WO2016061269A1 - Compression of cascading style sheet files - Google Patents
Compression of cascading style sheet files Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2016061269A1 WO2016061269A1 PCT/US2015/055590 US2015055590W WO2016061269A1 WO 2016061269 A1 WO2016061269 A1 WO 2016061269A1 US 2015055590 W US2015055590 W US 2015055590W WO 2016061269 A1 WO2016061269 A1 WO 2016061269A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
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- property
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- value
- css file
- selector
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
- H03M7/00—Conversion of a code where information is represented by a given sequence or number of digits to a code where the same, similar or subset of information is represented by a different sequence or number of digits
- H03M7/30—Compression; Expansion; Suppression of unnecessary data, e.g. redundancy reduction
- H03M7/70—Type of the data to be coded, other than image and sound
- H03M7/707—Structured documents, e.g. XML
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
- H03M7/00—Conversion of a code where information is represented by a given sequence or number of digits to a code where the same, similar or subset of information is represented by a different sequence or number of digits
- H03M7/30—Compression; Expansion; Suppression of unnecessary data, e.g. redundancy reduction
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
- H03M7/00—Conversion of a code where information is represented by a given sequence or number of digits to a code where the same, similar or subset of information is represented by a different sequence or number of digits
- H03M7/30—Compression; Expansion; Suppression of unnecessary data, e.g. redundancy reduction
- H03M7/3068—Precoding preceding compression, e.g. Burrows-Wheeler transformation
Definitions
- the present application relates to the field of computer technologies, and in particular, to a method and system for data compression for network communication.
- CSS Cascading Style Sheet
- a CSS file is typically sent over a network along with a web page to provide the presentation style for the web page for a browser in a client device.
- the CSS file is typically in a text format. If a CSS file is compressed, the size of the CSS file becomes smaller. As a result, the compressed CSS file can be transmitted over the network more efficiently.
- One embodiment of the present invention provides a system for facilitating compression of a Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) file.
- the system stores the CSS file in a local storage device and identifies a merge parameter in the CSS file.
- the merge parameter can be one of: a repeated selector, a repeated property in a selector, and a same value of a property in different selectors.
- the system determines whether a merge condition is satisfied for the merge parameter and merges the merge parameter in the CSS file to obtain a compressed merge parameter.
- the merge condition indicates whether merging of the merge parameter is consistent with original style in the CSS file.
- the system determines whether the compressed merge parameter is valid based on a length of the compressed merge parameter.
- the system determines whether a merge condition is satisfied by determining whether a first selector and a second selector are adjacent. If the first and second selectors are not adjacent, the system determines whether a third selector between the first and second selectors includes a property included in the first and second selectors.
- the system further determines whether a merge condition is satisfied by determining whether the property has one or more of: (i) a same value in the first, second, and third selectors, and (ii) different priorities in the first, second, and third selectors
- the system determines whether a merge condition is satisfied by determining that (i) a latter value of a property of the merge parameter overwrites a former value of the property, and the latter value has a equal or higher priority, or (ii) a former value of the property overwrites a latter value of the property and the former value has a higher priority.
- the system merges the merge parameter by removing a second value of a property for a selector.
- the second value can (i) appear before a first value, (ii) have a lower priority than the first value, or (iii) have a overwriting relationship with the first value.
- the system represents selectors of the CSS file and corresponding properties in a table, and determines a common area in the table for a respective property.
- the system identifies a current maximum common area in the table for a property, extracts the property as a common factor, and merges the common factor across a respective selector comprising the property.
- the system generates a compressed CSS file based on a plurality of compressed merge parameters.
- the system prepares the CSS file for compression by organizing properties of all selectors in the CSS file in an alphabetic order.
- FIG. 1A illustrates an exemplary compressed CSS file transmission across a network, in accordance with an embodiment of the present application.
- FIG. IB illustrates an exemplary enhanced CSS file compression process, in accordance with an embodiment of the present application.
- FIG. 2A presents a flowchart illustrating an enhanced CSS file compression process of a data compression system, in accordance with an embodiment of the present application.
- FIG. 2B presents a flowchart illustrating a validation process of a data compression system for the enhanced CSS file compression, in accordance with an embodiment of the present application.
