WO2016090028A1 - Appareil et procédé pour le chauffage automatique d'un instrument scientifique - Google Patents

Appareil et procédé pour le chauffage automatique d'un instrument scientifique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016090028A1
WO2016090028A1 PCT/US2015/063486 US2015063486W WO2016090028A1 WO 2016090028 A1 WO2016090028 A1 WO 2016090028A1 US 2015063486 W US2015063486 W US 2015063486W WO 2016090028 A1 WO2016090028 A1 WO 2016090028A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
heater
data
quality
predetermined value
heating
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2015/063486
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English (en)
Inventor
Walter OECHEL
Donatella ZONA
Original Assignee
San Diego State University (Sdsu) Foundation
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by San Diego State University (Sdsu) Foundation filed Critical San Diego State University (Sdsu) Foundation
Publication of WO2016090028A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016090028A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01P—MEASURING LINEAR OR ANGULAR SPEED, ACCELERATION, DECELERATION, OR SHOCK; INDICATING PRESENCE, ABSENCE, OR DIRECTION, OF MOVEMENT
    • G01P5/00—Measuring speed of fluids, e.g. of air stream; Measuring speed of bodies relative to fluids, e.g. of ship, of aircraft
    • G01P5/24—Measuring speed of fluids, e.g. of air stream; Measuring speed of bodies relative to fluids, e.g. of ship, of aircraft by measuring the direct influence of the streaming fluid on the properties of a detecting acoustical wave
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D3/00—Indicating or recording apparatus with provision for the special purposes referred to in the subgroups
    • G01D3/08—Indicating or recording apparatus with provision for the special purposes referred to in the subgroups with provision for safeguarding the apparatus, e.g. against abnormal operation, against breakdown
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01P—MEASURING LINEAR OR ANGULAR SPEED, ACCELERATION, DECELERATION, OR SHOCK; INDICATING PRESENCE, ABSENCE, OR DIRECTION, OF MOVEMENT
    • G01P1/00—Details of instruments
    • G01P1/006—Details of instruments used for thermal compensation

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to scientific instruments, and more specifically to methods and apparatuses for heating and/or de-icing of scientific instruments in harsh environments.
  • Spatial and temporal data coverage can be provided by a combination of a gas analyzer and a sonic anemometer.
  • a range of sonic anemometers have been used in the Arctic, but a major challenge for measuring fluxes in these regions is their performance in extreme weather conditions when water, snow, and ice can block the sonic signal of the sonic anemometer's transducers.
  • the transducers of the sonic anemometer need to be maintained ice-free.
  • Heating systems for sonic anemometers have generally utilized heating tape wrapped around the anemometer, or hot film devices.
  • An example commercially available 3D-anemometer providing a self-heating system is the uSonic-3 Class A anemometer, manufactured by METEK GmbH, Helmshorn, Germany. Such anemometers can be heated continuously, or activated based on absolute temperature. However, heating scientific instruments requires significant power, and the heating itself can bias results from the scientific instrument.
  • an automatic heating apparatuses for heating a scientific instrument comprising a data quality measurement module for measuring quality of collected data; a heater for heating the scientific instrument; and an activation switch for activating the heater when the measured quality of the collected data is less than a predetermined value.
  • the automatic heating apparatus further comprises a deactivation switch for deactivating the heater when the measured quality of the collected data reaches or exceeds the predetermined value.
  • the automatic heating apparatus further comprises a status recording module for indicating that the heater is heating the scientific instrument.
  • the automatic heating apparatus further comprises a status recording module for indicating that collected data was collected during heating.
  • the scientific instrument comprises a sonic anemometer.
  • the heater comprises a sonic heating element.
  • the scientific instrument comprises a sonic anemometer; the heater comprises a sonic heating element; and the activation switch is configured to allow power to be provided to the heater only when the measured quality of the collected data is less than the predetermined value.
  • the activation switch comprises: a switch port; a relay coupled to said switch port; and a power supply coupled to and configured to power the heater, said power supply being coupled to said relay.
  • the data quality measurement module is configured to measure quality of collected data by determining whether the collected data is within a predetermined range.
  • the heater comprises a de-icing capability.
  • methods for automatically heating a scientific instrument comprising: collecting data from the scientific instrument; determining whether data quality of the collected data is less than a predetermined value; and activating a heater to heat the scientific instrument if the data quality is less than the predetermined value.
