Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
  • H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
  • H04L5/0091—Signalling for the administration of the divided path, e.g. signalling of configuration information
  • H04L5/0094—Indication of how sub-channels of the path are allocated
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
  • H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
  • H04L1/0045—Arrangements at the receiver end
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
  • H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
  • H04L1/0072—Error control for data other than payload data, e.g. control data
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
  • H04L5/003—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path
  • H04L5/0037—Inter-user or inter-terminal allocation
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W72/00—Local resource management
  • H04W72/20—Control channels or signalling for resource management
  • H04W72/23—Control channels or signalling for resource management in the downlink direction of a wireless link, i.e. towards a terminal
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04B—TRANSMISSION
  • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
  • H04B7/24—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field for communication between two or more posts
  • H04B7/26—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field for communication between two or more posts at least one of which is mobile
  • H04B7/2603—Arrangements for wireless physical layer control
  • H04B7/2606—Arrangements for base station coverage control, e.g. by using relays in tunnels
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
  • H04L5/003—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path
  • H04L5/0053—Allocation of signalling, i.e. of overhead other than pilot signals
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
  • H04L5/0091—Signalling for the administration of the divided path, e.g. signalling of configuration information
  • H04L5/0096—Indication of changes in allocation
  • H04L5/0098—Signalling of the activation or deactivation of component carriers, subcarriers or frequency bands
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W84/00—Network topologies
  • H04W84/02—Hierarchically pre-organised networks, e.g. paging networks, cellular networks, WLAN [Wireless Local Area Network] or WLL [Wireless Local Loop]
  • H04W84/04—Large scale networks; Deep hierarchical networks
  • H04W84/042—Public Land Mobile systems, e.g. cellular systems
  • H04W84/047—Public Land Mobile systems, e.g. cellular systems using dedicated repeater stations

Definitions

• This relates generally to wireless communication systems, and more particularly to low overhead control signaling of a Non-Line-Of-Sight (NLOS) wireless communication system compatible with a time-division duplex long term evolution (TD-LTE) Radio Access Network (RAN).
• NLOS Non-Line-Of-Sight
• TD-LTE time-division duplex long term evolution
• RAN Radio Access Network
• LTE Long Term Evolution
• RAN Radio Access Network
• the LTE wireless access technology also known as Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) was standardized by the 3 GPP working groups.
• OFDMA and SC-FDMA (single carrier FDMA) access schemes were chosen for the DL and UL of E- UTRAN, respectively.
• UEs User equipments (UEs) are time and frequency multiplexed on a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) and a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH), and time and frequency synchronization between UEs guarantees optimal intra-cell orthogonality.
• PUSCH physical uplink shared channel
• PUCCH physical uplink control channel
• the LTE air-interface provides the best spectral-efficiency and cost trade-off of recent cellular networks standards, and as such, has been vastly adopted by operators as the unique 4G technology for the Radio Access Network (RAN), making it a robust and proven technology.
• RAN Radio Access Network
• As the tendency in the RAN topology is to increase the cell density by adding small cells in the vicinity of a legacy macro cells, the associated backhaul link density increases accordingly and the difference between RAN and backhaul wireless channels also decreases. This also calls for a point- to- multipoint (P2MP) backhaul topology.
• P2MP point- to- multipoint
• conventional wireless backhaul systems typically employing single carrier waveforms with time-domain equalization (TDE) techniques at the receiver become less practical in these environments.
• TDE time-domain equalization
• NLOS backhaul links at small cell sites Several special issues are associated with NLOS backhaul links at small cell sites, such as a requirement for high reliability with a packet error rate (PER) of 10 "6 , sparse spectrum availability, critical latency, cost, with, on the other hand, relaxed peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). Behavior of NLOS backhaul links at small cell sites also differs from RAN in that there is no handover, remote units do not connect and disconnect at the same rate as user equipment (UE), and the NLOS remote unit (RU) at the small cell site is not mobile.
• UE user equipment
• RU NLOS remote unit
• Preceding approaches provide improvements in backhaul transmission in a wireless
• a method of operating a wireless communication system includes receiving allocation information for second wireless transceivers from a first wireless transceiver by one of the second wireless transceivers on a physical broadcast channel (PBCH).