- FIG. 2C presents a flowchart illustrating an overwrite validation process of a data compression system for the enhanced CSS file compression, in accordance with an embodiment of the present application.
- FIG. 3A illustrates an exemplary graphical selection of common factors for the enhanced CSS file compression, in accordance with an embodiment of the present application.
- FIG. 3B presents a flowchart illustrating an enhanced CSS file compression process of a data compression system based on common factors, in accordance with an embodiment of the present application.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of an exemplary data compression system, in accordance with an embodiment of the present application.
- Embodiments of the present invention solve the problem of efficiently compressing a CSS file by merging repeated selectors, and repeated properties and values in the CSS file while ensuring compression integrity. In this way, the enhanced compression of the CSS file results in a smaller size, which is conveniently transmitted over a network.
- compressing the CSS file removes the margins, annotations, and repeated characters in the CSS file to reduce the size of the file. Furthermore, some compressors may also remove invalid characters. However, such compression does not significantly reduce redundancy within and across the selectors of the CSS file. Particularly, preprocessing the CSS file can generate a large quantity of redundant CSS code, which may not be directly compressed. Transmitting such a CSS file across a network becomes inefficient. [0027] To solve this problem, embodiments of the present invention provides a system for facilitating enhanced compression of a CSS file. The system compresses the CSS file by merging the repeated selectors (e.g., multiple declaration of the same selector) and removing the repeated properties in the same selector.
- the repeated selectors e.g., multiple declaration of the same selector
- the system then removes the overwritten style statement in the same selector (e.g., overwritten value of a property) and aggregates the selectors that includes the same properties.
- the system further extracts and merges the common factors. It should be noted that these five steps can be sequential since a respective step should be performed based on the previous one.
- FIG. 1A illustrates an exemplary compressed CSS file transmission across a network, in accordance with an embodiment of the present application.
- a data compression system 102 for CSS file compression is deployed in server 112 for enhanced compression of CSS file 122 at server 112.
- Server 112 can store the CSS file in a local storage device.
- CSS file 122 is sent over a network 150 (e.g., a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), the Internet), along with a web page 130 to provide the presentation style for web page 130 in a browser in a clinet device 114.
- the presentation style dictates how web page 130 is presented to user 101 in the browser.
- CSS file 122 Prior to transmission over network 150.
- compressing CSS file 122 includes removing the margins, annotations, repeated and invalid characters in CSS file 122.
- system 102 compresses CSS file 122 to generate a compressed CSS file 124.
- system 102 prepares the CSS file for compression by organizing the properties of all selectors in an alphabetic order.
- Server 112 also stores the compressed CSS file 124 in a local storage device. Whenever client device 114 requests for web page 130, server 112 transmits compressed CSS file 124 over network 150 to client device 114.
- FIG. IB illustrates an exemplary enhanced CSS file compression process, in accordance with an embodiment of the present application.
- System 102 generates compressed CSS file 124 based on a number of steps.
- system 102 merges the repeated selectors (operation SI 52). For example, the selectors in
- .a ⁇ margin:0 ⁇ .a ⁇ padding:0 ⁇ are the same. Hence, they can be merged as .a ⁇ margin:0;padding:0 ⁇ .
- System 102 also removes the repeated value assignments for the same property in the same selector (operation S154). Since the value of the property "margin" is repeated in
- system 102 can compress it as .a ⁇ margin: lpx ⁇ .
- System 102 then removes the overwritten value assignment for the same property within the same selector (operation S156) (e.g., overwritten value of a property). For example, since "background” also includes "background-color," .a ⁇ background-color: #FFF; background:#000 url(xxx.jpg) ⁇ can be compressed as .a ⁇ background:#000 url(xxx.jpg) ⁇ .
- System 102 aggregates the selectors that include the same value assignment for the same properties (operation S158). Properties "margin” and "color” have the same values in .a ⁇ margin:0;color:#000 ⁇ .b ⁇ margin:0;color:#000 ⁇ . Hence, selectors .a and .b can be merged as .a,.b ⁇ margin;0;color:#000 ⁇ . System 102 further extracts and merges the common factors in CSS file 122 (operation SI 60). For example, system 102 can extract common factor margin from .a ⁇ margin:0;padding:0 ⁇ .b ⁇ margin:0;padding:l ⁇ and merge them as
- system 102 generates compressed CSS file 124.
