WO2016059063A1 - Sélection du qci de connexion de dispositif agrégateur - Google Patents

Sélection du qci de connexion de dispositif agrégateur Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016059063A1
WO2016059063A1 PCT/EP2015/073698 EP2015073698W WO2016059063A1 WO 2016059063 A1 WO2016059063 A1 WO 2016059063A1 EP 2015073698 W EP2015073698 W EP 2015073698W WO 2016059063 A1 WO2016059063 A1 WO 2016059063A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
communication device
aggregator
quality
communication
network
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2015/073698
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Andrea De Pasquale
Eric Murray
Fernando PRIETO MORÁN
Antonio OLIVER
Original Assignee
Vodafone Ip Licensing Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from EP14382390.4A external-priority patent/EP3010271A1/fr
Priority claimed from EP15382031.1A external-priority patent/EP3010275A1/fr
Application filed by Vodafone Ip Licensing Limited filed Critical Vodafone Ip Licensing Limited
Priority to EP15780837.9A priority Critical patent/EP3207758B1/fr
Priority to ES15780837T priority patent/ES2807180T3/es
Publication of WO2016059063A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016059063A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/14—Relay systems
    • H04B7/15—Active relay systems
    • H04B7/155—Ground-based stations
    • H04B7/15507—Relay station based processing for cell extension or control of coverage area
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W76/00—Connection management
    • H04W76/10—Connection setup
    • H04W76/12—Setup of transport tunnels
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W16/00—Network planning, e.g. coverage or traffic planning tools; Network deployment, e.g. resource partitioning or cells structures
    • H04W16/24—Cell structures
    • H04W16/26—Cell enhancers or enhancement, e.g. for tunnels, building shadow
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W84/00—Network topologies
    • H04W84/02—Hierarchically pre-organised networks, e.g. paging networks, cellular networks, WLAN [Wireless Local Area Network] or WLL [Wireless Local Loop]
    • H04W84/04—Large scale networks; Deep hierarchical networks
    • H04W84/042—Public Land Mobile systems, e.g. cellular systems
    • H04W84/047—Public Land Mobile systems, e.g. cellular systems using dedicated repeater stations
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W88/00—Devices specially adapted for wireless communication networks, e.g. terminals, base stations or access point devices
    • H04W88/02—Terminal devices
    • H04W88/04—Terminal devices adapted for relaying to or from another terminal or user
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W88/00—Devices specially adapted for wireless communication networks, e.g. terminals, base stations or access point devices
    • H04W88/16—Gateway arrangements

Definitions

  • This disclosure relates to a telecommunication system.
  • the disclosure relates to a telecommunication system that provides wireless wide area communications in cellular telecommunications networks and uses user equipment (UE) to provide an aggregation service in addition to wireless wide area communications provided by a macrolayer cellular telecommunications infrastructure.
  • UE user equipment
  • Cellular telecommunications networks characteristically provide "cells" of radio communication coverage between communication devices (which are typically mobile) and a core network (with a “downlink” from core network to communication device and an “uplink” in the opposite direction).
  • RATs radio access technologies
  • 2G second generation
  • 3G third generation
  • 4G fourth generation
  • technologies according to whether the RAT achieves effective data communications that meet increasingly challenging requirements.
  • the technologies make different uses of the available radio frequency (RF) bandwidth: neighbouring cells in 2G technologies, for example, are deployed so that they use RF bandwidth at different frequencies to avoid interference.
  • RF radio frequency
  • Base (transceiver) stations are associated with one or more antenna arrays which in turn establish respective cells. They are controlled at least in part by other entities in the core network known as controllers (in 3G technologies such as UMTS these are referred to as radio network controllers, RNCs). More recently certain categories of base transceiver stations, referred to as eNodeBs or eNBs in the context of LTE, implement both base station functionality and at least some controller functionality.
  • the antenna arrays (and thus, often, the base stations) are geographically distributed so that the coverage of each cell typically overlaps with that of neighbouring cells only at the cell edge.
  • the RATs aim to ensure that communication devices are provided with continuous coverage even if they are moving from the coverage of a first cell to that of a second across the cell edge region: to do this they use a reselection technique referred to as "handover” (or “handoff”). Handoff is described as "soft" when the procedure allows for a transition period during which control and/or user data traffic intended for a given communication device is routed to the device through more than one of the cells, in other words the device is permitted to "camp" on more than one cell.
  • Providing communication devices with coverage at cell edge typically requires more network resources; for instance transmission power needs to be higher in the downlink in order for the RF signal to propagate to the cell edge.
  • HSDPA has mainly removed in downlink the concept of soft handover: data is transmitted from only one cell to the terminal.
  • LTE Long Term Evolution
  • SINR signal to interference plus noise ratio
  • users at the cell edge in LTE (and HSDPA, etc.) require more radio resources (i.e. user plane resource blocks, control channel resource blocks, etc.) than users closer to the serving base transceiver stations (i.e. eNBs). Accordingly, the potential for the cell be impacted increases when there is an increase in the number and activity of users at/near to the cell edge.
  • LTE Long Term Evolution
  • the requirement for cellular communications coverage is far from uniform across a typical geographic area.
  • the most prevalent class of base transceiver station is the wide area eNodeB which provides coverage over a wide geographical spread (spanning distances of up to 20km) - this is sometimes termed the "macro (layer) eNB" type. Such eNBs often provide more than one "cell” or sector. Base transceiver stations of more limited transmit power than the macro eNBs, and typically providing one cell or sector, are referred to as micro eNBs.
  • Smaller cells may be provided by devices of even lower power: local area eNBs (or picocell base stations) and home eNBs (or femtocell base stations).
  • the resulting femtocells and picocells are sometimes referred to generally as "small cells".
  • These classes of base transceiver stations are typically used in areas where coverage would otherwise be inadequate or awkward to maintain using conventional eNB equipment.
  • the main distinction between local area and home eNBs is that in the case of the home eNBs the location and control of the device lies with the end-user rather than the network operator; these devices conventionally offer communication services to a "white-list" of home-users rather than any network subscribers that happen to be within coverage.
  • LTE has a hierarchical architecture so that a wide area layer of coverage (the macro layer) may overlap or encompass geographic regions within the coverage of smaller cells (the "micro layer"). Nevertheless there may be a preference on behalf of the network operator to have uplink and/or downlink traffic for certain devices handed down to the micro layer; to free up capacity in the macro layer for devices that are out of micro layer coverage, for example.
  • Network operators wish to improve the efficiency of the use of their networks at or near cell edges.
  • the improved cell edge performance brings with it the need for dedicated transmit (Tx) and receive (Rx) antennas associated with one or more macro eNBs.
  • the installation of fixed small cells by a network operator brings with it the burden of finding suitable locations, paying for the site rental, and deploying additional cables to connect the fixed Small Cells to other nodes of the network. Furthermore, installation and commissioning (including configuring) of fixed small cells takes time: even if wireless backhaul is used instead of cables, the fixed small cells need to be installed in a suitable position and configured for operation at that location. In some cases, this process may include the configuration and testing of directional antennas associated with such small cell devices which require the skills of a professional radio engineer.
  • the LTE standards (Release 10 (and later) of the 3GPP) also describe two further Radio Access Network entities: relays and repeaters which can be used to address the problem of cell edges. Both types of entity provide extension of coverage for one cell of an existing base transceiver station.
  • a repeater is communicatively tied to a corresponding (typically macro) eNB, having a first antenna within a given cell (the "donor cell") of the eNB and a second antenna directed towards a coverage area where coverage extension is required.
  • a repeater merely retransmits (i.e. re-broadcasts) a signal, received at a first frequency, at a second frequency, typically amplifying the repeated signal. Uplink and downlink signals may thus be conveyed through repeaters without any need for decoding.
  • a relay is also communicatively tied to a corresponding eNB. It too has a first antenna within a given cell (the "donor cell") of the eNB and a second antenna directed towards a target coverage area. Relays however form their own cells and operate in many ways as base transceiver stations in their own right. Relays decode the signals from the donor cell, applying any necessary error correction, and make decisions about how radio resources (such as the channels within each radio subframe) are assigned.
  • radio resources such as the channels within each radio subframe
  • one or more terminals may be close to the edge of a serving cell.
  • a small number of active users at cell edge can consume a high number of cell resources (e.g. LTE resource blocks) since cell edge typically correlates to poor coverage; implying that a higher number of resources must be dedicated to the cell edge users to provide a throughput at a given level when compared to the demand for resources by users that are in better radio conditions (i.e. away from the cell edges).
  • Serving radio resources to communication devices at cell-edge has a higher cost in terms of resource allocation and power usage than a similar device in a region of the cell closer to a serving base transceiver station system (such as an eNodeB).
  • Known approaches to cell edge problems seek to increase the capacity or coverage of the cellular network by addition of further network equipment at locations in the network where cell edge problems regularly occur (or are forecast). Such equipment is typically fixed in location and requires careful planning.