• PBCH physical broadcast channel
• the one of the second wireless transceivers decodes the allocation information and receives procedural information on a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) in response to the decoded allocation information.
• PDCCH physical downlink control channel
• a method of operating a first wireless transceiver includes determining a frame configuration for a frame having slots and determining a slot number of one of the slots. The method further includes determining a number of second wireless transceivers supported by the first wireless transceiver. A physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) size is allocated in response to the frame configuration, the slot number, and the number of second wireless transceivers.
• PUCCH physical uplink control channel
• a method of operating a first wireless transceiver includes transmitting system information and at least one scheduling grant in a transport block (TB) to second wireless transceivers on a physical broadcast channel (PBCH).
• the first wireless transceiver subsequently receives one of an acknowledgement (ACK) and negative acknowledgement (NACK) from each second wireless transceiver.
• ACK acknowledgement
• NACK negative acknowledgement
• FIG. 1 is a diagram of a wireless communication system with a cellular macro site hosting a backhaul point to multipoint (P2MP) hub unit (HU) serving remote units (RUs) which relay communications between small cells and plural user equipment (UE).
• P2MP point to multipoint
• HU backhaul point to multipoint
• RUs remote units
• FIG. 2 is a diagram of downlink and uplink subframe configurations according to example embodiments.
• FIG. 3 is a diagram of a conventional subset of downlink and uplink subframe configurations.
• FIG. 4 is a diagram of a subset of downlink and uplink slot configurations according to example embodiments.
• FIG. 5 is a detailed diagram of a data frame as in configuration 3 (FIG. 2) showing downlink and uplink slots and a special slot.
• FIG. 6 is a diagram of a downlink (DL) slot that may be used in the data frame of FIG. 5 according to example embodiments.
• DL downlink
• FIG. 7 is a diagram of an uplink (UL) slot that may be used in the data frame of FIG. 5 according to example embodiments.
• FIG. 8 is a diagram showing communication of system information between a HU and a RU over a physical broadcast channel (PBCH).
• PBCH physical broadcast channel
• FIG. 9A is a diagram showing physical broadcast channel (PBCH) operational procedure at an RU.
• PBCH physical broadcast channel
• FIG. 9B is a diagram showing physical broadcast channel (PBCH) operational procedure at an HU.
• PBCH physical broadcast channel
• CRS Cell-specific Reference Signal
• CSI Channel State Information
• CSI-RS Channel State Information Reference Signal
• DCI Downlink Control Information
• DwPTS Downlink Pilot Time Slot
• eNB E-UTRAN Node B or base station or evolved Node B
• EPDCCH Enhanced Physical Downlink Control Channel
• E-UTRAN Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
• FDD Frequency Division Duplex
• MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
• OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
• PCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator Channel
• PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel
• PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel
• PRB Physical Resource Block
• PRACH Physical Random Access Channel
• PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel
• PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel
• RI Rank Indicator
• RRC Radio Resource Control
• SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access
• TDD Time Division Duplex
• UE User Equipment
• UpPTS Uplink Pilot Time Slot
• FIG. 1 shows a NLOS Time Division Duplex (TDD) wireless backhaul system according to example embodiments.
• Cellular macro site 100 hosts a macro base station.
• Macro site 100 also hosts a co-located small cell base station and wireless backhaul hub unit (HU).
• Macro site 100 has small cell sites such as small cell site 104. Each small cell site is co-located with a small cell base station and wireless backhaul remote unit (RU).
• Macro site 100 communicates with the small cell sites through a point-to-multipoint (P2MP) wireless backhaul system via backhaul links such as backhaul link 110.
• P2MP point-to-multipoint
• the base station of macro site 100 communicates directly with UE 102 over RAN link 112.
• the UE 106 communicates directly with the small cell base station of small cell site 104 over a RAN access link 108.
• the RU of small cell site 104 communicates directly with the HU of macro cell site 100 over a backhaul link 110.
• the system is designed to maximize spectrum reuse.
• the backhaul link 110 design utilizes a 0.5 ms slot-based transmission time interval (TTI) to minimize latency and 5 ms UL and DL frames for compatibility with TD- LTE.
• TTI transmission time interval
• 5 ms UL and DL frames for compatibility with TD- LTE.