  • the method further comprises deactivating the heater if the data quality meets or exceeds the predetermined value.
  • said determining whether data quality of the collected data is less than a predetermined value comprises: collecting training data from the scientific instrument when one or more transducers of the scientific research equipment is blocked; and determining a range within which data quality is low based on the collected training data.
  • the method further comprises blocking the one or more transducers before said collecting training data.
  • said determining whether data quality of the collected data is less than a predetermined value comprises one or more of determining whether the collected data is within a predetermined closed-ended or open ended range, performing wavelet analysis, or performing statistical analysis.
  • the method further comprises recording a heating status for the scientific research equipment if the data quality is less than the predetermined value.
  • the scientific research equipment comprises a sonic anemometer
  • the heater comprises a sonic heater
  • said activating the heater comprises allowing current to flow to the heater.
  • automatically heated sonic anemometers comprising: a transducer configured for detecting temperature and fluid flow; a data quality measurement module coupled to said transducer for measuring quality of collected data; a heater coupled to said transducer for heating the transducer; an activation switch configured to activate the heater when the measured quality of the collected data is less than a predetermined value; a deactivation switch configured for deactivating the heater when the measured quality of the collected data reaches or exceeds the predetermined value; and a status recording module coupled to said data quality measurement module for indicating that the heater is heating the transducer.
  • the automatically heated sonic anemometer further comprises: a power supply for the heater; wherein said activation switch is configured to allow power to said heater when the measured quality of the collected data reaches or exceeds the predetermined value; and wherein said deactivation switch is configured to cut off power to said heater when the measured quality of the collected data reaches or exceeds the predetermined value.
  • FIGURE 1 shows a sonic anemometer and an apparatus for heating the sonic anemometer according to an embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 2 shows an example process for automatically heating the sonic anemometer
  • FIG. 3 shows temperature controls installed on a METEK uSonic3 Class A sonic anemometer in two setup configurations: A, where the sonic anemometer was initially deactivated and then continuously heated; and B, where the sonic anemometer was heated according to an example method.
  • Thermocouples are attached to the sonic anemometers to control the temperature in corresponding locations (upper spar: red lines; lower spar: blue lines; air temperature: black line).
  • Systems and methods for automatically heating an instrument such as a sonic anemometer, based on a quality of collected data are provided.
  • Automatically heated sonic anemometers and methods for automatically heating sonic anemometers are also provided according to example embodiments. Such systems and methods are particularly useful for remotely located scientific instruments that cannot easily be manually operated, and where power may be limited.
  • scientific instruments for performing unmanned temperature, wind, or other measurements in remote areas where ice and freezing conditions occur for substantial portions of the year can be automatically heated and/or de-iced.
  • a scientific instrument such as a sonic anemometer
  • more accurate measurements can be obtained from the sonic anemometer even when the sonic anemometer is located in a remote location, where measurements are typically or necessarily performed in unattended, unmanned ways. Further, required power for heating the equipment can be reduced.
  • conventionally scientific instruments may be continuously operated, or activated only based on whether temperatures drop below a predetermined value.
  • Example methods and systems can apply heating only when needed, and record when such heating is occurring. Such recording is desirable because heating of scientific instruments may otherwise affect measured values from the scientific instrument by creating a bias in the sign and magnitude of flux measurements or other data. Heating of such scientific instruments may also be switched off automatically when not needed. Additionally, the increase in temperature of the scientific instrument (e.g., increased temperature of a bar of the sonic anemometer) when heated continuously, and the resulting potential to bias the data, is limited or avoided when an intermittent heating is applied.
  • An example automatic heating apparatus for a scientific instrument includes a data quality measurement module for measuring quality of collected data, a heater for heating the scientific instrument, and an activation switch for activating the heater when the measured quality of the collected data is less than a predetermined value.
  • the system further includes a deactivation switch for deactivating the heater when the measured quality of the collected data reaches a predetermined value.
  • a sonic anemometer can be heated in response to quality of data generated by the anemometer.
  • some conventional sonic anemometers are heated only response to an absolute temperature.
  • FIG. 1 shows an example apparatus 10 for automatically heating a scientific instrument.
  • the scientific instrument is embodied in a sonic anemometer 12.