  • Network and other performance conditions very often change over time: for instance, individual communication devices that, by virtue of their location at the cell edge and active use of the network, have a detrimental effect on the network performance at one time, may, at other times, be idle and cause no such effect. Furthermore, as UEs are typically mobile, they may have moved outside the affected cell entirely or closer to the base transceiver station equipment that serves the cell - either way, reducing the detrimental effect.
  • the level of priority assigned to data from several different communications devices that have a backhaul via small cell base stations and/or relay devices must be balanced with the priority of data in the corresponding macrolayer backhaul.
  • a first communication device for providing aggregator functionality to one or more second communication devices in a cellular communication network
  • the first communication device comprising processing circuitry configured to: obtain, for the or each second communication device, quality indication information that indicates a preferred quality of a communication bearer between the second communication device and a core network entity of the cellular communication network; determine aggregate quality indication information based on the respective quality indication information; and request a change in the preferred quality of a relay bearer between the first communication device and the core network entity in accordance with the determined aggregate quality indication information.
  • quality indication information (e.g. QCI) may be selected for EPS bearers used to carry Relay-UE traffic in a dynamic fashion according to loads placed upon the radio access network.
  • a method for setting quality indication information for bearers established by first communication devices providing aggregator functionality to one or more second communication devices in a cellular communication network comprising: obtaining, for the or each second communication device, quality indication information that indicates a preferred quality of a communication bearer between the second communication device and a core network entity of the cellular communication network; determining aggregate quality indication information based on the respective quality indication information; and requesting a change in the preferred quality of a relay bearer between the first communication device and the core network entity in accordance with the determined aggregate quality indication information.
  • the above aspects may be implemented within a controller entity for controlling an aggregator facility in a cellular telecommunication network, wherein the network has a core network, CN, and a radio access network, RAN, and serves at least one first communication device, the controller entity comprising a network interface unit configured to provide an interface to the CN and controller unit configured: to obtain performance condition information for a region of the telecommunication network, to determine whether a second communication device provides aggregator functionality to said at least one first communication device, and to instruct the second communication device to establish an aggregation connection to the first communication device in dependence upon the determination.
  • the performance conditions include conditions associated with a communication link between the or each first communication device and an eNB in the RAN, and the controller unit is configured to determine whether a second communication device provides aggregator functionality by determining whether the performance conditions match trigger conditions.
  • the controller unit is configured to instruct the second communication device to establish an aggregation connection by assigning a second communication device to operate in the aggregator mode, upon receipt of an indication that performance conditions match the trigger conditions, and commanding the first communication device to switch at least a portion of its data link from the eNB to the second communication device in aggregator mode, wherein aggregator mode is a mode in which the second communication device is configured to aggregate data traffic from one or more of said first communication devices.
  • the performance conditions include conditions related to the location of one or more second communication device and the controller unit is further configured to obtain performance condition information repeatedly at time intervals and to determine whether a second communication device provides aggregator functionality on successive occasions in dependence upon the performance condition information thus obtained, thereby updating the determination.
  • the conditions related to the location of one or more second communication device indicate whether each second communication device is static for a duration sufficient to allow effective aggregator functionality.
  • the controller unit is configured to activate the network interface unit in dependence upon the performance condition information, thereby activating an aggregator layer in the telecommunication network.
  • the processing means is configured to deactivate the network interface unit in dependence upon the performance condition information, thereby deactivating an aggregator layer in the telecommunication network.
  • the performance condition information includes location information for the at least one first communication device and the controller unit is further configured to determine whether a second communication device provides aggregator functionality in dependence upon the location information for the at least one first communication device.
  • the controller entity corresponds to the aggregator controller in the system described above and may implement any of the functionalities of the aggregator controller in the system described above.
  • the above aspects may be implemented in conjunction with a method in a controller entity for determining functionality of communication devices in a cellular communication network including a plurality of communication devices, the method comprising: obtaining at least one measure of the performance of the cellular communication network in a component area of radio coverage; determining from the or each measure of performance whether performance conditions in the component area of radio coverage support the activation of an aggregator facility, said aggregator facility providing radio coverage to at least one first communication device within a selected geographical area; determining from the or each measure of performance whether a net benefit is expected for the performance of the network in the component area as a result of the activation of the aggregator facility; and controlling activation of an aggregator functionality at at least one second communication device when performance conditions in the component area of radio coverage support the activation of the aggregator facility and when a net benefit is expected.
  • an aggregator facility i.e. an aggregator layer
  • the radio coverage offered by the macrocell is extended by the addition of radio coverage from one or more aggregators, can and should (according to some criteria) be initiated.
  • Each second communication device that becomes an aggregator has a functionality whereby that device may provide radio coverage in addition to that of the macrocell.
  • This aggregator functionality may be activated as a routine within a client application executing on the communication device or as a dedicated functionality, for example.
  • determining whether a net benefit is expected as a result of the activation of the aggregator facility may include determining whether the number of static first communication devices located in a portion of the component area within range of the at least one second communication device exceeds a threshold number.
  • determining whether performance conditions support the activation of an aggregator facility includes determining whether network conditions necessary for the activation of an aggregator facility hold for a given component area of radio coverage; and determining whether network conditions sufficient to support the activation of an aggregator facility hold for the component area.
  • determining whether the network conditions necessary for the activation of an aggregator facility hold includes at least one of: determining whether cell load exceeds a load threshold while throughput lies below a minimum throughput threshold; determining whether the number of users in a region of the cell exceeds a user number threshold while throughput for a given application falls below a minimum throughput threshold; determining whether a happiness metric lies below a happiness threshold; and/or determining whether the usage of control resources exceeds a control resource threshold.
  • the network conditions sufficient for the activation of an aggregator facility depend upon the level of at least one of the following parameters: the number of communication devices in the component area of radio coverage; the number of communication devices in the component area of radio coverage having activated aggregator functionality; signal to interference plus noise ratio, SINR; path loss/received signal received power, RSRP; the available radio access technologies, operational frequency bands and/or carriers; location information of the communication devices; mobility information of the communication devices; and predicted device power profile for the at least one communication devices.
  • the at least one second communication device is one of: a user equipment (UE); a machine type communication (MTC) device; a repeater; a relay unit; an access point; wireless station; small cell station; or a dedicated aggregator facility communication device.
  • UE user equipment
  • MTC machine type communication
  • the at least one second communication device is one of: a user equipment (UE); a machine type communication (MTC) device; a repeater; a relay unit; an access point; wireless station; small cell station; or a dedicated aggregator facility communication device.
  • MTC machine type communication
  • determining whether a net benefit as a result of the activation of the aggregator facility is performed on a macrocell basis for at least one macrocell within the cellular telecommunications network.
  • the above aspects may be implemented in conjunction with a method in a controller entity for determining functionality of communication devices in a cellular communication network including a plurality of communication devices, the plurality of communication devices including one or more candidate aggregator devices, the method comprising: obtaining information relative to candidate aggregator devices in a given area of radio coverage; for each of a plurality of subsets of the candidate aggregator devices, estimating a corresponding expected gain based on the obtained information, wherein the expected gain is a difference between an estimated value of a first measure of performance of the network after activation of an aggregator functionality in said subset of candidate aggregator devices and a first measured value of the first measure of performance of the network before activation of an aggregator functionality in any of the plurality of subsets, and wherein the aggregator functionality provides radio coverage to at least one first communication device within a selected geographical area; and activating an aggregator functionality in at least one subset selected from the plurality of subsets based at least in part on their corresponding expected gains.
  • Examples of the techniques used to obtain the estimated value of the first measure of performance of the network include: estimation by temporary activation of the aggregator functionality (whether complete or partial activation of the aggregator functionality is performed); and estimation which requires no activation of the aggregator functionality (for example using a modelling or inference technique to interpolate or extrapolate from known historical or other related indirect measurements).
  • the method may further comprise: maintaining the aggregator functionality activated in the at least one selected subset if a second measured value of the first measure of performance of the network after activation of the aggregator functionality in the at least one selected subset is higher than said first measured value.
  • one or more of the subsets of the candidate aggregator devices could have a single candidate aggregator device as a member. Often, however, there are likely to be a plurality of such candidate aggregator devices in each subset considered.
  • the method may further comprise: choosing a selection algorithm for use in selecting the at least one subset based on a type of the obtained information.
  • the aggregator selection algorithm used may be chosen to suit the available type of information relative to candidate aggregator devices in the given area of radio coverage obtained.
  • the expected gain for each subset is estimated by: obtaining the first measured value by measuring said first measure of performance of the network before activation of an aggregator functionality in any of the plurality of subsets; and for each candidate aggregator device in the subset, calculating the estimated value of the first measure of performance of the network for a case where the device provides an active aggregator functionality, and calculating a difference between the estimated value and the first measured value of the first measure.