• various UL/DL ratios are compatible with TD-LTE configurations. This allows flexible slot assignment for multiple Remote Units (RUs).
• FIG. 2 shows the TDD frame structure, with seven uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) frame configurations, thus supporting a diverse mix of UL and DL traffic ratios.
• Each configuration includes various uplink (U), downlink (D), and special (S) slots, each having a 0.5 ms duration transmit time interval (TTI) for a total frame duration of 5 ms.
• this frame structure is utilized to generate an NLOS backhaul link 110 of FIG. 1.
• example embodiments may be used to generate any kind of communication link sharing similar co-existence with TD-LTE and performance requirements as the NLOS backhaul link.
• the frame structure and associated components are referred to as "NLOS backhaul" or simply "NLOS" frame, slots, channels, etc.
• FIG. 4 is a more detailed view of UL/DL frame configurations 1, 3 and 5 as shown at FIG. 2.
• the frame of FIG. 3 is divided into ten subframes, each subframe having a 1 ms TTI.
• Each subframe is further divided into two slots, each slot having a 0.5 ms duration.
• twenty slots (0-19) are in each TD-LTE configuration.
• a D in a slot indicates it is a downlink slot.
• a U in a slot indicates it is an uplink slot.
• Time slots 2 and 3 constitute a special subframe allowing transitioning from a DL subframe to an UL subframe.
• DwPTS and UpPTS indicate downlink and uplink portions of the special subframe, respectively.
• the frame of FIG. 4 has a 5 ms duration and is slot based rather than subframe based.
• Each frame has ten (0-9) slots.
• Each slot has a 0.5 ms duration.
• D indicates a downlink slot
• U indicates an uplink slot.
• slots 3 of both frames include a special slot indicated by an S, rather than the special subframes in slots 2-3 and 12-13 of FIG. 3. This fixed location of the special slot assures compatibility with TD-LTE frames. It advantageously permits always finding an NLOS UL/DL configuration that is 100% compatible with any 5 ms period TD-LTE UL/DL subframe configuration.
• this prevents an NLOS backhaul DL transmission from interfering with a TD-LTE RAN UL transmission on an access link when both operate on the same frequency.
• it advantageously prevents the transmitter at macro cell site 100 of one system from interfering with the receiver of a co-located system.
• the frame configurations of FIG. 4 have several features in common with the frame configurations of FIG. 3 to assure compatibility when operating at the same frequency.
• Both frames have 0.5 ms slot duration with seven SC-FDMA symbols and a normal cyclic prefix (CP) in each slot.
• the SC-FDMA symbol duration is the same in each frame.
• Both frames have the same number of subcarriers for respective 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, and 20 MHz bandwidths, and both have 15 kHz subcarrier spacing.
• Both frames use the same resource element (RE) definition and support 4, 16, and 64 QAM encoding.
• RE resource element
• the frame configuration of FIG. 4 has several unique features.
• the symbols of each slot are primarily SC-FDMA for both UL and DL.
• the first SC-FDMA symbol of each slot includes a pilot signal (PS) to improve system latency.
• PS pilot signal
• SS cell-specific sync signal
• FIG. 5 is a detailed diagram of an NLOS backhaul (BH) frame as shown in UL/DL configuration 3 of FIG. 4.
• the vertical axis of the diagram indicates frequencies of component carriers, and the horizontal axis indicates time, where each slot has 0.5 ms duration.
• a slot having a 20 MHz bandwidth includes 1200 subcarriers (SC) having a carrier spacing of 15 kHz.
• the frame includes DL slots, a special slot, and UL slots.
• Each DL and UL slot has seven respective single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) symbols. Each symbol is indicated by a separate vertical column of the slot.
• SC-FDMA single carrier frequency division multiple access
• FIG. 6 is a detailed diagram of a downlink slot that may be used with the frame of FIG. 5.
• DL slots are used for transmitting the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) conveying payload traffic from the HU to the RUs.
• the DL slot includes dynamic and semi -persistent scheduling (SPS) regions as directed by Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling.
• SPS Service Set
• MAC Medium Access Control
• Dynamic scheduling allocates resources based on RU feedback about the link condition. This achieves flexible resource allocation at the cost of increased control signaling that may hinder packet delivery.
• Semi- persistent scheduling allocates packets for a fixed future time. This advantageously provides flexible resource allocation with fewer control signals.