  • the sonic anemometer 12 can be disposed in a tower for measuring fluid flow in a remote environment.
  • a particular example sonic anemometer is the METEK uSonic-3 Class A sonic anemometer, manufactured by METEK GmbH, Helmshorn, Germany.
  • the sonic anemometer 12 includes transducers 14 for generating data representing sonic temperature T s as well as wind speed and direction measurements for the environment in which the apparatus 10 is located.
  • the transducers 14 are coupled to a processor 16 via a signal path 18, such as a serial or direct connection.
  • An example processor 16 is embodied in a datalogger, a particular example of which is a Campbell CR3000 Micro logger, manufactured by Campbell Scientific, Logan, UT. Suitable power supplies (not shown) are provided to power the sonic anemometer 12 and the processor 16.
  • the processor 16 includes a data collection module 18 for recording and collecting data from the sonic anemometer 12 and a data quality measurement module 20 for measuring a quality of the collected data.
  • the processor 16 may be coupled to one or more additional processors 22 for downstream processing, equipment control, network transmission, etc.
  • a particular example of an additional processor 22 includes an embedded computer 24 coupled via lines 26 to a network switch 28 and modem 30, as well as a power supply 32.
  • the additional processor 22 may be disposed within a suitable enclosure 34, such as a cooler case, for use within a remote environment.
  • a heater 36 may be coupled to or integrated with the sonic anemometer.
  • Example heaters 36 for the sonic anemometer 12 include heating tape or hot film wrapped around or formed on the transducers 14, heating cables or lines covering the transducers or support arms, or an integrated sonic heating element, such as that provided in the METEK uSonic-3 Class A sonic anemometer.
  • the heater 36 includes a de-icing capability for removing ice that forms on the transducers 14 of the sonic anemometer 12.
  • the heater 36 may be powered by a separate power supply (not shown) or by the same power supply as the sonic anemometer 12 in some embodiments.
  • the heater 36 is coupled to an activation switch 38 and deactivation switch 40 for activating and deactivating heating, respectively.
  • the activation switch 38 and the deactivation switch 40 can be embodied in the same switch (e.g., an on/off switch, closed-loop control, etc.) in some embodiments.
  • the activation switch 38 and the deactivation switch 40 can be provided within a signal path of a receiver of output signals from the sonic anemometer 12.
  • a particular example activation switch 38 and deactivation switch 40 is embodied in a switch port that is disposed on (or coupled to) the processor 16. For example, if the processor 16 is embodied in a datalogger, the switch port can be provided on the datalogger.
  • the switch port is in turn coupled to a relay (e.g., a normally closed solid state DC relay) linked to a power supply 41 for the heater 36.
  • a relay e.g., a normally closed solid state DC relay
  • a sonic anemometer with integrated heating can internally be powered “on,” but power is selectively supplied to the heater via the activation switch 38 and the deactivation switch 40 for controlling the heater's operation.
  • the activation switch 38 is configured to activate the heater 36 when the data quality measurement module 20 determines that the measured quality of collected data, e.g., from the data collection module 18, is less than a predetermined value; i.e., low data quality, such as when the transducers 14 are blocked by ice, snow, and/or water.
  • the data quality measurement module 20 can determine low data quality in various ways. For example, if the collected data from the data collection module 20 (e.g., the original data output from the analog output of the sonic anemometer 12) falls within a predetermined range indicating low data quality (or alternatively, falls outside of a predetermined range indicating acceptable data quality), the data quality can be determined to be less than a predetermined value.
  • This predetermined range can be established either before operation of the sonic anemometer 12 in its intended environment (e.g., by intentionally blocking the transducers 14, such as with a panel, and observing collected data), or established during operation (e.g., by observing collected data during ice, snow, and/or water blockage). Such ranges may be open-ended (including a single threshold) or closed-ended (including upper and lower limits). Other example methods for determining low data quality include, but are not limited to, statistical sampling (e.g., to detect unusual data changes), wavelet analysis (e.g., to detect a signature for ice or other blockage), etc. Simpler data quality detection methods may require lower processing resources.
  • the deactivation switch 40 is preferably configured for deactivating the heater 36 when the data quality measurement module 20 determines that the measured quality of collected data, e.g., from the data collection module 18, reaches or exceeds the predetermined value, such as via one or more methods described above. If the activation switch 38 is configured to activate the heater 36 only when the data quality is less than the predetermined value, the activation switch 38 can also provide deactivation.
