WO2016097832A4 - Communication between radio terminals on an extraterrestrial body using a space based component and an ancillary component located on the extraterrestrial body. - Google Patents
Communication between radio terminals on an extraterrestrial body using a space based component and an ancillary component located on the extraterrestrial body. Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016097832A4 WO2016097832A4 PCT/IB2015/000427 IB2015000427W WO2016097832A4 WO 2016097832 A4 WO2016097832 A4 WO 2016097832A4 IB 2015000427 W IB2015000427 W IB 2015000427W WO 2016097832 A4 WO2016097832 A4 WO 2016097832A4
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
- H04B7/14—Relay systems
- H04B7/15—Active relay systems
- H04B7/185—Space-based or airborne stations; Stations for satellite systems
- H04B7/18578—Satellite systems for providing broadband data service to individual earth stations
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- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Radio Relay Systems (AREA)
- Transceivers (AREA)
Abstract
The underlying invention is "Solar Sonic" deep-space multidimensional coded universal communications "via ionosphere" armed signals and quantum algorithm resonance of hydroxyl molecules cosmic- radio- waves. The said invention is a solar sonic universe multidimensional radio astronomical control tower resonator for systemic muIti-communications and manipulation of all resonating matters and antimatters alike. The solar sonic multidimensional interstellar radio signal communications resonator is a novel technology precisely pertaining to deep space multidimensional radio signal communications, which is an art reflected within the formal technology stated title. The present invention provides a system for communications on an extraterrestrial body, may include a space-based component and an ancillary extraterrestrial component on the extraterrestrial body. The space-baaed component may be configured to provide wireless communications with plurality of radio-terminals located on the extraterrestrial body over a satellite frequency band wherein the space-based component includes at least one satellite orbiting the extraterrestrial body. The ancillary extraterrestrial component may be configured to provide wireless communications with the plurality of radio-terminal located on the extraterrestrial body. Moreover, the ancillary extraterrestrial component may reuse at least one satellite frequency of the satellite frequency band and the space-based component and the ancillary extraterrestrial component may be configured to relay communications there between. An exciter system is provided for use in facilitating electromagnetic communication within an enclosed space. The system includes an exciter which may be in the form of a three dimensional hemispherical exciter or a two dimensional planar sector exciter depending on the size of the associated structure and the power requirements of operation. The exciter system operates in conjunction with a hub/controller network. The exciter system is adapted to induce a quasi-static evanescent field within the space and to thereby enable communications using the evanescent field at frequencies within an operational frequency range determined by the characteristics of the space. The exciter is mounted in opposition to a portion of a conductive framework within the enclosed space. In operation an coaxial connector connects the exciter to die hub/controller network with the central conductor connecting at a feed point to the exciter while the shield conductor is connected to the opposing conductive framework. In some embodiments a post acts as a curtain to enhance performance at tower frequencies. Improved communications systems and methods, however, may be desired to accommodate increasing communications to and from extraterrestrial bodies such as the moor and/or mars as more missions are sent to extraterrestrial bodies. More particularly, communications systems and methods may be desired to accommodate increased communications between radio- terminals on the extraterrestrial body and a satellite orbiting a celestial body and/ or transceivers on earth. The present invention relates generally to wireless communications and more particularly to systems for internal communications within structures, at frequencies in the range of 0.5 to l00 MHz.
Claims
WO 2016/097832 Λ Λ„^ , ^ ^ Λ . «„r. PCT/IB2015/000427
AMENDED CLAIMS
received by the International Bureau on 31 August 2016 (31.08.2016)
Amended Claims of the invention
The present invention is a "Solar Sonic Resonator" precisely designed to enhance, enrich, strengthen and advances radio telescope within certain modalities, in order to send out coded radio signals which are specifically armed with Universal Language for extraterrestrial communications. It is a frequency resonator for frequency stability/modulation/propagation, it is a radio telescope signal resonator, it is also for enhanced signal reception and signal processing systems and it is Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI), which is a technique that uses laser light, together with deep statics sound/video detection, recording and processing to visualize static and dynamic displacements of components with varied optically rough surfaces.
The present invention is precisely a "Solar Sonic Resonator" which is for the most part connects to a variety of electric and electronic components for the sole purpose of stimulating and so producing extraterrestrial communications "free of obstacles". The Solar Sonic Resonator is the invention itself, being manifested as a control tower of the entire extraterrestrial communication system set-up). "The Solar Sonic Resonator" is the actual invention itself which enhances and connects to all of the designated Radio Telescope, Ground Satellite, in-orbit Satellite, Radar, Antenna, Sensors, Transducers, Receivers, Transmitters, Audio Capabilities, Visual Capabilities, Motion Detectors, Heat Signature Sensors, Signal Enhancers, Receptors, Exciters, Agitators, Electromagnetic Propagation Stimulator, Electromagnetic Sensory Excitation Navigator, Super Sonic Transceivers, Sound Light Digital Lazing Modulator, EMP Modulator, Super-Beam Lazing Modulator, Extensive Software, Hardware and Chips for On-Site Experimentations, Multi-High-Beam Laser Recording Devices, Modulators, Converters, Synthesizers, Modular, Demodulators, Oscillators, Neutrino Detectors, Gravitational Wave Detectors, Capacitors, Circuits, Unites, Integrated Circuitries, Inductors, Conductors, Encoding Circuit, Encrypting Circuit, Decrypting Circuit, Correlators & Multiplicity of Effects.
The present invention provides communication system "Solar Sonic Resonator" that is operated based on a Signal Processing Apparatus, wherein radio-terminals are configured to so provide full duplex voice with specifically processed communications and wherein a radio-terminal is configured to provide digital data communications,. It is an invention according to logistical claims comprising communication system into deep space, defining a respective wireless communications coverage area within such system, It is also an invention wherein the terrestrial-based communication system and the ancillary terrestrial components are configured to relay communications between radio-terminals on earth and potential communication channels originated from various earthly-based and also space-based undesignated destinations (in-orbit-satellites).
The present invention also relates to electronic means comprising one or more printed circuit boards, or PCBs, for A/D conversion and one or more PCBs for digitally processing digital signals, each of which comprises a FPGA device and is being connected to each other in cascade. The invention relates to a radio astronomic receiver equipped with a digital multi-channel system of this type and connected to other parts.
The present invention provides a communications system wherein "Solar Sonic Resonator" is configured to provide communications that arc wireless via radio telescope and over ground satellite, in-orbit-satcllite frequency band and wherein the ancillary terrestrial component is configured to use at least one frequency of the satellite frequency band.
The present invention provides a communication system wherein signal processing operation, including performing signal processing by at least two signal processing units and controlling the signal processing, said controlling including generating a separate set of command instructions for each signal processing unit, said command instructions being readable by the respective signal processing unit and reprogramming the interface node connected to the adapted signal processing unit.
The present invention provides a communication system wherein an assembly of at least one control unit and an interface to a signal processing device, said control unit being arranged to generate a set of control commands and presenting the control commands at an output; the interface including at least two interfacing
nodes, each of interfacing nodes including a data input connected to one control unit, for receiving control data from the control unit with a command data generator for generating command instructions in response to the received control data, said command instructions being readable by the signal processing device connected to the node.
The present invention provides a communication system wherein radio telescope is retrofitted within its components and configured to provide wireless communications via Solar Sonic Resonator and over a satellite frequency band wherein the ancillary terrestrial component is configured to use at least one frequency of the satellite frequency band.
The present invention is a digital channel system for processing radio signals, in particular of the wide band type, comprising electronic means for the analogue-to- digital, or All For One / Actors For Objects, conversion of one or more intermediate frequency, or IF, radio signals, and for subsequent digital frequency conversion of the signals from IF to one or more basebands, the system being characterized in that the electronic means arc modular.
The present invention provides a communication system wherein satellite frequency band 20 is most applicable to communications driven by the radio telescope and comprises the same frequency pattern, such that communications between the radio-terminals are relayed through the ancillary terrestrial components and configured to provide full duplex voice communications (having 2 parts, in particular of communications system such as computer circuit and then systematically allowing the transmission of 2 signals simultaneously in opposite directions).
The present invention also relates to a digital channel system for processing radio signals of the wide band type, comprising modular electronic means for the analogue-to-digital, or A/D, conversion of one or more intermediate frequency, or IF, radio signals, and for subsequent digital frequency conversion of signals
The present invention provides a communications system comprising terrestrial -based components of radio telescope/Solar Sonic Resonator that are configured to provide wireless communications to a plurality of radio-terminals located on earth to and from in-orbit satellite and over frequency band wherein the terrestrial-based components have one satellite orbiting the earth for frequency integration.
The present invention provides a communication system designed to establish the direct wireless links between the terrestrial -based components of both radio telescope and the Solar Sonic Resonator and relaying communications using the direct wireless links and detecting by the ancillary terrestrial component transmissions.
The present invention provides a communication system for processing of signals, including at least one signal processing unit and at least one control unit arranged to generate a set of control commands and presenting the control commands at an output with at least two interfacing nodes, each of the interfacing nodes including data input connected to one control unit, for receiving control data from control unit and a command data generator for generating command instructions in response to the received control data, such command instructions are systematically being readable by a signal processing unit connected to the node.
The present invention provides a communication system wherein the interfacing node includes memory, a specification of a finite state machine corresponding to the signal processing unit can be stored, and an interpreting unit for interpreting the specification and controlling a programmable device to function in accordance with the specification and can also be modified by reprogramming or replacing with another component, a system including at least one platform, such as a field programmable gate array or system on a chip, on which at least one of said interface nodes and signal processing unit are implemented, wherein on at least one of said platforms a plurality of signal processing units and interfacing nodes is implemented.
Solar Sonic Resonator System is provided for use in facilitating electromagnetic communication within an enclosed space. The system includes communication chips resonating throughout and within the entire system which in the form of multidimensional hemispherical resonance depending on size of the associated structures
and the power requirements of said operation. Also, the claims relates generally to wireless communications and more particularly to systems for internal communications within structures at specified Radio Telescope Frequencies.
The present invention has one or more printed circuit boards, or PCBs, for AID conversion, each of which samples a respective input signal IF at a sampling frequency f: and one or more PCBs for digitally processing signals, each of which comprises a FPGA device and being connected to each other in cascade along at least two communication channels comprising a first channel through which the input signals are transmitted to the boards and a second channel through which the output data obtained from digital frequency conversion and digital processing of the sampled signals are transmitted, one portion of each channel being built into each FPGA board.
The present invention comprises FPGA device that regenerates and processes the data; a transmission bus comprising controlled impedance and delay connection lines; and transmission connectors; in such a way that the system distribute signal processing in series and/or in parallel over one or more FPGA boards so that each FPGA board performs preferably a part of the digital process, operating more preferably at a lower frequency than the sampling frequency.
The present invention has an internal system characterized for each channel, the receiving connectors and the transmission connectors are superposed and mounted one under the other in identical position on two opposite faces of the respective FPGA board with opposite electromechanical male-to-female connection, each of the connectors being preferably a surface mount device, (or SMD connector).
The present invention has an internal system characterized in that, for each channel, the receiving and lo transmission bus connection lines are of the differential type, preferably according to the LVPECL or LVDS standard, more preferably made using micro wire technology with braided elements, controlled impedance, and length controlled to within one millimeter; and even more preferably, with controlled impedance of 50 ohms and lines belonging to the same bus being equal in length, each of the receiving and transmission buses comprising most preferably 64+64 differential data lines and 4+4 differential clock lines.
The present invention has an internal system characterized in that it further comprises, at the trailing end of the cascade, a final PCB operating as an output interface to provide the data obtained from digital frequency conversion and digital processing of sampled signals, the trailing-end board preferably monitoring system operation, preferably providing a digital total power measurement of the one or more IF frequency radio signals and/or driving an automatic system gain control, most preferably being able to be disabled and/or providing an analogue output signal, most preferably through a digital-analogue converter, that can be used bv a monitor. 2- The present invention has an internal system characterized in that it further comprises, at the leading end of the cascade, an initial PCB for checking the programming operations of the FPGA boards preferably by sending configuration register programming and updating signals and/or the signals for setting the AfD boards over a third configuration and monitoring channel along which the one or more A/D boards and the one or more FPGA boards are also connected in cascade, the leading-end PCB being even more preferably connectable to a controlling computer.
The present invention has an internal system characterized in that, it is designed to perform a complex digital process for converting a single side band, or SSB, frequency to an output bandwidth bwo starting from a bandwidth bwi where bwo < bwi/16, in such a way as to create two stages that receive, respectively, the real and imaginary components of the one or more IF frequency radio signals and convert them to output baseband bwo; a delay line that delays the real component; a Hilbcrt finite impulse response, or FIR, filter that offsets the imaginary component by 90°; an adder and a subtracter that respectively add and subtract the data from the delay line and from the Hilbert FDR, filter is to obtain the data of the lower side band and the data of the higher side band, respectively.
_^f The present invention has an internal system characterized in that, the system creating, for each of the two stages of conversion to the output baseband bwo, a set of N local oscillators preferably implemented as direct
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digital synthesizers, or DDS, each of which sends an output signal to a respective digital mixer that receives from the first communication channel a respective sub-sequence of samples of the one or more IF frequency radio signals, each oscillator and each mixer operating at a frequency of f N, each oscillator providing its output data with different phase offsets under equal conditions of interval for each working cycle at I'/N, the outputs of the set of mixers being applied to polyphase filter with N channels that implements a low -pass filter whose cutoff frequency corresponds to the baseband bwo, the output of the polyphase filter being then applied to an output communication channel coinciding with the next portion of the first channel.
The present invention has an internal system characterized in that, it is designed to perform a digital process for converting to an output bandwidth bwo starting from a bandwidth bwi where bwi/ 16 < bwo < bwi, in such a way as to create bandpass FIR filter in parallel implementation with M branches, said FIR filter having N taps, where ≤N, or taps with bandpass filter coefficients h(0)h(N-l) and sequentially receiving as input groups of M samples of the one or more IF frequency radio signals, each branch processing after receiving a complete new group of M input samples, an output data item of a group of M temporally consecutive output data items from the bandpass FIR filter, the oldest group of IVI samples being rejected from the system after receiving a complete new group of M input samples.
The present invention has an internal system characterized that it operates as the back-end unit in the data acquisition chain for very long base interferometry (VLBI), the trailing- end board acting as VLBI Standard Interface (VSI) connectable to a sub-unit for recording and/or transmitting data. A radio astronomic receiver comprising a digital back-end unit, characterized in that said digital back-end unit is a digital multi-channel system for processing radio signals.
We explain the basis for our Hi-Tech Assertions in a systematic manner whereas we will illustrate further details of the underlying contents with their accompanied data, in the pages ahead, hoping for patentability:
Wavelength = 656 nm
Ε'Π Transmitting ( Uplink) Telescope Diameter = 10.0 m
Earth Station Receiving (Downlink) Telescope Diameter = 10.0 m
Atmospheric Transmission = 0.40
Telescope Efficiency = 0.70
Spectrometer Efficiency = 0.50
Quantum Efficiency = 0.50
NEP For Incoherent Receiver. 10'4 p\V//Hz
Dark Current < 3.2 x 106 pA K 20 cps or 2 x 10"8 counts/ns)
Fraunhofer Suppression = 0 dB
CW Optical Bandwidth = 100 GHz (0.14 nm). Pulse Optical Bandwidth » 100 GHz
Unpolarized Detected Optical Background . -112 dBW = 6.3 x 10 12 W = 2.1 x 107 photons/s = 2.1 x 10 2 photons/ns (1.0 x
10 " counts/ns)
Solar EIRP = 3.9 x 1026 W
Negative SNRs or insufficient bandwidth (IB) the results assume that star and transmitter arc not separately resolved for the digital modulation systems. The pulse SNR for Poisson counting is taken to be the photon detection rate per pulse, for pulsed SNRs > 20 dB. Bit Error Rate (BER) < Ιθ The ETI Transmitting (Uplink) Telescope Diameter = 10.0 m
NASA, SETI & CETI had publically announced after their apparent failure to respond to the 1977 WOW Signal from outer space to the present time, that in light of new findings and insights, it seems appropriate to put excessive euphoria to rest and to take a more down-to-earth view. We should quietly admit that the early estimates that there may be a million, a hundred thousand, or ten thousand advanced extraterrestrial civilizations in our galaxy and may no longer be tenable."
The underlying invention is "Solar Sonic Resonator" for deep space multidimensional coded universal communications via magnetosphere armed signals and quantum frequency resonance of cosmic radio waves.
The present invention is solar sonic universe multidimensional radio astronomical control tower resonator for systemic multi-communication and manipulation of resonating matters and antimatters in the universe.
