WO2016137360A2

WO2016137360A2 - Method for the accounting of material units and other named units in single-level digital environments of the bitcoin and next type

Info

Publication number: WO2016137360A2
Application number: PCT/RU2016/000083
Authority: WO
Inventors: Дмитрий Сергеевич ЕРМОЛАЕВ
Original assignee: Дмитрий Сергеевич ЕРМОЛАЕВ
Priority date: 2015-02-27
Filing date: 2016-02-17
Publication date: 2016-09-01
Also published as: RU2015106704A

Description

A method of accounting for property and other named units in single-level digital environments such as Bitcoin and NEXT

The invention relates to methods for accounting for property and other units in distributed digital environments. And more specifically, to the methods of accounting for named units that reflect any property, service or obligation.

Known single-level decentralized digital environment Bitcoin

( ^" http://bitcoin.org), consisting of a set of special software products and

technical means, and its other analogues, which is a digital network of nodes connected through communication channels with specified parameters, in which changes and storage of digital accounting units are recorded on an equal footing at all nodes of the environment in a single book of records. Accounting of digital accounting units is carried out in a distributed digital database located on a variety of digital network nodes interconnected by communication channels with specified parameters, so that each node has a complete list of changes (records) in its unit accounting book and this book of accounting is identical to accounting books on other nodes of the digital network - in this case they say that the node is synchronized with the main network.

That is, each node stores a complete list (general distributed

decentralized book of accounting) of all changes of accounting units in the form of a chain of sets of digital records (blocks). Each set of digital records (block, block) stores a set of change records (transactions, transaction) made over a certain period of time - the period of collection of applications. Each change record is signed with the secret keys of those accounts from where the units are taken. In order to work the environment, records - applications for changing information in the book of account are created by individual participants (users, nodes) of the network and sent to the network. These applications are transmitted from node to node freely and under certain specified conditions in this environment

are recorded in the book of records in the form of records with the assignment of a record number to them.

In such an environment, it is not possible to keep records of individual named accounting units that mean any property, service or obligation, since there is no measure for the weight of accounting units.

Known NEXT Single-Level Decentralized Digital Environment

(http://nxter.org/), similar to the Bitcoin environment, in which, in addition to the main initial accounting unit NXT, the possibility of accounting for different named units has been introduced. However, all records (transactions) for all accounting units, both initial and named, are kept in one book of records, which leads to overloading the medium, overloading the communication channel (each node receives and injures information about all changes), redundant data storage by each participant (node) of the medium, which in turn leads to high technical costs for maintaining the environment in working condition and increases the costs of its use. Also, in this environment, the creation of new named units does not have specified weighting, weighting rules or restrictions, which leads to confusion, low trust and widespread fraud.

Further, we will use the following syntax for the purpose of the correct semantic representation of the stated sentences:

1. Sequence: colon sign and line break - indicate the beginning of the list,

2. semicolon and hyphenation - indicate the end of the list;

The basis of the present invention is to develop a method for accounting for property and other named units in single-level digital environments such as Bitcoin and NEXT, which solves the problem of reducing the amount of stored information in each node of the network, reducing the amount of information transmitted in the network when making changes to the book of accounting and achievement an acceptable level of trust on the part of environmental participants in the types of named accounting units being created and their release (issue).

The problem is solved in that in a way of distributed accounting of property and other units (things, services, obligations) using digital accounting units in a digital environment like Bitcoin and NEXT, in which participants (users) of the environment using special software and technical means:

• create an initial book of accounting, save it in the file structure in the form of one or more files and store digital records in it reflecting the change in the state of digital accounting units,

• set the order (algorithm) for creating a record number from a record for an accounting book,

• receive a record number for a given record in a given order (algorithm) and assign it to this record in the book of records,

• set the parameters of the communication channel used to transfer data between different participants in the environment,

• synchronize entries in the book of books with books from other participants in the environment through a given communication channel, define a known encryption method (algorithm) for encrypting secret keys into a public key (signature),

create a public key (signature) from the secret key using the specified encryption method,

define a known compression method (algorithm) for compressing the public key (signature),

set the length of the account number,

create an account number from the public key (signature) by using the specified compression method and trimming the result of the public key compression to the specified account number length,

keep records of changes in the status of accounting units on the accounts of participants in the environment by making the corresponding entries in the book of account by creating an entry-application, signing it with your public key (signature), sending it to other participants in the environment through the specified communication channel, receiving confirmation from other participants that this application is included in their book of records in the form of a record, checking the specified conditions for making this entry-application in the book of accounting and, if they are fulfilled, making this record-application in their book of accounting in the form of a record with the assignment of a record number to it,

specify the list of data necessary to create a record-application:

• output list - a set of lines containing the number

accounting units and account number where these units are transferred,

• list of inputs - a set of lines containing the record number and line number in the list of outputs of this record, where these units are taken from,

• type of record-application - transfer of units, creation of new units or otherwise;

set the conditions necessary for the inclusion of application entries in the book of account, set the conditions necessary for the creation of new initial accounting units,

create initial accounting units (initial units) by creating an entry-application, sending it to other participants in the environment through a given communication channel and receiving confirmation from other participants that the specified conditions for this application are fulfilled and it is included in their accounting book,

keep track of changes in these initial units by making

relevant entries in the ledger

set the conditions necessary to create a new type of named units and issue (issue) them, • create a new type of named units with a given unique (among the names of other types of named units) name (for example 00RUB) by creating an order entry that includes the following data:

• name of the named unit,

• the name of the property, obligation or service that will be

taken into account by this type of named units (for example, “Ruble currency” or “electricity kWh”),

• minimum share of accounting;

• send on Wednesday the created entry-application for the creation of a new type

named units to be included in the entry book,

• create a predetermined number of named units of the corresponding type by creating an application record that includes the following data:

• type of named units,

• the number of named units created,

• account number (address) on which these units are created;

• send on Wednesday the created entry-application for the release of new named units for inclusion in the initial book of accounting,

according to the invention

1. for the purposes of creating, producing and accounting for named units with sufficient confidence from the participants in the environment:

• set additional conditions necessary for making an entry-application in the initial book of accounting, which reflects the creation of a new type

named units and / or their release (issue), as a combination of at least two conditions:

• receive the required number of varying (unique) signatures from this entry-application from the owners (participants of the environment) of the initial accounting units (signatories), who agree to include this entry-application in the book of accounting,

• the total number of initial accounting units stored in accounts corresponding to the received signatures must exceed a predetermined proportion of the total number of initial accounting units;

• receive from the medium a record-application, which reflects the creation of a new type of named units and / or their release (issue) in case the medium participant agrees to include it in the initial book of accounting, sign it with his signature and transfer it back to the medium;

2. for the purpose of reducing the load on the environment: when creating a new type of named units, they include in the application record for their creation and subsequently save the following data in the accounting book in addition:

• distinguishing features (parameters) of the used communication channel for synchronizing records and changes of this type of named units between participants in the environment (for example, port 10634 via the Internet Protocol TCP);

use the specified communication channel to synchronize records and changes related to this type of named accounting units, reflected in the record of their creation,

they introduce an additional type of book of account - a nested book and set a set of properties for this type of book:

• name of the book,

• link to the main book in which it is enclosed (which

subordinate) this book,

• level of nesting,

• hallmark of accounting for this book;

set conditions for restricting the creation of nested books as

a set of at least two conditions for entering into the current ledger an entry-application reflecting the creation of a new attached book:

• receive the required number of varying (unique) signatures from this entry-application from the owners (participants of the environment) of accounting units stored in the accounts in this book,

• the total number of accounting units stored in the accounts corresponding to the received signatures should exceed the specified proportion of the total number of accounting units of this type in this book;

set properties for each level of nesting (subordination):

• the length of the names of books at this level,

• the length of the account number to which the result of compression of the public key will be circumcised (thus, one secret key creates similar account numbers in all attached books, different only in length and can sign application records for all these accounts),

• distinguishing features of accounting for named units in

given level;

introduce the concepts of "full name" and "full number" to search for embedded books and data in them, set the following order (algorithm) for creating full names and full numbers:

• specify a character separator of names,

• set the order (algorithm) for adding the names of nested books in ascending or descending order,

• use the order (algorithm) to create the full name for a given embedded book as a string (symbolic) addition of the names of all embedded books in the attachment chain from this book to the initial book according to the specified order of addition of the names of the embedded books with the inclusion of the specified separator between two folding names,

• use the procedure (algorithm) for creating the full account number (full address) for storing named units in the enclosed book by string addition of the full name of this book with the account number (address) for storing these named units and including the specified separator character or space between them,

• use the order (algorithm) to create the full number of the record in the enclosed book by string addition of the full name of this book with the number of this record and inclusion of the specified separator character or space between them;

set the following order (algorithm) for saving nested books in the file structure:

• when creating a nested book B, the main book for which is book A, the name of book B is divided into the left part of I1 and the right part of I2 of approximately the same length and if the length is not the same, then the left part of I1 is chosen longer than the right one,