• the DL slot also contains the Physical HARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) conveying HARQ ACK/NACK feedback to the RU.
• the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) is also transmitted in this slot.
• the PDCCH provides the RU with PHY control information for MCS and MFMO configuration for each dynamically scheduled RU in that slot.
• the PDCCH also provides the RU with PHY control information for MCS and MFMO configuration for each dynamically scheduled RU in one or more future UL slots.
• each SPS allocation pair is configurable depending on expected traffic load pattern. For example, no physical resource blocks (PRBs) are allocated for SPS transmission when there is no SPS allocation. With greater expected traffic, either two (one on each side of the spectrum) or four (two on each side of the spectrum) PRBs may be allocated.
• PRBs physical resource blocks
• Each RU may have any SPS allocation or multiple adjacent SPS allocations.
• all four SPS allocation pairs are the same size. Most remaining frequency-time resources in the slot, except for PS, PDCCH, PHICH, and SPS allocations, are preferably dynamically assigned to a single RU whose scheduling information is conveyed in the PBCH.
• a special slot structure which includes a Sync Signal (SS), Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH), Pilot Signals (PS), Guard Period (GP), and Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) as will be described in detail.
• SS Sync Signal
• PBCH Physical Broadcast Channel
• PS Pilot Signals
• GP Guard Period
• PRACH Physical Random Access Channel
• FEC Forward Error Correction
• Example embodiments advantageously employ a robust Forward Error Correction (FEC) method by concatenating turbo code as an inner code with a Reed Solomon outer block code providing a very low Block Error Rate (BLER).
• FEC Forward Error Correction
• embodiments support carrier aggregation with up to four Component Carriers (CCs) per HU with dynamic scheduling of multiple RUs with one dynamic allocation per CC.
• CCs Component Carriers
• These embodiments also support semi-persistent scheduling (SPS) of small allocations in Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) within a slot for RUs destined to convey high priority traffic, thereby avoiding latency associated with Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) of dynamic scheduling.
• SPS semi-persistent scheduling
• FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
• TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
• Each RU receives the allocation information from the parent HU on the physical broadcast channel (PBCH). Each RU decodes this allocation information every 5 ms to find its potential slot(s) and component carrier(s). In this manner, every RU is aware of the dynamic slot allocation for every other RU served by the HU. Each RU then obtains procedural information on a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) identified with the respective slot.
• PDCCH physical downlink control channel
• the PDCCH provides procedural information such as modulation control scheme (MCS), precoding matrix indicator (PMI), and rate indicator (RI) without regard to which RU is the intended recipient of that slot.
• MCS modulation control scheme
• PMI precoding matrix indicator
• RI rate indicator
• the PDCCH may be distributed to all DL slots and component carriers with a minimal size. Each PDCCH does not need to carry an index of the RU scheduled in its associated slot. Moreover, since all RU indices and component carriers are identified by the PBCH, receipt of all allocation information may be acknowledged by each RU with a single PBCH-ACK.
• FIG. 7 is a detailed diagram of the uplink slot that may be used with the frame of FIG. 5.
• UL slots are used for transmitting the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) conveying payload traffic to the HU from the RUs.
• the PUCCH provides the HU with HARQ ACK/NACK feedback from the RU.
• ACK/NACK bundling is needed in some configurations, and bundling must apply per RU.
• a direct consequence is that ACK/NACK mapping onto PUCCH resources group ACK/NACKs per RU. This assumes each RU is aware of all DL allocations of other RUs. For dynamic allocations, this is straightforward since each RU decodes all dynamic grants in the PBCH.
• each RU is aware of the potential bundling factor applied to all other RUs, so each RU is aware of the total number N ⁇ ( w ) of PDSCH ACK/NACKs (bundled or not) reported by any given RU with RU index n RV .
• the PDSCH ACK/NACKs to be transmitted in a PUCCH slot are first grouped in the time direction across multiple DL slots associated with the UL slot in chronological order. Then they are grouped in the frequency direction across secondary component carriers (CCs) first by decreasing CC index and then by primary CC last.
• CCs secondary component carriers
• the RU decodes the PBCH every 5 ms to find its potential slot allocation information.