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The solar sonic multidimensional interstellar radio signal communications resonator is a novel technology precisely pertaining to deep space multidimensional radio signal communications, which is an art, reflected within the formal technology stated title; it has been globally investigated for being novel, non obvious and industrially applicable, unique, noble & extremely efficient system to communicate with non human entities.
The present invention is also a designed system for distributed processing of signals, including, at least one signal processing unit and at least one control unit arranged to generate a set of control commands and presenting the control commands at an output and at least two interfacing nodes, each of said interfacing nodes including a data input connected to one control unit, for receiving control data from the control unit.
In the current amended claims, due to much complications and VVIPO required amendments and corrections of the space based components we had originally presented, we have decided for the system to operate in a different manner which is quite novel, patentable and industrially applicable. The present invention relates generally to wireless communications and more particularly to systems for internal communications within structures at specified Radio Telescope Frequencies.
More particularly, communications systems and methods maybe swiftly desired to accommodate increased communications between radio-terminals, ground satellite, radio transmitter, antenna radio receiver, radar, sound transmitting system, visual transmitting system, motion transmitting sensors, heat fluctuation sensors, and satellite in orbit, as radio telescope and earthly transceivers will permanently replace extraterrestrial and celestial body that were previously presented in claims.
The "Solar Sonic Resonator" will act as "Control Tower" therefore it w ill act as a curtain to swiftly enhance performance at tower frequencies and to improve communications systems and methods, however, it will be desired to accommodate increasing communications to and from radio telescope, ground satellite, antennas, radio transmitter, radio receiver, radar detector, sound transmitting system and more sophisticated visual transmitting system and motion transmitting sensors, rapid heat fluctuation sensors, transceivers, enhancers, transducers and whatever number of satellites needed in orbit.
A transducer is a device that converts one form of energy to another. Usually a transducer converts a signal in one form of energy to a signal in another. Transducers are often employed at the boundaries of automation measurement, and control systems, where electrical signals converted to and from other physical quantities (energy, force, torque, light, motion, position, the process of converting one form of energy to another or retrofit it is also known as transduction.
"Solar Sonic Resonator" operates in conjunction with a hub/controller network. The resonator system is adapted to induce a quasi-static evanescent field within the space and to thereby enable communications using the evanescent field at frequency within an operational frequency range determined by characteristics of the space.
The present invention is also a designed system for distributed processing of signals, including, at least one command data generator for generating command instructions in response to the received control data, said command instructions being readable by the signal processing device connected to the node and a control output for outputting generated command instructions.
In electromagnetics, evanescent field, or evanescent wave, is an oscillating electric and/or the magnetic field which doesn't propagate as electromagnetic wave but whose energy is spatially concentrated in the vicinity of the source (oscillating charges and currents).
Solar Sonic Resonator System is provided for use in facilitating electromagnetic communication within an enclosed space. The system includes communication chips resonating throughout and within the entire system which in the form of multidimensional hemispherical resonance depending on size of the associated structures and the power requirements of said operation. Also, the claims relates generally to wireless communications and more particularly to systems for internal communications within structures at specified Radio Telescope Frequencies.
The present invention also relates to a digital multi -channel system for processing radio signals, in particular, of the wide band type, comprising modular electronic means for the analogue-to-digital, or A/D, conversion of one or more intermediate frequency, or IF, radio signals, and for the subsequent digital frequency conversion of the signals from IF to one or more basebands.
Such electronic means comprising one or more printed circuit boards, or PCBs, for A/D conversion and one or more PCBs for digitally processing digital signals, each of which comprises a FPGA device, said one or more A/D boards and said one or more FPGA boards being connected to each other in cascade. The invention also relates to a radio astronomic receiver equipped with a digital multi-channel system of this type, that in addition to other attachments.
The present invention is simply a "Solar Sonic Resonator" precisely designed to enhance, enrich, strengthen and advances radio telescope within certain modalities, in order to send out coded radio signals which are specifically armed with Universal Language for extraterrestrial communications. It is a frequency resonator for frequency stability/modulation/propagation, it is a radio telescope signal resonator, it is also for enhanced signal reception and signal processing systems and it is Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI), which is a technique that uses laser light, together with deep statics sound/ video detection, recording and processing to visualize static and dynamic displacements of components with varied optically rough surfaces.
The present invention is precisely a "Solar Sonic Resonator" which is for the most part connects to a variety of electric and electronic components for the sole purpose of stimulating and so producing extraterrestrial communications "free of obstacles". The Solar Sonic Resonator is the invention itself, being manifested as a control tower of the entire extraterrestrial communication system set-up). "The Solar Sonic Resonator" is the actual invention itself which enhances and connects to all of the designated Radio Telescope, Ground Satellite, in-orbit Satellite, Radar, Antenna, Sensors, Transducers, Receivers, Transmitters, Audio Capabilities, Visual Capabilities, Motion Detectors, Heat Signature Sensors, Signal Enhancers, Receptors, Exciters, Agitators, Electromagnetic Propagation Stimulator, Electromagnetic Sensory Excitation Navigator, Super Sonic Transceivers, Sound/Light Digital Lazing Modulator, EMP Modulator, Super-Beam Lazing Modulator, Extensive Software, Hardware and Chips for On-Site Experimentations, Multi-High-Bcam Laser Recording Devices, Modulators, Converters, Synthesizers, Modular, Demodulators, Oscillators, Neutrino Detectors, Gravitational Wave Detectors, Capacitors, Circuits, Unites, Integrated Circuitries, Inductors, Conductors, Encoding Circuit, Encrypting Circuit, Decrypting Circuit, Correlators & Multiplicity of Effects.
Applicable Methodologies of Solar Sonic Extraterrestrial Communication and Manipulation Technologies:
( 1) . Re-arranged and Retrofitted Radio Astronomy Capabilities empowered with Sunbeam Vacuum Reactor (space based energy).
(2) . Solar Sonic Sunbeam Vacuum Reactor for Direct Solar Connectivity with Entire Solar System Energies (space based energy).
(3) . Solar Sonic Sunbeam Vacuum Reactor is gradually covering Alien contact via Earth Energetic modality.
The Present invention provides a system for deep space communications with extraterrestrial alien beings (non human entities). That very space-based system may be configured to provide two way linkage points between earth and deep space and it can also be configured to provide wireless communications between various points in the deep space.
VVe explain the basis for our Hi-Tech Assertions in a systematic manner whereas we will illustrate further details of the underlying contents with their accompanied data, in the pages ahead, hoping for patentability:
Wavelength = 656 nm
ETI Transmitting (Uplink) Telescope Diameter = 10.0 m
Earth Station Receiving (Downlink) Telescope Diameter = 10.0 m
Atmospheric Transmission = 0.40
Telescope Efficiency = 0.70
Spectrometer Efficiency = 0.50
Quantum Efficiency = 0.50
NEP For Incoherent Receiver. 10J pWV/Hz
Dark C urrent < 3.2 x 10 ' pA (< 20 cps or 2 x 10'8 counts/ns )
Fraunhofer Suppression = 0 dB
CW Optical Bandwidth = 100 GHz (0.14 nm i, Pulse Optical Band width » 100 GHz
Unpolarizcd Detected Optical Background . -112 dBVV = 6.3 x 10 ': VV = 2.1 x 107 photons/s = 2.1 x 10': photons/ns (1.0 x 10 " counts/ns) Solar EIRP = 3.9 .x 10:s W
Negative SNRs or insufficient bandwidth (IB) the results assume that star and transmitter are not separately resolved for the digital modulation systems. The pulse SNR for Poisson counting is taken to be the photon detection rate per pulse, for pulsed SNRs > 20 dB, Bit Error Rate (BER) < 10 \ The ETI Transmitting (Uplink) Telescope Diameter = 10.0 m
NASA, SETI & CETI had publically announced after their apparent failure to respond to the 1977 WOW Signal from outer space to the present time, that in light of new findings and insights, it seems appropriate to put excessive euphoria to rest and to take a more down-to-earth view. We should quietly admit that the early estimates that there may be a million, a hundred thousand, or ten thousand advanced extraterrestrial civilizations in our galaxy and may no longer be tenable."
This invention relates to Hi-Tech Communications Systems and methods, more particularly it relates to extraterrestrial communications systems and methods.
The underlying invention is "Solar Sonic Resonator" for deep space multidimensional coded universal communications via magnctosphcrc armed signals and quantum frequency resonance of cosmic radio waves.
The said invention is a solar sonic universe multidimensional radio astronomical control tower resonator for systemic multi-communications and manipulations of all resonating matters and antimatters alike.
The solar sonic multidimensional interstellar radio signal communications resonator is a novel technology precisely pertaining to deep space multidimensional radio signal communications, which is an art reflected within the formal technology stated title.
The invention relates to a system for processing of signals, the invention further relates to a systematic signal processing operation. The invention also relates to a method for controlling and re-configuring a large-scale system for swift processing of signals. The invention further relates to an assembly of at least one control unit and an interface to a signal processing device.
The system is also known to process data or signals using a system or network that includes a plurality of processing components. Such a network may include one or more separate hardware components, such as a Central Processing Unit (CPU), a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) and/or one or more software components running on a programmable device, software processor.
In the network, each of the components processes a part of the data or performs a certain processing task with the data and thereafter passes data to another component. A scalable and speed -optimized mapping of signal processing applications onto such a network requires a scalable and optimized configuration of the components as well as optimal and flexible control of the components.
However, a disadvantage of the prior art systems is that either the performance of the components is reduced by the control or that the system is not flexible, further providing that the system is not scalable and/or not portable across different platforms. Dedicated signal processing devices (also routinely referred to in the art as "Intellectual Property" or IP), can process data streams at very high speed rates in parallel.
However, the development of the interfaces between the controller of the processing devices and the signal processing devices is time consuming. And so, developing or reconfiguring an arrangement of dedicated signal processing devices therefore requires a development of suitable interfaces, each adapted to the specific, dedicated signal processing device and this makes the system quite inflexible.
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General purpose processors (or embedded CPUs) can execute software applications that are relatively flexible and rapid to develop. However, if a general purpose processor is used to control a configuration of dedicated signal processing components, the processor runs at a low speed rate compared to the maximum speed rate of signal processing components. Furthermore, the general purpose processor executes sequential instructions and cannot fulfill hard real-time requirements, whereas the signal processing components typically require to be controlled with hard real-time precision.
The present invention relates to a digital multi-channel system for processing radio signals, preferably of the very wide band type, applicable in particular as a radio astronomic receiver in the data acquisition chain for very long base intcrfcrometry, or VLBI, and which is modular, flexible, reliable, simple and efficient, with an extremely wide operating band, a very limited size, and low production, installation and maintenance costs.
The present invention also relates to a radio astronomic receiver equipped with a digital multi-channel system of this type. The system according to the invention is described herein purely by way of non-limiting example with reference to its application in radio astronomic receivers. It will be understood, however, that the system can be applied to the fields of civil, military and space telecommunications (such as, in mobile telephony, satellite reception, narrow or broad band land communications) and electro-medical instruments (for example, for detecting electromagnetic fields at frequencies up to several GHZ) without departing from the scope of the invention.
The present invention also relates to radio astronomic receivers comprise data receiving and processing apparatus including a front-end stage and a back-end stage, as the front-end stage comprises an antenna, a low-noise amplifier, a mixer for band conversion from radiofrequency, or RF, to intermediate frequency, or IF, and an IF filter.
The present invention also relates to the back-end stage, which is divided into a first unit, comprising a bank of mixers, each used for converting from IF band to a specific baseband to obtain a channel of a plurality of channels, and a second unit, comprising a bank analogue/digital, or A/D, converters, each of which receives an input signal from a corresponding mixer of the bank, and whose output signals are processed by a VLBI standard interface (VSI) sub-unit which sends them to a data recording and/or transmission sub-unit.
In current radio telescopes where the back-end stage is a standard VLBI stage, the first unit, like the front- end stage is substantially analogue, while the second unit is digital. In other words, the first unit processes the signals from the front-end stage by analogue methods up to a maximum 16 MHz band frequency conversion, while the second unit converts the signals from the analogue domain to the digital domain while formatting, transmitting and/or recording the data.
The present invention systems have been enhanced recently which advance the conversion of the signals from the analogue domain to the digital domain, placing the A D converters at the beginning of the back-end stage. Accordingly we developed a VLBI wide band digital back-end system for geodetic applications, comprising in a single electronic board an A/D conversion unit and digital filters equipped with dynamically programmable field programmable gate array (FPGA) devices that convert from IF band to baseband.
The electronic board also mounts a VSI interface and the data recording transmission sub-unit. Moreover, the system is quite flexible since its dimensioning is free to be determined and thus, the FPGA filters can be configured to permit selection of the number of output channels obtained, the frequency and bandwidth of the channels are free to be determined. The aim of this invention is to provide a system that allows very wide band radio signals to be processed in a dynamically flexible, reliable and efficient manner, in particular in the VLBI data acquisition chain for radio astronomic receivers. Another aim of the invention is to provide a system of this type that occupies very little space and that is economical in terms of production, installation and maintenance costs. Also, this invention has for a specific object a digital multi-channel system for processing radio signals. The inventor has developed a data processing system that converts the frequency of radio signals and is designed for use in particular in a radio astronomic receiver as a back-end unit in the data acquisition chain for very long base interferometrv (VLBI), with very long distances between the national, continental and intercontinental receiving elements, for astronomic, geodetic and space research.
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The methodology pursued according to the invention constitutes a multi-channel system for the flexible formation of frequency-converted channels that are independent in terms of bandwidth and tuning. In particular, the system according to the invention allows the production of digital radio systems operating at frequencies higher than those of systems currently available on the market.
The system according to the invention is based on a modular FPGA architecture which, in the preferred embodiment, permits processing of frequency bandwidths of up to more than 1 GHz for frequency intervals of up to more than 3 GHz.
The circuit architecture developed also permits a more general use of VLBI technology. More specifically, the modular FPGA architecture digitally converts the frequency band and selects the channels obtained and is capable of frequency conversions to obtain tunable narrow bands up to 16 MHz and wide bands from 32 to 1024 MHz in octave increments with fixed basebands.
The system according to the invention advances the conversion from the analogue to the digital domain through A/D converters located upstream of digital units for converting frequency from IF to baseband. This makes it possible to use numeric methods to perform frequency conversion, filtering and any other additional data processing operation such as noise mitigation.
In the case of radio astronomic receiver where the bandwidth of signals received greater than 3 GHz, system is applied as back-end unit comprising A/D conversion sub-unit, digital IF to baseband frequency conversion sub-unit, and a VSI interface. In the case of radio astronomic receiver where the bandwidth of the signals received is less than or equal to 3Ghz, there is no mixer for RF to IF band conversion, and no IF filter, since the bandwidth of the signals received by the antenna is already at intermediate frequency IF.
The system comprises high-frequency A/D converters, combine programmable devices on the same hardware support dimensioned in substantially predetermined manner, the system according to invention comprises a plurality of hardware modules, that can be connected to each other in parallel and in series to obtain a modular combination that is flexible and capable of performing complicated processes.
In particular, the system according to the invention can be configured to implement local parallel oscillators and digital parallel filters that can operate with very wide bands while keeping a tight control on phase and bandwidth stability of the data processed that is not possible in analogue domain or in prior digital solutions.
The system according to the invention applied to a radio astronomic receiver comprises four printed circuit boards, or PCBs, for A D conversion, which sample the signals from the respective automatic gain control, or AGC, filters belonging to the receiver front-end stage, at the input of which there are signals belonging to four different IF bandwidths from the BF filter, in the case of a receiver from the low- noise amplifier.
Preferably, the IF input bandwidths can be selected through the front- end stage in the frequency interval from 0 to 3.072 GHz. Preferably, the four A/D boards operate at a sampling frequency of 1024 MHz supplied by a suitable frequency synthesizer and distributor device, fitted to each board and linked to an external reference. This sampling frequency makes it possible to operate with instantaneous bandwidths up to 2.048 GHz in complex sampling mode and with instantaneous bandwidths up to 1.024 GHz in real sampling mode, covering a total bandwidth of more than 3 GHz.
Downstream of the A/D boards there, do 16 PCBs connected in cascade for digitally processing the signals, each of said boards comprise an identical FPGA architecture. The modular assembly of twenty boards has a leading-end board and a trailing-cnd board, having the same circuit configuration, which perform all the service functions of the boards. In particular, the leading-end board checks the programming operations of all the boards for example by sending the programming signals to the FPGA boards. In this regard, the system can be configured by a user on computer connected to the system via leading-end board generates the programming signals of the FPGA boards and the setting signals of the AID boards. The trailing -end board acts as a standard VSI interface providing VLBI output data and monitoring system operation, for example by providing the digital total power measurement of the signal received to drive an automatic system gain
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control (it being possible for a user to disable said control) and also providing an analogue output signal (through a digital-to-analogue converter) for a monitor.
