 12. Provides Cx3crl-Cnr2 mouse double allele genotyping: Cnr2-flox mutant allele 545 bp; wild type allele 386. Cx3crl-Cre mutant allele 380 bp; wild type allele 819 bp. Homozygous Cnr2- flox mutant allele and heterozygous Cx3crl-cre mutant alleles of Cx3crl-Cnr2 mice are identified by genotyping #4-1.
Figure 13. CB2-02 probe is used (506-934 bp of NM_009924.4; catalog No: 436091, Advanced Cell Diagnostics.) to hybridize deleted region of Cnr2 protein coding sequence.
Figure 14. RNAscope in situ hybridization (ISH) of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) with Cnr2 and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH, DA neuron marker) probes. The CB2 mRNA is detected in most dopamine neurons of (A) wildtype (+/+ ;+/+) and (B) a few of heterozygous (-/-; -/+); while (C) absent in Dat-Cnr2 (-/- ;-/-). White arrow heads represent DA neurons with CB2 mRNA, brown arrow heads DA neurons without CB2 mRNA, and green arrow heads non-DA neurons with CB2 mRNA.
Figure 15. The performance of the DAT-Cnr2 in the plus-maze test of anxiety behavior, is evaluated and its found that Dat-Cnr2 homozygous mice are less anxious than heterozygous and wild type mice (Figure 7, n=4-6). Performance in the elevated plus-maze test measuring time seconds and entry numbers into open and closed arms. This emotionality test is a measure of aversive behavior indicative of an anxiolytic index in the mouse model.
Figure 16. Comparison of naive treated mice of Dat-Cnr2 homozygous mice with heterozygous and wild type mice other genotypes on cocaine stimulated wheel running activity is shown.
Homozygous mice of Cnr2 deletion have higher locomotor activity than heterozygous and wild type mice on cocaine stimulation.
Figure 17. This figure provides a detailed illustration of the cassette used in the invention and Cnr2-flox gene locus after homologous recombination and deletion of the Neo gene.
(Upper panel) Before homologous recombination and selection: 5'-arm includes Cnr2 exon2 and 3'-arm includes partial exon3 of 3'-UTR (un-translated region) for homologous recombination. loxP_site2 represents distal loxP sequence and loxP proximal loxP sequence for cell type specific deletion of Cnr2 protein coding sequence (5pr_exon3) and splicing acceptor site
(5pr_Flank_Acceptor). Targeted region represents Cnr2 entire protein coding sequence and the splicing acceptor site sequence. Stop seq represents stop codon. FRT Neo FRT loxP represents Neo construct including FRT sequence, Neo flanking sequence and Neo gene. NDEL1 CB2F and NDEL2 CB2R represent genotyping primers for detection of Neo deletion after flipase recombination. The Neo gene is inserted in the exon3 that is interrupted into 5pr-exon3 and 3pr- exon3. (Lower panel) After homologous recombination and selection: Neo gene and the most of Neo flanking sequence are deleted by flipase recombination. The entire Cnr2 protein coding region and exon3 splicing site sequence are sandwiched by loxP sequence for the purpose of cell type specific deletion of complete CB2R protein.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a floxed CB2 receptor gene that has had the Neo cassette deleted. (See Figure 2) Once this is accomplished, mice that had this gene are screened to ensure that the Neo-deleted gene is true. Screening is accomplished by utilizing F=LP (flipase) procedures, as well as other procedures known to those of ordinary skill in this area.
PCR is an effective procedure to test for the coding regions of the desired gene.
However, other amplification methods such as but not limited to LAMP (loop-mediated isothermal amplification) also are useful for the present invention's use. This is inclusive of standard LAMP and rapid LAMP. Another amplification technique is Strand Displacement Amplification that is useful in amplifying the requested gene of the invention.
Primers are used to screen mice produced with the Neo cassette deletion of the floxed Cnr2 gene. These primers are the FLP1 and FLP2 primers to identify mice that do not have a FLP transgene.
Primers NDEL1 and NDEL2 are used to screen mice for the Neo cassette deletion. (Figures 8 A, 8B and 8C) These mice are identified in Tables 1, 2 and 3 (heterozygeous mice), and Table 4 confirms that homozygous mice screened and selected for furtherance of producing transgenic mice of the invention.
Once the homozygous CB2 flox mice are produced, breeding of the Cnr2-floxed mice with various Cre recombinant mice takes place. Figure 10 provides a schematic of the production of the Cre mice. Basically, a Cre mouse is bred with the loxP (floxed) mouse. The resulting CreLoxP mouse is the F1 generation in Figure 10. Then, these mice are screened, and F2 generation mice are produced from the various Cre mouse models used for breeding.
The Cre mouse is an example of a mouse system that consists of a single enzyme, Cre recombinase, that recombines that sequence without having to insert any extra supporting
sequences. Another system that is useful for such creations is the FLP-FRT recombination system. Those of ordinary skill in the art are well aware of other such systems.
Mice generated by this procedure and that have the Cnr2 gene floxed are provided and tested to ensure the requested DNA is present. As such, genotyping of these mice is conducted. Tail samples of DNA tissue are ways in which to obtain tissue for such sampling. Other mechanisms to obtain DNA samples also are useful. Biopsies of ears are also useful for genotyping.
A typical master mixture for preparing a DNA sample for PCR amplification is provided in the following examples. Those of ordinary skill in the art are familiar with the mixes useful to prepare DNA samples for PCR.
For example, Southern blots, restriction fragment length polymorphism or RFLP analysis, and/or Hederoduplex Analysis (HA) and/or Conformation Sensitive Gel electrophoresis (CSGE) are other genotyping methods.
Further, gel electrophoretic studies are conducted on the PCR resultant DNA to determine what genotypes of the various transgenic mice produced.
The resultant transgenic mice of the invention are then evaluated. For instance, CB2R is tested for the behavior effects of dopamine, DAT-Cnr2. Anti-inflammation and
neurodegeneration are studied when known agonists of synthetic cannabinoids are tested in Dat- Cnr2 and Cx3crl-Cnr2 mice of the present invention. Examples of tested compounds include JWH13 obtained from Tocris Bioscience. An animal mouse model useful in identifying reduced hyperalgesia in multiple sclerosis is another animal model produced by using the transgenic mice of the present invention.
The transgenic mice of the present invention have the DNA sequence provided in SEQ ID No: 1, provided herewith below. Additionally, Figure 17 provides the clone constructed with
the replaced Cnr2 gene having the LoxP sequences flanking the Cnr2 coding region. This construct is useful in any embryonic stem cell delivery for the production of transgenic mice.
Final Cnr2-floxed mouse sequence (entire CB2R protein coding sequence and splicing acceptor site (AG) are sandwiched by loxP sequence for homologous recombination).
Sequence Listing
SEQ ID NO: 1. Key: Shade: exons; Underline: loxP sequence; Bold: FRT sequence; Italics: restriction enzyme site engineered; Double Underline: splicing acceptor site sequence; Broken Underline: residue Neo cassette sequence.