  • the expected gain for each subset is estimated by, obtaining the first measured value by measuring said first measure of performance of the network before activation of an aggregator functionality in any of the plurality of subsets; and for each subset, calculating the estimated value of the first measure of performance of the network for a case where each of the devices in the subset provides an active aggregator functionality, and calculating a difference between the estimated value and the first measured value of the first measure.
  • the subset in which the aggregator functionality is activated is selected by: evaluating the expected gain for each subset; and selecting a subset having a required expected gain.
  • the evaluation of the expected gain may comprise calculating which of the at least one subsets provides the greatest expected gain, and wherein the selection of the subset having the required expected gain comprises selecting the subset that provides the greatest expected gain.
  • the evaluation of the expected gain may comprise calculating which of the subsets requires fewest changes in aggregator devices from the aggregator devices currently providing the aggregator functionality, and wherein the selection of the subset having the required expected gain comprises selecting the subset that requires fewest changes in aggregator devices, the estimated expected gain exceeding a threshold gain value.
  • the evaluation of the estimated expected gain may comprise modelling performance of the network with the selected subset activated and comparing that modelled performance information to the measured performance of the network before activation of an aggregator functionality.
  • the method may further include: controlling the or each candidate aggregator device having an active aggregator functionality to deactivate the aggregator functionality.
  • activating the aggregator functionality in the at least one selected subset may include, for the or each candidate aggregator device in the selected subset, controlling the respective device to activate the active aggregator functionality.
  • the method may further comprise obtaining a third measured value of a second measure of performance of the network before activation of an aggregator functionality in any of the plurality of subsets; and maintaining the aggregator functionality activated in the at least one selected subset if a fourth measured value of the second measure of performance of the network after activation of the aggregator functionality in the at least one selected subset is higher than the third measured value.
  • the second measure of performance used in determining whether to maintain an already active aggregator functionality may thus differ from the first measure used to determine whether the aggregator functionality should be activated in the first instance.
  • the method may further comprise updating the selection of candidate aggregator devices, at spaced-apart intervals of time, by: obtaining a further measured value of the measure of performance of the network; for each subset of the candidate aggregator devices, estimating an updated corresponding expected gain; selecting at least one of the subsets based at least in part upon their corresponding updated expected gain; activating an aggregator functionality in each selected subset; and maintaining the active aggregator functionality if the further measured value of the measure of performance of the network exceeds a reference value of said measure.
  • the method may further comprise, before estimating the updated expected gain, changing the configuration of the active aggregator functionality in response to the further performance information.
  • the reference value may be a value of said measure averaged over a plurality of historical measurements.
  • the reference measured value may be a value of said measure selected from any one of N further measured values of said measure obtained in the N most recent update operations.
  • each candidate aggregator device may be a communication device that fulfils at least one criterion selected from: sufficient battery life; location within a portion of the given area of radio coverage for which the aggregator functionality is expected to be required; and current path loss metric for the communication link between the communication device and the cellular communication network falls below a path loss threshold.
  • Examples of communication device may include one of a user equipment (UE); a machine type communication (MTC) device; an access point; wireless station; and/or small cell station.
  • UE user equipment
  • MTC machine type communication
  • the given area of radio coverage may be selected from: a macrocell coverage area for at least one macrocell within the cellular telecommunications network; a coverage area for at least one sector within the macrolayer of the cellular telecommunications network; and the coverage area of the entire cellular telecommunications network.
  • the above aspects may also be implemented in conjunction with a method for determining functionality of communication devices in a cellular communication network including a plurality of communication devices, the plurality of communication devices including one or more candidate aggregator devices, the method comprising, at spaced-apart intervals of time: estimating an expected gain for each of a plurality of subsets of the candidate aggregator devices, the estimate being based on information relative to candidate aggregator devices in a given area of radio coverage, wherein the expected gain is a difference between an estimated value of a measure of performance of the network after activation of an aggregator functionality in said subset of candidate aggregator devices and a current measured value of the measure of performance of the network, and wherein the aggregator functionality provides radio coverage to at least one first communication device within a selected geographical area; activating an aggregator functionality in at least one subset selected from the plurality of subsets based at least in part on their corresponding expected gains; and maintaining the activated aggregator functionality in the at least one selected subset if the current value of
  • the above aspects may be implemented in conjunction with a communication device for providing an aggregator facility in a telecommunications network having a core network, CN, and a radio access network, RAN, the communication device comprising: a communication unit configured to establish an aggregation connection to at least one nearby communication device and to establish a second connection between the at least one nearby communication device and the CN, and a processor unit configured to report device status information to an aggregator controller, to receive instructions from the aggregator controller, said instructions being dependent upon performance conditions including the reported device status, and to enable the aggregation connection in accordance with the instructions.
  • the processor is configured to report device status information including information selected from: the location of the communication device, accuracy of the location, supported RAT technologies, supported RAT frequency bands, battery characteristics, mobility state, and/or current battery drain consumption.
  • the processor is configured to enable the aggregation connection by establishing an aggregation cell at a frequency band different from an operating frequency band of the RAN.
  • the processor is configured to enable the aggregation connection by establishing an aggregation cell using a wireless communication technology different from a wireless communication technology used by the RAN.
  • the processor unit is further configured to enable the second connection by enabling the communication unit, the second connection including the aggregation connection and a wireless connection between the communication device and the RAN.
  • the aggregation cell serve more than one nearby communication device.
  • the wireless connection aggregates a data traffic for each of the nearby communication devices into an aggregated payload, thereby making more effective use of the wireless connection.
  • the communication device for providing an aggregator facility corresponds to the second communication device in the system described above and may implement any of the functionalities of the equivalent second communication device in the system described above.
  • the above aspects may also be implemented in conjunction with a method for reporting readiness of a communication device to act as aggregator in a telecommunications network having at least one controller entity, the method comprising: determining a change in location of the communication device based on two or more locations determined at temporally spaced apart intervals, the interval being a first interval; if there has been no change in location over the first interval, further comparing locations at a second interval; and if there has been no change in location over the second interval, determining that the communication device is in an aggregator-ready status and reporting the location of said aggregator-ready device.
  • Conveniently changes in location may be determined in the communication device itself.
  • the location of the communication device is an absolute location.
  • the location of the communication device may be determined using a global navigation satellite system, GNSS, such as GPS.
  • GNSS global navigation satellite system
  • the location of the communication device may be reported in GPS format.
  • the second interval may be set in accordance with the type of the communication device.
  • the method may further comprise determining that the communication device is not in an aggregator-ready status if there has been a change in location over the first interval; and reporting the location to the controller entity.
  • the method may then further comprise determining location of the communication device after a third temporally spaced apart interval.
  • the method may further comprise, if there has been no change in location over the second interval, determining the location of the communication device at temporally spaced apart intervals, the interval being a fourth predetermined interval.
  • reporting the location of the aggregator-ready device may comprise reporting the location to the controller entity.
  • reporting the location of the aggregator-ready device may further comprise reporting aggregator-ready status to the controller entity.
  • the method may further comprise obtaining additional information concerning the status of the communication device; and reporting the additional information to the controller entity.
  • the additional information may conveniently include an indication of the remaining battery life of the communication device.
  • the above aspects may also be implemented in conjunction with a method for handling change in mobility status of a communication device that provides an active aggregator cell in a telecommunications network, the telecommunications network having a core network, at least one controller entity and a macrolayer radio access network, the macrolayer radio access network being configured to provide a backhaul connection to the core network and to provide wireless communication connections to communication devices, the method comprising: at temporally spaced apart intervals, obtaining a plurality of locations of the communication device; comparing a location determined at an earlier time to a location at a later time; if there has been no change in location, instructing communication devices having active connection to reconnect to the macrolayer, and causing the cell to bar establishment of further active connections.
  • this method may further comprise reporting that the aggregator cell is deactivated as a result of the change of mobility status.
  • the above aspects may be implemented within a system for providing an aggregator facility in a telecommunications network; the system comprising: a core network, CN; and a radio access network, RAN, which is configured to provide a backhaul connection to the CN and to provide wireless communication connections to radio communication devices; wherein the system further comprises: a first communication device, the first communication device having a first connection to the CN, the first connection path including a wireless connection between the RAN and the first communication device; a second communication device; and an aggregator controller, which communicates with the RAN and the CN and which is configured to instruct the second communication device to establish an aggregation connection to the first communication device and a second connection between the first communication device and the CN, wherein the second connection included the aggregation connection and the instruction is dependent upon performance conditions.
  • the second connection may be used instead of the first connection to the CN; alternatively the second connection may be used in addition to the first connection to the CN.
  • the aggregation connection is a wireless connection. In certain embodiments there are a plurality of first communication devices. Where there are more than one first communication device, the aggregation connection transports aggregated data from the first communication devices, the data from each first communication device being packetized for backhaul to the core network.
  • the second communication device may be a user equipment (UE) whose user has indicated that the UE may be dynamically assigned to act as an "aggregator”.
  • UE user equipment
  • the second connection further includes a second wireless connection to the RAN and the backhaul connection from the RAN to the CN.