- FIG. 2A presents a flowchart illustrating an enhanced CSS file compression process of a data compression system, in accordance with an embodiment of the present application.
- the system identifies a candidate merge parameter of the CSS file (operation S201).
- the CSS file can be any original CSS file that has not been compressed.
- the CSS file can also be a compressed CSS file, which has been compressed using the conventional compression methods (e.g., the margins, annotation characters, invalid and repeated characters may have been removed).
- the system determines the parameter that can be merged in the CSS file.
- the parameter is the element that has been repeatedly present in the CSS file.
- the parameter can be a repeated selector, a repeated property in a selector, or the same value of a property in different selectors. For example,
- .a ⁇ margin:0 ⁇ .b ⁇ padding:0 ⁇ .a ⁇ padding:0 ⁇ includes the repeated selector .a.
- selector .a can be identified as a candidate merge parameter.
- .a ⁇ margin:0;margin:lpx ⁇ includes a repeated property "margin" in selector .a.
- .a ⁇ margin:0;padding:0 ⁇ .b ⁇ margin:0;padding:l ⁇ includes the same value 0 for property "margin" in selectors .a and .b.
- .a ⁇ margin:0;padding:0;color:#FFF;padding:l ⁇ .b ⁇ margin:0;padding:l ⁇ .a ⁇ margin:0;padding:l;col or:#FFF ⁇ includes the same selector .a, which includes the same property "padding," and selectors .a and .b include the same values 0 and 1 for properties "margin" and "padding," respectively.
- the system checks whether a merge condition has been satisfied (operation S202).
- the merge condition is used to determine whether the merging of the merge parameter is consistent with the original style (i.e., the original values of the properties) in the original CSS file. If it is consistent, the merge condition is satisfied. If the merge condition is satisfied, the system merges the identified merge parameter in the CSS file (operation S203) and checks whether all parameters have been examined (operation S204). If the merge condition is not satisfied, the system checks whether all parameters have been examined as well (operation S204). If all parameters have not been examined, the system continues to identify a candidate merge parameter of the CSS file (operation S201). In some embodiments, the system can also check whether the length of the merged selector(s) are longer or not. If so, the system can discard the merger. For example, if the selectors are merged in
- the system obtains the compressed CSS file based on the merged parameters (operation S205). The system then checks whether the compressed CSS file has a reduced file length than the original CSS file (operation S206). If the compressed CSS file has a reduced file length, the system uses the compressed CSS file
- FIG. 2B presents a flowchart illustrating a validation process of a data
- the validation process determines whether the merge condition for a candidate merge parameter is satisfied.
- the system determines whether two selectors A and B are adjacent to each other (operation S221). For example, in .a ⁇ margin:0 ⁇ .a ⁇ padding:0 ⁇ , the two selectors are adjacent to each other.
- the two selectors are adjacent to each other.
- selectors .a are not adjacent to each other.
- the system determines whether an intermediate selector C includes the same property as selectors A and B (operation S223). If a property included in intermediate selector C is different from the properties of selectors A and B, the merging of selectors A and B may not affect the property of selector C, and the merge condition is satisfied. If selector C includes a property which is included in selector A but is not included in selector B, merging selector B with selector A may not affect intermediate selector C. Similarly, if selector C includes a property which is included in selector B but is not included in selector A, merging selector A with selector B may not affect intermediate selector C. Under these two circumstances, the merge condition is satisfied.
- operation S224 the system checks whether the property in selectors A, B, and C have the same value (operation S225). If the property does not have the same value (operation S226), the system checks whether the property has a different priority in selector C than selectors A and B (operation S227). If the property does not have a different priority (operation S228), the system determines that the merge condition has not been satisfied (operation S230).
- selectors A and B are adjacent (operation S222), selector C does not have the same property as selectors A and B (operation S224), the property in selectors A, B, and C has the same value (operation S226), or the property in selector C has a different priority (operation S228), the system determines that the merge condition has been satisfied (operation S230).