  • the activation switch 38 and deactivation switch 40 can be controlled via instructions for the processor 16.
  • the activation switch 38 and deactivation switch 40 can be embodied in electrical devices, e.g., filters and switches, coupled to the transducers 14, for activation or deactivation based on electrical signals.
  • the processor 16 preferably further includes a status recording module 42 for recording a status of the sonic heating (e.g., on or off) in the data stream provided by the data collection module 18.
  • the status recording module 42 can be implemented via instructions for the processor 16, a particular example of which is Campbell datalogger CRBasics code, or by other methods as will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • FIG. 2 shows an example method of operation for the apparatus 10.
  • the apparatus 10 may be trained (step 50) as described above to provide a range or other indication for determining that data quality is below a predetermined value.
  • the sonic anemometer 12 may be activated and fully or partially blocked, e.g., selectively covered by a panel, permitted to ice, etc.
  • the (blocked) transducers 14 generate one or more output signals, resulting in training data collected by the data collection module.
  • This training data can be used to determine a data range (open-ended or closed-ended) when the transducers 14 are covered, indicating low data quality.
  • the range established by the training data with or without an adjustment to increase or narrow the range, can provide a range for low data quality.
  • Training may be performed periodically to update this range (or other indication).
  • step 50 After training (step 50), the sonic anemometer 12 is activated (step 50).
  • the heater 36 is set to an "OFF" or "LOW” state (step 54).
  • the heater 36 may be internally set to “ON” so that the system is internally on consistently, but without current (or low current) being supplied to the heater.
  • the heater 36 may be more directly set to "OFF" or "LOW.”
  • the transducers 14 generate one or more analog output signals, which produce data (step 56).
  • a non-limiting example is data representing a voltage of the analog output.
  • the data is collected (e.g., recorded) by the data collection module 18 (step 58).
  • Data quality is measured (step 60) by the data quality measurement module 20, and it is determined (step 62) whether the data quality is below a predetermined value. Example methods for determining data quality are described above.
  • the data quality measurement module 20 compares data from the data collection module 18 (or as otherwise produced by the transducers 14) over an execution time (e.g., 30 seconds, but this can be greater or smaller) to an upper and lower threshold established such that data within the predetermined range is representative of transducers that are blocked, such as by ice formed on the transducers.
  • the range or threshold of output signals representative of blocked transducers can be predetermined by the training step (step 50), either in the field or in another environment, such as a laboratory. If the data quality measurement module 20 determines that the data quality is low, suggesting icing on the transducers 14, the activation switch 38 activates the heater 36 to heat the transducers (step 64).
  • the activation switch 38 switches the relay linked to the power supply (e.g., a 24V power supply) to provide current to the heater 36.
  • the power supply e.g., a 24V power supply
  • low quality data can set a flag that results in the activation switch 38, and this activation triggers the relay.
  • the status recording module 42 records an "ON" status for the heater 36 in the recorded data from the data collection module 18 (step 66), so that such data can later be adjusted or removed. The process then reverts to step 56 for collection of additional data.
  • the deactivation switch 40 de-activates the heater 36 to stop (or significantly lower) heating to the transducers (step 68).
  • the deactivation switch 40 switches off the relay linked to the power supply (e.g., a 24V power supply) to cut off current to the heater 36.
  • the acceptable data quality can deactivate a flag of switch 40 indicating deactivation of the heating, and this flag triggers switching off the relay.
  • the example apparatus 10 can require less power for heating, while still being capable of unmanned operation. Further, as opposed to some conventional methods where heating is activated merely by absolute temperature, the example apparatus 10 is configured to respond to actual blockage of the scientific instruments, e.g., of the transducers 14, which results in less heating operation, saving power and limiting bias of measurements caused by heating.
  • the apparatus 10 is particularly suitable for operating in remote environments in which icing occurs, but can be used for any environment where icing or other blockage removable by heating can occur. By indicating when the scientific equipment is being heated, and thus when resulting data may be biased, the apparatus 10 can also improve analysis of measurement data from the scientific equipment.