• Transmission over the PUSCH or reception over the PDSCH may be dynamically or semi -persistently scheduled (SPS) by the HU. Both PUSCH transmission and PDSCH reception are configured independently for each RU through higher layer signaling on the PDSCH.
• the SPS configuration includes frequency chunk(s) among four available SPS chunks per slot as well as a number of adjacent chunks used by a RU. Additional configuration information includes time slot(s) in each frame, period of the SPS allocation, modulation control scheme (MCS), transmission mode (TM), and SPS chunk size for DL.
• MCS modulation control scheme
• TM transmission mode
• PUCCH allocation size is mainly driven by PDSCH ACK/NACK allocation. For a given bandwidth, only a fixed number of physical resource blocks (PRBs) are available for PUCCH and PUSCH transmission. According to an embodiment, a number of PUCCH PRBs is completely determined from the UL/DL frame configuration, the slot number, and the number of RUs supported by the HU. As a result, the PUCCH allocation size does not need to be explicitly signaled to the RUs. Each RU determines the PUCCH allocation size for each slot from the frame configuration and the total number of RUs.
• PRBs physical resource blocks
• FIG. 8 is a diagram showing communication of system information and potential scheduling grants from a HU to a RU in a transport block (TB) over a physical broadcast channel (PBCH).
• the TB is transmitted to all RUs supported by the HU, but interaction between a single RU and the HU is illustrated by way of example.
• Three frames, each having ten 0.5 ms slots are shown in the upper part of the diagram for frame configurations 0-4.
• the lower part of the diagram illustrates communication between the HU and the RU with up arrows indicating an UL and down arrows indicating a DL.
• the RU receives the TB with a cyclic redundancy code (CRC) and determines there is a transmission error.
• CRC cyclic redundancy code
• the CRC is scrambled with a scrambling code associated with the antenna configuration.
• the RU transmits a negative acknowledgement (NACK) to the HU in slot 6 of the first frame.
• the HU receives the NACK and reschedules the previous transmission in slot 3 of the second frame.
• the RU receives the TB and determines from the CRC that there is no transmission error.
• the RU then sends an acknowledgement (ACK) to the HU in slot 6 of the second frame.
• the HU receives the ACK and responsively schedules a next transmission to the RU in the third frame.
• the latency impact due to a transmission error therefore, is no more than 5 ms due to the frame duration according to example embodiments.
• FIGS. 9 A and 9B are a flow diagrams showing physical broadcast channel (PBCH) operating procedure between the RU and HU.
• PBCH physical broadcast channel
• the procedure begins at block 920 when the HU transmits the PBCH of frame #n on slot #3.
• RU #k receives the PBCH at block 900 and checks the CRC. If there is a CRC error at test 902, the RU transmits a PBCH NACK at block 908 of UL slot #6 of frame #n.
• the RU does not send any other NACK for other DL slots of frame #n+l and sends a discontinuous transmission (DTX) signal to the HU on the dynamic PUSCH of all UL slots of frame #n+l .
• DTX discontinuous transmission
• the HU receives the PUCCH from RU #k on UL slot #6 of frame #n at block 922 and decodes the PBCH.
• the HU determines the PBCH includes a NACK at test 924.
• the HU suspends scheduled DL transmissions for RU #k on frame #n+l and does not expect a dynamic PUSCH from RU #k in frame #n+l .
• the HU increments the frame index to #n+l and control transfers to block 920.
• the HU again transmits the PBCH of frame #n (now #n+l) on slot #3.
• RU #k receives the PBCH at block 900 and again checks the CRC. This time there is no CRC error at test 902, and the RU transmits a PBCH ACK at block 904 of UL slot #6 of frame #n.
• the HU receives the PUCCH from RU #k on UL slot #6 of frame #n at block 922 and decodes the PBCH.
• the HU determines this PBCH includes an ACK at test 924.
• the HU proceeds with scheduled PDCCH transmission and transmission or reception of the respective PDSCH or PUSCH corresponding to RU #k.
• the RU decodes the received PDCCH associated with the scheduled slot(s) and CC(s) at block 906.
• the RU increments the frame index and control returns to block 900 to receive the next PBCH.
• the latency impact due to a transmission error is advantageously no more than 5 ms due to the frame duration according to example embodiments.
• Embodiments may be implemented in software, hardware, or a combination of both.

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