• in the MA file storage location of the FA file, in which the main book A is stored, create a PA folder with a name equal to the name of this FA file, if it has not been created yet, and create a PB folder in it, with a name equal to the left part I1 of the name of book B, if it has not been created yet,

• create an FB file in the PB folder with a name equal to the right-hand side I2 of the name of book B and save this created book B in this FB file; they use the search order of the embedded book B by its full name in the file structure starting from the storage location of the initial book of accounting according to the above described method of saving the attached books in the file structure, set the access (retrieval) procedure for the main book A according to the above described method of saving the attached books in file structure where the name of book A consists of the name of the folder PA and the name of the file FA, which is stored in it, in which this book A is stored,

create at least one nested book B, the main book A of which can be both an initial book and another nested book, by:

• assignment of a unique name among the names of other attached books in this book A,

• tasks in the enclosed book B links to the main book A,

• making entries in book A about the creation of book B with verification of the fulfillment of the conditions for its entry, while indicating the name of book B and the distinguishing features of accounting for this book B in the record,

• indications of distinctive features of accounting in the created book B, including the frequency of making changes to this book (for example, once every 5 minutes),

• saving the enclosed book B in the file structure according to the above procedure;

introduce additional types of entries in the book of accounting related to the type of transfer of accounting units between books:

• transfer of accounting units from the current (main) book to

the subordinate book subordinate to her - "transfer down",

• transfer of accounting units to the current (nested) book from the main book for it - “acceptance from above”,

• transfer of accounting units from the current (embedded) book to the main one for it - “transfer up”,

• transfer of accounting units to the current (main) book from

a subordinate book subordinate to her - "reception from below";

add to the list of data necessary to create a record entry:

• for the record type "transfer down": in the list of exits, instead of the account number, specify the name of the subordinate book,

• for the type of entry “reception from below”: in the list of entries to the entry number, from which the accounting units are taken, add the name of the subordinate book in which this entry is stored;

set additional conditions necessary for making an entry-application in the book of accounting related to the type of transfer of accounting units between books:

• the public key corresponding to the accounts on which

account units to be transferred must be equal to the public key of the signature of this entry-application, that is, the transfer of units is possible between accounts created from one secret key,

• an entry-request of the “transfer up” type can be carried out only to the account number of the general ledger from which these accounting units were “transferred down” to this subbook and the total amount of all transfers of accounting units of the “transfer down” type should not be less than the total volume of all transfers of the form "reception from below" for this account;

• carry out accounting of named units of a given type in all enclosed books by transferring these units between books and inside books so that the total number of these units in all books remains unchanged, and a change in the total number of units is possible only in the initial book, while:

• introduce the procedure for calculating the balance of accounting units on

a given account, taking into account the number of units transferred to other books and received from other books,

• transfer the accounting units between books by creating related records-applications for changes to each book participating in this transfer, send them on Wednesday, receive confirmation for inclusion in the books of accounting and enter them into their books of accounting in case of receipt of confirmation for all related application records related to this unit transfer,

• introduce the procedure for accounting for the transfer of accounting units from the current (main) book to the enclosed book and vice versa by creating and making related records of the corresponding type in these books;

• receive the distinguishing features of the communication channel for synchronizing the accounting for the specified named units with other users of the environment from the record describing the creation of this type of named units in the initial book of accounting, use the obtained attributes to connect to the environment and use this communication channel to receive and synchronize all attached books, in which these named units are kept, while:

• receive an embedded book from other users of the environment by sending a request to the environment with the full name of the desired book,

• send a nested book to the environment upon receipt of a request from other users, if this book is found in the file structure of this user, • synchronize entries in a subbook with other users of the environment by using the communication channel specified in the description of named units from the initial book;

transmit or receive data about the record in the enclosed book by transmitting the full number of this record,

transmit or receive account information in the enclosed book by transmitting the full number of this account (full address),

specify, at least in one nesting level, the distinguishing feature of accounting is the name of the named unit, indicating in the subbook of this level and in the record of the creation of this book in the general ledger a description of this named unit,

specify, at least in one nesting level, the distinguishing feature of accounting is the place of action of named units in a given space or geographic area (for example, in some country, on some island or continent of the Earth), indicating in the enclosed book of this level and in the record of creation of this book in the general ledger a description of this place or

space

define, at least in one level of nesting, the distinguishing feature of accounting is the person of the action (for example, the owner of the property or

service provider or obligated person for obligations) with data

named units, indicating in the subbook of this level and in the record of the creation of this book in the general book a description of this person,

at least in one level of nesting, they specify the accounting time for named units by the distinguishing feature of accounting, indicating in the attached book of this level and in the record of creating this book in the general ledger the date of the start of accounting in this book and the duration of its use.