Each of the system boards is connected to the others through 3 communication channels, first channel which the board input signals are transmitted, including signals sampled by A/D boards; a second channel through the output data obtained from the FPGA boards are transmitted; and a third configuration and monitoring channel through which, the signals for programming and updating the board configuration registers, and the data needed by the trailing-end board to monitor system operation are transmitted.
The system according to the invention can distribute processing over the plurality of FPGA boards connected to each other in series or in parallel, each FPGA board performs a process for a well-defined interval of time or frequency, operating at a frequency lower than the original sampling frequency, and performing a part of a complex calculation.
For this purpose, each FPGA board comprises, for each of 3 channels, two buses, each of which respectively receives and transmits the signals and data of the respective channel, and between which an FPGA device is interposed. The FPGA device is preferably a Xilinx FPGA chip with 1152 pins.
In particular, the signals and data are propagated in each board through its FPGA device. Each FPGA board contributes to regeneration of the signals and data propagated in it, restoring them to their initial conditions, and therefore does not deteriorate the quality of the data and contributes to a very limited extent to the delay time with respect to the clock times of the system.
Looking in more detail, the portion of each channel built into each board comprises in cascade: receiving connectors; the receiving bus comprising controlled impedance and delay connection lines; the FPGA device that regenerates and processes the data; the transmission bus comprising controlled impedance and delay connection lines; and transmission connectors.
The receiving and transmission connectors of each of the three pairs of connectors (for each channel and pair of buses) are superposed, that is to say, are mounted one under the other in identical position on the two faces of the respective FPGA board, with opposite electromechanical male -to-female connection, so as to enable a plurality of FPGA boards to be superposed in cascade. Each of the connectors is a surface mount device.
The bus connections are of the differential, LVPECL or LVDS type, made using micro-wire technology with braided elements and controlled impedance, where the length of each bus line is controlled to within one millimeter; more preferably, the bus connections have a controlled impedance of 50 ohms and lines belonging to the same bus are equal in length.
The buses of the first and second channels each comprise 64+64 differential data lines and 4+4 differential clock lines operating at 256 MHZ but able to operate at up to more than 350 MHz, with a total aggregate data rate of approximately 44.8 Gbps.
The system according to the invention uses approximately 34 Gbps for the input bus (that is, the one for the first channel) at an operating frequency of around 256 MHz, while the output bus (that is, the one for the second channel) operates at 128 MHz with a total data rate of approximately 16 Gbps.
Each FPGA board also comprises several auxiliary components such as indicator LEDs, a power supply connector for feeding three supply voltages to the board components, and a lithium button battery with two drop-out diodes for the auxiliary power supply. In the light of the above, an expert in the trade will easily be able to make the portions of the three above mentioned channels necessary for the AfD boards, for the leading-end card and for the trailing-end card. In the system, each PCB, be it an AID converter or an FPGA board, can be superposed over the others, making it possible to create a system with a variable number of cards depending on the processes to be applied to the signals received. This variability permits the use of up to four AfD boards and up to sixteen FPGA boards to create up to differential output channels. Even the order of the A/D boards and the FPGA boards in the cascade can be modified, since each FPGA board
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preferably processes the signals sampled by the A/D boards upstream of it or the data resulting from the processes performed by other FPGA boards upstream of it.
Further, the preferred embodiment of the system according to the invention can be configured in such a way as to operate with four polarizations or bandwidths available for selecting a single tunable channel in a group comprising up to 64 output channels. Further still, the preferred embodiment of the system according to the invention can be configured in such a way as to permit variable tuning at intervals of 1 Hz or less.
By way of non-limiting example, the preferred embodiment of the system according to the invention can be configured as to perform a complex process for converting a single side band, or SSB, frequency to relatively narrow output bandwidths (hereinafter also referred to as bwo) starting from very wide input bandwidths (hereinafter also referred to as bwi), that is to say, for bwo < bwi 16. The system distributes signal processing over two or more FPGA boards in parallel, each pertaining to a well-defined time interval.
As mentioned above, the process performed simultaneously by two or more FPGA boards, each on a different sub-sequence of samples makes it possible to operate at a lower frequency than the original frequency. The preferred embodiment of the system according to the invention makes it possible to perform simultaneously in parallel a number of conversions variable from two to eight with the same number of virtually complete conversion stages, by cascade calculations, each calculation uses the previous result to obtain the next result.
It may be observed that in this case the system creates a set of N local oscillators implemented as Direct Digital Synthesizers, o DDS, each of which sends an output signal to a respective digital mixer. Each mixer receives from the first communication channel, over which are transmitted the samples of the input signal sampled at frequency f, a respective sub-sequence of said samples.
Each oscillator and each mixer operate at a frequency of f/N, each oscillator; to correctly perform baseband frequency conversion provides its output data with different phase ofTsets under equal conditions of interval for each working cycle, which are performed l/N times less frequently than the sampling frequency.
This produces a set of local oscillators to create a similar set of frequency conversions through the digital mixer. The outputs of the set of mixers are applied to a polyphase N-channel filter that implements a low-pass filter whose cutoff frequency corresponds to the desired bandwidth which is narrow compared to the input bandwidth. In particular, unlike conventional polyphase filters, the filter does not have an input switch for routing the input samples since these are already divided by the set of mixers.
The output of the filter, whose data are at frequency f/N, is then applied to an output communication channel (preferably coinciding with the next portion of the first channel which transmits the input to the FPGA boards of the system), which transmits the processed data to the next boards. The system then performs the digital process necessary to obtain the side bands of the desired channel. In particular, two stages like the one of respectively receive the real and imaginary components of the input signal and convert it to baseband.
The real baseband component is then delayed by a delay line, while the imaginary component is applied to a Hubert finite impulse response, or FIR, filter which offsets it by 90°. Next, the components thus processed are added and subtracted by an adder and a sub-tractor, respectively, to obtain the signal of the lower side band signal and the signal of the higher side band, respectively.
These signals are sent to respective FIR filters and which better delimit the side bands and, lastly, the signals thus obtained are sent to the VSI interface. The system may comprise different numbers of A D and FPGA boards so that they can be extended to the maximum capability of the hardware resources, making it possible to pass from parallel implementation to ordinary serial implementation for down-conversions of frequency in the digital domain. The system according to the invention can also be configured in such a way as to obtain wide output bandwidths bwo, preferably variable from bwi/16 to bwi. In this case, the system is configured to create a FIR filter in parallel implementation. Every four new input samples. Proceeding iteratively in this way, the operating frequency is reduced to a quarter of the original frequency. The system according to the invention has obvious advantages. First of all, the system can perform a frequency conversion according to parallel numeric methods, enabling tuning frequency variations as fast as the system clock period for data
transmitted in rapidly switched sequences, or for quasi -simultaneous samplings of different positions of the processed spectrum.
3 I" tn's regard, the system can numerically determine reliably the progress of the stage of generating the signal used as local oscillator in the frequency conversion and can proceed actively in the generating process. A periodic variation at predetermined intervals may therefore be created easily and reliably without any system inertia, the latter being unavoidable in conventional systems, such as PLL systems.
< Having numeric variators that can be used to rapidly change frequency in totally arbitrary manner, within the limits of the generating system, makes it possible to perform tuning processes that are rapidly variable for predetermined lengths of time, according to a desired pattern set by the signals of the system configuration which may even be dynamic. This method might also be used to create a sophisticated cryptography by distributing the information in synchronized manner in a frequency spectrum occupied in variable manner.
¾ ¾ Further, the system according to the invention can be used to create a multichannel unit variable in number of channels and bandwidth, which supports the major modes of VLBI radio astronomic acquisitions used today and also permits a significant increase of the bandpass compared to systems currently in use.
¾ 5 The system according to the invention is also extremely compact, by approximately one order of size, more economical than systems currently in use and, thanks to the full use of digital technologies, much more flexible and accurate. Further, the system according to the invention makes it possible to create digital radio systems that operate at higher frequencies than those currently available for radio astronomic systems.
I O Moreover, the system according to the invention can be applied in sectors other than radio astronomy, such as, for example, civil, military and space telecommunications. Especially in civil telecommunications, a system capable of significantly reducing costs would be a great advantage for mobile telephony, which would be able to operate without any analogue conversion component. Similarly, the invention might be applied to satellite reception, where front-end stages are always analogue, and to broad- or narrow-band land communications.
\ o \ Another sector where rapid data processing technologies widely used is that of electro-medical instruments.
Processes where detection of magnetic fields at frequencies of up to several gigahertzes is performed would indeed benefit from the totally numeric process.
I 2_ The foregoing describes the preferred embodiments and suggested variants of this invention but it shall be understood that the invention may be modified adapted by experts in the field without thereby departing from the scope of the inventive concept.
I 0 We explain the basis for our Hi-Tech Assertions in a systematic manner whereas we will illustrate further details of the underlying contents with their accompanied data, in the pages ahead, hoping for patentability: f Q w Negative SNRs or insufficient bandwidth (IB) the results assume that star and transmitter are not separately ' resolved for the digital modulation systems. The pulse SNR for Poisson counting is taken to be the photon detection rate per pulse, for pulsed SNRs > 20 dB, Bit Error Rate (BER) < 10 s, The ETI Transmitting (Uplink) Telescope Diameter = 10.0 m
θ £" NASA, SETI & CETI had publically announced after their apparent failure to respond to the 1977 WOW Signal from outer space to the present time, that in light of new findings and insights, it seems appropriate to put excessive euphoria to rest and to take a more down-to-earth view. We should quietly admit that the early estimates that there may be a million, a hundred thousand, or ten thousand advanced extraterrestrial civilizations in our galaxy and may no longer be tenable."
The Principal Inventor Dr. Mohammed Ammar, herein presents a World-Class Hi-Tech Patent of Alien Communications and Manipulations Technology; it is by all means a Legendary Work of Precision Targeting beyond the description of words. Dr. Ammar has quite literally communicated with Extraterrestrial Intelligence and has dominated the Electromagnetic Spectrum "Several Times" with Telepathically
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Resonating Capsulated Energy Streaming (TRCES) which is the Universal Alien Language of the Entire Universe. It is a form of Consensually Agreeable Alphabet of the Universe "Interstellar and intergalactic Radio Signal Waves", it is armed with galactic-ally agreeable language and energetic streaming patterns.
Comprehensively detailed evidence of factually existing two-way Extraterrestrial Com munications have been made available as "Exhibits"' with two way recording, and all exhibits can be presented to WIPO with all available proofs and evidences. The ability to communicates, manipulates, cooperates and demonstrates positive exchanges is something that can be proven at once, as we are now all confederates.
A VVorld Class Multidimensional Hi-Tech Patent of Alien Communications and Manipulations Technology via Solar Sonic Resonator and radio telescope signals, those said Radio signals are energetically armed and specifically programmed in order to Communicate, Vibrate, Stimulate, Connect, Dominate, Override, emit, Spread, Publicize, impede, intercept, transfer. Expand, Use, Employ, Receive, Transfer, Mediate, Propagate, Convey, Control, Transmit, Converse, Release, Warn, Demand, Negotiate, Stipulate, Free, Direct, Reverse, Implement, Condition, Contract, Facilitate, Articulate, Instruct, Report, Adjudicate, Prevent, Announce, Propose, Send, Receive, Offer, Grant, Solve. Save, Resolve, Transform, Mediate, Interact, Request, Join, Unite, Plan, Develop, Construct, Impose, Admit, Restrict and Interpret all of Intergalactic and Interstellar Telepathically Resonating Capsulated Energy Streaming, universally known as (TRES).
"Solar Sonic Universe Multidimensional Radio Astronomical Control Tower Resonator for Systematic Multi-Communications and Manipulations of all resonating Matters and Antimatters" both on earth and in space!
Resonator is an apparatus that increases the resonance of a sound, especially a hollow part of a musical instrument, a musical or scientific instrument responding to a single sound or note, used for detecting it when it occurs in combination with other sounds. Also, a resonator is a device that displays electrical resonance, especially one used for the detection of radio waves.
A resonator is a device or system that exhibits resonance or resonant behavior that is naturally oscillates at some frequencies, called its resonant frequencies, with greater amplitude than at others.
The oscillations in a resonator can be cither electromagnetic or mechanical (including acoustic). Resonators
are used to either generate waves of specific frequencies or to select specific frequencies from a signal.
A cavity resonator, usually used in reference to electromagnetic resonators, is one in which waves exist in a hollow space inside the device. Acoustic cavity resonators, in which sound is produced by air vibrating in a cavity with one opening, are known as Helmholtz resonators.
A radio telescope is specialized radio antenna and radio receiver able to receive radio waves from any sources such as astronomical radio sources in the sky in radio astronomy. Radio telescopes are the main observing instrument used in radio astronomy, in the study of the radio frequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum emitted by astronomical objects, just as optical telescopes are the main observing instrument used in traditional optical astronomy which studies light wave part of spectrum coming from astronomical objects.
Radio telescopes are typically large parabolic ("dish") antennas similar to those employed in tracking and communicating with satellites and space probes. They may be used singly, or linked together electronically in an array. Unlike optical telescopes, radio telescopes can be used in the daytime as well as at night.
Since astronomical radio sources such as stars, nebulas and galaxies are very far away, the radio waves coming from them are extremely weak, so radio telescopes require very large antennas to collect enough radio energy to study them, and extremely sensitive receiving equipment. And so, Radio observatories are preferentially located far from major centers of population to avoid electromagnetic interference (EMI) from radio, television, radar, motor vehicles, and other EMI emitting devices.
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The Solar Sonic Multidimensional Interstellar and Intergalactic Radio Signal Communications Resonator is a Novel Technology, pertaining to the open Deep Space Multidimensional Radio Signal Communications and magnetosphere swift Armed Signals and Quantum Algorithm Resonance Signatures of Hydroxy! Molecules Cosmic-Radio-Waves which are multiple sciences reflected within the technology stated. Additionally the communications according to the present invention may be provided between radio-terminals and fixed or wired communication devices.
The present invention relates generally to wireless communications, and more particularly to systems for internal communications within structures, at specified radio telescope frequencies. Communications within buildings and other enclosed spaces have long presented problems. Communication wiring such as for local area networks, is effective but suffers from problems with installation costs, limitations on connection locations and the need for periodic upgrading when technology advances.
Metallic structural members, interior furniture, plumbing and electrical wiring all have a tendency to interfere with conventional wireless communications. Outside interference, such as galactic noise and human generated electromagnetic sources frequently interferes with the quality and efficiency of in-building communications, which compel us to safeguard the control tower station based in some building.
A neglected frequency band in the electromagnetic spectrum, at least from the standpoint of comm unication utilization, is that in the 0.5-100 MHz range. Much of this range is traditionally considered to be less than useful, and is accordingly less regulated by government entities.
One reason that this range is not widely utilized is that the waveforms have sufficiently long wavelengths that structural interference affects transmission and reception. However, with the Solar Sonic Resonator it has become possible to harness this range of frequencies and to turn the factors which have been hindrances into advantages.
An area of electromagnetic phenomena which has been little understood and utilized traditionally is that dealing with evanescent (non-propagating) waves. Commercial utilization of these phenomena has been rare. The phenomena are known and observed in waveguide technology, but are ordinarily a hindrance, and hinder the utility of structure near what is known as "cut-off.
Cut-off occurs for conventional propagation in hollow pipe waveguides when the size of the hollow pipe waveguide is less than one-half (1/2) of the wavelength at the operating frequency. When these conditions obtain, the transmission losses are very high but not infinite.
The expression for attenuation below cut-off in ideal waveguides, Equation 1, may be cut off wavelength /= operating frequency fc-operating frequency at cut-off where the wavelength, is approximately equal to 11.8// (GHz) in inches.
As f is decreased below fc, γ increases from a value of 0 approaching the constant value of when (f/fc « 1. The amount of attenuation is determined only by the cut-off wavelength of the waveguide, which is in general proportional to the transverse size of the waveguide, so that the value of γ may be made almost as large as one pleases by selecting a low cut-off wavelength (small pipe size).
Since (1) holds for any wave in any shape of guide, it follows that choices of wave type and guide shape cannot influence the attenuation constant except as they fix the cut-off w avelength λο.' Wave motion forming core of many subjects in physics is a prominent (interdisciplinary) topic in many textbooks, while traditional wave motion is ofteh dealt with in great detail, the theory of evanescent waves is often only mentioned in passing.