AAACAGTGTATCCAGGCCACCACCGATTGATCAGGGCCAGAGAAACAGACCCAGCA
GCTGACCTGCCACCCCGAGCCAGAATACTACAGAGTTTTTAAGCCCAAAATCCACA
ATCATCTGTGCCAAGTTACCCCACCAGTCAGGATTTAGGGATAGGGGACGTCCTTAG
GAACATGTCTTTGTGGTACACCTATCCTGCTCCCATTGGTTGGGGTATTCAGCAGTG
GCAGGGGACTTGCCTAGCATTCATGTCTCAACTTGACAGCTAGGATGTCCGTTACCA
AGGGAGCTGCTGGGACTTATACTTTATTTGACCCCTATACAAAGTGGAATGGCTTTT
ATTTGGTTCCTTCAATAATAATAATAGGAGGAGGATGAGAAGTTCGAGGATGGCTTT
GAACATATTTTGAGTTCTAAAATAGCCTGGACTAGATGTAGCCCTGACTCCGAAAGG
ACATGGCTCCGTGGGCGAAAGGGCTTGGCACACAAGCCTACTGACCTGATTTCAGTC
CCCCAGATGTAGTCATAATAAGTGATACATGAGTAAAATTTAAAGCGAAAAGTACT
AGCAATGATAATAATAAATAAAACAAAATAAAAAATAAAACATGATTTTTTTTTCTC
CTGAAAAGATGTATAGGCATTAGGTTTATATAGTTAGTTAGTTAGTTAGTTAGTTAG
TTAGTTAGTTAAGACAGGTGTGGTTGTGTTTAGTTAAGGCAGGTGTGGTTGTGTATG
CCTTTAATCTCGGCACTAAAAGAGGATTAAAGGAGACAAGGCAGGTAGATCTCTGA
GTTCAAGCCTAGCCAGGTTTGCAGAGTGAGTTCCAGGACAGCCAGGGCTACACAGA
GAAACCCTGTCTCAGAAAACCAAATAGATGGATAGATAGATAGATAGATAGATAGA
TAGATAGATAGATAGATAGATAGATAGATAGATAGATAAAATAGTTTTAAAACATT
TATTTACATTTATTTTTATGTGTATAACTGTTTTGCTTTCATGTATGTCTGTGTACCGT
GTGTGTGCCTGGTGTTAGCAGACAGCAGAACTGGAATTAAAGACAGCTATGAGCTG
CTATTTGAGTTCTGGGAACCAAACCCCAGTTCCCTGCAAGAACGGCCAGTGTTGTTA
ATCTCTAAACCATCTCTTCCAGCCCCATGCATTTGGTGTGTGTGTGTGTGTGTGTGTG
TGTGTGTACTATTAATTGCTTTTGAGACAGGGTCTCACTATGTAGCTGGCCAGGAAC
TTGCCACATAGAACAGGCTGTCCTCAGACTCATAGAGATCTAGCTGCCTCTGTTTCC
CATGTGCTAAGATTAAAGCTGTGTGCCACCATAGCAAGCTGGAAAGGTCTTATATAC
ACTTTGAAAGGATCAAAAAGAACTTGCCAGTTCCCAGTTTCAAAAACTAGAACGAA
TGTCCTCGGTGCGCTTGGCCTCCTTAAGAATGGGGGGGGGGTATTGTTATTGTCTCTT
CACAAGTGAGAAGAGGGACTTGCCCAAAGTCACATGATGAGAGTGACAGCATTGGA
CCCAGAGCAGCTACTTATACATCAAACACATCCTTGCCCTAGAAATAGGTCTTCTAG
AAGGCACCCATGTGACTTGCAGAGGGTATCTCTATCTTCGTGGAGACAGGGAGCCG
GGCTTCCTGTTGCTGTGTGCATCCTGTTGTTCTCTTGTTAGGATGTCCATCAAATGCA
TGCATTTCCTTTCCTAACTCTGGACAGTAACAGTCGTCTGCGGCCAAGCTGTGCCTG
AATG AGO AG AGGO AC AGGO AO 0 AGOC GTGGO 0 AOO 0 AGO A A AC AXCXCXGOXG C X
CAGACTGGGGTAAGGCATTCCCTAACAGTTAGTTAGGTAGGTAGGTAGGTAGGTAG
TTTGAGACAGAGTTTTGCTATGTTGTCTAAGCTGGCCTTGAACTCATTATGTTACCCA
ACATTAAACTTACAGCAGCCCCAGCCTCAGAATTTACTAGATTCTGACACAGAGCAG
TCTGGCCTCAGCCTCCTGAGTGCTGGGATTACAGGTATATGCCACCATGCCTGGCAA
TCCCTACCAGAACTTTTATTTATTTATTTTACTTAAAAAAAAAACTTTTATTTATTTTT
TAAATTTTTAAAAATTTATTTTATTTTTATTTACTTACTATTAGTGTGTGTGTGGGGG
GGGAAGATGTATATGTGGGTGTGGGTGCATGTATCAGATATCGTGTGTCCTGCTCTG
CTGATGTCTAACGTACTCCTTTGTAACAAGGTCTCTGGCTGAGCCCAGAGCTAGGCT
GGCAGCCAGCAAACTCCAGTGAGCCTCTGTCTGCTCCAGACAGTGCTGAAGTTATGG
GTGTGTGTGTGGCCAGGCCCAACGTTTTATGTGAGTGCTGGGAACTAACTCAGGTCC
TTAAGGATGTCTTATCCACTGAGCCATCTCTCCAGCCAACACCCTTGCAACTTGATTT
CTTATATTATAGTGTCATGTGGATGAAATAAAATTATGACTGGGAATAATATTAATT
GTATCAGAGTTTTATTTACGTATTTTGTGTGCATGTGTGTATGTATGCATGTGTGTGT
GCATGTCACAGCTGGTTTCTGGGAGCCAGAGGACAACTTGCTTTGTTGGCTCTGTCC
CTCCATCTTTATTTGGGTCCAGGGGTTCCAATTCAGGTTGTCTGGCAGGCACCTTTAC
CAACTAATCTGTCTCTCCAGCCCCAGGAGCAGCAGTCTGCAGAAATTAAATTCCATA
CTCTCAGTTATTGATGTAGTTGAGGGGCAGGCAGCATGTAAAACTGCTGGGGAGCTG
CTGCATGGGGGAGGGGGGGGCTTTGGAAGGCTCCACTGGGCAGAGAAGCAAAGGT
AAGTCCCGAAGGGCTATGAAGCCAGAGGCCAGATGGCATGTTTTTCCAGAAGCAGC
AGATGGCCAGCTGGGTGGGGCTTGGGGGCTAGAGCGGCCCTGGGTACACGCCTTTG
TAGCACAGTGCACTGCTTTGAACCCTTTATGTTTAGGCAGCCCAGTGCACTGCAGTG
GGCAGTGTACTGAGCTGCCCCAAAAACACACAACAGAAGTCCTACATGTCACTGAA
ATTTTCCCTGTCTACATAGGGATGTGGAAATACACACACACACACACACACACACAC
ACACACACACACTCACACACATACACACACATGCATTCACACACACACAGAGTCTA
TTCTGAGTTAAAAAATAAGGAAAAATATGTCAGTGGTAAGGCTTTTGTGAATGTGCA
AGGCCTTAGATTTGATTCCCCAGCACCACAAAAATAAATAAATACAAAACAGAGCT
GGGCAGTAGTGGTGCACACTTGAGAGGCAGAGGCAGGTGGATGCCTATAGTTTAAA
GCCAGTCTGATCTACATAGAGAGGTCCTGTCTCAAATAAATAAAAAACGAACAAAT
AAGAACCAAGAACAAAATAAAATACATTAAATGTGTATATCGGTTTATCAGCTCAC
AGTGTCTGACTTCCTCTCTTCCTTCCTATGCTGAATTTCCTCCTGCTAAAAGATAAGT
GAAAATTTTTTAAAAGGTCTCTTAGAGGACAGTTTTATTTGGGGGGAGTTGATTGGT
TTGTTGGGTACAGATAAAACTAGCCCTTGCTGGCTTTGAACTCCATATAGACTGCAA
GTTATTTATTTATTCATTGATTTTTGAGACGAGGTCTCCCTAGGCCATCAGGACTGGG
CCTGAACTCAGTCAGTCTGTAATCCGGACAGGGCTCCTGAGTCGCTGAGACACAGA
CCTAGTCACCAGGTGTCCTCCTCTTCCTTCTATGTGGGTTAATTTTGAAATAATACTT
ATTGCCTTTATTAATCCCAGCCGTGGGAGGCAGAAGCCGGTGGATCTCTGAGTTCGA
GGCCAGCCTGGTTTACAAAGCAGGCTCCAATACAGCCAGGACTACATAGAGAAATT
CTGTCTTGGAGGAAAATAAAAAAAAAAGCTGGGCAGTCTTGGCTCGTGCCCTTAATC
CCAGCACTAGGGAGTTTAGGGCCAGCCTGGTCTACAGAATGAGTTTCAGGATAGCC
AGAGATGCATGGGAAAACCCTGTCTCAGTAAAACAAAATTATATTTGTTTATTTATC
CATTCATTTATTCTCGTGTGTGTGTGTGTGTGTGTGTGTGTGTGTGTGTGTGTGTGTG
GTGGTGTGTTGGGGAAGATGCCATGGTACGCGTGTGGAAGTAAGAGGACAATTTGC
ATTCTACCACATGAAGCCCAGGGATTAAACTCAGTACATCAAGAGTTTTTCTCAAGC