Also, to achieve the best result, according to the invention:

according to claim 1 they set the conditions necessary for making an entry in the initial book of accounting, which reflects the creation of a new type of named units and / or their release:

• get at least 5 different (unique)

signatures for this application entry,

• the total number of initial units stored on

accounts corresponding to received signatures must exceed 1 / 50th of the total number of initial units; • according to claim 1, the distinguishing feature of the communication unit of the named unit is the port number of the Internet protocol TCP, and the value for the first named unit is set to 1001 or 10001

• according to claim 2, the conditions necessary for making entries in the current book of accounting are reflected, which reflects the creation of a new attached book:

• get at least 3 different (unique)

signatures for this application entry,

• the total number of accounting units stored in the accounts corresponding to the received signatures in this book should exceed 1 / 300th of the total number of these units in this book;

• according to claim 2, for the first level of nesting that obeys the initial book of accounting, the distinguishing feature of accounting is the name of the named units; for the second level of nesting, the feature of accounting is defined - the place of action or person of action; for the third level of nesting, the feature of accounting is the time of accounting named units

• according to claim 2, the name of the enclosed book is set, which has the distinguishing feature of accounting the name of the named unit, as the code of this name, for example, the ISO currency code or the instrument code on international exchanges,

• according to claim 2, specify the name of the enclosed book, which has the distinctive feature of accounting, the accounting time, as the difference between the year the accounting began in this book and the 2015th year,

• according to claim 2, the name of the embedded book is digitally compressed, for example, according to the base58 algorithm.

Thus, the task is achieved - reducing the cost of the environment, since each participant in the environment does not have to store all records with all

named units of account, and instead stores only the initial book of accounting and the necessary nested books in which it keeps records of named units with which it works. Also, the communication channel is not loaded by transmission

information, since for each type of named accounting units a separate communication channel is set with its own parameters. And in addition, confidence in the types of named accounting units and themselves from other environmental participants will be maintained at the proper level, since their release is available only to a well-coordinated group of participants with significant capital in their accounts of the initial accounting units, the value of which is a measure of confidence from other participants Wednesday.

Claims

CLAIM

1. The method of distributed accounting of property and other units (things, services, obligations), which consists in the fact that, using digital accounting units in a digital environment like Bitcoin and NEXT, participants (users) of the environment using special software and hardware:

• receive a number for a given record in a given order (algorithm)

records and assign it to this record in the book of accounting,

• synchronize entries in the book of books with books from other participants in the environment through a given communication channel,

• specify a known encryption method (algorithm) for encrypting secret keys into a public key (signature),

• create a public key (signature) from the secret key using the specified encryption method,

• specify a known compression method (algorithm) for compressing the public key (signature),

• set the length of the account number,

• create an account number from the public key (signature) by using the specified compression method and trimming the result of public key compression to the specified account number length,

• keep records of changes in the status of accounting units in the accounts of participants in the environment by making the corresponding entries in the book of account by creating an entry-record, signing it with your public key (signature), sending it to other participants in the medium through the specified communication channel, receiving confirmation from other participants that this application included in their account book in the form of a record, checking the specified conditions for making this entry-application in the account book and, if they are fulfilled, entering this application-record in their account book in the form of a record with assigning a record number to it . • specify a list of data required to create a record-application:

• output list - a set of lines containing the number

accounting units and account number where these units are transferred,

• set the conditions necessary for the inclusion of application entries in the book of records,

• set the conditions necessary for the creation of new initial accounts

units

• create initial accounting units (initial units) by creating an entry-application, sending it to other participants in the environment through a given communication channel and receiving confirmation from other participants that the specified conditions for this application are fulfilled and it is included in their accounting book,

• keep track of changes in these initial units by making

relevant entries in the ledger

• set the conditions necessary to create a new kind of named

units and their issue (issue),

• create a new type of named units with a given unique (among the names of other types of named units) name (for example 00RUB) by creating an order entry that includes the following data:

• name of the named unit,

• the name of the property, obligation or service that will be

• minimum share of accounting;

named units to be included in the entry book,

• type of named units,

• the number of named units created,

• account number (address) on which these units are created;

characterized in that: set additional conditions necessary for making an entry-application in the initial book of accounting, which reflects the creation of a new type

receive from the medium a request entry, which reflects the creation of a new type of named units and / or their release (issue) in case the medium participant agrees to include it in the initial book of accounting, sign it with his signature and transfer it back to the medium,

when creating a new type of named units, they include in the application record for their creation and subsequently save the following data in the accounting book in addition:

• name of the book,

• a link to the main book in which this book is embedded (to which it is subordinated),

• level of nesting,

• hallmark of accounting for this book;

set conditions for restricting the creation of nested books as

a set of at least two conditions for entering into the current ledger an entry-application reflecting the creation of a new attached book: • receive the required number of varying (unique) signatures from this entry-application from the owners (participants of the environment) of accounting units stored in the accounts in this book,

set properties for each level of nesting (subordination):

• the length of the names of books at this level,

• distinguishing features of accounting for named units in

given level;

introduce the concepts of "full name" and "full number" to search for embedded books and data in them,

set the following order (algorithm) for creating full names and full numbers:

• specify a character separator of names,

• use the order (algorithm) to create the full number of the record in the enclosed book by string addition of the full name of this book with the number of this record and inclusion of the specified separator character or space between them; set the following order (algorithm) for saving nested books in the file structure:

• create an FB file in the PB folder with a name equal to the right-hand side I2 of the name of book B and save this created book B in this FB file; they use the search order of the embedded book B by its full name in the file structure starting from the storage location of the initial book of accounting according to the above described method of saving the attached books in the file structure, set the access (retrieval) procedure for the main book A according to the above described method of saving the attached books in file structure, where the name of book A consists of the name of the folder PA and the name of the file FA, which is stored in it, in which this book A is stored,

• tasks in the enclosed book B links to the main book A,

• transfer of accounting units from the current (main) book to

the subordinate book subordinate to her - "transfer down", • transfer of accounting units to the current (nested) book from the main book for it - “acceptance from above”,

• transfer of accounting units to the current (main) book from

a subordinate book subordinate to her - "reception from below";

add to the list of data necessary to create a record entry:

• the public key corresponding to the accounts on which

accounting units are transferred must be equal to the public key of the signature of this entry-application, that is, the transfer of units is possible between accounts created from one secret key,

carry out accounting of named units of a given type in all enclosed books by transferring these units between books and inside books so that the total number of these units in all books remains unchanged, and a change in the total number of units is possible only in the initial book, while:

• introduce the procedure for calculating the balance of accounting units on

• transfer the accounting units between books by creating related entries-applications for changes to each book participating in this transfer, send them on Wednesday, receive confirmation of their inclusion in the books of accounting and enter them into their books of accounting if accepted confirmations for all related record entries relating to this unit transfer,

receive the distinctive features of the communication channel for synchronizing the accounting of specified named units with other users of the environment from an entry describing the creation of this type of named units in the initial book of accounting, use the obtained characteristics to connect to the environment and use this communication channel to receive and synchronize all attached books, which keep track of these named units, with:

• send a nested book to the environment upon receipt of a request from other users, if this book is found in the file structure of this user,

• synchronize entries in a subbook with others

users of the environment by using the communication channel specified in the description of named units from the initial book;

space

service provider or obligated person for obligations) with data named units, indicating in the subbook of this level and in the record of the creation of this book in the general book a description of this person,

• set at least one level of nesting distinctive

a sign of accounting is the time of accounting for named units, indicating in the subbook of this level and in the record of creating this book in the general ledger the date of the beginning of accounting in this book and the duration of its use.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that they set the conditions necessary for

making entries in the entry book, which reflects the creation of a new type of named units and / or their release:

• receive at least 5 different (unique) signatures for this entry,

• the total number of initial units stored in the accounts,

corresponding to the received signatures, must exceed 1 / 50th of the total number of initial units;

3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the hallmark of the communication unit of the named unit is set to the port number of the Internet Protocol TCP, and the value for the first named unit is set to 1001 or 10001.

4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that they set the conditions necessary for making entries in the current book of accounting, which reflects the creation of a new attached book:

• receive at least 3 different (unique) signatures for this entry,

• the total number of accounting units stored in accounts,

corresponding to the received signatures in this book, must exceed 1 / 300th of the total number of these units in this book;

5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that for the first level of nesting, which obeys the initial book of accounting, the distinguishing feature of accounting is the name

named units, specify the distinctive sign of accounting for the second level of nesting - the place of action or person of action, set the distinctive sign of accounting for the third level of nesting - the time of accounting for named units.

6. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the name of the enclosed book having the hallmark of accounting is the name of the named unit, such as a code for this name, for example, an ISO currency code or an instrument code on international exchanges.

7. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the name of the embedded book having the hallmark of accounting records the accounting time, as the difference between the year the accounting began in this book and the 2015th year.

8. The method according to n.l, characterized in that the name of the embedded book is compressed digitally, for example, according to the base58 algorithm.