  • the second communication device is a user equipment (UE)
  • the second wireless connection may be established using a SIM card specific to that device to authenticate the device to the CN.
  • the second connection further includes a connection using at least one connection technology selected from: optical fibre cable technologies; Ethernet technologies; a fixed line xDSL technology; microwave backhaul technology; and/or a Wi-Fi technology.
  • the connection may thus comprise a Wi-Fi section from second communication device to a Wi-Fi access point and a fixed line section from the Wi-Fi access point to the core network.
  • Fixed line xDSL and optical fibre connections may be either direct or indirect; in the indirect case, the connection may be established via at least one intervening network entity.
  • the second communication device may be a dedicated communication device specifically deployed to act as an aggregator.
  • the second communication device may be a small cell base transceiver station, for example, a home eNodeB (HeNB).
  • HeNB home eNodeB
  • the aggregator controller is independent of the RAN.
  • the controlling functionality (which could be implemented, for example, as a software) is thus placed in an entity that is typically external to the eNodeBs.
  • This external entity is configured to establish a communication channel with selected terminals (or other communication devices) that are capable of acting as aggregators for other terminals in the network.
  • selected terminals or other communication devices
  • the latter are connected to the CN via a secondary connection which is different from the primary connection they would have when connected with the CN via the RAN.
  • These connections are primarily logical connections between the terminals and the CN.
  • the secondary connection will include a communication channel between the selected terminal and the one or more other terminals in the network for which the selected terminal acts as an aggregator (hereafter, we will call the selected terminal "aggregator").
  • the aggregator will communicate with each of these other terminals and combine their communication streams before they are transmitted to the Core Network.
  • the external entity is configured to establish further parallel communication channels with other communication devices: this may be useful when determining the locations of communication devices more generally rather than candidate aggregators alone, as may be needed in certain embodiments.
  • the system may be deployed without requiring bespoke adaptations of otherwise conventional eNodeBs to include dedicated software functionalities.
  • the introduction of a separate controller entity means that the system may be implemented in association with any conventional macrocell layer deployment.
  • the users of the network may also benefit in that they are able to influence the overall coverage of the macrolayer by their own actions.
  • an aggregator placed close to a window can provide improved coverage indoors to UEs, giving a better link budget.
  • aggregator facility systems may have an advantage for legacy communication devices since they would gain access to potentially more up-to-date equipment in the deployed aggregator controller, thereby improving performance of such low-tier terminals in connecting to the macrolayer through the aggregator.
  • Location services may also benefit from the availability and/or presence of aggregator devices as each aggregator may be used as a further means to discover the positions of respective communication devices, thereby improving location accuracy.
  • the performance conditions upon which the instruction to the second communication device to establish the second connection depends include a metric of coverage quality and/or usage of resources in the network being greater than a threshold level.
  • This metric may be a metric of a level of interference in the network.
  • this level of interference may be one due to the use of the first connection.
  • the threshold level is an estimate (which can be predetermined) of a level of interference due to the use of the second connection.
  • the instruction to establish an aggregation connection may be conditional upon performance conditions associated with the second communication device. This may be in addition to the metric discussed above.
  • the performance conditions associated with the second communication device may include parameters associated with the connection between the second communication device and the RAN.
  • the performance conditions associated with the second communication device may include at least one of SINR, received signal received power (RSRP), location information, and battery life.
  • the aggregator controller may be further configured to process the performance conditions associated with the second communication device and, only if the parameters are determined to indicate that the second communication device is a candidate for assignment as an aggregator, to instruct the second communication device to establish the aggregation connection to the first communication device
  • a further aspect provides machine-readable storage storing such a program.
  • Figures 1A to 1 C illustrate a radio access network where certain communication devices are dynamically assigned as aggregators within a single cell;
  • Figures 2A and 2B illustrate a further radio access network where certain communication devices are dynamically assigned as aggregators within a multicell network
  • Figure 3 illustrates the functional elements of an aggregator controller suitable for enabling, controlling and disabling an aggregator layer in the network architecture of Figures 1 A, 1 B, 1 C, 2A and 2B;
  • Figure 4 illustrates the behaviour of nearby communication devices when the aggregator controller of Figure 3 enables an aggregator layer at a given aggregator;
  • Figure 5 illustrates the functional elements of a communication device suitable for use in the network architecture of Figures 1 A, 1 B, 1 C, 2A and 2B;
  • Figures 6A and 6B illustrate certain operations of a controller entity in determining whether activation of an aggregator facility is supported
  • Figure 7 shows a flowchart showing certain operations of a communication device associated with mobility status
  • Figure 8 shows a flowchart showing certain further operations of a communication device associated with mobility status
  • FIG. 9 illustrates the use of EPS bearer as a transport layer for connectivity between an aggregator device and the core network
  • Figure 10 illustrates a variation upon the arrangement in Figure 9
  • Figure 1 1 illustrates the architecture of a radio access network where certain communication devices are dynamically assigned as aggregators in accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure
  • Figure 12 illustrates the operation of a relay equipment to determine the priority of a relay bearer depending upon the priority characteristics of component bearers in accordance with one aspect of the present disclosure
  • Figure 13 illustrates the operation of a relay equipment to determine the priority of a relay bearer depending upon the priority characteristics of component bearers in accordance with a further aspect of the present disclosure
  • Figure 14 illustrates an alternative scheme for the operation of a relay equipment to determine the priority of a relay bearer depending upon the priority characteristics of component bearers in accordance with yet another aspect of the present disclosure
  • Figure 15 illustrates the operation of a relay equipment to determine the priority of a relay bearer depending upon the priority characteristics of component bearers and macrolayer bearers in accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure.
  • the present disclosure relates to the integration of an aggregation service with existing wireless wide area communications provided in a telecommunications network architecture that includes a radio access network (RAN), a core network (CN) and a packet data network (PDN).
  • RAN radio access network
  • CN core network
  • PDN packet data network
  • Communication devices such as mobile terminals, user equipment (UEs) and wireless access stations, establish wireless connections to the network by means of the RAN .
  • FIGS 1A to 1 C show a single cell 100 of the telecommunications network provided by a base transceiver station (i.e. macro eNB) 120 within the RAN.
  • the telecommunications network architecture further comprises a network node, referred to as an aggregator controller (AC) 102, which communicates with the RAN and the CN (illustrated here as a link between the AC 102 and the eNB 120) but which may be implemented independently of the component entities of either RAN or CN.
  • AC aggregator controller
  • the AC 102 identifies at least one communication device 104 as candidate for assignment as an aggregator.
  • the AC 102 also instructs any given aggregator candidate 104 to activate (or deactivate) an aggregator mode, whereby it provides base station functionality for nearby (mobile) communication devices 1 10: in Figure 1 C, each activated, aggregator-enabled communication device 104 provides a respective aggregator cell 150.
  • the AC 102 also determines whether any aggregator candidate 104 is activated at all at a given time in a given region of the telecommunications network.
  • candidate aggregators 104 are illustrated as UEs: this is merely one example of a suitable communication devices 104, candidate aggregators may equally be dedicated communication devices or even small cell base transceiver stations such as HeNBs or femtocell eNBs.
  • the AC 102 is configured to interrogate one or more communication devices 104, where these devices are connected to the RAN (i.e. the eNB 120), to determine certain parameters associated with the device 104 and/or its connection to the RAN (e.g. SINR, reference signal received power (RSRP), receive signal code power (RSCP), location information, battery life, etc.). Data associated with the parameters is processed at the AC 102 and, if the parameters are determined to indicate that the or each communication device 104 is a candidate for assignment as an aggregator, the communication device 104 may be configured to implement an aggregator mode, whereby it provides base station functionality for nearby (mobile) communication devices 1 10.
  • the RAN i.e. the eNB 120
  • RSRP reference signal received power
  • RSCP receive signal code power
  • Figures 1A to 1 C also illustrate one scenario where the facility extending base station functionality to nearby (mobile) communication devices 1 10 is contemplated.
  • the cell edge illustrated as shaded area 130
  • the network can deploy aggregators to address the problems of cell edge.
  • Certain network-connected communication devices 104 are thus used as a type of small cell entity.
  • Network-connected communication devices assigned to perform this small cell-like functionality are termed "aggregators" because, where there are more than one communication devices 1 10 nearby a given network-connected communication device 104 in aggregator mode, the data traffic from the nearby communication devices 1 10, for each of the nearby communication devices 1 10, is buffered for transport (i.e. "aggregated") using a backhaul connection between the aggregator 104 and the core network.
  • the aggregator can both (a) assist in extending the network coverage to locations where (i) the macrolayer coverage is otherwise either temporarily or permanently inadequate or (ii) the macrolayer coverage is adequate but devices within a certain coverage area (e.g., cell edge) consume too many resources and (b) transport data over the RAN more efficiently.