Such small mention is by no means justified as evanescent waves originally indeed introduced as convenient mathematical tools having no application in mind matured in the last decades to a topic of its own intrinsic interest finding an increasing number of applications in basic as well as applied research and in industry.
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Any propagating wave is converted into an evanescent wave when hitting a classically forbidden region (below cut-off)- In this case, at least one component of the wave vector becomes imaginary or a complex value and wave experiences exponential damping when operating in this region (the cut-off effect described above).
Such waves are used as diagnostic tools in many contexts involving waveguides and applications range from diverse areas of solid state physics and microwave-technologies. Explicit examples sho that evanescent waves play critical role in microwaves, optics, and quantum mechanics.
Despite the fact that all of these systems are governed by different wave equations, different dispersion laws and different energy regimes, typical mechanisms accounting for the existence of evanescent waves are conversion into other forms of energy in loss of media cut-off modes in certain directions resulting from reflections in loss less media and gradual leakage of energy from certain guiding structures and mode conversion produced by obstacles or by changes in guiding structures.
Evanescent waves have some peculiar properties sometimes defying intuition. As a typical example the fact was mentioned that they operate in the forbidden region (below cut-off) experiencing exponential damping. Wave motion invol ving evanescent waves is demonstrated with electromagnetic waves using microwaves provides short descriptions of hands-on and more sophisticated experiments with evanescent waves referring for details to easily accessible literature.
It is now can be systematically established that electromagnetic connectivity can be achieved by the use of evanescent non-propagating waves below cut-off or propagating waves above frequency cut-off. Some methodology must be developed which can inject currents into the metallic elements of a structure in order that evanescent waves be generated in the cut-off region.
For frequencies above the cut-off region more traditional antenna technologies can be used. Although these phenomena relating to evanescent waves and other wave characteristics resulting at wavelengths below or near cut-off regions are known, they have not been commercially utilized. In general, these very phenomena considered to be hindrances / nuisances, rather than opportunities for actually enhancing communications.
Applications that are distributed on large systems are often data flow-applications, as in telecommunications, radar, sensor networks for physics (particle detectors in particle accelerators) or distributed radio telescopes. Examples of such distributed systems are distributed radio telescopes and large image processing systems.
Such distributed systems may comprise a hierarchical data processing network, a hierarchical control network, appropriate interface between them, and superimposed synchronization network. The nodes of the data processing network execute applications that are themselves modeled as process networks. The nodes of the control network process and forward control information (to (reconfigure, test, monitor the system) in different operation modes and are themselves modeled as extended finite state machine networks.
Also, the signal processing applications dictate the specification of the system architecture and are dominant over the control applications and typically, the system includes several sub-(sub-) systems down to the level of the components on platforms. Moreover the sub-(sub)-systems have a single entry point for the control.
This imposes a hierarchy in control network. Tasks that arc executed in the data processing network have periodic execution cycles that fall well within periods of a synchronization pulse train that is distributed to all nodes in control network. The control network includes distributed nodes and leaf-nodes; this network is instantiated at design time. Nodes may for example be mapped onto software processors/CPUs (preferably with RISC architecture) and leaf-nodes may be mapped onto software processors and/or timed-FSM plug-ins.
The control network can execute control commands in its nodes and transport the control/monitoring information in the system and to each control application corresponds a set of procedures that schedule the execution of control commands in the network.
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The control commands are issued in a top-down manner from a root to the FSM actors (the nodes in the control network) distributed in the system. These control commands can correspond to a ( reconfiguration, test, reset, monitoring or any other action on the system.
In the network, the nodes are connected across adjacent levels through communication channels. They all receive a global notion of time (synchronization pulse). A suitable period between successive synchronization pulses may for example be the smallest common multiple of all periods in dedicated data processing devices. Finally, the control network is interfaced with processes in the PN network, via its nodes in the lowest level (leaf- nodes), through point to point communication channels. The communication between nodes may be master-slave based. Each node has a unique identifier, which can be masked to address groups of nodes. A node may send a control packed to the node acting as its slave.
The control packets may include two parts: a header and control data information, the header for example may include an ID, which identities the destination node and command, which requests a specific control action and a timcstamp, which indicates the time at which command needs to be executed (with respect to global synchronization pulse), and a priority, which indicates an execution priority order given a timestamp and a size which indicates the length of the control data information.
The control data information contains parameters that are required by a node and related to the command in the packet received and has a control interface mechanism which facilitates the wrapping and the rc-use of high-through data-flow IPs and permits design-scaling and re-use in a network of multiple re-configurable platforms and includes a control network which is based on a (hierarchical) network of synchronized node processors. The node processors can be implemented as Central processing Units or software processors connected to one or more memories which provide suitable instructions to the processors.
In order to prevent resource sharing in the control and monitoring paths, point-to-point control interfaces maybe provided in the network to bridge central control to data-flow processes. Furthermore, the clock domains of the (high-level, soft real-time) control and the (low-level, hard real-time) data processing may be decoupled, so as to allow for a maximal processing frequency in the data processing layer.
By decoupling the clocks of the leaf- nodes and the clocks of the IPs and by preventing resource sharing, each individual high-throughput data-flow IP is able to run at its maximum clock frequency. The design of the system can easily be scaled (increase in the number of dataflow IPs and associated dedicated leaf- nodes, or increase in the number of re- configurable platforms they are mapped onto) without altering the existing designs, facilitating design-reuse as well.
This is achieved through a hierarchical control network with physically separated point-to-point control paths. Furthermore, a synchronization pulse is distributed to all nodes and leaf-nodes in the hierarchical control network. The synchronization pulse preferably has a period which is a common multiple of the periodic execution cycles of all data-flow IPs. This pulse train permits sharing a global notion of time in hierarchical control network. Thus, time-stamps may be generated that relate to this global notion of time so as to execute control commands at specific times in the control network and in the signal processing network.
The root of the hierarchical control network initiates procedures by sending, asynchronously, controls packets towards the nodes. Asynchronous control packets encapsulate a timcstamp and control information including the command. Timestamps correspond to a global time at which the commands must be executed., To be executed, control packets must reach the nodes that will execute the commands at last during the time interval that precedes the writing of the command in the register. This advance provides time enough for the sequential processing (queue, order) of the control packets by the software processors given the fact that only (up to) a few control packets will be sent to a node for a specific time interval.
The approach allows for unordered asynchronous communication of control commands from the control tree. By ordering possibly out-of-order packets in nodes or in leaf-nodes, command packets can be
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transmitted asynchronously to the timed-FSM. Several asynchronous packets can be sent to different nodes, with a same timestamp. This will result in the parallel time-accurate execution of the commands by these nodes and in the parallel control of the concerned data-flow IPs.
This invention allows for rapid adaptation to modifications in required operational modes. The platform and TP specific code is separated from the platform independent code. This is also achieved by disseminating and progressively refining operational modes and corresponding execution of control commands in finite state machines, and through a generic re-usable plug-in mechanism for the IP specific reconfiguration associated with state transitions. Software processors may implement the state machines required to handle the operational modes.
The interfaces between the data-flow IPs and the software processors may be implemented as timed-FSMs, which separate the domain of free-running software processors from the maximal clock of the data-flow IPs. The software processors together with the timed-FSMs (leaf-nodes) handle the transformation, from asynchronously communicated time- stamped commands to time-accurate state-transitions implementing accurately timed reconfiguration of IPs.
The method allows for rapid upgrading of the completion code that controls the data-flow IPs. The individual IP controllers can be plug-ins to a generated limed state-machine implemented in VHDL (Very High Speed Integrated Circuits Hardware Definition Language) or other Hardware definition language (HDL).
The plug-ins can be specified at a high-level by a table representing the control sequences and then be translated into a HDL definition (state-machine) by a suitable program. It is noted that the translation of a control sequence into HDL is generally known in the art of designing logic devices and for the sake of brevity is not described in further detail. The HDL definition may then be read by a compiler program able to read instructions in the specific type of HDL. The HDL code is fed into a logic compiler, and the output is uploaded into programmable logic devices, such as a FPGA (field programmable gate array).
Dedicated timed-FSM plug-ins automatically generated (preferably in portable VHDL or ROM-based) from high-level specifications of time-accurate control sequences of data-flow IPs. Control sequences in plug-ins are activated by a state transition corresponding to a unique command issued from a software processor during a period that precedes the activation of the command.
The command is written in a register until its activation at the beginning of the next period, therefore slack- time in the software processors is tolerated by decoupling the data-flow IP clock domain from the software processor clock domain. Commands are activated (read from register) on the occurrence of an external synchronization pulse. The execution of commands is time-accurate.
Each individual high-throughput data-flow IP is controlled from a high-level without any loss of data across multiple re-configurable platforms via hierarchical network. This is achieved by isolating the control paths from data-flow paths and by interfacing them via the periodic synchronization pulse. Periods of all data-flow IPs, the periodic synchronization pulse is distributed to nodes in entire hierarchical control network and across all re-configurable platforms.
A global notion of time is associated to the periodic and distributed synchronization pulse. The global notion of time is the same for all nodes and leaf- nodes: however it does not determine the clock of the software processors. Each timed- FSM plug-in incorporates a local counter which is incremented at the clock speed of the data-flow IP controlled by this plug-in.
This counter restarts counting from zero when executing a new control command on the occurrence of a synchronization pulse train. Each control sequence in a plug-in is specified as a function of the counter value. The control nodes and root node only need to be aware of their parents and siblings to disseminate control messages appropriately and translate summarized monitoring information upward.
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Inserting layers of control nodes in hierarchichv at compile time permits adapting to the partitioning and distribution of the dominant data processing tasks onto a network of physical platforms. The root node may be completely unaware of the number of tasks and their distribution at the lowest level.
As a result the commands are kept to a minimal size, progressively refined through the hierarchy, and the number of commands passed at each layer is kept constant even if the number of tasks scales up. In this respect, for example, each node may only be aware of its directly connected neighbors and be arranged to perform instructions from its directly adjacent parent node and to generate control commands readable by its directly adjacent child node.
Modifying parameters of a data-flow IP or scaling a data-flow IP requires adapting the associated completion logic. This invention allows doing so without interfering with rest of the design, and therefore facilitating the design-scaling. This is done by taking a specification of the control sequence (including timing constraints) that is determined by IP or hardware component.
From the specification, the logic or code which generates (for all possible control or reconfiguration actions on the IP) the proper control sequence is generated automatically. A timed FSM-plug-in is used to generate proper control sequence by implementing, for each high-level state transition, the logic that can be activated with the time-stamped message to generate the control sequences for the IP; logic is generated for each specific control sequence. The synchronization pulse still has to be connected to this updated plug-in.
With this C-lcvel interconnection mechanism, the data-flow remains undisturbed and all IPs keep running at their maximum speed. Moving a data-flow IP from a re-configurable platform to another or sending high- throughput data between IPs that are mapped onto different platforms may require the introduction of additional IPs for high throughput data-transmission between platforms, such as serialization or concatenation of data packets. This invention permits re-using the leaf- nodes of moved or interconnected data-flow IPs without modify ing them. The constraint is to insert leaf-nodes to control the data-transmission IPs in the design. This is preferably done by creating dedicated FSMs to control this data -transmission IPs and by inserting control sequences into these timed-FSMs. Then these timed-FSMs are preferably connected to a software processor so as to complete a leaf-node. The synchronization pulse has to be connected to the new plug-ins/leaf-nodes.
With this cross-platforms interconnection mechanism, the data-flow remains undisturbed and all IPs keep running at maximum speed and the instantiation of the on-chip control infrastructure is done at design-time. The required C/C++ code to run on CPUs in the control hierarchy as well as the transistor logic including the plug-in for generating the control signals for the IP can be generated automatically from a specification of control actions and a valid specification of the control and data processing network at design-time.
It should be noted that in general RTL is a description of a digital electronic circuit in terms of data flow between registers, which store information between clock cycles in a digital circuit. The RTL description specifies what and where this information is stored and how it is passed through circuit during its operation. The control interface can be adapted when increasing the number of IPs in the data-path by replicating the timed FSM and integrating the IP-specific sequence generators on state transition in the FSM skeleton.
Multiple timed-FSMs can be connected to soft cores implementing the platform-independent FSM and the number of state -transitions which can be handled by the FSM on the CPU and the timed-FSM implemented in RTL is limited only the either the clock of the CPU or by the IP timing constraints for reconfiguration.
Each individual plug-in can run on the same clock as its dedicated data-flow IP (this clock is preferably external or generated by an embedded PLL in a re-configurable platform). Signal processing and the control parts of the data processing application are separated. Furthermore, the control tasks arc synchronized with the data processing tasks. The interface permits reconfiguring and monitoring data processing application without altering its behavior. It facilitates the scaling of the system by allowing systematic wrapping of components.
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Moreover it simplifies insertion of components by supporting specification of their control in extended Finite State Machines in hierarchical control layers without modifying the rest of the interface. The network includes a control network and a data processing network, the data processing network includes two signal processing components connected in series. The signal processing components may be referred to as IP cores.
In this respect, a term TP or IP core is used to refer to a component which contains a block of logic or data (which often is protected by intellectual property and provided by a third party as a black box, hence the name IP), such as a suitably programmed, part of, a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or" an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). The IP may for example be a Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter component, Fast Fourier Transformer (FFT) component or any suitable type of circuit.
An IP core which is positioned, in a data flow direction, upstream receives data to be processed and performs a certain processing function on the received data, a filtering process. The IP core outputs the processed data to IP core positioned downstream of upstream IP core. Downstream IP core performs processing function. Fourier transforming of the filtered data and outputs the further processed data further downstream and includes two IP cores and corresponding interface nodes.
However, depending on the specific implementation can comprise of any suitable number of data processors (IP cores) and any suitable number of interfacing nodes. The control network includes a node processor and interface-node processors. The control network is arranged to control the operation of the data processing network. The control network may for example have the topology of a lattice or tree network. The control network may be a hierarchical network. The control network is a hierarchical tree network of which the node processor forms the root node of the control network. The interface node processors form the leaf nodes of the hierarchical tree network. However, it is also possible that between the roots processor of the control network and the interface node processor further nodes are present, which may be internal nodes. Each of the interface-node processors is connected by means of point-to-point connection to one of dedicated signal processing components in the data processing network. The operation of the interface node processor is controlled by the node processor. To that end, the node processor can send interface node control commands to the interface node processor.
Based on the interface node control commands, the interface node processor generates control signals which are sent to the data processor. The control signals control the settings of the data processor. The interface node processor includes a leaf-node processor which forms an end node of the control network and a controller which is implemented as a time accurate plug-in.
The leaf node processor receives control commands via an input and generates from the control commands macro-commands and optionally controls data, which sent to the controller. Based on the macro-command, the controller generates control signals suitable for the specific data processing component. Thus, in case the data processing component is modified, the control network can be adapted in a simple manner by adjusting or replacing the controller.
Furthermore, since each of the data processing components has a single corresponding interfacing node, each of the data processing components can operate at its own frequency (its maximum frequency). Furthermore, the nodes in the control network are separated from data processing component and accordingly the nodes can operate at a different clock frequency than the data processing component.
The controller can be used as a Hardware Definition Language (HDL) compiler connected to a memory in which a HDL definition of the data processing unit is stored. In case the processing unit is modified, the HDL definition can be adjusted, and accordingly the network 1 is very flexible. The node processor includes an input buffer and an output buffer. A switch is present between the input buffer and the output buffer.
The node processor includes a feedback loop including a queue and order unit followed by an execute unit. The node processor may be connected to nodes higher in the control network and nodes lower i n the control
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network; the packets may be received asynchronously. The received packets are stored in the input buffer (non deterministic merge to handle any possible traffic congestions).
If the destination node of the packet does not match the identifier of the receiving node, the packets is switched to the output buffer. In case the destination of the receiving node matches the identifier of the receiving node, the packet is switched into the feedback loop (Queue and order unit, Execute unit).
On the occurrence of next synchronization pulse in the control network, packets ordered in the queue with respect to the timestamps and priorities. The ordered packets are transmitted to the execute unit as long as timestamps match the globally shared time as given by synchronization pulse. Execution unit implemented as a Finite State Machine with states corresponding to commands.
Each state executes a pre-determined sequence of instructions that can use data provided in the control data information in the packets. In response to receiving a command, the execution units perform a predetermined set of instructions, in a predetermined order. A leaf-node processor in the control network may include an input buffer and an output buffer, the input buffer is connected to a queue and order unit.