GGGGGGTGGTGGCGCACGCCTTTAATCCCAGCACTGGGGAGGCAGAGGCAGGCAGA
TTTCTGAGTTCAAGGCCAGCCTGGTCTACAAAGTGAGTTCCAGGACAGCCAGGGCTA
TACAGAGAAACCCTGTCTCGAAAACCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGTCTT
TCTCTACCTGTGGAGCTATCTCAATCACCTCTGGCCTTTAGTTAGTTAGTTAGTTAGT
CAATTAGTTAATTTTAGAGTTTTGGGGTAGCATTGGCTGTCCTGGAACTAGCTCTGTA
GACCAGGCTGGCCTTGAACTCACAGAGATCCACCTGCCTCTGCCTCCAGAGTGCTGG
GATGAGAGGCCATGTGCCACCCCTCTCGGCCTTTCTTTTAATTCTTTATAAAGTATGC
CCAAGAGTTGCATAAGTCTCTTGCAAATGGGAGCTATAACCCCTCCAGCAGACATCT
GAGAACTCTTGCTTGTTTGTTGATCACTCCCGGGCTTATAAGGTCAAATTTCATGCCC
CCTAGATAGAATATTTCCACATAACCTGTTTAGAAAATTTGTCTTTTTAGAAAGATGT
TTAATTTGCTATCTTGTGAAGTTTACTAATGCTTCATACAATATTCACTTGTTCTAAG
TTTTTTCTTCCAAATCCAGGACATGCTTATATTAAAAAATGATTCTTTATGTGATGTT
TAAATAAATGGGACTTCTATATCTTATCTAGTACAGTTACTTTTTAAGACAGAGTTTC
ACAGAACCAAAGATGACTTTGACTCGACCCCCCTGCCTTCACCTTCCAGGTGCTGTG
CTTGAGCTACGTTCCCTACAGGAGTATAAAAAAAGGTTGTGTTTGAGGCAGGGATTT
CCTATGTAGCCCAGGCTGGCCTACAAACTCACAGAGATCTGTGTATGTCAGCCTGCC
GAGTGCTGGGATTAAAAGCATGCACCACCACTCCATAAAATATTTATCTTTTGAGTT
TATCTTCCCAACACTTGAGGTGAAACCAAAGTATTGGCTCCCATCCCCAAACAGTTA
CTAAGCCTTTAGTATCTTACCAAAGCTGGAAGAACACAGAAATCAAAATGAGATAT
AAGCCAGGTTTGGTGGCGCATACCTGTCTGGAATCCCAGCTGCTTTGAAACCTGAAG
TAAGAGGGTCTACCTGTGAGACCATGTTTCAAAAAGCAAAAGGGAATCTGGCCAGC
AAGATGGCTTTGAGAGTAGAAGTGAGCAGTAGGAGGCCTGAAGGCCCGAGTCCAAA
TCCCAGAACCCCTGGTAGACCTCCACACACACTCTGTGGCACACTCATGCCTGCAAT
ACGCATCACATGTGAGCACATATGTGTACACACACACTAACAACAACAACAACAAC
AATAACAATAATAGAGAAAAACAATATCCCTACATCTTCAGTTCCACTTCTAGGTTT
TGATCTCTTGGCTGGTGGCCCCTAGGAATTCCCCTGGGTTTCAAAGGGAAGTTTCAG
GATTTATCTTTTTAGAAAGCAAAAGACCAAAACATCTTGCAAGTTACTTCTGCTTGTT
TGGAAACAAAAAGACTTAGCTTGAGGAAAAAAGGTAAATGCTTGGCAGCAAACTAT
AAATGGATATTTTTGGGGTTGGTGAGATGGCTCAGCAGTCAAGAGCTCTTCCGAAGG
TCCTGAGTTCAAATCCCAGCAACTACATGATGGCTCACAAACCATCCATAATGAGAT
CTGACGCCCTCTTCTAGTGTGTCTAAAGACAGCTACAATGTACTTACATATATAATT
ATAAATAAATCTTTGGGCTGGAGCAAGTTJGC4JGGCATAACTTCGTATAGCATACA
TTATACGAAGTTATCTTTCCCCTGGGTTCAAAGGGAAGTTTCAGGATTTATCTTTTTA
GAAAGCAAAAGACCAAAACATCTTGCAAGTTACTTCTGCTTGTTTGGAAACAAAAA
GACTTAGCTTGAGGAAAAAAGGTAAATGCTTGGCAGCAAACTATAAATGGATATTT
TTGGGGTAGAGTGAGCAGAGGCCCTGAGTTCAATTCCCAGCAACCACATAATGGCTT
ACAACCATCTGTACAGTTACAGTGTAATCATATAAATAAAATAAATAAGTCTTTAAA
ATTTTTTTTGTGTGTGCTGGTGTAGTGTTGGCACATGCCTTTAATCCCAGCACGTGGG
AAGCAGAGGCAGGCGGATTTCTGAGTTTGAGGCCAGCCTGGTCTACAGAGTGAATT
CCAGGACAGCCAGGGCTACAGAGAGAAACCTTGTCTTAAAAAACCAAAAAAAATTT
TAAAAATTAAAAAATAAATGGATATTTTCGGCACCTGGGTAAATGCTTGATTGGTGT
CAGCTCTCAGTTGACGTCATCACCTGTTAACATTCAAGGATTCTTTTCTCCTTGCCCA
CAGCCCAGTCTTCTGGGA.CAGCTCCA.GTAGAAGAAGCCAAAGCCCATCCATGGAGG
G ATGCCGGG AG AC AGA AGTGACC A ACGGCTCC A ACGGTGGCTTGG AGTTC A ACCCC
ATGAAGGAGTACATGATCCTGAGCAGIGGCCAGCAGAICGCCGTGGCGGTGCTGTG
CA€CCTGATGGGGCTGCTGAGCG€€CTGGAGAACATGGC€GTG€T€TATATTATC€T
GTCCTCCCGGCGGCTCCGCAGAAAGCCCTCGTACCTGTTCATCAGCAGCTTGGCTGG
CACGGGGTCGACTCCAACGCTATCTTCCTGCTGAAGATCGGCAGTGTGACCATGACC
J. I At AG l l G J. GGGC AG L J 1 J. A L ϊ 1 J. GAULAJ ϊ L- 1 A. ϊ G i. L i. G 1
GTT ACC CGCC TA CCT AC A A AGC TC T AGTC AC CCGTGGG AGGGC AC TGGTGGCC CTCT
GTGICATGTGGGTCCTCTCAGCAITGATTTCTIACCTGCCGCTCATGGGGTGGACTTG
TTGCCCTAGTCCCTGCTCTGAGCTTTTCCCACTGATCCCTAACGACTACCTACTGGGC
TGGCTTC T ATTC A TTGCC A TC CTCTTTTCCGGC A TC A TC Ϊ AT ACC Ϊ ATGGGT A TGTCC T
CTGGAAAGCCCACCGGCATGTAGCCACCTTGGCTGAGCACCAGGACAGGCAGGTGC
CTGGGATAGCTCGGATGCGGCTAGACGTGAGGTTGGCCAAGACTCTGGGCCTGGTG
.1 C 1 G J 1 J. A 1 I C 1 GG i. ϊ LC I G At- I GGt- 1 I t- A J GGGt . AC A C .1 G
GTC ACC A CGCTG AGTG A CC AGGTC A AGG AGGC CTTC GCC TTCTGTTCC ATGC TGTGC
CTTGTTAACTCTATGGTCAATCCTATCATTTACGCCCTGCGGAGTGGAGAGATTCGCT
CTGCTGCC C AGC AC TGC CTGA T AGGC TGG A AG A AGT ATCTA C AGGGCC TCGG ACC T
GAGGGGAAAGAAGAAGGCCCAAGGTCCTCGGTTACAGAAACAGAGGCTGATGTGA
AAACCACCTAGGAGCCAGGATCCAGAACTCCAGGCTGCTCCAACTGCTGACACCAC
CTGTCTTTCTACTGGAAACAGCCCGAGTCAGAAGTCCGTTCAGTTCACTCCCTCGAA
GAGAGAGGGGTTCCAGACCCGGATTCTTTCTGAAGCCAGTTCTAGGGTAATGGAAA
CAGATCCCCCTTTTTGCTAAGGAATGCTGGTTGGCTGGAAGGTGGCCTGGTCATGCC
J. ALL i. J. 1 1 i,. AG l l G J. G GAGGGGt ϊ G i. AAGAA 1 GGC AGGC I i. I G 1 it- A J. A l i. A
AATCAGGAAAGCCTTCTGACTCCAAAGACCTAGAGGCCAGAGGGGCCTCCAGAGAT
GATA.CTAAAGGA.TTCAGGAGATCTGTGAAGACAAGGGACCTGTTCTCCTGGAATCT
AGAGXACCCCAGCCGXGGGGCCACXGCCCXCAACXXCAXAGAXGXCCAXGXCXXCCA XAGXGXGGAXXCXAGACXGXCCXGCXGAAGAXAGAGAGACCAGCXGCXXCXGGXXCC TG CTTC ATCC TC TGTGGCTGT A GAG CT ATGTG AGGCTCT ACC TTC AGGTC AC CCTTG C CXCXXGGGGGXCAAGAAXXAXGAXGCCCTAAGGACCAAGGAXGXXCGCTXACAXCCT TCAGACAGCGTCAGGAGCTGTCAGCTCAGGGTATCCTGTTGTTGGGAAAGGGCCCTC CC G C AXCCXG AX A AG CC XXG A A AGCC A XX AXG AC CXX AGGXCC TX AGGGGCGC AG A GGAAGCXGGGXXCACXGGAGGXACAAAGXCXXGAAC CAAXXGCGXACGXXCGXGGGAXXGXCT