- FIG. 2C presents a flowchart illustrating an overwrite validation process of a data compression system for the enhanced CSS file
- the system identifies a property with different values within the same selector (operation S241).
- the system then checks whether the latter value overwrites the former (operation S242). If so, the system checks whether the latter value has a higher priority (operation S243). Otherwise, the system checks whether the former value has a higher priority (operation S244). If the latter value overwrites the former value and has a higher priority, the system determines that the merge condition has been satisfied (operation S246). Similarly, if the former value overwrites the latter and has a higher priority, the system determines that the merge condition has been satisfied (operation S246). Otherwise, the system determines that the merge condition has not been satisfied (operation S245).
- .a ⁇ margin:lpx ⁇ can be considered as a compressed merge parameter. If the values of the same property have different priorities, the value with a higher priority overwrites the value with a lower priority. For example, .a ⁇ margin:0 !important;margin:lpx ⁇ is merged as .a ⁇ margin:0 !important ⁇ , or .a ⁇ margin:0;margin:lpx !important ⁇ is merged as ,a ⁇ margin: lpx !important ⁇ .
- the merge condition is satisfied.
- the latter value overwrites the former one for merging.
- .a ⁇ background- color:#FFF;background:#000 url(xxx.jpg) ⁇ is merged as .a ⁇ background:#000 url(xxx.jpg) ⁇ .
- the merge condition is satisfied.
- the former value with the higher priority overwrites the latter value.
- a ⁇ background:#000 url(xxx.jpg) !important; background-color:#FFF ⁇ is merged as .a ⁇ background:#000 url(xxx.jpg) !important ⁇ .
- the merging decision can be complex. For example, in .a ⁇ margin:0;padding:0;color:#FFF ⁇ ,b ⁇ margin:0;padding: 1 ;color:#FFF ⁇ ,c ⁇ margin:0;padding: 1 ;co lor:#000 ⁇ , each of the three selectors have the same properties with both same and different values. If all possibilities are traversed and all results are calculated to compare the respective lengths, the shortest merged selectors can be selected. However, if there are n selectors and m properties, there are n!m! possibilities. Such extensive computation may not be feasible in practice. To solve this problem, embodiments of the present invention provides a graphic selection algorithm for the selection of common factors.
- FIG. 3A illustrates an exemplary graphical selection of common factors for the enhanced CSS file compression, in accordance with an embodiment of the present application.
- n selectors 302, 304, and 306 e.g., selectors .a, ,b, and .c, respectively
- m properties 312, 314, and 316 e.g., properties "margin,” "padding,” "color,” respectively.
- the graphical selection algorithm generates a two-dimensional table 300 with n row and m columns.
- the system first selects the property that maximizes merging.
- the system selects a property that maximizes the common area (e.g., the number of grids with the same value for a property) in table 300.
- the values of property 312 are the same for a respective selector. Hence, the number of grids that can be merged for property 312 is 3. The system thus determines the common area for property 312 to be 3. In the same way, the system determines the common area for properties 314 and 316 to be 2 and 2, respectively.
- the system first selects the column for which the common area is 3 and extracts the corresponding common factor (i.e., the corresponding property). The system merges the common factor for a respective selector. In the example in FIG. 3A, extracting and merging common factor "margin" yields .a,.b,.c ⁇ margin:0 ⁇ .
- FIG. 3B presents a flowchart illustrating an enhanced CSS file compression process of a data compression system based on common factors, in accordance with an embodiment of the present application.
- the system calculates the common area for each property in the CSS file from a graphical representation (e.g., a table), as described in conjunction with FIG. 3A (operation S351).
- the system identifies the property, which has not been merged, with the maximum common area (operation S352).
- the system checks whether a merge condition has been satisfied (operation S353).
- the merge condition is used to determine whether the merging of the merge parameters is consistent with the original style. If they are consistent, the merge condition is satisfied.
- the merge condition can also include reduction of length upon merging.