The queue and order unit is connected to a monitoring unit and a macro-command output. The queue and order unit can convert (after ordering as in the other nodes) the commands obtained from all packets with identical current ti most amp into a single macro-command, a macro-command is sent to the process dedicated to the leaf- node. The monitoring unit collects data from the process it controls and generates packets to be sent upwards in the network. The monitoring unit is connected with its output to output buffer. The output buffer is connected to other nodes in the network. The monitoring unit may be implemented as extended finite state machine (FSM) that processes incoming monitoring data and generates packets. The states of the extended FSM depend on the macro-commands received from the queue. The processing in FSM may be delayed for data processing period with respect to received macro-commands in order to take into account that the data received from the PN process is only released at end of its period. A controller controls a data processor, to control the process performed by the data processor, the controller has an input/output port that serves as single entry point for the control network connected to the controller.
Via the entry point the macro-commands generated by the leaf-node are received and data is transmitted to the leaf node, the data processor may include an IP, an input and an output multiplexer, a private memory and FIFOs and private memory has segment that is exclusively dealing with monitoring data.
The respective components of the data processor are connected to the controller for receiving control signals and outputting monitoring data to the controller and schematically illustrate a programmable logic device. In this example, the PLD may for instance be a System on a Chip implemented on a FPGA.
The FPGA includes a CPU which can receive control data from other systems connected to the FPGA. The CPU is programmed such that it performs the functions of a node processor as shown in and, together with the buffers, . a leaf node processor as shown in the CPU and the buffer receives a notion of time a synchronization pulse.
The leaf node processor is connected via the buffers with a controller, implemented as concurrent finite state machines, which controls the signal processing IP core. The data is performed by an IP core which receives and outputs data via respective FIFO buffers and includes a PLL which generates a clock signal suitable for the CPU and a clock signal suitable for the IP core and the controller illustrates the rescaling of the system.
The data processing part is provided with two additional IP cores, each of the IP cores is controlled by a respective controller. Each IP core and its corresponding controller receive a dedicated clock signal thus allowing the IP cores to run at their maximum processing speed. Furthermore, an addition CPU operates, together with the buffer connected to FSMs, as a leaf node processor for IP.
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CPU operates, together with/the respective buffers, as leaf nodes for IP, in addition CPU is suitably programmed to operate as a node processor for the three leaf nodes. CPU receives the synchronization pulse and operates at their respective CPU clock frequency. The control network tests the data processing network. In this example, the control network is connected to two, parallel data processing lines. The control network is divided onto three hierarchical levels. A root occupies the first level.
This root is a master for a node and two leaf-nodes that belong to the second and third levels respectively. A first leaf node interfaces and synchronizes the control network with a data generator, thus enabling to update and monitor the amplitude of the generated data. Another leaf-node interfaces and synchronizes the control network with a FIR filter, which permits re-configuring the FIR filter coefficients and monitoring the output.
In each of the data processing lines includes a input a test process the time varying FIR filter and a test process receive control information from a control network starting from a root node. The test generator sinks data into the input port of the FIR filter. The behavior of both components is verified locally and across the network by modifying the FIR filter coefficients and the amplitude of the test data at a fixed point in time.
Dedicated leaf-nodes for both the test and the FIR process monitor the output of the processes after executing the control command and pass this information higher up in the control hierarchy to a node that diagnoses the status of the system. This test has been scheduled as part of a health management routine.
Scheduling in an asynchronous network is possible because the same notion of time distributed to all elements in control network with a synchronization pulse. Test is scheduled in terms of synchronization periods. If TO is the period at which the test command is issued, TN is Nth period. During TO, the root sends asynchronous control packet in control network, it orders the node to start a self-test procedure at Tl. The node executes a pre-defined test procedure from Tl to T7 by generating control packets of the control leaf-nodes. The node monitors the behavior of these leaf-nodes and finally returns the state of the control network and interface with the data processing to the root after the test procedure. The procedure is the very combination of two other subtests, which are performed by the leaf- nodes under the supervision of the node. These two subtests run concurrently since the asynchronous control packets generated by the node towards the two leaf- nodes are interleaved in time. The first subtest executes a set of commands to verify the behavior of the interface between the control network and the data generator.
The amplitude of the data, which was initially set to 0, is set to 1 at T2. The data issued from the generator is monitored during T3. The leaf-node dedicated to the control of the generator receives the monitored data at T4. Finally, this leaf-node sends a packet to the node, indicating the result of the first subtest. The second subtest verifies the behavior of interface to the FIR filter.
It starts with the monitoring of the output of the FIR filter in T4 in order to ensure that the filter received the correct data from the generator. Then the initial set of FIR coefficients is modified during T5 by a new set. The output of the FIR filter is monitored during T6 (to check if the coefficients have been correctly updated) and returned to the leaf-node at T7.
This leaf-node indicates the result of this subtest to the node, the control network enables a synchronicity of parallel distributed processing which is required for real-time processing this requirement translates from real-time to data-driven asynchronous processing systems where the a similar requirement is to minimize memory usage by ensuring there are minimal difference in latency between parallel data pipelines.
The invention is not limited to implementation in the disclosed examples of devices, but can be applied in other devices. The invention is not limited to devices or units implemented in non-programmable hardware but can also be applied in programmable devices or units able to perform the desired device functions by operating in accordance with suitable program code.
Furthermore, the devices may be physically distributed over a number of apparatuses, while regarded as a single device. For example, a node processor may be implemented as a plurality of separate processors
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arranged to perform in combination the functions of the node. Also, devices logically regarded as separate devices may be integrated in a single physical device.
The node processors can be implemented in a single processor able to perform the functions of the respective nodes or the entire system can be implemented on a single chip, as a so called 'system on a chip' or Soc. In the latter case, a number of systems on a chip may be connected to each other via nodes of the control network in order to form a larger system for distributed processing of data.
The invention may be implemented in a computer program for running on a computer system, including code portions for performing steps of a method according to invention when run on a programmable apparatus, such as computer system or enabling a programmable apparatus to perform functions of a device or system according to the invention.
Such a computer program may be provided on a data carrier, such as a CD-rom or diskette, stored with data loadable in a memory of a computer system, the data representing the computer program. The data carrier may be a data connection (telephone cable or wireless connection transmitting signals representing computer program) according to the invention.
Various modifications and changes may be made while the transmitting control data, from the root node, to the dedicated data processing devices, it is possible to apply the mechanisms in a substantially reversed order, for monitoring the dedicated data processing devices. Furthermore, the invention may be applied to a systems and method for designing or implementing a distributed processing system.
This invention is about sending a customized radio telescope signals coded with universally agreeable language and we have in fact sent several signaling messages to the deep space, in hopes of a possible contact. This invention is completely dedicated and responsible for deep space communication technologies with other outer space intelligent lives and domains. The first signal we have received back lasted for 114 seconds, the signal came from an area of Space in the Sagittarius Constellation, the signal was thirty times greater than the background noise of deep space and it cannot be explained by any known natural phenomenon to date.
However, the signal's frequency matched very closely to the Hydrogen Line bombarded with Sun Rays, Hydrogen is the most common element in the universe and so is Solar Energetic Matrix, so Solar Sonic Chief Infusion scientist Dr. Mohammed Ammar strongly believes that Extraterrestrial intelligences have in fact utilized sun rays and Hydrogen to initiate a contact with earth through him, simply because Solar Energetic Matrix vs Hydrogen may very well equate to the transmission of strong radio signals.
Solar Sonic Chief Infusion Scientist Dr. Mohammed Ammar believes this because hydrogen resonates at a near identical frequency to the signal discovered. Skeptics were claiming the signal was from earth, but their unfounded claim was quickly counter debunked because under an international agreement protected spectrum dictated that No Radio Transmitters are permitted in the 1420.41 MHZ Band.
Under International Agreement "Protected spectrum" dictated that No Radio Transmitters are permitted in the 1420.41 MHZ Band. Because of the Band the signal was in, it is therefore widely accepted that the signal discovered is artificial, meaning there is other intelligent life out there. Only the Arrogant will refuse to believe that we are not alone in the Universe. The bandwidth of the signal is less than 10 kHz (each column on the printout corresponds to a 10 kHz-wide channel; the signal is only present in one column). The utilized telescope was fixed and used the rotation of the Earth to scan the sky.
At the speed of the Earth's rotation, and given the width of observation "window", observe any given point for 114 seconds. A continuous extraterrestrial signal, therefore, would be expected to register for 114 seconds, and the recorded intensity of that signal would show a gradual increase for the first 67 seconds peaking when signal reached the center of observation "window" have first increased and then a gradual decrease. Therefore, both the length of the signal, 114 seconds, and the shape of the intensity graph did in fact corresponded to an extraterrestrial origin, the communications have been made several times successfully.
The concept is basically highly retrofitted super large Radio Telescope emerging with Large ground Satellites and involuntarily communicating with existing orbit satellites within its operating range, the overall system control-tower is emerging in to manage all logistical machinery and the super digital highways birthing out as a result of the Interstellar and Intergalactic SSOF Universal Communication Technologies.
The underlying signal technology needed to realistically communicate with other interstellar and intergalactic alien races has finally been accomplished to adequately float the entire universe with respect to the physical light years phenomenon that the signal must penetrate through to actually commence a precisely productive communication and initiate a contact that will not be ignored nor looked at by those involved in encountering it as insignificant initiation.
«2.0 (Q AS such, the Solar Sonic Radio Signal sent will attract any and all Alien Races to its capsulated messages resonating within the SSF energetic anatomy that makes up the radio signal with overwhelming contents. As such, we have managed to arm the signal with capsulated messages via solar energy and sonic energy to the extent that the signal itself is capsulated with packed solar and sonic energies which emit messages upon its arrival to the intended region of the universe. The mathematical language is capped with expeditious universal algorithm, telepathically interstellar communications and intergalactic Super- Solar and Super- Sonic telepathic massages to be conveyed to the intended alien race. The signal cannot and will not be ignored by any alien race whatsoever, for only two reasons; firstly we have tried to communicate Six times before and we have overwhelmingly succeeded, secondly because the very contents of the capsulated messages simply address all of the concerns, interests and dilemmas of every single alien race known within the universe/constellations/galaxies on a wide scale.
Our Signal was a strong narrowband radio signal and it was detected by Dr. Mohammed Ammar the first time in 2005, then 2006, 2007, then we have enhanced the system for better communications and have tried again in 2008 and in 2009 and 2010 as well quite successfully.
Signal bore the expected hallmarks of non-terrestrial and non-Solar System origin. It lasted for the full 114- seconds window that Dr. Ammar was able to observe it in 2005. but all the times after 2005, sessions were in minutes, the signal has been the subject of a good start. Dr. Ammar was amazed at how closely the signal matched the expected signature of an interstellar signal in the antenna used; Dr. Ammar circled the signal on the computer printout and wrote the comment thank you.
Determining a precise location in the sky was complicated by the inventor Dr. Ammar telescope's use of two feed horns to search for signals, each pointing to a slightly different direction in the sky following Earth's rotation; the signal was detected in one of the horns but not in the other, and the data was processed in such a way that it is impossible to determine which of the two horns the signal entered. There are, therefore, two possible right ascension values:
• 19"22"'24.64s ± 5s (positive horn)
• W^S-n-Ol5 ± 5s (negative horn)
A 0 The declination was unambiguously determined to be -27°03' ± 20'. The preceding values are all expressed in terms of the B 1950.0 equinox.
^ A /\ Converted into the J2000.0 equinox, the coordinates become RA= 19h25m31s ± 10s or 19''28'n22s ± 10s and the declination becomes -26°57' ± 20'.
4 2-' This region of the sky lies in the constellation Sagittarius, roughly 2.5 degrees south of the fifth- magnitude star group Chi Sagittarii, and about 3.5 degrees south of the plane of the ecliptic. Tau Sagittarii is the closest easily visible star.
At tne s eei 0^ "ie Earth's rotation, and given the width of the observation "window", the radio telescope could observe any given point for just 114 seconds. A continuous extraterrestrial signal, therefore, would be expected to register for exactly 114 seconds, and the recorded intensity of that signal would show a gradual increase for the first 36 seconds peaking when the signal reached the center of the observation "w indow " and then a gradual decrease.
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2^1 The circled alphanumeric code describes the intensity variation of the signal. A space denotes an intensity between 0 and 1, the numbers 1 to 9 denote the correspondingly numbered intensities (from 1.0 to 9.9), and intensities of 10.0 and above are denoted by a letter ('A' corresponds to intensities between 10.0 and 11.0, 'B' to 11.0 to 12.0, etc.). The value 'U' intensity between 30.0 and 31.0) was the highest detected by the radio telescope; on a linear scale it was over 30 times louder than normal deep space. The intensity in this case is the unit less signal-to-noise ratio, where noise was averaged for that band over the previous few minutes. _ Two different values for its frequency have been given: 1420.3S6 MHz and 1420.4556 MHz. The frequency of the signal matches very closely with the hydrogen line, which is at 1420.40575177 MHz. The hydrogen line frequency is significant for researchers because, it is reasoned, hydrogen is the most common element in the universe, and hydrogen resonates at about 1420.40575177 MHz
2 ) (D And so, extraterrestrials do indeed use that frequency to transmit a strong signal. The underlying 2 different values given for the frequency of the signal (1420.356 MHz and 1420.4556 MHz) are the same distance apart from the hydrogen line the first being about 0.0498 MHz (49.75177 kHz) less than the hydrogen line, and second about 0.0498 MHz (49.84823 kHz) more. The bandwidth of the signal is less than 10 kHz (each column on the printout corresponds to a 10 kHz-wide channel; the signal is only present in one column). The utilized telescope was fixed and used the rotation of the Earth to scan the sky. At the speed of the Earth's rotation, and given the width of observation "window", observe any given point for 114 seconds.
^ J f- A continuous extraterrestrial signal, therefore, would be expected to register for 114 seconds, and recorded intensity of that signal would show a gradual increase for the first 67 seconds peaking when signal reached the center of observation "window" have first increased and then a gradual decrease. Therefore, both the length of the signal, 114 seconds, and the shape of the intensity graph did in fact corresponded to an extraterrestrial origin, the communications have been made several times successfully.
^ \ The concept that was followed was basically retrofitted super large Radio Telescope emerging with Large ground Satellites and involuntarily communicating with existing orbit satellites within its operating range, and the overall system control-tower is emerging in to manage all logistical machinery and the super digital highways birthing out as a result of the Interstellar and Intergalactic SSMF Universally agreeable language of Extraterrestrial Communication Technology.
^ I A The underlying "Solar Sonic Resonator" and the Signal Enhancement Technology which was originally designed to realistically communicate with other interstellar and intergalactic alien races has finally been completed, in order to adequately penetrate through with respect to the physical light years phenomenon that the signal must penetrate through to actually mark a productive communication and also in order to initiate a contact that will not be ignored nor looked at by those involved in encountering it as insignificant initiation.
•^ i?. O As such, the Solar Sonic Radio Signal sent will attract any and all Alien Races to its capsulated messages resonating within the SSF energetic anatomy that makes up the radio signal with overwhelming contents. As such, we have managed to arm the signal with capsulated messages via solar energ and sonic energy to the extent that the signal itself is capsulated with packed solar and sonic energies which emit messages upon its arrival to the intended region of the universe.
51 I The mathematical language is capped with expeditious universal algorithm, telepathically interstellar communications and intergalactic Super- Solar and Super-Sonic telepathic massages to be conveyed to the intended alien race.
<-- -E "^ne s'»na' cannot a"d will not be ignored by any alien race whatsoever, for only two reasons; firstly we have tried to communicate many times before and we have overwhelmingly succeeded, secondly because the very contents of the capsulated messages simply address all of the concerns, interests and dilemmas of every single alien race known within the universe/constellation/galaxies on a wide scale and that is exactly what they want.
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-2 Our Signal was a strong narrowband radio signal and it was detected by Dr. Mohammed Ammar the first time in 2005, then 2006, 2007. then we have enhanced the system for better communications and have tried again in 2008 and in 2009 and 2010 as well quite successfully.
^ Signal bore the expected hallmarks of non-terrestrial and non-Solar System origin. It lasted for the full 1 14- seconds window that Dr. Ammar was able to observe it in 2005, but all the times after 2005, sessions were in minutes, the signal has been the subject of a good start. Dr. Ammar was amazed at how closely the signal matched the expected signature of an interstellar signal in the antenna used; Dr. Ammar circled the signal on the computer printout and wrote the comment thank you.