AGAATAGGAACTTCGXXCGAACAXAACXXCGXAXAGCAXACAXXAXACGAAGXXAX GGXACCGXACGCGGA
CGC G G A.CG ACC A ACGG ACG TGG AC A.CGG AXCXG CCC AG AG A ACXCX A.TXCC TXGXG
ACAXXXXGCXGXGXCXCACACAGCACXAXCCCAGXCXXGCCXAGCXXCAGXACAAAGC
AAGAXAXXCACACAGAXTCTXXGGGTCCXAGGCXGTXCCCAGXGATGCXXGACXCAG
CCCCACXGGCCXCXXCCACACXCXGGXCCXGAAGGAXAAGCAGAAGGAGXXGGGAG
GGAAGACXXCCXGCXGCAAACCAGGCAXCCXAGGXCCACAGCCCCACGCXGXGTCTC
XGGGTGCCXGCCXXTGCCCXXCAGXAAAGGTXGCAGXCCCAACAGAXGGAGGXXCAA
GGCGCTGCXGGXGGXAGGAGGGGXAGGXGGCACXGGGGACCACAGACACAGTGAAA
GGAAAACXCXXAAACAXTXAAXACXTXXGCXTXXAGAAGAXCCGGCCCGCAGACAGG
ACXXCCCCAXXGCCCAAAGGAACXAACAGGGXGGXGXCCAGXGCAAAGAAAAATCA
GC X CXAAXAAAG AG GGXC C C GGCXCXAC GC CXCXC CX A GCXXC XG
CAAGGXGACAGXXXGXXXXCXCXGXGAAGGXCAACGGCGXCXCAXXXXAXXCXXCCCA
AGACAAGXXCXGXGCAXCAAAAGCXGCXGCAAAXXCXAAXCGCTGXXTGGGAGGAXC
AGGGGA AGA AGXCGAXXCGCCC A CGC XX A GXG A XXX AG A CXG X AXXXC A AC AXC A AC
XXGGGGGAGGAAGAGACAGAAAAGACACGGXGXXXCCXXAXXACXCCXCAAAGGAG
GAAGXGCXXGGXXCXGXCAACAXAAGCCGAXCXCXCCAAGGXGCCXGACAGAGGAGG
AGGGAAXACAGXXXCCACAGCXGXGAAXXCCXGCACCAGCXXXGGXCCACACXXAXG
XGGXCXXGAXCAACCCCCGCCCXXXACCXXGCXXXGGXXXCCXXCXCGGXAAAXXGGG
AAXGGXGGGGAAAACAAXGCXCXCCAGGGCCAXXAAAACCXCXCAXXGCXCXAACAX
GCXGXGGXXAXCXCXGCAACCATGGAGACCXXXGXGCCAXAXGGACCAXGXGACXXCX
GGCXCCCAXACXXCCXGAAGXXAXGGGCACACACCAXAXACCAXXGGGCGXGXGCXG
ACXGXAGAGGAAXXGGGXGACXGGCCAXAXGAGXXXXAGAGAXXXXCCCAGGGCAAG
G I .Λ I I I t \ \ \ \( iC C i I G( ί i G I AC I C I A i \C A 1 \ A \ A 1 \ \ I \
TTTTTAAAAAAATGTTTAAGTTCCTCGGAGTTCTTGTTAAGTTCAACGGACAAAAGA
TAGACTAAAATAACCACGTCTGCCCTTAATCTTTCAGCAGCCATTTCTCTCCCTCCGC
ATAAAGCTCCTTCTAACCTTGTTATTTCTCAATCTCTTCGGCAACTCTCCAATCTGCT
AAACTCCACCTGCTGGCTGGAGGTATAGCACAGAGAACCCGCGGCTCCTAAATAGT
CACTAAATAAAACGACCTGGCTTCAGCCTTCCCCTGAAGATTGGTGCAACAACGTGG
ACTTCTCCCAGTTTTCCCCACACCTTGGGTCTTTCTCACTTGCGGGGAATCCGGCAAT
TAAATCCTTAGGCGAGTCTACGGAATTTAAATTCAATAGAGCAGAACCAGCAACGC
CGCCTTAAGTCTTTCTCCCTTCCAATGCCAGAGGGCGCTCCAGAGCCGCAAGCCTGA
CCCCACCCCCTCTCCTTCCAAGCCAATCGTTACTCTGAGAGGCGGGGCTACTCGCCG
GCGCTTGCGTGTTAAGAGGGGGGCGGTGCGGGCCCGGAAGCAAGGATGTAGGAGCT
GAACTTGAGTGGTGGGCTGTGGACTCTGGGATGCTGCTGCTGCTGCTGCTGCTGCTA
GTGGCTGCGGCCCAGGCAGTGGCCCTGGCTCCGCGCCGCTTCACTCCGGACTGGCAG
AGCTTGGACTCGCGGCCACTGCCGAGCTGGTTCGATGAGGCCAAGTTCGGGGTGTTC
GTGCACTGGGGGGTGTTCTCGGTGCCCGCCTGGGGCAGTGAATGGTTCTGGTGGCAC
TGGCAGGGCGATCGGATGCCGGCCTACCAGCGCTTCATGACAGAAAACTACCCGCC
CGGCTTCAGCTACGCCGACTTCGCACCGCAGTTCACAGCGCGCTTCTTCCACCCGGA
TCAGTGGGCCGAACTCTTTCAGGCTGCCGGGGCCAAGTGAGTGCGGGACGGGCGCG
AGGCGGGAGCAGGCAGGCCATAGCCGGCGCTGCCTGACCTCGGAAGGTCCAGGACC
CTACGTTCTGCATCTCGGAGGAAGGACGCTAAAGACGAGAATCCAGCTGAGGATCA
GTTAAAAAAATAAATAAATAAAATAAAATAAAATAAAATTAAGGCGGGAAAGCAC
TGGGTGGTACACCTGTGCGGAGAGAGACTAGAATCAGGCTACATCGGTGTCTCGTTT
GAAAGGTCCAGAACACAGCCCAGATTCCCGTCGGTGGCCCTGAGTTGTAGATCTGA
CCAGTCCCCTTAGGCTACGGGTAGCGTCCGTCCGTGGAAGCTTATAAAAAAGCGCC
GCCTGACTTCCTTGTAGCCCTGTGCCTCTAAAGGAAGAAGGAAGGATGGAAGTTTGG
GGTTGCTCTTTGTTGGGGTCTCCCTCACTTCTCACTTGCTTATAGTAGAACTCAGAGG
AGGAAGGGGGTTGTTTGGGCAAAGCCCTGCAGAGGAAGTGCGTTTTGAGAGCCCTC
TAAGCCAGAGAAAATATTGGCTGACTTTGGACGCGGGATTTGGCCACTGTGAGGGC
AGCCTCCCGCTCCTGGCTTAGTGTAGTCCTCCGCTCTCTTCATTGATTTTCTGCCAAA
CTCCGACTTTTTATTCCCTCGGGACGTTAGGTTTTCTCCCCCGAAGGGAAAGGCTGTG
TATAGCTGGCACTTAGTATTTTCGCCAAGTAAAAGGCCTGAGGGAACAGAAATCTGT
CATCTTGCCATCTTGAGAGCCGTAATTTACAAAGTTGAACTCCAGCCTTTTTCCAGAC
TTCCTGTTTAATGGACGAGGTAACTAGCCCAGAGAGAGGAAGGAGAGGAAGGAGCC
TGGTGTCCTAGACTGCAGGTCTATGATCTGGAAGTGAAAGCTCCAGAAAGCTCATGG
GACAGGTGTGCCCAGGCTCTGCAAGCCATACCCAGAGGGCGTGGTTATTTGCTTGTT
GAGTGGGAAGGGATTTTATATTTCAGAAGGACTTTTTGAAAGGGGAAAGAGATGTA
TTGCAGGAAGGACTGATGAAGTTCAGGGGCCCCTACACCAGCTAGTGGTAAAATCT
CATGTAACATGCTATCTTTTCCTATAAAAGTAAGTGATATATTGAATGGACTGATTA
TCTCAACACATTTTTTTTTTCAGTCCTAGATATTTGAGCCTTTGTCACCTTAAATGAC
AGGCAGTTTCACAATCTTGGTTAAGAAAACAAGCA
The construct (Figure 17) of 5' and 3' arms are for recombination to delete the targeted sequence including open reading frame of exon 3 and its splicing site. Neo cassette which is an antibiotic gene for the drug selection of positive embryonic stem cells successfully transfected with the construct. FRT flanking Neo cassette enables deletion of the Neo gene by mating the version 1 of Cnr2-floxed mice with recombinant flipase expressed transgenic mice. The resulting version the 2 Cnr2-floxed mouse contains loxP sequence flanking the CB2R entire coding sequence and 5'- acceptor splicing site without Neo cassette.