  • a sonic anemometer embodied in a METEK uSonic-3 Class A ultrasonic anemometer and a gas analyzer e.g., a closed-path LI-7200 (LI-CO Biosciences, Lincoln, NE, USA), were placed at a remote location.
  • the sonic anemometer and gas analyzer were coupled to a suitable power source.
  • the sonic anemometer was coupled to a datalogger embodied in a Campbell CR3000 Micrologger. A switch port of the datalogger was connected to a relay linked to a 24V power supply, which powered heating for the sonic anemometer.
  • an example power source is embodied in a diesel generator, solar panels, and a wind turbine, or a combination.
  • the datalogger included programmed instructions to activate the power supply when a quality flag indicated low data quality, so that the sonic anemometer was sporadically heated, i.e., activated only when blockage, e.g., ice blockage, was detected in the sonic anemometer's data stream:
  • thermocouples were attached to the lower and upper spars and bars of the anemometer.
  • FIG. 3 shows example temperature controls installed on the sporadically heated sonic anemometer (Chart B) for a period between August 26 and October 31 in comparison to air temperature for anemometers for which heating was deactivated between July 25 and August 9 (Heating OFF), and then continuously activated (Heating continuously ON) on August 15 (Chart A).
  • three thermocouples were attached to the sonic anemometer (upper spar: red lines; lower bar: blue line; air temperature; black line).
  • Thermocouples were attached in corresponding locations for the sporadically heated anemometer (upper spar: red lines; lower bar: blue line; air temperature; black line).
  • the automatic heating apparatus successfully de-iced the transducers of the sonic anemometer with minimal hours of activation, successfully reducing power consumption. Data recorded during the heating activations, as indicated by the automatic heating apparatus, can be discarded.
  • DSP digital signal processor
  • ASIC application specific integrated circuit
  • FPGA field programmable gate array
  • a general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine.
  • a processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.
  • a software module may reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, hard disk, solid state disk, optical media (e.g., CD-ROM), or any other form of transitory or non-transitory storage medium known in the art.
  • An exemplary storage medium can be coupled to the processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium.
  • the storage medium can be integral to the processor.
  • the processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC.
  • the ASIC may reside in a user terminal.
  • the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
  • Testing Or Calibration Of Command Recording Devices (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un appareil et un procédé pour le chauffage automatique d'un équipement de recherche scientifique. L'appareil de chauffage automatique comporte un module de mesure de la qualité de données pour mesurer la qualité de données collectées, un dispositif de chauffage pour chauffer l'équipement de mesure scientifique, et un commutateur d'activation pour l'activation du dispositif de chauffage lorsque la qualité mesurée des données recueillies est inférieure à une valeur prédéterminée.
PCT/US2015/063486 2014-12-02 2015-12-02 Appareil et procédé pour le chauffage automatique d'un instrument scientifique WO2016090028A1 (fr)

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US201462086685P 2014-12-02 2014-12-02
US62/086,685 2014-12-02

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Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3267728A (en) * 1964-08-25 1966-08-23 Honeywell Inc Dynamic automatically controlled calorimeter and melting point device
US5117687A (en) * 1990-01-11 1992-06-02 Gerardi Joseph J Omnidirectional aerodynamic sensor
US5343744A (en) * 1992-03-06 1994-09-06 Tsi Incorporated Ultrasonic anemometer
US6539846B2 (en) * 2001-05-17 2003-04-01 Tecnhos S.R.L. Apparatus for delivering meals at an appropriate temperature, particularly for use in hospitals

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3267728A (en) * 1964-08-25 1966-08-23 Honeywell Inc Dynamic automatically controlled calorimeter and melting point device
US5117687A (en) * 1990-01-11 1992-06-02 Gerardi Joseph J Omnidirectional aerodynamic sensor
US5343744A (en) * 1992-03-06 1994-09-06 Tsi Incorporated Ultrasonic anemometer
US6539846B2 (en) * 2001-05-17 2003-04-01 Tecnhos S.R.L. Apparatus for delivering meals at an appropriate temperature, particularly for use in hospitals

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
WANG C ET AL.: "A Statistical Approach to Volume Data Quality Assessment.", 21 March 2008 (2008-03-21), Retrieved from the Internet <URL:http//ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.isp?tp=&arnumber=4407698&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D4407698> [retrieved on 20160120] *

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