ζ NASA, SETI & CETI had publically announced after their apparent failure to respond to the 1977 WOW Signal from outer space that in light of new findings and insights, it seems appropriate to put excessive euphoria to rest and to take a more down-to-earth view. We should quietly admit that the early estimates that there may be a million, a hundred thousand, or ten thousand advanced extraterrestrial civilizations in our galaxy and may no longer be tenable."
IZ b Extraterrestrial Communicational Signal originated from deep space and over 10 light years distance and the Summary of SETI System Performance for (Symmetrical) Professional Heterodyne Receivers at range of 10 Light Years and beyond:
This invention illustrates that microwave rationale behind modern-day SETI lore is suspect, and that our search for electromagnetic signals from extraterrestrial technical civilizations may be doomed to failure because we are "tuned to the wrong frequencies."
^ 2, 0 The old idea that lasers would be better for interstellar communications is revisited. That optical transmissions might be superior for CETI/SETI has generally been discounted by the scientific community. Indeed, there is very little about the optical approach, as its efficacy was more or less dismissed by SETI researchers some twenty years ago.
^ eLQ The main reason that the laser approach to SETI has been given a bad "press" is the assumption that ETIs lack the skills to target narrow optical beams into selected stars. This assumption of ineptitude, is shown to be erroneous, and calls into question some aspects of the rationale for Microwave SETI. The detectability of both continuous wave and pulse visible/infrared laser signals is described in certain details.
^ £j This invention illustrates that the modern Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) is being conducted in the wrong part of the electromagnetic spectrum, i.e., that SETI receivers arc presently "tuned to the wrong frequencies". According to the modern broader definition of the word "optical", the wavelength regime embraced covers the region between 350 nm in the ultra-violet up to the far-infrared wavelengths of 1,000,000 nm, where the millimeter-wave band starts.
Our Milky Way galaxy contains about 400 billion stars. We assume, as does most of the SETI community that at any time there are perhaps thousands or tens of thousands of technical civilizations within our own galaxy. There should be at least a reasonable chance that at any time, one such ci vilization might be signaling in our direction from within a sphere several thousand light years in radius. The volume of space within a sphere of two thousand light years in diameter contains about ten million stars, one million of which may be capable of supporting life.
One of the fundamental reasons for proposing the idea that the optical approach to SETI is superior is that the sign of a mature technical civilization is not to waste power over empty space, but to use refined signaling techniques in preference to brute force. Although some have suggested that optical ETI signals would appear in the form of bright flashing points of light, this invention perceives it in a very unlikely manner. The idea that such signals will be like heliographs or semaphores, sending out intense beams at Morse code rates, are
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not one that should be seriously contemplated, as will be shown, there is no need to modulate the entire output of a star in order to be detected across the galaxy.
3 3> Of course, just as on this planet, where there are a variety of communication techniques employed, depending on distance, bandwidth, technologies and materials available, there is no reason to assume that there is only one universal communication frequency or spectral regime employed by ETIs. Different Solar Sonic applications and environments will lead to the optimization of different technologies, so that there may be many so-called "magic wavelengths or frequencies" to penetrate galaxies.
If other radio astronomers do not believe that advanced extraterrestrial technical civilizations would have the wherewithal to aim tight optical beams into neighboring stars, then they need read no further than this here. In correspondence with this invention, It is the view that the capability to target tight optical beams is probably much easier to achieve than developing relativistic or near-relativistic spacecraft.
^^, ζ The same large optical antenna array capability which would allow ETIs to produce narrow transmitter beams would also allow them to "view" planets orbiting nearby stars. Over millennia they will have developed catalogs for the stars in their vicinity, describing their peculiar proper motions, with full details of each star's planetary system. For them, the ballistic skills (point ahead targeting) r quired to land photons on a designated target, over the equivalent of twice the light time distance, will be relatively trivial. This is not to discount the possibility that ETIs may send out space probes to nearby planetary systems to gather information directly in all likelihood.
t 3 & There is a concept inherent in the conventional SETI rationale that says, that the signals we are looking for in the microwave spectrum, may only be monochromatic beacons or acquisition carriers, and that the main transmission channels for extraterrestrials are elsewhere. If this is the case, we might find a narrow -band modulated microwave signal that tells us to tune to some place in the optical regime, and perhaps provide for decoding the wideband optical channel.
However, it is not clear why extraterrestrials would spectrally separate these signals into two different wavelength regimes. Both the monochromatic beacon and the main wideband transmission channel could be side-by-side in the optical spectrum.
Indeed, there would be good signal processing advantages for using what we terrenes would call a "pilot -tone technique", particularly for reception within an atmosphere. Doppler: Shift and Chirp (Drift) would be reduced by the ratio of the optical carrier frequency of the difference frequency, a ratio of the order of 10 s. S, It would also reduce noise effects from the phase and frequency jitter on the transmitter laser and the receiver local-oscillator laser. Such pilot-tone techniques can reduce the effect of transmitter and local- oscillator laser phase-noise and correct for phase-noise and wave-front distortion produced by Earth's atmosphere, allowing more efficient reception with large heterodyning telescopes, reduced signal fading and improved the mean S R.
At the best astronomical observatories in the world, the spectral power in atmospheric turbulence is confined below 30 to 50 Hz. Pilot-tones could remove these fluctuations, and also allow for the implementation of Maximal Ratio Pre-detection Diversity reception using a photo-detector array.
In this invention, we refer to Professional Optical SETI as those using large telescopes, of the order of 10- meter diameter, while Amateur Optical SETI would employ significantly smaller apertures. Another difference between the two kinds of Optical SETI is that while the former could employ either coherent or incoherent optical detection techniques, the latter is reserved for incoherent detection due to its complexity and cost.
The performance of the 1.06 m m and 10.6 m m systems has been severely compromised by restricting the transmitters and receivers to ground-based operation within terrestrial -type atmospheres, and limiting
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beamwidth to 1 second of arc. Note that atmospheric coherence cell size is about 20 cm at 1 = 0.5 m m, and is proportional to 1 6h.
Some Astronomers confuse the issue by suggesting that in order for Optical SETI with tightly focused diffraction-limited transmitter beams to be possible and sensible, we humans must have the capability to do that today. As we know, "SETI" is about the passive act of listening for signs of extraterrestrial intelligence.
For CETI (Communications with Extraterrestrial Intelligence), we are now much closer in time to be in a position to transmit strong gigawatt-type optical signals across the galaxy than we are to the Industrial Revolution. This is practically no time at all on the Cosmic Time Scale.
Perhaps SETI is one way to take those Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) "swords" on both sides of the now defunct Iron Curtain and turn them into CETI "plowshares" However, no one is currently suggesting doing CETI except Solar Sonic Technologies headed by its Chief Infusion Scientist Dr. Mohammed Ammar, the inventor of the "Solar Sonic Resonator".
Concerning present-day knowledge of stellar motions we revised upwards our estimate of the maximum usable uplink gain given in this invention, from 25 X 104 to 25 X 10s; (Gain = 4.4 X 10"). According to present thinking, we readily throws away about a factor of about 400,000 (56 dB) in the gain potential of visible ETI uplinks (for I0-mctcr transmitters. Gain ~ 10'3) because we still ascribes to ETIs the technical capabilities of late 20th Century Earth.
We can be sure that within the next few months we will have obtained data on the peculiar proper motions of nearby stars to correctly aim (point ahead target) narrow optical beams. We presently have lasers powerful enough for the job, but must know how to aim them precisely, or where to aim them. It is conceivable that if we do receive an optical ETI signal, and successfully decode its message, we might find that it contains the relative peculiar proper motion data to allow us to reply with a directed, narrow beam-width, wideband signal. This would in reality be no different to acquiring the knowledge and skills to build the ETI "machine" featured in this very invention "Solar Sonic Resonator".
Assumption of ineptitude, unfortunately, despite declarations to the contrary, many SETI activists have been very anthropocentric and have in the main assumed that ETIs are technically inept. The ("Assumption of Technical Ineptitude"), not to be confused with the "Assumption of Mediocrity" applied to our own emerging technical civilization, has caused a gross under-estimate of the technical prowess of ETIs, their capability to aim very high-power tight beams into the life zones of nearby stars. The onus will be on them to transmit the strongest signal with their planetary, stellar or nuclear-pumped orbital lasers.
It is humbling to remind ourselves that just one century ago, very few people on this planet used electricity. We have come a long way in a short time! Yet, in the space of one hundred years, wc have been able to send astronauts to the Moon, robot probes to other planets, and deploy a large space telescope in Earth orbit. Despite the very unfortunate technical problems that have plagued the 2.4-meter aperture Hubble Space Telescope (HST), vve should note that being representative of state-of-the-art terrene technology, it has a designed angular resolution of 0.043" and a designed pointing accuracy of 0.012".
Solar Sonic Scientists have been somewhat constrained in their imagination by limiting beam divergences to be greater than about one second of arc. A uniformly illuminated diffraction limited ten-meter diameter carbon dioxide (CO:) transmitter has a Full Width Half Maximum beam-width equal to 0.22 arc seconds. When we decide what might be technically feasible in one hundred, one thousand, or ten thousand years, the only thing which should constrain our imagination are the laws of physics as we presently know them. e are reminded that mere decades ago, the idea of geosynchronous communication satellites and men walking on the Moon was considered science tlction.
Professional Optical SETI, in this invention, the model employed for the Professional Optical SETI analysis is based on a very modest normalized continuous wave (cw) transmitter power of 1 kilowatt ( I kW) over a
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range of ten light years. As a modeling convenience, it assumes symmetrical systems, that the receiver aperture is identical to that of the transmitter. This symmetrical modeling technique is one often adopted by previous comparative analyses. In reality, because by definition ETIs will be older and more technically mature civilizations, if and when we do detect ETI, it will be found that the alien transmitters are huge compared to our own puny receivers.
Z ζ ¾s Optical Heterodyne SETI Receiver, assuming that an optical heterodyning receiving system is used for Professional Optical SETI, an optical pre-detection filter is not really required because of the excellent background noise rejection inherent in such systems. In practice, such a receiver would at least be duplicated for the detection of two orthogonally-polarized or circularly-polarized signal components.
• T is optical heterodyne receiver might well use a dye local -oscillator (L.O.) laser that has very narrow line- width (<5 kHz), and which is tunable across the entire visible and near-infrared regimes. The intermediate frequency (I.F.) bandwidth of such a system could be as high as 10 GHz. The optical detection system would consist of an array of PIN or avalanche photo-detectors (APDs), say 128 X 128 pixels.
The idea is that the image of a star would be centered on the array, and if there should happen to be an ETI transmitter around that star, transmitting in our direction, then the signal photons will fall somewhere within the array area. The local-oscillator laser would "illuminate" all the photo-detectors (pixels), either simultaneously or sequentially.
The output of each photo-dctcctor might be taken to a single 10 GHz Multi-Channel Spectrum Analyzer which sequentially samples all 16,384 photo-detectors in the array, or might be one MCSA for every row or for every photo-detector, leading to substantial reductions in search time.
For several practical reasons, Doppler de-chirping, it is likely that the alternative coherent detection technique called "homodyne detection", which is essentially equivalent to a heterodyne system with a zero I.F.. would not be used for the frequency search; it might be employed after acquisition of an ETI signal. ζ 7L Continuous Wave Beacons, the model for the optical systems is based on the use of a heterodyning receiver, and for reference about Professional Optical SETI heterodyne receivers, we will often refer to the term Signal-To-Noise Ratio (SNR) in a generic manner as a means of denoting signal detect-ability.
^n suc'1 cases' nat we rea"y mean is Carrier-To-Noise Ratio (CNR), as the measurement is taken at the intermediate frequency (I.F.) before electrical demodulation (detection) of the signal. In the material on Amateur Optical SETI photon-counting receivers, we will be dealing with the post-detection Signal-To-Noise Ratio, so it is more accurately denoted by the term SNR.
Q q FWHM = Full Width Half Maximum (3 dB beamwidth), 1 Astronomical Unit (A.U.) = 1.496 x 1011 m., ' 1 Light Year (L.Y.) = 9.461 X 1015 m = 63,239 A.U., 1 parsec (psc) = 3.26 L.Y.
9 , Q Signal-To-Planck/Day light Ratios assume polarized starlight and background and no Fraunhofer dark -line suppression (typically 10 to 20 dB). Signal-To-Noise Ratios fall at the rate of 20 dB per decade of range, out to approximately several thousand light years.
3 f Jl Communication engineers know that it is often expedient to normalize the CNR or SNR to a 1 Hz electrical bandwidth; a bandwidth which is thought to be substantially smaller than the minimum bin bandwidth required for actual SETI observations with Professional Optical SETI receivers.
¾ T is allows us to subtract 10 dB from the CNR (SNR) for each decade increase in electrical bandwidth. For instance, a CNR (SNR) of 94 dB re (with respect to) 1 Hz is equivalent to 19 dB re 30 MHz; a figure arrived at by subtracting 10.log (30 X 106) from 94 dB. We shall be referencing these particular numbers again later.
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A bandwidth of " 1 Hz" has a special significance to Microwave SETI researchers. It is often the minimum bin bandwidth employed to analyze the received signals as dispersion effects and Doppler chirp rates in the low microwave region, i.e., around 1.5 GHz, would spread the most monochromatic of signals to that order. The maximum equatorial ground-based chirp near the so-called "water-hole", due to Earth's rotation to be about 0.17 Hz/s, thus, it is important to realize that for this Optical SETI analysis, the 1 Hz bandwidth is used just for the convenience of normalizing the S R.
It does not imply anything about the ideal electrical (I.F.) or post-detection bandwidth. It is generally assumed that the optical pre-detection bandwidth is at least twice the electrical or post-detection bandwidth. It is also useful to normalize the signals to a certain link length. Here we have chosen 10 light years, since it is a convenient distance, corresponding approximately to the nearest stars.
It is then simple to derate the received signal strengths by 20 dB for every factor of ten increases in range. One major reason why the SETI community generally discounts the optical approach is the considerable amount of quantum noise generated by optical photons. As we increase frequency, the number of photons for a given flux intensity progressively falls, i.e., the photons become more energetic, so that there is a noise component "hf" (h = Planck's constant, f = frequency) associated with the statistics of photon arrival times, which exceeds the thermal "kT" (k = Boltzmann's constant, T = temperature) noise. If B^ is the electrical bandwidth, it is assumed that sufficient photons arrive in the observation or measurement time l/B^. In practice, this means that about ten photons have to be detected during each measurement interval. For the photon-starved situation at small and negative SNRs, the (analog) SNR values are somewhat meaningless.
The effective noise temperature of the 656 nm system modeled in this paper is 43,900 Kelvin, considerably more than the 10 K of the microwave system. However, it is the potential enormous transmitter gain capability of optical antennas which can more than make up for this 36 dB reduction in sensitivity (36 dB increase in the noise floor).
In terms of mean transmitter power, it is useful to normalize the different ETI transmitters to a basic unit of 1 kW. Again, this implies no preconception about the actual powers available to ETIs, which inevitably will be far in excess of this. The noise level associated with the signal is assumed to be only that due to quantum shot noise. For power-starved receiving condition, non-Poisson noise at optical frequencies may actually raise the noise floor and degrade the CNR.
In the quantum (Poisson) limited detection case, for every factor of ten that we increase the power, the CNR (SNR) will increase by 10 dB. If the optical receiver is background or internally noise limited, the CNR (SNR) will increase by 20 dB. One of the main benefits from the optical approach is its ability to sustain wideband communications over vast distances with very high EIRPs, but using relatively small apertures.
The latter attribute is particularly useful for spacecraft applications, the EIRP is the apparent power that the transmitter would have to emit for a given received signal intensity, if it was an isotropic radiator, if it radiated energy uniformly in all directions, instead of confining the energy to a narrow beam. It is given by the product of the antenna gain and transmitter power.
The 656 nm system has a Full Width Half Maximum (FWHM) beam-width of 0.014 arcseconds, so that over ten light years, the beam diameter has expanded to about 0.04 Astronomical Units (A.U.); roughly two percent of the diameter of Earth's solar orbit. Signal-To-Noise (SNR) and Signal-To-Planck/Daylight (SPR and SDR) Ratios assume polarized starlight and background, with no Fraunhofer dark-line suppression (typically 10 to 20 dB).
Signal-To-Noise Ratios (SNRs) in the galactic plane fall at the rate of 20 dB per decade of range, out to approximately one thousand light years in the visible regime, where attenuation by gas and dust then begins to become significant, the attenuation in the visible, of 4 dB per three thousand light years (equivalent to a one stellar magnitude reduction in brightness), drops significantly away from the galactic plane.