The procedures for the creation and generation of Cnr2 cannabinoid receptor transgenic gene floxed conditional knockout mice useful in an animal model for basic and drug
developmental research is provided in the examples, but is illustrative thereof and not limitative of the invention.
Example 1 :
The construct (new Figure 17) of 5' and 3' arms is for recombination to delete the targeted sequence including the open reading frame of exon 3 and its splicing site. The Neo cassette as antibiotic gene for the drug selection of positive embryonic stem cells successfully transfected with the construct. FRT flanking Neo cassette enable deletion of Neo gene by mating the version 1 of Cnr2-floxed mice with recombinant flipase expressed transgenic mice. The resulting version 2 Cnr2-floxed mouse contains loxP sequence flanking the CB2R entire coding sequence and 5'- acceptor splicing site without Neo cassette.
Targeted iTLBA129/SvEv x C5BL/6 hybrid embryonic stem cells are microinjected into C57BL/6 blastocysts. Resulting chimeras with a high percentage agouti coat color are mated to C57BL/6 FLP mice to remove the Neo cassette (for antibiotic selection of recombinant clone) resulted. The coding exon of Cnr2 are flanked by left LoxP at 5 '-splicing site and right LoxP downstream of the stop codon so the Cre recombination produces cell-type specific deletion of the entire Cnr2 coding region and splicing site result. This is the first conditional Cnr2 full knockout mouse. See Figure 2 for schematics of mouse development of the invention.
LoxP sites; Rectangular: for recombinase Cre to delete the target Cnr2 protein coding and splicing sequences. FRT sites for recombinase flipase deletion of drug selection marker Neo; LA (long arm), MA (middle arm), and SA (short arm): genomic regions for homologous recombination. (See Figure 2)
Example 2:
Primer set NDEL1 and NDEL2 is used to screen mice for the deletion of the Neo cassette. The PCR product for the wild-type is 386 bp (lower band). After Neo deletion, one set of LoxP -FRT sites remain (-159 bp). A second band with a size of 545 bp (upper band) indicates Neo deletion (9570, 9582, 9560, 9564, 9566, and 9569). (See Figure 3)
After a 2 minute hot start at 94°C, the samples are run. The PCR product is run on a 2% gel with a 100 bp ladder as reference. Tail DNA sample from a FLP mouse is used as a positive control and is denoted by a (+) in the gel photograph.
Example 3 :
EconoTaq Plus Green 2x Master Mix (Lucigen catalog# 30033-1)
11.00 μL· dd¾0
12.50 μΐ^ EconoTaq Plus Green 2x Master Mix 0.25μΙ. 100 M Primer 1.00 μί ϋΝΑ
After a 2 minute hot start at 94°C the samples were run using the above conditions. The PCR product was run on a 2% gel with a 100 bp ladder as reference.
The presence of FLP (flipose) in Flp mice: Primer set FLP1 and FLP2 (obtained from Ingenious Targeting Laboratory, hereinafter "iTL") is used to serene mice for the presence of the FLP transgene in Neo-deleted mice. The amplified product for primer set FLP1 and FLP2 is 725 bp (See Figure 4)
Example 4:
A PCR is performed as in Example 3 to detect the presence of the distal LoxP site flaking coding exon using the SC and SDL2 primers (from iTL). This reaction amplifies a wild type product 350 bp in size. The presence of a second PCR product 44 bp greater than the wild type product indicates a positive LoxP PCR in Neo-deleted mice. (See Figure 5)
Example 5:
Confirmation of Short Homology Arm Integration
Tail DNA samples from positive mice are amplified with primers NEO-GT and Al . NEOGT is located inside the Neo cassette, and Al is located downstream of the short homology arm, outside the region used to create the targeting construct. NEO-GT/Al amplifies a fragment of 4.34 kb in length. Due to the presence of the Neo cassette in the expanded ES cell, the amplified size is 6.3 kb. (See Figure 6)
Example 6:
Somatic Neo Deleted Mouse Information
The following heterozygous mice are confirmed for Somatic Neo Deletion. (See Table 1)
TABLE 1
CH X
9569 M 5/21/2014 232 C57BL/6 FLP
CH is chimera mice and CS7BL/6 is the mouse strain that expresses flipase (FLP). The CH chimera mice are used for the fur color selection of Neo, Somatic and germ line deletions.
Example 7:
Absence of FLP Transgene
Primer set FLP1 and FLP2 (obtained from iTL) is used to screen mice for absence of the FLP transgene. The amplified product for primer set FLP1 and FLP2 is 725bp. (*Mice C2274 and C2278 are FLP present and are sacrificed.) (See Figure 7)
Example 8:
Screening for Homozygous Neo Deletion with LoxP flanking entire Cnr2 coding region
Primer set NDEL1 and NDEL2 (obtained from iTL) is used to screen mice for the deletion of the Neo cassette. The PCR product for the wild-type is 386 bp. After Neo deletion, one set of LoxP-FRT sites remain (159 bp). A second band with a size of 545 bp indicates Neo deletion. A single band of 386 bp indicates a wild type mouse; two bands 386 and 545 bp in size indicate a heterozygous mouse; and a single band 545 bp in length indicates a homozygous mutant mouse. (See Figures 8A, 8B and 8C)
Example 9:
Germline Neo Deleted Mouse Information
The following heterozygous mice are confirmed for Germline Neo Deletion and FLP absence. (See Table 2)
The following heterozygous mice are confirmed for Somatic Neo Deletion. (See Table 3)
TABLE 3
Example 10:
Germline Homozygote Neo Deleted Mouse Information
The following homozygous mice are identified. (See Table 4)
TABLE 4
Primer set NDEL1 and NDEL2 (Figure 2) is used to screen mice for the deletion of the Neo cassette. The PCR product for the wild-type is 386 bp. After Neo deletion, one set of LoxP-FRT site remains (-159 bp). A second band with a size of 545 bp indicates Neo deletion. The presence of the Neo cassette is not amplified by this PCR screening because the size is too great.
A PCR (as in Example 8) is performed to detect presence of the distal LoxP site using the SCI and SDL2 primers (iTL). This reaction amplifies a wild type product 350 bp in size. The presence of a second PCR product 44bp greater than the wild type product indicates a positive LoxP PCR.
EconoTaq Plus Green 2x Master Mix (Lucigen catalog# 30033-1)
11.00 μL· dd¾0
12.50 μΕ EconoTaq Plus Green 2x Master Mix
0.25 μL· 100 M Primer 1.00 μί ϋΝ
After a 2 minute hot start at 94°C the samples were run using the above conditions. The PCR product was run on a 2% gel with a 100 bp ladder as reference.
After a 2 minute hot start at 94°C the samples are run using the above conditions. The PCR product is run on a 2% gel with a 100 bp ladder as reference. The expanded ES clone, which is used as a positive control, is denoted by a (+) in the gel photograph in Figures 2-8.
Primer set NDEL1 and NDEL2 is used to screen mice for the deletion of the Neo cassette. The PCR product for the wild-type is 386 bp. After Neo deletion, one set of LoxP-FRT sites remain (159 bp). A second band with a size of 545 bp indicates Neo deletion. A single band of 386 bp indicates a homozygous mouse, two bands 386 and 545 bp in size indicates a heterozygous mouse, and a single band 545 bp in length indicates a wild type mouse.
Example 11 :
Breeding Cnr2 mice with various Cre recombinant mice.