  • One of the advantages of buffering data from the nearby communication devices 1 10 is that the backhaul connection from the aggregator 104 (which may be considered as a single logical "pipe”) can be made less "bursty" reducing signal resource consumption and reducing the overhead of the signalling.
  • Aggregators are typically, dynamically switched-on and off in dependence upon conditions affecting the performance of the network. These performance conditions include both network conditions (such as interference, load, etc.) and other conditions that could affect the performance of the system (such as the predicted level of activity in the cell at a given time or date, the presence and/or number of candidate aggregators in suitable locations, the distribution of UEs in cell edge locations, and/or the level of resource consumption by communication devices in the potential coverage area of respective candidate aggregators).
  • network conditions such as interference, load, etc.
  • other conditions that could affect the performance of the system such as the predicted level of activity in the cell at a given time or date, the presence and/or number of candidate aggregators in suitable locations, the distribution of UEs in cell edge locations, and/or the level of resource consumption by communication devices in the potential coverage area of respective candidate aggregators).
  • the coverage of the existing macrolayer is used for backhaul and a technology/band different from the one used for the backhaul is used as a radio interface for extending the coverage to nearby (mobile) communication devices 1 10.
  • the coverage extension is therefore supplied to nearby communication devices 1 10 by aggregators operating "out-of-band" with respect to the macrolayer operating frequencies.
  • the macrolayer operates using LTE carriers at frequency bands around 800MHz or 1800MHz while the cell 150 provided by the aggregator to nearby communication devices operates at 2600MHz.
  • the macrolayer operates using LTE carriers at frequency bands around 2600MHz using an FDD technology while the cell extension provided by the aggregator to nearby communication devices operates at 2600MHz in a TDD technology.
  • further out-of-band frequency bands may be available at frequencies for which no licence is needed, such as the 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands used by conventional WiFi technologies (i.e. compliant with the IEEE 802.1 1 family of standards) or in the near infrared and visible light spectrum used by light communications technologies such as visible light communications, VLC (sometimes referred to as "Li-Fi").
  • Aggregators may be fixed in a single location much as conventional small cell base station transceivers are: determining or obtain a location for such devices is essentially a matter of checking that this fixed status has not been altered. Equally and without loss of generalisation, it will be appreciated that in many instances aggregators (and candidate aggregators) are themselves mobile. While in certain embodiments, it is a requirement that the aggregator is static when active, it is also contemplated that the aggregator may be moved to another site and activated at the new site - such communication devices are referred to as "nomadic", as distinct from “fixed” devices.
  • a nomadic device arises when the candidate aggregator is installed in a motor vehicle, such as a commuter's car: the vehicle is driven from a home location (where it may be static) to an office location (where, after the journey is complete, the device may again be unmoved throughout the working day).
  • a motor vehicle such as a commuter's car
  • the AC 102 is a central logical entity (e.g. a server), which may or may not be integrated within the elements of the 3GPP Radio Access Network.
  • the AC 102 monitors conditions affecting the performance of the network to assist in deciding which UEs 104 (or other network-connected communication devices) will act as aggregator.
  • Certain implementations of the AC 102 obtain information from all network- connected communication devices in a given sector before determining which of these devices can act as aggregators by virtue of the device status and current location. This determination is repeated for respective sectors at intervals of time: in certain cases, the intervals are equal in duration, while in others, the intervals are of variable duration and may be adapted to the known or predicted behaviour of communication devices using the network.
  • the AC may further repeatedly determine whether, on a set of basic criteria (i.e. performance conditions such as the network conditions, the current location and status of communication devices, etc.), any devices in a given sector should enter into service as aggregators at all.
  • the criteria may include a measure of the comparative benefit of introducing an aggregator facility compared to having no aggregator facility in a given sector.
  • the AC is capable of establishing, maintaining and deactivating communications with the candidate aggregators, i.e. those UEs or other network- connected communication devices determined to have the capability to act as aggregators.
  • This capability (provided through an application layer carried over the user plane of the macro layer, for example) allows the AC to:
  • ⁇ obtain information from all the UEs that can act as aggregators 104, this information may include performance factors such as location and its accuracy, supported RATs and related technologies (such as conventional WiFi technologies, VLC technologies, etc.), supported operational frequency bands, battery characteristics, status, and current battery drain consumption; and/or
  • ⁇ provide commands to the aggregators 104 such as: commands to setup an aggregator control layer using some specific algorithm depending upon performance conditions such as those obtained from the aggregators 104, to select the RAT/band to be used in such a layer, to start transmission, to send handover commands to the aggregated UEs (i.e. the nearby communication devices 1 10 served by the aggregators 104), to stop transmission, and/or to send information to the aggregator control layer.
  • the AC 102 might communicate with the LTE eNodeB or 3G RNC in order to "move", via handover to a specific RAT/frequency, a terminal (or other communication device) that is set to act as an aggregator 104.
  • This move may be a change in serving cells: in such cases the communication with the LTE eNodeB or RNC is a request for a handover of the aggregator 104 from a current cell to a neighbouring cell: communication with the eNodeB or RNC is necessary then since handovers are under the control of the LTE eNode (for 3G, the control is done by the RNC).
  • the move might also be a forced reselection: in which case communication with the LTE eNodeB would be unnecessary.
  • the AC 102 may establish a further direct communication with "normal" UEs 1 10 (i.e. those communication devices not currently assigned to act as aggregators).
  • This direct communication may be through a preinstalled application, for instance, configured to gather further performance information such as the strength/quality of received signals in the cell 100 in which the normal UEs 1 10 are camped/connected, and/or data on the strength/quality of received signals in other RATs/band, and/or location information.
  • the aggregation enabled communication devices 104 are also relay nodes. Such devices may transfer data for one group of network-attached communication devices as a conventional relay node, while serving another group of network-attached communication devices as an aggregator.
  • the aggregator 104 is distinct from a typical relay node in a number of respects.
  • relay nodes are tied to a particular donor cell. They are presumed to be static and entirely under the control of the network operator via the eNB providing the donor cell.
  • relay nodes are typically operated using radio resources allocated to them by the donor cell and are thus integrated in the scheduling for the macrocell.
  • a connection from a communication device to the core network via a relay node is the same logical connection as that between the communication device and the core network via the donor eNB: resource that would be allocated within the macrolayer for the direct connection from communication device to eNodeB is instead allocated to the indirect connection via the relay unit.
  • the macrolayer (i.e. provided by eNB 120) and the aggregator 104 provide separate logical connections between the Core Network and communication device 1 10, with the aggregator 104 being "configurable" to provide this connection.
  • the relay node provides an alternative physical route provided the communication device camps on the relay cell rather than the donor cell
  • the AC 102 ensures that the network can control whether a given candidate (or group of candidates) for aggregator is enabled (i.e. enters into service as an aggregator) and thus determines the conditions under which the communication device switches between a connection established by the RAN and a connection established by the aggregator (when instantiated).
  • FIGs 2A and 2B illustrate a further radio access network where certain communication devices are dynamically assigned as aggregators within a multicell network.
  • This scenario demonstrates that the aggregator is not however merely a "temporary" base transceiver station.
  • the aggregator is activated and deactivated ad hoc (i.e. opportunistically) based on the need of the RAN as a whole, it is contemplated that certain communication devices 204 camped on neighbouring cells 280 could be assigned aggregator status: in Figure 2B, each activated, aggregator-enabled communication device 204 provides a respective aggregator cell 250.
  • Such aggregators 204 can be arranged to provide more effective base station functionality to communication devices in the cell 200 currently serving a conventional communication device 210. While that aggregator 204 would normally be outside the reach of the serving cell 200, it can nevertheless be activated, via the AC 202.
  • the AC 202 need not be associated specifically with a given cell 200, but rather with a network that may include a plurality of cells (200, 280), the AC 202 is adapted to view the network holistically. By activating aggregator facilities 204 that sit outside the (macrolayer) coverage of a cell 200 yet still serving communication devices 210 within that cell 200, the AC 202 may still deliver an overall benefit to the network.
  • Figure 3 illustrates the functional elements of an aggregator controller 300 suitable for enabling, controlling and disabling an aggregator layer in the network architecture of Figures 1A, 1 B, 1 C, 2A or 2B. These functional elements may be implemented as software routines and/or as dedicated hardware units, these elements being substantially interchangeable.
  • the functional elements include a communication module 320 for obtaining information from potential aggregators by establishing communication via an application layer with these devices.
  • the information obtained contributes to the factors affecting the performance of the network upon which the establishment of a connection between aggregators and nearby communication devices depends and may include: current location (e.g. location information derived from global or regional satellite positioning systems, such as Global Positioning System, GPS, GLONASS, BeiDou/COMPASS, IRNSS or Galileo)); historical information (covering, for example, the last two weeks) of the location of the candidate aggregator; level of physical mobility at present (i.e.