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~f~ -O Solar Sonic astronomers are left to judge whether ATCs (ETIs) would have the wherewithal to aim narrow optical beams over tens and hundreds of light years and still be sure that their signal would strike a planet orbiting within the targeted star's biosphere (zone of life). Perhaps it is this assumption alone that is the key to the efficacy of the optical approach to SETI.
3 ^*16 °Ρι'οη 's available to defocus (decollimate) the transmitted beam when targeting nearby stars. In such a situation, the signal strength would be weakened (reduced EIRP) for nearby target systems, but would remain relatively constant when operated on more remote targets out to distances of several thousand light years. It does not make sense to cripple the long-range performance of ETI transmitters just because the beams happen to be too narrow for nearby stars.
Solar Sonic Scientists have described how superior ETI technical prowess for transmitting microwave signals at certain preferred times related to the targeted star's proper motion, can lead to an enhanced transmission efficiency, making it more likely that the recipient will be able to detect those signals. In a similar vein, ETIs might make use of the moment of opposition to ensure that a narrow optical beam aimed at a star would be detectable at a target planet approaching opposition. Huge Optical ETI transmitting arrays which arc of planetary size, sending out powerful Free-Electron Laser beams to an enormous number of stars simultaneously. Huge arrays can provide an extended Rayleigh (near-field) range so that the flux densities remain constant (inverse square law does not apply) out to considerable distances. The apparent visual magnitude and brightness of a star, planet, or transmitter, is given for comparison purposes, and is defined only for visible wavelengths, since infrared light is invisible.
ti The apparent visual magnitude of the transmitter is essentially independent of the optical detection bandwidth as long as it is equal to or greater than the signal bandwidth, it is the same for an optical bandwidth of 1 Hz, 1 MHz, or 1 THz; these bandwidths being much less than that of the human eye.
This shows the apparent visual intensity of the transmitter with respect to the alien star. If the 656 nm 1 kW transmitter power is increased by six orders of magnitude to 1 GW, the received signal will increase to 1.6 nW (2.6 X 109 photons detected per second), and the CNR will increase to 94 dB. In a 30 MHz bandwidth this CNR will fall to 19 dB.
This is more than adequate to transmit a standard analog NTSC/PAL/SECAM F.M. video signal over 10 light years, though at a range of 100 light years the CNR would fall to an unusable -1 dB (the F.M. threshold is typically 7 to 10 dB). The Signal-To-Planck Ratio (SPR) on this line takes into account the ability of large diffraction-limited optical telescopes to spatially separate in the focal plane, the image of the transmitted signal from the image of the aliens' star.
This leads to the Signal-To-Planckian Ratio (SPR) being about 10 dB greater than the Signal-To-Daylight Ratio (SDR). Clearly, even when the signal source and Planckian noise are not optically separable, the ratio of the signal to the Planckian background noise is much greater than the quantum shot noise SNR, so it is not limiting on performance. T9 The Ha Hydrogen line upon which the visible Optical SETI model is based, has a wavelength of 656.2808 nm (frequency = 4.57 X 10 Hz), and an effective line-width or bandwidth of 0.402 nm (280 GHz). The actual FWHM line-width is somewhat less that 280 GHz. However, there may be no need to select a laser wavelength to coincide with a Fraunhofer line if optical heterodyne reception is assumed.
l i This is really useful only when incoherent optical detection techniques are employed (material on Amateur Optical SETI) with their relatively wideband optical filters. However, it might be advisable to avoid bright emission lines that rise substantially above the continuum level.
For an advanced technical society, a laser transmitting telescope is only "slightly" more difficult to construct than a microwave transmitting dish. Extraterrestrial Civilizations "With laser light we come closer to a
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practical signaling device than anything yet mentioned, but even a laser signal originating from some planet would, at great distances, be drowned out by the general light of the star the planet circles."
One possibility that has been suggested is this, the spectra of Sun-type stars have numerous dark lines representing missing photons - photons that have been preferentially absorbed by specific atoms in the stars' atmospheres. Suppose a planetary civilization sends out a strong laser beam at the precise energy level of one of the prominent dark lines of the star's spectrum. That would brighten that dark line" a laser system was complicated and that no civilization would be expected to use the harder method if a simpler (microwave) method is available.
This erroneous idea that laser transmitters have to outshine stars to be detectable has unfortunately been accepted by many in the SETI community. Any optical communications signal coming from a planet circling a distant star would have to outshine the star itself in order for us to detect it.
As we have seen, this is simply not true. Indeed, even small incoherent receivers with optical band-widths as large as 100 GHz can produce electronically detectable signals at intensities considerably below that of nearby stars. Note that this statement has nothing to do with the assumed technical beaming prowess of ETIs, only that a visible wavelength cw signal strong enough for good communications, is still weak compared to a star's visual brightness (intensity). With optical heterodyne receivers, whose performance is essentially independent of the optical pre-mixing bandwidth (the effective optical bandwidth for background noise calculations is equal to the electrical intermediate frequency bandwidth), there does not appear to be any necessity to operate within a Fraunhofer dark absorption line in order to avail ourselves of 10 to 20 dB of Planckian continuum noise suppression. % ζ The "magic-wavelength" would thus be determined only by the availability of highly efficient and coherent laser frequencies, the effect of the intrinsic spectral line-width of the carrier is not a factor in the potential SNR (discounting phase noise effects). Some may object to having not divided the transmitter power by the laser line-width. Interstellar communications not just sending an ultra narrow-band beacon, thus, in general, the bandwidth of the signal for effectiveness comparisons will be determined by the modulation sidebands, not the intrinsic line-width of the unmodulated carrier. However, the minimum line-widths obtainable for lasers are likely to be technology and time related so they introduce another degree of uncertainty.
Since modulation bandwidths at optical frequencies arc expected to be substantial and Doppler shifts and chips are of greater significance, there will not be much point in using line-widths much less than 100 kHz. All three beacons (microwave, infrared and visible) are assumed to confine all their energy to a normalized 1 Hz band-width and the intrinsic line-width of the carrier is not part of the efficacy calculation.
The high Signal-To-Daylight (background) ratio indicates that Optical SETI is one of the few branches of optical astronomy, save for solar astronomy, which can he conducted during daylight hours under a clear, blue Earth sky. Since the background detected per diffraction limited pixel is essentially independent of aperture, this ratio (shown for 45 degrees to the zenith) is proportional to the receiving telescope's aperture area, as is the quantum SNR.
The Signal-To-Nightlight ratio for ground-based observatories is some 82 dB greater. Thus, it is suggested that Optical SETI observations with the great optical telescopes of Earth could be conducted during daylight hours while conventional astronomy is conducted at night. Also, telescopes which have been decommissioned due to light pollution effects might be brought back into service.
A future symbiotic relationship (sharing of facilities) between Optical SETI and conventional astronomy, could allow Optical SETI to be conducted for about a quarter of the cost indicated on Line 32 for dedicated observatories. This is the bottom line, showing the SNR (CNR) normalized to a 1 Hz bandwidth. The 34 dB CNR for the 656 nm system corresponds to a photon detection rate of 2,640 per second.
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For practical Professional Optical SETI searches, we should be looking for signals with minimum bandwidths of about 100 kHz. As long as the Signal-To-Planck and Signal-To-Daylight ratios are larger than the quantum S R, the former do not reduce the system performance. Other than the fact that interstellar absorption at microwave frequencies for distances in excess of a few thousand light years is significantly less than in the visible spectrum.
The Microwave system has little to commend it for communications within the solar neighborhood, particularly as the cost of the receiver is about two hundred and fifty times that of a single -aperture ground- based optical counterpart. This is good grounds for thinking "small is beautiful". For some strange reason, while free-space laser communications appears to be fine for future terrene GEO (Geosynchronous Earth Orbit) to LEO (Low Earth Orbit) and deep-space communications (much of this work is being coordinated by Solar Sonic Technologies, elsewhere in these proceedings).
The SETI community appears to be convinced that ETIs would not use such technology for interstellar communications. This is illogical. A presently favored operating wavelength for terrene free-space communications systems is 530 nm (green), obtained by frequency-doubling the 1,060 nm wavelength produced by a laser-diode pumped Nd:YAG laser. Terrene SETI programs appear to have been distorted by poor assumptions; the efficacy of the optical approach was severely hampered by apparently constraining the near-infrared transmitting telescope size to 22.5 cm. It boggles the mind to think that ETIs would be trying to contact us with their equivalent of a Celestron or Meade telescope. This would put the onus on us to build very large and expensive multi-aperture receiving telescopes to pick up their weak signals; surely the very opposite would be the case. SETI was unable even to predict the rise in ascendancy of the ubiquitous semiconductor chip over the following five years and the effect it would have on SETI signal processing.
Since the overall performance of symmetrical systems is proportional to the telescope diameter raised to between the sixth to eighth power (allowing for power density limitations due to heating effects at the transmitter mirror), poor estimations about transmitting and receiving telescope apertures can drastically skew a comparative systems analysis.
In practice, transmitting and receiving telescopes are likely to be extremely asymmetric. If we do discover an optical ETI signal in the next few decades, it will probably be found to have been transmitted by a huge optical array, while our receiving antenna will be a relatively puny telescope. Graph of received signal spectral density, superimposed on the Planckian spectral density curve for a (solar-type) black body radiator at a temperature of 5,778 K.
It is based on the data except for the fact that the microwave system modeled corresponds to a 300-meter diameter dish instead of a 100-meter diameter dish. As a reference performance criterion, a symmetrical microwave system based on the 300-meter diameter Arecibo radio telescope on the island of Puerto Rico, a 1 kW transmitter and a 10 K system temperature, would produce a SNR of about 20 dB re 1 Hz.
This produces a CNR some 19 dB greater than for the 100-meter radio telescope system modeled. The EIRP of the solar-type star = 3.9 X 10~" W, and has an apparent magnitude equal to 2.2. A preferred wavelength, might be 1,060 nm, corresponding to the Nd:YAG transitions in the near-infrared. The corresponding SNR for a 10-meter diameter 1,060 nm system is 32.1 dB, as compared to the 34.2 dB obtained at 656 nm.
One might be forgiven for thinking that in this setting the ETIs are usi ng Compact Disc-type laser-diodes and/or hobby model-type telescopes. The assumed optical EIRPs are much too low, also, the graph is plotted in terms of EIRP, and therefore exaggerates the efficacy of the microwave approach for an electronic receiver (instead of an observer), because it does not show the typical 10 K noise floor of a high-quality microwave receiver, only the radio brightness of a quiet G-type star. The latter is about 54 dB beneath the 10 K systems noise floor and could only be detected after considerable signal integration.
At 1.5 GHz, it is generally the Cosmic Background, i.e., the 2.73 K aftermath of the theoretical Big Bang, and the electronic noise in the microwave front-end that limits signal detect-ability, not Planckian radio noise
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from the star. A graph of spectral levels based on the previous parameters but with the ETI transmitter power increased from 1 kVV to 1 GVV.
2- 33 The a.uan'urn noise floor has been taken as a reference level, so that the available SNR can be more easily illustrated. The CNR = 94 dB re 1 Hz, and the Planckian continuum background noise is 32 dB below the quantum noise. Thus, the stellar background has no effect on SNR. If the bandwidth is increased to 30 MHz, to accommodate analog F.M. TV transmissions, then the CNR falls to 19 dB, which is about 10 dB above the F.M. threshold.
This signal is more than adequate to maintain real-time NTSC/PAL/SECAM TV signals over a distance of ten light years. The thing to really appreciate here is the visual brightness of this transmitter. The apparent visual intensity of the 1 GVV transmitters, the power output of a typical Twentieth Century terrene power station, would rise from an apparent magnitude of +22.7 to +7.7. This is still below unaided human eye visibility (sixth magnitude) even if not obscured by the light of its star, and amounts to only 0.62% of the star's visual intensity when not corrected for wavelength, and less than 0.1 % when corrected for wavelength. This result demonstrates that references to the fact that such signals have never been seen by the unaided eye, or detected in low-resolution spectrographs, proves nothing about whether ETIs are transmitting in the visible spectrum. Simply put, a powerful communications signal is still relatively weak compared to the star's (integrated over wavelength) output radiated in our direction. There are many laser wavelengths in the visible and infrared spectrums that might be suitable for ETI transmitters and local -oscillators. We should not discount the possibility that ETIs may use efficient frequency-doubled lasers, so we might consider exploring the visible spectrum for near-infrared lasers at half their fundamental wavelengths.
Carbon Dioxide (C02) and Semiconductor lasers are very efficient; the CC wavelength of 10,600 nm has been identified as an "optical magic wavelength". There are a variety of chemical lasers, including: Iodine, Hydrogen Bromide, Xenon Hexafluoride, Uranium Hexafluoride, and Sulphur Hexafluoride. These chemical lasers arc efficient and very powerful. Lasers like the Hcliuin-Cadmium and Helium-Neon can be discounted because of their very poor efficiency and low power, even though their temporal coherence is excellent >0$_L Then there are the Argon-Ion lasers which are still relatively inefficient. Probably, one of the more important considerations for an ETI transmitting laser is that it should be capable of being deployed in space or on an atmosphere-less planet, be able to produce extremely high cw or pulse powers, and be nuclear or stellar (solar) pumped. With respect to heterodyne receivers, organic dye lasers are suitable for local -oscillators, with their wide tunability and narrow line-width (<5 kHz).
Lead-salt semiconductor lasers are suitable for infrared local -oscillators. Pulsed Beacons, the projected performance data for a 10-meter diameter telescope with incoherent receiver; this is a large telescope for a 25.4 cm diameter telescope. The system employs incoherent photo-detection, but will use different receivers; one being optimized for low-bandwidth continuous wave detection and the other for wide-bandwidth pulse detection, this signal could be the ETI "beacon" so favored by SETI lore.
"3c 2 Lines "d" and "e" are estimations of the detect-ability of 1 ns beacon pulses, transmitted at one second intervals. Lines "f" to "1" is the performance projections for various digital modulation schemes employing Pulse Position Modulation. The 10-meter telescope has a gain of 32 dB with respect to the 25.4 cm Meade, so that the post-detection SNRs generally differ by 32 dB, except where dark-current and background noise limits the SNR. For a 1 Hz post-detection bandwidth, the 1 GW signal (line "c") will produce a SNR = 83 dB. ό ^y. This is about 11 dB less than was calculated for the professional heterodyning system. A total of 8.5 dB of this difference for this shot noise limited receiver is accounted for by the more conservative approach of including the effects of atmospheric transmission, telescope efficiency and spectrometer efficiency.
Ό The other 3 dB is due to the fact that the basic SNR of a heterodyne system is 3 dB more than for a quantum noise limited direct detection receiver. Transmitter powers of 1 MW (line "b"), the receiver becomes kT or
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dark-current noise limited, so the S R falls at 30 dB for a further 30 dB decrease in transmitter power to 1 kW (line "a").
It should be clear in assuming the advanced technical prowess of ETIs in producing powerful cw and pulsed laser transmitters, that the cw and single-pulsed S Rs (line "d" and "e") are adequate to allow detection by 10-meter diameter receiving telescopes. It can be seen that cw SNRs are more than large enough to allow for the successful demodulation of intelligence for low bandwidth modulation.
^ # The pulsed scenarios of "d" and "e" would be easily detectable and could constitute a "pulsed beacon". For the digital systems, signal levels for the scenarios "f" to "1" are generally of sufficient intensity to allow detection with near error-free or error-free demodulation. The number of photons required per bit of information is often taken as a measure of the quality of the communication system; scenario "g", the number of photons required per bit is 2.
3 D 9 For the pulsed systems, the background radiation count due to the extra-solar background in a 100 GHz (0.14 nm) optical bandwidth is essentially negligible, i.e., 1.0 X 10": counts per ns for the 10 meter diameter telescope. Thus, speculating these high EIRPs, optical bandwidths can be made significantly larger than 100 GHz without impacting the SNR and Bit-Error-Rate (BER). Conventional low-cost interference Filters of 10 nm bandwidth would not impact the SNR or BER. Indeed, the optical bandwidth could be increased substantially above 100 nm before significant degradation occurred in the scenarios with positive SNRs. This is a major advantage over the cw approach and it also significantly cuts down the search time. If counting is done during short time intervals, it is much easier to make the effect of dark current insignificant, since as with stellar background radiation, the noise count during the short pulses will be very small, 2 X 10"8 counts per nanosecond time slot. Since photon counts are 390 counts per pulse for the "k" scenario of Table 1, it can be seen that this level of dark-current can have no effect on SNR and BER.