CB2 flox mice are engineered and generated for the production of cell type selective deletion of CB2R receptors. The mutant, heterozygous and wild type CB2 flox mice are confirmed by genotyping and "without differences following behavioral characterization" using locomotor activity and emotionality tests. Breeding pairs are set up so as to continue a colony of the CB2 flox line. Simultaneously, DAT-Cre and Cx3crl-Cre mice are commercially obtained (Jackson Laboratories) and are crossed with the Cnr2-flox mice to generate DAT-Cnr2 and Cx3crl-Cnr2 lox transgenic mice and their wild type litter mates. The strategy is to keep these lines breeding. Selected breeding pairs are mated when they are sexually mature (6 to 8 weeks old).
Cnr2-flox mice are breed with Jackson Laboratory (1600 Maine Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609) DAT-Cre homozygous mice (B6-SJL-SLc6A3-CreJ) and generate DAT-Cnr2 transgenic mice for studying drug addiction and Parkinson's disease.
Crn2-flox mice are breed with Jackson Laboratory (1600 Maine Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609) Cx3crl-Cre mice (B6J.B6N(Cg)-Cx3crltml . l(cre)Jung/J) to generate Cx3crl-Cnr2 transgenic mice for studying inflammation associated diseases such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease and cancer.
Cnr2-flox mice are breed with the neural progenitor cells (NPC) specific gene, Nestin promoter linked Cre recombinase mice (B6.Cg-Tg(Nes-cre)lKln/J) for studying stroke and
Alzheimer's disease.
Cnr2-flox mice are breed with oligodendrite specific gene, 01ig2 promoter linked Cre recombinase mice (B6. \ 29-Olig2tmL1(cre)Wdrl]) for studying autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. (Obtained from Jackson Laboratories)
The Cre gene selected for use in the present invention is selected from mouse strains of B6;SJL-Slc6a3tol 1(cre)Bkm7J; B6J.B6N(Cg)-Cx3crltml 1(cre)Jun /J; B6Cq-Tg(Nes-Cre) lKln/J; or B6.129-01ig2tml l(cre)Wdr/J; sppl-Cre; Opn-CnR2; or IL6-Cre.
Cx3crl-Cnr2 microglia conditional knockout mice are created by crossing Cnr2-floxed mice with Cx3crl-Cre recombinase mice (Table 1 for primer sequences and Figure 12 genotyping of Cx3crl-Cnr2 mice). Both the Fl and F2 generation of the Cx3crl-Cnr2 mice are obtained. The Fl generation of CB2F (includes eleven males and seven females). These then are used to obtain the F2 generation of Cx3Crl-Cnr2 lox mice, wherein five males and seven females are cross bred with ten male and ten females CB2F mice. Five mice with Cnr2 flox that are homozygous and heterozygous Cx3crl-Cre are found in Figure 12. These mice are mated to produce Cnr2-flox and Cx3crl-Cre double allele homozygous mice for use in the mouse inflammation disease model.
Inbreed strains are produced by sibling matings, and in order to optimize the breeding performance two females are placed (one of them will be a proven breeder) and one male per cage.
In some cases one male and one female are placed in the cage. To rapidly produce animals, two females are rotated through a male's cage every 1 or 2 weeks with nesting material placed in the cage, and animals receive breeder chow and water ad libitum. Litters are expected within a month of mating since female mice go into estrus every 3 or 4 days, and the gestation time of mice is 19-21 days. Males are removed from the cage right before or after the females give birth to prevent overcrowded cages or cannibalism. Ear tag or toe clipping are performed when pups are two weeks old. Tail biopsies for genotyping are obtained at the same time. The spread sheet is set up to keep track of breeding performance and track of the mice.
The weaning age depends on size and maturity of the pups, usually between 21 and 28 days old. If no litters are produced after one month, the animals are separated and replaced by new trios. Typically, mice breed for about 7 or 8 months. After that time period the breeders are replaced for younger animals. Other breeding records of mice inventory of animals indicates mouse ID, date of birth, parents, gender and genotype is shown in Table 5.
The scheme for the production of the F2 generation that is used for drug discovery and mechanistic studies is provided below, including the intermediate phenotypes for the Cnr2-flox and DAT-Cre or Cx3crl-Cre.
Example 12:
Genotyping protocols of the DAT- Cre, Cx3crl-Cre and CB2 flox mice.
The protocols for isolating mouse tail DNA and performing DAT-Cre, Cx3crl-Cre and the Cnr2-flox mice genotyping by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have similarities in set up. Gel electrophoreses with differences in the primers used for DAT-Cre, Cx3crl-Cre and the Cnr2-flox mice are described below with a prototype example. (Cre recombinant mice from Jackson
Laboratories)
Tail DNA preparation
A 2-mm piece of tail tissue is cut and placed into a 0.5 mL PCR tube. 75 L alkaline lysis buffer ( 25 mL NaOH, 0.2 mM disodium EDTA, adjusted to a pH=12) is added to 0.5 mL tube. The disodium EDTA acts as a chelating agent. NaOH (strong base & pH=12) denatures DNA and
proteins and degrades RNA. This is placed in a tube in the PCR machine and incubated at 95eC for 30-60 minutes. The heated sample is placed on ice to cool for 5 min. 75 L of neutralizing buffer is added (40mM Tris-HCl, pH 5.0) to each sample and then the samples are mixed.
Master Mix (MM) per reaction is as follows:
Taq Polymerase 0.06 μΐ (Econo Taq) dNTPs (lOmM) 0.12 μΐ
MgCl2 (25mM) 0.96 μΐ
1 Ox Buffer 1.2 μΐ
IMR6625 (lmm) 1.2 μΐ (1 : 10 dilution)
IMR6626 (1 : 10 dilution) 1.2 μΐ (lmm)
IMR8292 (1 : 10 dilution) 1.2 μΐ
H20 4.06μ1
PCR
The PCR machine is turned on and all reagents are put on ice. The master mix (MM) component amounts (shown above) are multiplied by (# of samples + 1). The primers are diluted in a 1 : 10 dilution. Pipetted corrected amounts are placed into 1 Eppendorf tubes and labeled MM . The tube is shaken vigorously, pipette 10 μΐ of MM into each PCR tube. 2 μΐ of DNA are pipetted into the corresponding PCR tube (1DNA sample/tube). The PCR tubes are covered and centrifuge for a few seconds. The tubes are placed in a PCR machine (Run program under - MAIN -> 09V-DAT). Denaturation accrues at 94°C. Annealing occurs at 65°C and takes place at extension: 72°C. The reaction is done when the PCR says "forever." The PCR stays at 10 ° until cancelled. While the PCR is running, gels are prepared for electrophoresis.
Gel Electrophoresis
250 ml Erlenmeyer flask is used and 0.75 grams of agarose is added to it. 50ml of TAE (a buffer solution containing a mixture of Tris base, acetic acid and EDTA) is added. The top of the flask is covered with Kim wipes, and then the flask is placed in a microwave for 30 seconds. The flask is then taken out, swirled, and placed back in the microwave for 20 seconds. This is repeated in 10 second intervals until all agarose is dissolved. 13.5ul of ethidium bromide is added to flask and swirled. The sides of a gel container are taped and placed in the top and lower rows. The gels are poured into containers and let to solidify. After the PCR reaction is done there are 3 microliters of loading dye is added to each DNA sample. No EconoTaq Green Plus is needed. These are placed 6ul of each sample with a ladder I nits respective well. The samples are covered and stored in a freezer in case in the event the gels need to be run again. The gel-electrophoreses cover with negative )black) terminal are placed at the top and positive (red) terminal at the bottom. DNA is slightly negative and will move towards the positive terminal. This runs for 50 minutes. Pictures are taken. Examples of PCR products for DAT-Cre, Cx3crl-Cre and the CB2 flox mice are provided in Figures 11 and 12.
Example 13 :
Protocols for screening the Knockout mice in various drug delivery assays.
Assessment of CB2R mediated behavioral effects of DAT-C«r2-Lox and WT mice is evaluated. Cannabinoid induced behavioral changes in the DAT-C«r2-Lox and WT mice is used to determine the role of CB2Rs in the mouse tetrad tests. Briefly, the mouse tetrad consists of four simple evaluations, which may be measured in sequence. They are as follows:. Ten mins in the locomotor activity boxes, b). Catalepsy test, amount of time in 5 mins if the animal remains immobile, c). Rectal temperature and d). Nociception by the tail flick response.