  • a measure of LTE radio coverage in the macrolayer an indicator of battery level, current consumption, expected remaining battery etc.; information concerning neighbour cells of the aggregator, in respect of the connection between the aggregator and the macrolayer RAN; and a measure of the improvements (or otherwise) expected, after switching on an aggregator layer in a specific region of the radio network, the improvements being measured in terms of latency (i.e. data waiting time), for example.
  • This information may be made available in the application layer through an aggregator client application executing on the respective aggregator candidate devices.
  • a communication device that is a suitable candidate aggregator at a given location, X, and a given time, T, may not be suitable elsewhere, X + x, at a later instant, T + t: specifically if the location is close enough to extend an aggregator cell to the (macrolayer) cell edge at T, but out of range of the cell edge at T + t.
  • the controller 300 needs to obtain this information to inform decisions as to whether the communication device is (currently) a candidate aggregator and whether, if a candidate aggregator, it should be activated/deactivated as an aggregator.
  • the communication module 320 may be configured to obtain additional information from communication devices other than aggregators; this additional information being analogous to the information obtained from candidate aggregators and similarly contributing to the factors affecting the performance of the network upon which the establishment of a connection between aggregators and nearby communication devices depends.
  • a specific non-aggregator client application may be installed in some or all of the communication devices within a network to provide this additional information.
  • the communication module 320 may also be configured to obtain macrolayer information (i.e. data concerning network conditions) from the macrolayer concerning the current level of resource consumption of the schedulers, coverage maps and (if available) real time traffic maps.
  • macrolayer information i.e. data concerning network conditions
  • the functional elements include a selection module 330 for selecting (and communicating to) the aggregators that have to start the transmission of an aggregator cell and for determining which of the supported technology/frequency bands the selected aggregators is to use in operation.
  • a monitoring module 340 is also provided to evaluate performance conditions (such as the network conditions and other conditions affecting performance) to determine which of the currently selected aggregators will continue their transmission.
  • the selection module 330 may be further configured to select (and communicate to) those aggregators which should stop their transmission (and thereby cease to be in service as an aggregator).
  • the aggregator controller When enabling an aggregator layer in a given sector or cell of a radio network, the aggregator controller first instructs one or more communication devices (preselected to act as aggregators) to start radiating coverage (i.e. to implement an aggregator "cell").
  • Nearby communication devices i.e. terminals, such as UEs
  • the nearby idle device will automatically camp on the newly established aggregator cell 420 (by virtue of the conventional idle mode reselection of the cell with the strongest signal strength coupled with the prioritization of LTE layers broadcast by the LTE eNodeB).
  • the nearby idle device thereafter enters an active mode 430, transmission starts (or does not start) over the aggregator cell 440.
  • the RAN may optionally, upon request from the aggregator controller, move (i.e. hand-off) the ongoing communication of the respective nearby device towards the aggregator cell 415. If such a request is made, transmission starts (or proceeds) over the aggregator cell 440.
  • Figure 5 illustrates the functional elements of a communication device 500 suitable for use as an aggregator in the network architecture of Figure 1A, 1 B, 1 C, 2A or 2B.
  • the communication device 500 includes a memory 510, location unit 520, a processor 540, input/output devices 550 and a network interface unit 560 having a transceiver module 565. Data is transferred between the various components via a bus 545.
  • the network interface unit 560 through its transceiver module 565 must be capable of establishing two separate network interfaces: a backhaul interface and a coverage extension interface.
  • the transceiver module operates in at least two sets of frequency bands: one set of bands that correspond to the RAT of the macrolayer and a further "out-of-band" set of frequencies not used by the RAT. In some cases, communications on the "out-of-band" set of frequencies use a different RAT from the macrolayer.
  • the backhaul and the coverage extension interface might use the same working frequency/RAT as a conventional relay node in order to facilitate the deployment of multi-hop scenarios, in which chains of Radio Access Network entities are deployed.
  • a first aggregator may appear to other communication devices as a Donor eNodeB and a second aggregator may appear to the first aggregator as a conventional UE while providing its own cell to nearby communication devices appearing to them as a conventional Relay Node.
  • the backhaul connection from the backhaul interface of the communication device 500 need not be a cellular wireless connection and may include non-cellular wireless and/or a fixed line connection using a connection technology such as: optical fibre cable technology; ethernet technologies; a fixed line xDSL technology; microwave backhaul technology; visible light communications, VLC and/or a Wi-Fi technology.
  • a connection technology such as: optical fibre cable technology; ethernet technologies; a fixed line xDSL technology; microwave backhaul technology; visible light communications, VLC and/or a Wi-Fi technology.
  • the communication device 500 can, using data obtained from the location unit 520, provide adequate reports of changes in location, which may in turn inform the controller's decisions as to whether the communication device is considered a candidate aggregator and whether, if a candidate aggregator, it should be activated/deactivated as an aggregator.
  • the location unit 520 may include a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) unit, such as a global positioning system (GPS) unit or the like to provide location information for the communication device 500 as well as cell synchronization if other methods are not available. Alternatively or additionally, the location unit 520 may obtain a location "fix" by inference from the RSRP together with knowledge of the location of cell sites in the macrolayer.
  • GNSS global navigation satellite system
  • GPS global positioning system
  • the communication device 500 can determine its current mobility level.
  • the mobility level may be determined as a binary determination, i.e. the device may be "static” or “non-static”: clearly however a non-static mobility level can be more finely distinguished by characterising the degree and nature of the mobility situations, e.g. semi-static/nomadic scenarios, high mobility, static relative to others (yet changing location), etc.
  • the communication device 500 may report each location fix (together with a time stamp) to the controller and the controller may determine for the current mobility level of the communication device 500. In the latter case, the persistent reporting of location fixes may incur a higher cost in terms of battery usage necessary to facilitate the transmission of such reports.
  • the communication device is not considered a candidate aggregator device if the mobility level is not "static".
  • there may be non-static mobility states which nevertheless qualify the communication device to be considered a candidate aggregator device for example, the detected movement may be determined to be at a speed lower than a predetermined threshold speed, or the change in location may be within a limited geographical area).
  • the controller may determine that an alternative pattern of operation (such as the selection of aggregator selection routines that are more suitable for such qualifying non-static situations) may be needed to ensure effective use of communication devices having qualifying mobility statuses.
  • the communication device 500 may be powered from a battery - such as a rechargeable Li-ion battery, conventional in the field of portable cellular communication devices, such as smartphones.
  • the level of that battery may conveniently be monitored.
  • the communication device may be rejected as a candidate aggregator device if the monitored battery level drops below a battery level threshold.
  • mobility status as discussed above is one of a number of useful criteria upon which readiness may be determined. Indeed, mobility status as illustrated - where a simple dichotomy is made between "static” and “non-static” status - is clearly a simplification of a more complex determination of a plurality of categories of "mobility status" (which might span multiple degrees and or types of "mobility", for example).
  • a device to be determined to be "aggregator-ready" it must fulfil certain physical criteria (e.g. being switched on, capable of receiving and sending signals according to an appropriate protocol, etc.) and fulfils one or more criteria for suitability: for example exhibiting a mobility status that permits effective aggregator operation.
  • Battery life is a significant example of a physical criteria which would also be considered to determine readiness to act as an aggregator. Even if conditions exist that suggest it would be possible to deploy one or more aggregation layer in a cellular communication network, there must be a good reason to decide to set-up an aggregator layer: in essence there needs to be some tangible expected benefit in doing so rather than persist with the normal macrolayer operation.
  • Figures 6A and 6B show a flowchart of certain operations performed by a controller entity in determining whether activation of an aggregator facility is supported.
  • the controller obtains values for one or more cell or user related metrics, referred to hereafter as "cell metrics", thereby checking the performance of the macrolayer.
  • the cell metrics may include for example, measurements of: cell load (for instance, resource block (RB) usage), cell throughput, number of active communication devices located in predefined portions of the cell coverage area, a "happiness" value for the users (measured latency in data transfer, uplink waiting time, or a value obtained by inference from user feedback in social network services, for example); and/or control resource usage (e.g. PDCCH usage).
  • the cell metrics provide a measure of performance of the macrolayer that is used in determining whether the conditions in a given area of radio coverage offered by a cellular communication network support the activation of an aggregator facility.
  • the given area of radio coverage may be selected from: a macrocell coverage area for at least one macrocell within the cellular telecommunications network; a coverage area for at least one sector within the macrolayer of the cellular telecommunications network; and the coverage area of the entire cellular telecommunications network.
  • the controller may be configured to define the given area of radio coverage which is to support the activation of an aggregator facility by identifying a subset of available cells for which one or more cell parameter conditions hold, e.g. more than a given number of cells in the subset have a cell metric and/or user metric lower than corresponding threshold value. This might result in the area of radio coverage which is to support the activation of an aggregator facility being a subset of the cells in the cellular network covering an entire city.
  • this determination involves two distinct stages: operation S612, which deals with certain conditions hold that would make activation of an aggregator facility desirable (even necessary), and operation S614, which deals with further conditions which would determine whether such a facility would be feasible.