)Q Optical Search, an "All Sky Survey" of the type planned for the High Resolution Microwave Survey (HRMS) Project, which pixelizes the entire celestial sphere, does not make sense in the optical regime. The 10 beams for a diffraction-limited 10-meter diameter visible-wavelength telescope are mainly wasted looking out into empty (local) space. For a celestial sphere one thousand light years in radius, containing one million solar- type stars, the average angular separation between stars is 0.23 degrees.
A 34-mctcr diameter radio telescope at 1.5 GHz has a typical ficld-of-vicw (FOV) of 0.41 X 0.41 degrees, and thus, on average, its FOV encompasses several stars. It is efficient when conducting a radio "All Sky Survey" to continuously scan the celestial sphere in consecutive or adjacent strips or sectors. It will be noted here that if the new OSETI lore would have us search for high intensity pulsed beacons, then it may be possible to attempt an Optical All Sky Survey with non-diffraction limited telescopes, with "light-buckets", in a more reasonable amount of time.
The 10-meter diameter Professional 656 nm Optical SET! Telescope would have a typical FOV = 0.33 X 0.33 degrees and a 128 X 128 photo-detector array FOV = 2.1" X 2.1". Since the average separation between the 1 million stars seen looking through a sphere 1,000 light years in radius, is 0.23 degrees, the average number of stars in the optical array FOV is 6.4 X 10"6.
Thus, the narrow diffraction-limited field-of-view means that for most of the time the optical detector(s) would be viewing empty space. A similar situation prevails for the smaller, single detector amateur optical telescopes, that because an "All Sky Survey" would be out of the question at optical frequencies, this implies that ETIs would not use these frequencies.
What we may wish to do is to have a Targeted Search of tens of thousands of stars, instead of a mere eight
hundred. However, each time we wish to scan another star in the frequency domain, we will move the telescope to an adjacent sector of the sky that contains the desired object.
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While there is the possibility that ETI transmitters exist in the interstellar voids, far from their home stars, this scenario is unlikely (except perhaps within our own solar system, von Neumann-type prohes), if for no other reason than it would place the energy-intensive transmitters far from "cheap" plentiful energy source.
One of the many objections made to the optical approach to SETI is that there are just too many frequencies to search. Even under the cw rationale, this is more a perception than a reality because of the wider signal bandwidths assumed. The number of frequencies to search in the microwave and optical haystacks are of similar magnitude. Wide bandwidth means that laser line-widths, Doppler shifts, and chirps (drifts) are less significant, and the number of frequencies to search in the optical spectrum is more manageable.
Just because visible frequencies are over five orders of magnitude higher than microwave frequencies does not mean that there are over 10 more frequencies to search in the optical frequency domain. The modulation bandwidth of proposed optical ETI signals as a percentage of the carrier frequency may be as large as or larger than the percentage modulation bandwidth of proposed microwave ETI signals.
In fact, assuming minimum bin bandwidths of 100 kHz, the number of frequencies to search in the entire optical spectrum may not be much greater than the number of 1 Hz frequencies between 1 and 10 GHz, nine billion and this too has important ramifications in terms of the search time. For a drifting carrier signal, one subjected to Doppler Chirp, the optimum detection bandwidth is equal to the square root of the frequency drift rate. This assumes that the local-oscillator laser is not de-chirped.
Thus, the optimum bandwidth for a monochromatic 1.5 GHz signal drifting at a local Dopplcr Chirp rate of 0.17 Hz/s is about 0.4 Hz, while for a monochromatic 656 nm signal drifting at 51 kHz/s, the optimum bandwidth is 226 Hz. If the bin bandwidth is excessive, too much system noise is detected, and the CNR is degraded. On the other hand, if the bin bandwidth is too small, the response time of the filter (approximately 1/Bif) is insufficient to respond to all the energy in the signal as it sweeps by, again leading to a reduction in CNR and detect-ability.
The time that would be required at visible wavelengths for both an All Sky Survey and a Targeted Search has been estimated. With a 100 kHz minimum bin bandwidths, a 128 X 128 array would take 0.164 s to scan. If we assume no scan dead time, then to scan the entire visible band between 350 nm and 700 nm at sensitivity level of about -150 dBVV/m2 ( lO '3 W/m2), would take about two hours.
An All Sky Survey of this type would take at least 136 million years! If a survey of this type could have been started when the dinosaurs roamed Earth, we would be just about reaching the end of the first scan. On the other hand, for a sensitivity of- 150 dBW/m", a Targeted Search scan of a single star over the 280 GHz effective bandwidth of the 656 nm Fraunhofer line with a 10 GHz MCSA, with on-line data storage, and a 10 m s pixel sampling time, would take 4.6 seconds. This is a very reasonable time, so that a slower scan at selected laser and Fraunhofer lines could be performed to reduce the minimum detectable flux levels.
Professional C02 SETI, Solar Sonic Researchers are involved with the only observational Infrared Optical SETI work presently being done, or anywhere for that matter, and is supported by a NASA grant NAGW- 681. This low-profile SETI work is being done on Mount Wilson, and is piggy-backed onto a much larger NASA program to investigate astrophysical phenomena at the galactic center, from a possible black hole.
Earlier it was stated that the minimum beam divergence thought possible was about one second of arc. However, minimum beam divergence now indicates that a new and more optimistic limitation of about 0.1 second of arc. This is only a factor of 7.25 greater than the 0.0138" diffraction limited beam-width for the visible system.
By assuming that the nearest stars to be targeted are around 50 parsecs (163 L.Y.) away, a beam divergence
of 0.1 arcsecond is compatible with the expected zones of life. Because of this increase in beam directivity, the system will then get an infrared SNR improvement over the 300-meter diameter Arecibo system of about 3 dB (a factor of 2).
Also showing that the microwave system has a CNR of 20 dB, while the infrared system has a CNR of 22 dB; a 2 dB difference in favor of the infrared system, thus, taking into account the slightly different assumptions made in this analysis, the transmission relationship, the microwave front-end temperature and quantum efficiency, the theoretical results for the CO: system in this invention are all in very close agreement.
The CO: telescope is computer driven, with the ability to point blind to approximately one arcsecond, both during the day and night. CO: SETI is just as effective during the day as at night, since whatever the limitations of the sk background, it is essentially constant over the 24 hour day. Large part of the optical path passed through the atmospheres of these planets and where lasers would pump by the solar radiation.
Adaptive telescope Technology, Perhaps one of the most exciting developments in modern optical astronomy is the subject of adaptive telescope technology. The inventor strongly believes that this not only has profound implications for conventional optical astronomy but also for heterodyning Optical SETI. In particular, for what we call Symbiotic Optical SETI - the sharing of telescope facilities with conventional astronomy.
Earth-based telescopic adaptive-optics systems need a reference (guide) star which is near objects of interest and bright enough to provide information on the wave-front distortion. But natural guide stars for a usable portion of the visible spectrum are few and far between. To create the artificial guide stars, a laser is beamed into the sky, which scatters back some of the energy.
The laser energy creates Rayleigh backscattcring in the stratosphere (10 - 40 km up) and resonance- fluorescence backscattcring in the mcsosphcric sodium layer (80 - 100 km). For zenith viewing of a 20-cm atmospheric patch using the Rayleigh approach, the laser must put out 82 watts; for the sodium- backscattering approach the required exciting power is 14 watts. At the sodium layer, the beam must be 0.5 meter in diameter, with a pulse rate of 100-200 pps and 100 millijoules per pulse.
The laser guide-star concept put into practice, then photographed, and measured the glowing beacon, shot like some giant flare above the Mauna Kea Observatory in Hawaii. The basic system requirement is that the distortion of the guide star must be measured and the adaptive mirror adjusted in the time it takes for a star to twinkle, or, depending on how you look at it, the time between twinkles. This window of visibility known as twinkle time (also called scintillation coherence time) is open for a scant 10 ms.
The requirements to produce a diffraction limited image over the entire focal image plane are rigorous. It could be that the criteria for Optical SETI are rather less demanding. The requirement here is for imaging the ETI signal onto a two-dimensional photo-detector array, where the primary purpose of the array is to detect ETI photons, not to produce a super high-quality extended image.
The "pilot-tone" would allow efficient detection of an ETI signal with a simple passive technique, if ETIs cooperate by transmitting a signal accompanied by such a pilot-tone beacon. Such a technique automatically makes any telescope with multiple photo-detectors adaptive, without the need for dcformablc mirrors and laser guide stars.
A way to get large apertures with smaller mirrors could be a design based on the Multi-Telescope Telescope (MTT). This approach would be most useful if an incoherent receiver is employed, for then the photons from each mirror could be combined with fiber-optics and taken to a single photo-detector. This technique is applicable to Optical SETI, because except for coherent detection systems, we may not be interested in obtaining a "perfect" image; just the maximum number of photons.
SETI would not seem so mysterious to the average person if it was recognized that this is yet another communications problem, albeit complicated by the fact that we do not know where or when to look, the transmission frequency, the bandwidth, or the modulation format, in many ways it is just another aspect to our manned and unmanned space program.
2> 5 It took many years before SETI was recognized as a legitimate science and not pseudo-science. The technology described here for Optical SETI is more than just a means of contacting emerging technical civilizations. If intelligent life is not uncommon in the galaxy, and if electromagnetic waves are still the primary means of interstellar communications, the ability of optical relays to form a galactic network might obviate the necessity to use low-loss microwaves or the far-infrared in order to propagate across the entire galaxy in one go.
■2, ' (c? After all, it is very difficult to have a snappy conversation when communicating over one hundred thousand light years. Although microwave carriers could convey wide-bandwidth signals like video over interstellar distance, interstellar dispersion may make this difficult, particularly in the galactic plane. While it is true that a conventional video signal consumes a trivial percentage bandwidth even at low microwave frequencies, the ability to successfully detect PPM signals with nano-second duration pulses that really stand out above the background would be compromised by excessive dispersion.
Such a bit-stream would occupy bandwidths approaching 100% at low microwave frequencies, presenting a severe detection and demodulation problem, notwithstanding the issue of pre or post-compensation of significant interstellar dispersion at microwave frequencies. However, since we have argued here for the superior technologies available to ETIs, it would not be out of the question for us to overcome the microwave dispersion problem, if we so wished. Our "perfect" 10-meter diameter symmetrical 656 nin heterodyning system was capable of yielding over a range of 10 light years, a CNR of about 34 dB re 1 kVV re 1 Hz, for a diffraction limited EIRP of 2.3 X 1018 W. Since a solar-type star has an EIRP of 3.9 X 1026 W, we pose the question: What is the communication capability of such a communications link when the mean EIRP of a large transmitter array is 2.5 times that of the star, when the mean EIRP is about 1027 W? This condition corresponds to the transmitter appearing as a 1st magnitude object; a situation which would produce a noticeable (2.5 times) brightening of the ETIs' star.
3 * Since the ratio oi EIRPs { 1027/(2.3 X 1018)} is 4.4 X 10s, the CNR will be improved by 86 dB, resulting in a CNR of about 120 dB re 1 Hz, and a photon detection rate of about 101" s' 1. If the bandwidth is increased to 10 GHz, the CNR falls to about 20 dB.
Thus, this just naked-eye noticeable transmitter would be capable of sending a 10 Gbit s data-stream across 10 light years with low BER. Up to now, the SETI community has taken some comfort in the fact that the obvious explanation as to why we have not detected ETI signals is simply that they are too weak and that we need sophisticated hardware and signal processing algorithms to extract this information.
An even simpler explanation for the lack of success so far is that there are strong signals but they are elsewhere in the electromagnetic spectrum. Free-space optical communications will be a mature technology for any space-faring civilization. It seems reasonable to assume that they will spinoff this technology for SETI transmitters should they wish to contact emerging technical civilizations. The fact that optical magic frequencies are hard to identify, save for 10.6 mm, is not an argument that such frequencies do not exist.
Perhaps the only reasons for ETIs to build very large microwave arrays would be to eavesdrop on radio frequency leakage from primitive technical civilizations (like us), to beam microwave power, for astrophysical research, or to communicate with other galaxies.
Even Solar Sonic Scientists have some problems in believing that the civilizations of extraterrestrials would be altruistic and long-lived to attempt electromagnetic communications across the intergalactic voids. We cannot even be sure that ETIs would want their signals to be detected within an atmosphere; these are prevalent assumptions among most SETI proponents.
There might be logical reasons for ETIs to think that only when a technical civilization begins to "emerge" from its planet would it be mature enough, and in a culturally receptive frame of mind, to receive signals from ETIs. Thus, the recipients' atmosphere itself might be used as an automatic protective blanket to avoid cultural shock.
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STATEMENT UNDER ARTICLE 19 (1 )
First off, I start out by offering my Extreme Apologies to all of the Examiners for putting them through a patent, more complicated than necessary and Please Accept My Apologies!
This has been written to all the examiners who had examined this PCT Application (PCT/D32015/000427) and who will continue to examine it anew upon completion of all the crucially needed amendments and correction. Throughout the International Search Report (ISR) and the very respective opinion of the international search authority pertaining to this application, all the references that were made by the examiners were so completely true, honest and very professional. Henceforth, I truly bear for the examiners of this application nothing less than respect, indebtedness, appreciation and gratitude, the examiners were readily able to recognize that they were dealing with someone apparently unfamiliar with the huge world of patents, I recognize my errors now.
The basis for the amendments are, the extremely constructive criticism and the dissatisfaction, illustrated in the form of obvious suggestions to comprehensively modify, change, correct, edit and amend in accordance with the final opinion of the Examiners. The examiners stated in the end of the report that, this international application being examined is a Novelty-Destroying in its current format, all that and more can be found in the International Search Report. Additionally, the Examiners made it clear that many sections of the patent must be completely reformulated, due to the lack of clarity and insufficiency of disclosures, along with many errors, defects and incompatibilities that were mentioned by the examiners, who stated that the invention was not sufficiently disclosed and descriptions did not quite support the claims, as they were Novelty-Destroying.
Moreover, the respective opinion of the international search authority reflected that many things were stated as indication of harsh criticism with the need to provide more clarity, disclosure and more connectivity of the application with more focus, since the presented patent was disconnected and disunited. Additionally, it was clearly illustrated that the unmatching contents of patent made it harder for examiners to clearly evaluate the work, assess the contents and conclude their results. It was not hard for any layman to see that the examiners pointed out through their search report that many sections of the Patent are not in accordance with current rules. Their written statements of criticism and dissatisfaction can only mean one thing, which is for applicant to go back and reformulate his patent, the examiners stated that the patent in its format is Novelty-Destroying.
The errors were that, the requirement of unity was not in full compliance by the applicant, as there was clear lack of unity of the invention and sub-inventions that were judged as derivatives of the first invention by the examiners. The lack of clarity and the insufficiency of disclosures were obvious errors to be mentioned by the examiners. The invention was not sufficiently disclosed and the descriptions did not quite support the claims.
The snapshot of the solar-sonic-discovery website which was archived on December 22nd, 2007 and retrieved on October 26th, 2015 by the examiners was the sole property of the inventor, which was owned, opened and closed solely by the inventor from May 2006 to December 2007. Absolutely, no materials from the old website that was owned by the inventor were ever been used in the invention and/or the international application. The inventor was not even aware that his old website can be retrieved again or his old materials were archived.
I was able to reach a carefully thought decision, which was that all the examiners that had examined this very application for the first time, they cannot be anything but Cooperative, Considerate, Courteous, Responsible, Visionaries, Fair, Law-Abiding, Helpful, Unbiased, Unprejudiced, Ethical, Caring and Extremely Professional. Once again, I would like to take this very opportunity to thank the examiners for all their principals, ethical standards, profound thoughts, professionalism, upholding of the laws, cooperation, consideration, and their continuous assistance, extended under the circumstances and all of their support in a worldly crucial patent.
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| CN114449602B (en) * | 2022-01-27 | 2024-02-06 | 深圳Tcl新技术有限公司 | Switching method, storage medium and wireless communication device |
| CN116092016B (en) * | 2023-04-06 | 2023-06-27 | 成都超有范儿科技有限公司 | System and method based on cloud technology multi-dimensional recognition function |
| CN116482449B (en) * | 2023-06-20 | 2023-09-08 | 中国科学院国家天文台 | Real-time detection method for fast electric storm |
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| US8655398B2 (en) * | 2004-03-08 | 2014-02-18 | Atc Technologies, Llc | Communications systems and methods including emission detection |
| US7881217B2 (en) * | 2006-12-20 | 2011-02-01 | The Boeing Company | Remote gateway selection in an interplanetary communications network and method of selecting and handing over remote gateways |
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| WO2016097832A1 (en) | 2016-06-23 |
| WO2016097832A9 (en) | 2016-08-25 |
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