- the system merges the identified property in the CSS file (operation S354) and checks whether all properties of the graphical representation have been examined (operation S355). If the merge condition is not satisfied, the system checks whether all properties have been examined (operation S355). If all properties have not been examined, the system continues to the next property with the maximum common area (operation S352). If all properties have been examined, the system obtains the compressed CSS file based on the merged properties (operation S356). The system then checks whether the compressed
- FIG. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of an exemplary data compression system, in accordance with an embodiment of the present application.
- a data compression system 400 can be used for compressing a CSS file.
- System 400 includes a processor 410, a memory 420, and a storage device 430.
- Storage device 430 typically stores instructions that can be loaded into memory 420 and executed by processor 410 to perform the methods described above.
- the instructions in storage 430 can implement a parameter identification module 432, an assessment module 434, a merging module 436, and a graphic selection module 438, all of which can communication with each other through various means.
- modules 432, 434, 436, and 438 can be partially or entirely implemented in hardware and can be part of processor 410. Further, in some embodiments, the system may not include a separate processor and memory. Instead, in addition to performing their specific tasks, modules 432, 434, 436, and 438, either separately or in concert, may be part of special-purpose computation engines.
- Storage 430 stores programs to be executed by processor 410. Specifically, storage 430 stores a program that implements a system (application) for enhanced compression of a CSS file. During operation, the application program can be loaded from storage 430 into memory 420 and executed by processor 410. As a result, system 400 can perform the functions described above. System 400 can be further coupled to an optional display 480, a keyboard 460, and a pointing device 470, and can be coupled via one or more network interfaces to a network 482.
- a system application
- property identification module 432 determines a merge parameter of a CSS file, as described in conjunction with FIG. 2A.
- the merge parameter can include a selector, a property, and values assigned to different properties.
- Assessment module 434 determines whether the determined merge parameter satisfies a merge condition.
- Merging module 436 merges the merge parameters in the CSS file to obtain a compressed CSS file.
- graphic selection module 438 represents the properties in the CSS file in a graphical representation (e.g., in a table), and extracts and merges the common factors of the CSS file based on the graphical representation, as described in conjunction with FIG. 3B.
- the data structures and computer instructions described in this detailed description are typically stored on a computer-readable storage medium, which may be any device or medium that can store code and/or data for use by a computer system.
- the computer- readable storage medium includes, but is not limited to, volatile memory, non- volatile memory, magnetic and optical storage devices such as disk drives, magnetic tape, CDs (compact discs), DVDs (digital versatile discs or digital video discs), or other media capable of storing computer- readable media now known or later developed.
- the methods and processes described in the detailed description section can be embodied as code and/or data, which can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium as described above. When a computer system reads and executes the code and/or data stored on the computer-readable storage medium, the computer system performs the methods and processes embodied as data structures and code and stored within the computer-readable storage medium.
- modules or apparatus may include, but are not limited to, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) chip, a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a dedicated or shared processor that executes a particular software module or a piece of code at a particular time, and/or other programmable-logic devices now known or later developed.
- ASIC application-specific integrated circuit
- FPGA field-programmable gate array
- the hardware modules or apparatus When activated, they perform the methods and processes included within them.
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Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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EP15850437.3A EP3207461A4 (en) | 2014-10-15 | 2015-10-14 | Compression of cascading style sheet files |
SG11201701997UA SG11201701997UA (en) | 2014-10-15 | 2015-10-14 | Compression of cascading style sheet files |
KR1020177010286A KR102018445B1 (en) | 2014-10-15 | 2015-10-14 | Compression of cascading style sheet files |
JP2017513126A JP6373489B2 (en) | 2014-10-15 | 2015-10-14 | Compress cascading style sheet files |
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CN201410545554.X | 2014-10-15 | ||
CN201410545554.XA CN105577719B (en) | 2014-10-15 | 2014-10-15 | A kind of data compression method and device |
US14/881,066 US9747385B2 (en) | 2014-10-15 | 2015-10-12 | Compression of cascading style sheet files |
US14/881,066 | 2015-10-12 |
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WO2016061269A1 true WO2016061269A1 (en) | 2016-04-21 |
WO2016061269A4 WO2016061269A4 (en) | 2016-05-19 |
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