  • operation S612 and S614 may be performed in parallel with one another or in "reverse" order; furthermore, all conditions may be assessed in a single procedure based on the cell metrics.
  • the controller determines whether the cell metrics meet target threshold values. This operation may include: determining whether cell load (i.e. RB usage) exceeds a load threshold while throughput lies below a minimum throughput threshold; determining whether the number of users in a region of the cell (such as the cell edge) exceeds a user number threshold while throughput per App falls below a minimum App throughput threshold (an App is a software application executable on a user's communication device: Apps that rely upon network connectivity may be affected if the throughput allocated is below some threshold, for instance, a video streaming App with a throughput lower than 300kbps would provide an inadequate display output); determining whether a happiness metric (whether aggregated for a number of users or a group of users or not) lies below a happiness threshold; and/or determining whether the usage of control resources (such as PDCCH) exceeds a control resource threshold.
  • cell load i.e. RB usage
  • determining whether the number of users in a region of the cell such as the cell edge
  • the controller concludes that necessary conditions for aggregator layer deployment hold and moves to operation S614.
  • the controller determines whether certain conditions sufficient for aggregator layer deployment hold. The controller thus determined whether effective aggregator layer deployment will be possible. Operation S614 may include determining:
  • aggregator enabled communication devices i.e. candidate aggregator devices
  • these communication devices have certain characteristics in terms of mobility (e.g. they are, have been for an amount of time, and/or are expected to be, "static");
  • controller has access to data concerning path loss towards the macrocell and/or amongst communication devices (e.g. UEs/terminals) and/or location information of the aggregators and/or the other communication devices;
  • communication devices e.g. UEs/terminals
  • location information of the aggregators and/or the other communication devices e.g. UEs/terminals
  • the controller next performs operation S616.
  • the controller performs operation S616 before or in parallel with the operations at S612 and/or S614.
  • the controller makes a preliminary determination of whether a benefit for the network would be expected if the network were to deploy the aggregator layer.
  • This preliminary determination considers a limited number of properties of the cell metrics obtained at operation S610 and thus relies upon a subset of the information necessary for aggregator layer deployment: for instance, a benefit at this stage would be expected because there were several static users at cell edge under the potential coverage of some static aggregators or because there are small cells with unused capacity in an area close to some static users but with aggregators located in their coverage area.
  • the controller waits a predetermined period of time (by setting a timer for example) and then obtains a further set of cell metrics (at operation S610). Likewise, should it be determined that no benefit is expected from the deployment of the aggregator layer (at operation S616), the controller will again return to operation S610 and obtain a further set of cell metrics.
  • the controller makes a preliminary determination that there would be an expected benefit, in principle, for the network if the aggregator layer were to be deployed, the controller initiates a more detailed phase of operation (illustrated in Figure 6B) by collecting further performance information, operation S620 (in addition to the cell metrics obtained at operation S610).
  • the controller obtains a list of aggregator enabled communication devices (i.e. candidate aggregators) currently camped within a given macrocell, using information updates received, at temporally spaced-apart intervals, from the aggregators.
  • the further performance information may include some or all of the following information obtained from the respective aggregators:
  • This location information may be obtained by the aggregator by inference from the RSRP and/or using a GPS unit.
  • pathloss/SINR (measured at the updating aggregator). This may be with respect to the current macrocell or a set of macrocells.
  • the controller processes some or all of this performance information to evaluate the relative distance and pathloss/SINR (or similar quality) between candidate aggregators and the devices of users in the cell.
  • the controller makes a selection of aggregators from among the aggregator enabled communication devices in accordance with a single aggregator selection algorithm.
  • the operation of determining which routine to use may be any conventional selection operation.
  • Figure 6B illustrates one embodiment where a plurality of aggregator selection routines are available.
  • the available respective aggregator selection routines may each be suited to respective, different performance conditions.
  • an algorithm corresponding to one of these routines is determined depending upon the availability of specific further performance information, such as aggregator location information or pathloss measurement data. In cases where only a single aggregator selection algorithm is available, the determination of which algorithm to use is trivial and operation S622 may be omitted.
  • this algorithm determines which, if any, aggregator enabled devices should be activated for aggregator functionality and defines the sub- processes by which benefit (i.e. achievable gain) from aggregator layer deployment will be calculated.
  • the algorithm thus serves to select aggregators from among the candidate aggregators for deployment of the aggregator layer.
  • the operation of this algorithm is illustrated as operation S624 in Figure 6B.
  • the controller makes a selection from among the aggregator enabled communication devices, this selection being a selection of one or more aggregators based either on individual characteristics of the respective, selected aggregators or collective characteristics when the selected aggregators are considered as a group selected from among the aggregator enabled communication devices.
  • each area may adopt a respective, different aggregator selection routine consistent with the information relative to candidate aggregator devices that can be obtained.
  • the choice of aggregator selection routine may be fixed based on empirical knowledge (using routines for which sufficient information has been available historically, because the penetration of terminals supporting a network operator client application has become sufficiently high, say) or dynamic (based on how much information is currently available for each routine).
  • the choice of which selection routine to adopt may be governed by a quality metric of the effectiveness of any given routine as a function of the amount of relevant information that can be collected. By obtaining information that might be used by one or more of the possible routine and discarding the routines for which available information is such that that their quality metric is too low, the routine whose quality metric implies it can provide the highest gain for the network would then be chosen.
  • the selection of aggregators includes the selection as a group from some or all possible different groups or subsets of aggregator enabled communication devices, each group being termed an "evaluation group”. An expected gain for each evaluation group is then calculated.
  • the selection of aggregators is the selection of individual devices (i.e. subsets of aggregator enabled communication devices having a single member each).
  • expected gain is calculated for each individual candidate aggregator.
  • the expected (achievable) gain results from an evaluation of the expected improvement in a given cell metric: this cell metric may be the, or one of the, cell metrics obtained at operation S610.
  • the expected gain may be the result of a comparison between a) the value of that given cell metric when the or each aggregator is selected and b) the currently experienced (i.e. measured) value of that cell metric.
  • the expected gain may be expressed as the difference between the value of a given cell metric predicted for a given evaluation group (evaluated before actually activating that group for aggregator functionality) and the current value of the given cell metric.
  • the current value of the cell metric is the measured value of the cell metric for the cellular communication network where no aggregator functionality is activated. Otherwise, the current value of the cell metric is the measured value of the cell metric for the network where a current group of aggregator enabled communication devices are activated for aggregator functionality, said current group need not be the evaluation group.
  • the prediction of the cell metric may be a function of the further performance information collected at operation S620.
  • the aggregator selection algorithm then assesses the respective expected gains for some or all possible different aggregators or groups of aggregators, the selected aggregator or group of aggregators may be the individual or group providing the greatest expected gain. Alternatively, the selected aggregator or group of aggregators may be selected from a subset of groups having gains that exceed a threshold gain, taking account of other practical constraints such as maintaining aggregators that are already active unless there is a good reason to stop them (e.g. battery level dropping below a level that can support continued operation or detected movement of the active aggregator).
  • the controller makes a full determination of whether a benefit for the network would be expected if the network were to deploy the aggregator layer by modelling network performance for a network with the selected aggregator or group of aggregators activated and comparing that performance to the currently measured network performance information (as collected at operation S620).
  • the full determination of benefit for the network entails comparing the expected gain from the use of the selected evaluation group of aggregators to data representative of the current network performance.
  • the aggregator layer is activated (i.e. at least one subset of aggregator enabled communication devices are activated for aggregator functionality)
  • sufficient benefit is confirmed when the gain is higher than one of a reference average metric (e.g. historical data) or a cell metric measured in the previous last N iterations, where N is an integer greater than 1.
  • a measured value of a first metric is used before activation, whereas after activation, a second, different, metric (metric B) is used instead.
  • metric A a measured value of a first metric
  • metric B a second, different, metric
  • KPIs - or key performance indicators KPIs - or key performance indicators
  • KPIs - or key performance indicators KPIs - or key performance indicators
  • Estimated values of metric A are compared to known measured values of metric A, to indicate whether the network needs assistance and to deduce that activation of the aggregator layer will provide that assistance.
  • metric B may be calculated using both the stored KPIs pre-activation, and the current KPIs measured after activation. If metric B after activation is sufficiently better than metric B before activation, the aggregator layer is maintained active.
  • the controller activates an aggregator server (operation S628) to support the aggregator layer and instructs each of the selected communication devices to activate (or maintain active) their respective aggregator functionalities (e.g. by executing a routine in an aggregator client application).
  • aggregator functionalities include functionalities consistent with operation as a MiFi architecture access point (offering WiFi protocol and/or VLC connectivity to nearby communication devices) and/or as a small cell (offering connectivity using a cellular telecommunications standard).