The role of CB2Rs in these cannabinoid induced effects determines conditional mutant mice when challenged with a specific agonist, JWH133 agonist or antagonist AM630 (N=10 animals per group, because of variability in behavioral studies) is studied. The data from this work sheds further light in the understanding that functional CB2Rs are present and expressed in dopamine neurons, and potential CB2R agonist as therapeutic agents in treating drug abuse and Parkinson's disease associated with dopamine neuron dysfunction.
Example 14:
Optimal treatment time with CB2R agonist for anti-inflammation and neurodegeneration is studied after stroke. Early and pretreatment with CB2R selective agonists, synthetic cannabinoid JWH133 or AM1241 Tocris Bioscience (The Watkins Bldg. Atlantic Road, Avonmouth, Bristol, BS11 9QD, United Kingdom), significantly reduce brain infarct volumes and neurological deficits. Both CB2Rs mRNA and proteins are increased significantly in microglia and neurons after stroke in a time-dependent manner. Using Cx3crl-Cnr2 and Nestin-Cnr2 pre-clinical mouse models of stroke timed experiments by administering the commercially available CB2R agonist JW133 at specific time points post infarct at selected doses provides data to evaluate compounds for this use. The CB2R molecular pathways and partners in stroke studied in microglia and neural progenitor cells (NPC) on different post stroke days are evaluated when various compounds are tested. Such microglia and neuron specific CB2Rs-KO stroke behavioral models allow precise mapping of CB2R selective agonist (e.g. JWH133) for potential protective roles in stroke.
Example 15:
CB2R agonists are identified to reduce hyperalgesia in multiple sclerosis. An experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of the human CNS demyelinating diseases that involves t-cell mediated autoimmune disease, is used in olig2-Cnr2 oligodendrite cells specific to Cb2 conditional knockout mice. This is used to screen CB2R agonists as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of central pain in an animal model of multiple sclerosis using somatosensory pain behavioral testing.
The performance of the DAT-Cnr2 in the plus-maze test of anxiety behavior, is evaluated and its found that Dat-Cnr2 homozygous mice are less anxious than heterozygous and wild type mice. (See Figure 15)
Example 16:
Dat-Cnr2 dopamine neuron conditional knockout mice are produced by crossing Cnr2-floxed mice with dopamine transporter promoter driven DAT-Cre recombinase mice and genotype of double allele homozygous mice are confirmed (Table 8, Figure 11 ). The absence of CR2R mRNA in dopamine neurons is demonstrated by RNAscope in situ hybridization of mid brain ventral tegmental area (VTA) of wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous mice. (See Figure 14, red/green Cnr2-flox -/- , Dat-Cre -/-; black/yellow Cnrl-flox -/-, Dat-Cre -/+)
Table 5: Inventory of the F2 generation Dat-Cnr2 dopamine neuron conditional knockout mice
4-1 -/- +/- Male (Yellow)
4-2 -/- +/- Female (Yellow)
4-3 -/- +/- Female (Yellow)
4-5 -/- +/- Male (Yellow)
5-4 -/- +/- Male (Yellow)
III in 111 Male (Green)
5-6 -/- +/- Female (Yellow)
5-9 -/- +/- Female (Yellow)
6-1 -/- +/- Female (Yellow) ill 111 Female (Green)
6-5 -/- +/- Male (Yellow)
8-2 -/- +/- Male (Yellow)
8-3 -/- +/- Male (Yellow)
111 11 11 Male (Green)
9-3 in Male (Green)
Genotyped F2 generation are developed and identified as Dat-Cnr2 dopamine neuron conditional knockout mice, e.g. #8-7 mouse (Figure 12) that is homozygous in both Cnr2-flox and Dat-Cre alleles.
Provided below are the primers that are used in genotyping the Cnr2-flox mice (see Table 6). (Primer obtained from iTL). Also, the primers that are used for genotyping the DAT-cre mice are found in Table 7.
Table 6: The primers used for the Cnr2-flox mouse genotyping:
Primer Sequence 5' --> 3' Primer Typo DEL1
Common Forward
Table 7: The primers used for the DAT-cre mouse genotyping:
FMR6625 TGG CTG TTG GTG TAA AGT GG Common Forward
Table 8: The primers used for the Cx3crl-cre mouse genotyping are as follows:
20669, 206702 and 21250 are labels for Cx3crl-Cre mice genotyping.
Additionally, the deletion of Cnr2 mRNA in the midbrain vental tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons by RNAscope in situ hybridization (ISH) using probe (see Figure 13 probe positions) is a verification that confirms targeting to Cnr2-floxed region (Figure 14, probe positions, CB2 mRNA deleted in DA neurons).
The anxiety test is evaluated by elevated plus-maize behavioral measurement. The longer time of mice staying in the open arm represents less anxious mice so do the less time of mice staying in the close arm. Dat-Cnr2 mice are statistically less anxious than wild type and heterozygous mice (Figure 15). The motor function test is evaluated by observing the effects of cocaine (a
psychostimulant) in the Dat-Cnr2 mice by measuring wheel running activity. It is found that Dat- Cnr2 homozygous mice are more responsive to cocaine stimulation of motor activity than heterozygous and wild type mice (Figure 16, n=4-6).
Example 17:
Utilizing the procedures outlined above, the following Table 9 provides the specifics of the transgenic mice tested and useful in mouse models to test for effects of compounds for treating damaged neurons, dopaminergic neurons such as found in Parkinson's disease, stroke and multiple sclerosis. Furthermore, these mouse models are effectively used in screens for drug abuse.
Table 9
LoxP Mousi Cre Mouse Resulting KO mic Disease state Known drug gene removed Being screening assay researched and biomarker
Cnr2-flox B6-SJL-Slc6A3-CreJ DA neuron Drug abuse JWH 133
Cx3 cr 1 tm 1.1 (cre) Jung/J Microglia & Parkinson GPla
B6.Cg-Tg(Nes-cre) Neuroprogenitor Stroke GW405833 lKln/J Oligodendrite Multiple- HU308
Sclerosis
B6. 129-
OUg2tml l(cre)Wdrtt
The behavioral effects of CB2R activation and its influence on food and alcohol consumption in mice have been evaluated using the ko mice. CB2Rs in the brain play a role in food and alcohol consumption, and data demonstrate a role of central CB2Rs on food intake in neonatal chicks. (1. Alizadeh A, Zendehdel M, Babapour V, Charkhkar S, Hassanpour S, Role of cannabinoidergic system on food intake in neonatal layer-type chicken. Veterinary research communications.
2015;39(2): 15-7. doi: 10.1007/sl 1259-015-9636-3. PubMed PMID: 25902906. 2. Ortega-Alvaro A, Ternianov A, Aracil-Fernandez A, Navarrete F, Garcia-Gutierrez MS, Manzanares J. Role of cannabinoid CB2 receptor in the reinforcing actions of ethanol. Addiction biology. 2015;20(1):43- 55. doi: 10.1111/adb.12076. PubMed PMID: 23855434) (all of which are incorporated herein by reference).
Example 18
CB2R agonists are useful as potential therapeutic agents for treating osteoporosis. CB2- deficient mice show a markedly accelerated age-related bone loss and the CNR2 gene (encoding CB2R) in women is associated with low bone mineral density after menopause (Bab I, Zimmer A. Cannabinoid receptors and the regulation of bone mass. British journal of pharmacology.
2008; 153(2): 182-8. doi); 10.1038/sj .bjp.0707593. PubMed PMID: 18071301; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2219540 (all incorporated by reference). Activation of CB2R enhances osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (Sun YX, Xu AH, Yang Y, Zhang JX, Yu AW. Activation of cannabinoid receptor 2 enhances osteogenic differentiation of bone
marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells. BioMed research international. 2015;2015 :874982. doi (all incorporated by reference); 10.1 155/2015/874982. PubMed PMID: 25685815; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4317596. Opn-Cnr2 mice with osteocyte specific deletions of Cnr2 as a osteoporosis animal model, are provided in the present invention (Opn)-Cre mice.
CB2R agonist Ajulemic acid (Resunab™ ) is in the accelerated FDA approval process for the treatment of Systemic sclerosis -scleroderma (Gonzalez EG, Selvi E, Balistreri E, Akhmetshina A, Palumbo K, Lorenzini S, Lazzerini PE, Montilli C, Capecchi PL, Lucattelli M, Baldi C, Gianchecchi E, Galeazzi M, Pasini FL, Distler JH. Synthetic cannabinoid ajulemic acid exerts potent antifibrotic effects in experimental models of systemic sclerosis. Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 2012;71(9): 1545-51. doi: 10.1 136/annrheumdis-201 1-200314. PubMed PMID: 22492781) (incorporated by reference), an autoimmune disease characterized by abnormalities in blood vessels and thickening of the skin caused by pathological accumulation of collagen. IL6-Cnr2 mice with macrophage specific deletion of Cnr2 as an animal model is provided to study effectiveness. ( IL6) -Cre mice are available from Jackson Laboratories.
Example 19:
As can be seen from the presently provided description, two types of transgenic mice are generated. One type is a Cnr2-flox with Neo for producing Cnr2-flox mice without Neo. Further, cell type specific deletions of Cnr2 are derived by mating conditional knockout mice of Cnr2-flox mice and Cre expressing mice or other appropriate mouse models. In particular, dopaminergic neuron, microglia, neural progenitor and oligodendrite cell types as well as osteocyte specific deletions of Cnr2 are provided. A Cnr2-Cre mouse is also available. Other Cnr2 combinations are also available and are ones those of ordinary skill in the art recognize as part of the present invention.
Claims
1. An animal model comprising a floxed Cnr2 gene.
2. The animal model according to claim 1 further comprising the Cnr2 gene and a Neo gene.
3. The animal model according to claim 2, wherein the Neo gene is deleted; and is flanked with LoxP.
4. The animal model according to claim 3, wherein the animal is a mouse.
5. The animal model according to claim 4, wherein SEQ ID NO: 1 is the gene sequence of the Cnr2 coding sequence.
6. The animal model according to claim 2, wherein the animal is a mouse.
7. The animal model according to claim 3, wherein the Cre gene is selected from mouse strains of B6;SJL-Slc6a3tol 1(cre)Bk /J; B6J.B6N(Cg)-Cx3crltml 1(cre)Jun /J; B6Cq-Tg(Nes-Cre) lKln/J; or B6.129-01ig2tml l(cre)Wdr/J; sppl-Cre; Opn-CnR2; or IL6-Cre.
8. The animal model according to claim 7, wherein the Cre gene is B6-SJh-Slc6A3-CreJ.
9. The animal model according to claim 7, wherein the Cre gene is
B6 J.B6N(Cg)Cx3 cr/tml .1 (Cre)Jung/J..
10. The animal model according to claim 7, wherein the Cre gene is under tissue specific promoter control of mouse genes of Slc6A3, Cx3crl, Nestin, 01ig2, Osteopontin, and
Interleukin-6, respectively.
11. The animal model according to claim 7, wherein the Cre gene is B6.129-01g2.
12. The animal model wherein the Cre gene is (LL6)-Cre.
13. The animal model wherein the Cre gene is Opn.
14. The animal model according to claim 7 wherein said gene is removed from the group selected from dopamine neurose, microglia, macrophage, osteoblast, neuroprogentor cells or oligodendritic cells, osteoporosis.
15. The animal model according to claim 7, wherein said animal model is used to screen for drug abuse, Parkinson's Disease, Post-Stroke Inflammation, Multiple Sclerosis, drug addiction, alcoholism, inflammation, osteoporosis, autoimmune disease, scleroderma and/or cancer.
16. A method for selecting a drug that targets CB2R, said method comprising:
(a) administering a drug to a mouse model wherein said model has the Cnr2 gene;
(b) measuring the binding activity of a drug in the mouse model of wild type and cell type specific Cnr2 mice;
(c) selecting the drug to provide to a patient;
(d) administering the selected drug to a patient in need thereof.
17. The method according to claim 16, wherein said mouse model additionally comprises a Cre gene.
18. The method according to claim 16, wherein the in vitro and/or in vivo activity of a drug to cell type specified CB2 receptor activity is determined.
19. The method according to claim 18, wherein said mouse model comprises the Cnr2 gene and a Cre gene selected from the group 6-SJL-Slc6A3-creJ, B6J.B6N(Cg)Cx3 critm6.1(cre) Jug/J, B6Cq-Tg(Nes-Cre) lKnd; or B6.129 - 01ig2, Opn-Cre, or (IL6)-Cre.
20. The method according to claim 19, wherein the activity is activation.
21. The method according to claim 19, wherein the activity is inhibition.
22. A method for producing a conditional CB2R knockout mouse, said method comprising :
(a) mating a Cre mouse with a Lox P mouse resulting in a Cnr2 gene deletion mouse;
(b) taking the resultant Cnr2 gene deletion mouse;
(c) incorporating the Cnrr deleted gene; and
(d) administering a drug to said resultant mouse to measure the activation or inhibition of the gene.
23. The method according to claim 22, wherein the Cre mouse is selected from the group B6- Sjh-Slc6A3-creJ, B6J.B6N(Cg)Cx3 critm6.1(cre) Jug/J, B6Cq-Tg(Nes-Cre) lKnd; or B6.129 - 01ig2, Opn-Cre, or (IL6)-Cre.
24. The method according to claim 23, wherein the Cre mouse is B6-Sjh-Slc6A3-CreJ.
25. The method according to claim 23, wherein the Cre mouse is B6J.B6N(Cq)Cx3 critn6.1(Cre).
26. The method according to claim 23, wherein the Cre mouse is Jug/J,B6(q-Tg(Nes-Cre)l knd.
27. The method according to claim 23, wherein the mouse is B6.129-01iq2.
28. The method according to claim 23 wherein the resultant mouse is used for testing drugs to treat or prevent psychosis, anxiety, depression, autism disorder, drug addiction, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Post-Stroke inflammation, osteroporasis, autoimmune disease, scleroderma or cancer.
29. A floxed Cnr2 gene.
30. The floxed Cnr2 gene according to claim 29, wherein said gene is SEQ ID NO: 1.
31. A cassette comprising a floxed Cnr2 gene.
32. The cassette according to claim 31, wherein said gene is in SEQ ID NO: 1.
33. The construction according to claim 32 comprising:
(a) an open reading frame of Example 3;
(b) a splicing site of the open reading frame;
(c) A Neo cassette for antibiotic marker; and
(d) a 5' acceptor, Exon 3 receptor splicing site; wherein the Cn2 -floxed gene is flanked by loxP sequences.
34. A transgenic mouse comprising a floxed Cnr2 gene.
35. The mouse according to claim 34, wherein the Neo gene is deleted and is flanked with LoxP.
36. The mouse according to claim 35 comprising:
(a) a Cre gene; and
(b) LoxP flanking the Cnr2 coding region.
37. The mouse according to claim 35, wherein the Cre gene is selected from B6-Sjh-Slc6A3- creJ, B6J.B6N(Cg)Cx3 critm6.1(cre) Jug/J, B6Cq-Tg(Nes-Cre) lKnd; or B6.129 - 01ig2, Opn- Cre; or (IL6)-Cre.
38. The mouse according to claim 37, wherein the Cre gene is B6-SJh-Slc6A3-CreJ.
39. The mouse according to claim 37, wherein the Cre gene is B8J.B6N(Cq)Cx3 critm 6.1 (cre).
40. The mouse according to claim 37, wherein the Cre gene is B6(q-Tq(NesOCre) lKn2.
41. The mouse according to claim 37, wherein the Cre gene is B6.129-01g2.
42. The mouse according to claim 37, wherein the Cre gene is Opn-Cre.
43. The mouse according to claim 37, wherein the Cre gene is (IL6)-Cre.
44. A method for testing a drug that targets CB2R, said method comprising:
(a) administering a drug to a mouse model where in said model has the Cnr2 gene;
(b) measuring the binding activity of a drug to the CB2R mouse model;
(c) selecting the drug to provide to a patient;
administering the selected drug to a patient in need thereof.
The method according the claim 39, wherein the Cnr2 gene sequence is in SEQ ID NO:
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| CN108504682A (en) * | 2018-04-09 | 2018-09-07 | 西南大学 | A kind of Cre/loxP gene knock out system and its application |
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| CN113337570A (en) * | 2021-05-28 | 2021-09-03 | 南昌大学 | Mechanism analysis system for drug target of depression and drug addiction disease |
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| WO2011067225A1 (en) * | 2009-12-01 | 2011-06-09 | INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) | Compositions targeting cb1 receptor for controlling food intake |
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| US20080287359A1 (en) * | 2005-05-27 | 2008-11-20 | Christiano Angela M | Cadherin-11-mediated modulation of hair growth |
| US20110023143A1 (en) * | 2008-12-04 | 2011-01-27 | Sigma-Aldrich Co. | Genomic editing of neurodevelopmental genes in animals |
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| CN108504682A (en) * | 2018-04-09 | 2018-09-07 | 西南大学 | A kind of Cre/loxP gene knock out system and its application |
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