  • the controller may conveniently launch a RAT selection routine to determine which carrier bandwidth/RAT/band will be used by each (selected) aggregator, the carrier bandwidth/RAT/band being chosen from among one or more permutations of available RAT, band, and carrier bandwidth available for the implementation of an aggregator layer in a specific cell.
  • the RAT selection routine may determine that as LTE FDD2.6 is not used in current and/or neighbour macrocell, it can be used by all selected aggregators within range of those cells.
  • nearby communication devices may transfer some or all of their data traffic to the selected aggregator(s) differently depending upon whether they are in an "idle" or "connected” state.
  • handoff of idle devices may be facilitated by the controller modifying the neighbour cell list (NCL), which is provided to devices in idle modes, with the parameters of the selected active aggregators.
  • NCL neighbour cell list
  • the controller may determine whether to request a handover for a device in connected state when information such as radio measurements from communication devices in the macro cell compare unfavourably with radio measurements from communication devices using the selected aggregators (always providing such information is available at it might be from access to the relevant RRM function of the eNodeB/RNC in the macrocell).
  • Examples of communication devices for which a handover might be requested include those devices: a) that are in the coverage area of a specific aggregator(s) and b) that have channel quality indicator (CQI) and/or RSRP in relation to the macrocell that is worse than the one of the aggregators.
  • the aggregator may alternatively (or additionally) offer WiFi protocol and/or VLC connectivity to nearby communication devices (thereby operating as a MiFi architecture access point).
  • handoff onto the aggregation functionality may be effected by informing respective nearby communication devices which aggregators offer an access point in the cell and by commanding those communication devices close to the identified access points to enable Wi-Fi transmission.
  • the controller may then seek to optimise the aggregator layer, operation S630.
  • Optimization by the controller may include at least one of the following procedures:
  • the performance information that may be checked include measures of user happiness metrics such as: latency (i.e. the round trip time (RTT) for transmitted and received packets or uplink waiting time.
  • measures of user happiness metrics such as: latency (i.e. the round trip time (RTT) for transmitted and received packets or uplink waiting time.
  • RTT round trip time
  • Examples of the performance information that may be checked may also include: historical data (such as throughput for specific Apps) obtained in the macrolayer in similar or same location and under the same or similar RSRP/CQI conditions;
  • the aggregators themselves may be required to take certain actions when aggregated users (i.e. communication devices using the aggregation facility of a selected aggregator) start mobility.
  • the controller may act to alter the performance of the aggregator later, e.g. by instructing the newly mobile aggregator to switch off aggregation functionality.
  • Checking the performance in the aggregator layer using RTT may involve comparing RTT for the same packet using macrocell and current aggregator layer service respectively.
  • Using uplink waiting time to check performance may involve comparing this time before and after the optimization.
  • Checking the performance in the aggregator layer using historical data may involve comparing historical data to actual data obtained through the aggregator. It is also possible to run periodical speed tests just to check the current quality.
  • the controller iterates back through operations S622, S624 and S626, selecting one or more aggregators which may be identical to the aggregator(s) selected in previous iterations or may represent a group having a different constitution of aggregator enabled communication devices.
  • cell metrics are checked - operation S632 - and this information is used in further iterations of operations S622, S624 and S626.
  • the cell metrics checked here may be the same as those obtained at operation S610: equally they may be different from those cell metrics.
  • the controller halts the use of the aggregator layer operation S640. This may entail instructing all aggregator enabled communication devices in the cell to deactivate their aggregator functionality and to deactivate the aggregator layer server in the controller.
  • the controller After a second predetermined time (typically longer in duration than the period characteristic of the iteration of operations S622, S624 and S626), the controller restarts first phase of determining the preliminary benefit of aggregator layer deployment at operation S610.
  • communication devices are arranged to present information upon which the controller can make its respective determinations of suitability of the device as a candidate aggregator and whether a suitable candidate is to be activated (or deactivated).
  • Figure 7 shows an exemplary flowchart showing certain operations of a communication device in accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure.
  • the communication device evaluates its current location at temporally spaced-apart intervals (e.g. every T1 seconds). Once there are at least two measures of location (i.e. location fixes) it is possible to determine whether there has been any change in the mobility state of the communication device. Any given location fix is conveniently obtained with a minimum level of accuracy. The time difference between the acquisition of the location fixes is used to determine the degree of mobility (if any) between two fixes. To ensure that fixes are sufficiently far apart in time for a significant movement to be detected each fix is conveniently associated with a corresponding time stamp (which may be acquired from a connected macrocell and/or within the GPS signalling structure). Where more than one communication device is used it is contemplated that they may be operated in a synchronised manner.
  • An initial location fix is obtained at time TO, operation S710. At a point in time T1 seconds later than TO a further location fix is obtained, S712.
  • the location fixes T1 seconds apart are compared to determine whether there has been a change in the detected location, operation S720.
  • the algorithm used to determine whether a change in location has occurred may alternatively or additionally use parameters other than reported position and time, for example direction of movement or altitude.
  • a potential aggregator may be considered to have moved (i.e. changed from a "static" state to a "non-static” state) if its position is displaced by a distance of D metres over a time interval T -T ⁇ ) , where D and T, can be determined, calculated, signalled or otherwise obtained dependent on parameters (e.g. current mobility state).
  • the mobility state is set to be "non-static", operation S722.
  • the scenario illustrated in Figure 7 shows the determination at operation S720 as binary between “static” and “non-static", on the basis of any detected change in location.
  • the change in location between fixes may be registered as indicating a "non-static" state when the location has changed by more than a minimum position change threshold of D1 metres since last location fix.
  • the mobility state may be "static" but that further fixes are required to be more certain.
  • a communication device needs to have been static for a longer period than the interval of T1 between successive fixes in operations S710 and S712 (during initialisation) or the interval of T2 in operation S726 (in subsequent iterations).
  • the communication device obtains a further location fix at time N * T3 seconds later, where N and/or T3 could be dependent on the type of communication device (e.g., in a car, residential) or type of scenario of installation (e.g., at a bus terminal, in a scenario that is likely to be static), operation S728. For example, if the scenario is likely to be static, it may be adequate to set N or T3 equal to zero or close to zero as it may be assumed that an earlier indication of "static" status at operation S720 is likely to be correct.
  • the location fixes N * T3 seconds apart are compared to determine whether there has been a change in the detected location, operation S730. If at the end of the period N * T3 the position is still unchanged, the mobility state is set to "static", operation S732.
  • the current (static) location fix is sent in a reporting message to the controller, operation S734.
  • the communication device may also indicate that it is in the "static" state (either in the same reporting message as operation S734 or in a separate status reporting message), operation S736. This option may be considered convenient as it facilitates understanding of why the location fix was reported.
  • the controller may infer that because it has received a reporting message having a location fix from the communication device, it can conclude that the reporting communication device is static.
  • the location fix may be sent as GPS location information (i.e. based upon the WGS84 standard) rather than latitude and longitude alone.
  • the reporting message may include an indication that the location information is in GPS position format.
  • the reporting message may include an indication that GPS information is available, regardless of the source of the reported location fix.
  • a reporting message may optionally include additional information, for instance: specifics of the candidate aggregator: e.g. device model, software release information, hardware identifiers, etc; device state, such as battery status; and/or radio information, such as camped Cell Id, Radio coverage quality, CQI of radio channel used to perform such a communication, neighbour cells for the communication device modem, etc.
  • additional information for instance: specifics of the candidate aggregator: e.g. device model, software release information, hardware identifiers, etc; device state, such as battery status; and/or radio information, such as camped Cell Id, Radio coverage quality, CQI of radio channel used to perform such a communication, neighbour cells for the communication device modem, etc.
  • the communication device obtains a further location fix after an interval of T4 seconds, operation S740.
  • T4 is typically a shorter time period than T2, since it is desirable to avoid a communication device being considered “static” when it is in fact “non-static”: any static communication device is a potential candidate aggregator, so any false attribution of "static" status may have a detrimental effect on the delivery of an effective aggregator layer.
  • more than one aggregation layer is activated within the network.
  • respective aggregation layers are activated and deactivated in corresponding sectors or groups of sectors of the cellular network.
  • aggregation layers are established within one sector or cell that extend the coverage of that sector or cell to encompass communication devices served by neighbouring sectors or cells: thus the benefit to the network of the deployment of any given aggregation layer may be calculated for a region of the radio coverage of the cellular network that includes more than one sector and/or cell.
  • Certain arrangements of the present disclosure relate to the dynamic activation of one or more communication devices to provide an aggregation layer.
  • Each of the one or more communication devices appears, to the macrolayer as a UE; while to other communication devices, they each appear as a class of small cell base transceiver station.
  • the dynamic activation is due in part to determining if a benefit could be expected by such dual UE/small cell activation: that might arise if the macrolayer doesn't provide a prerequisite quality of service to the other communication devices.
  • Dynamic activation also requires a more fine-tuned determination dependent upon selecting a set of devices capable of the dual UE/small cell or UE/MiFi functionality for activation and determining whether the network would benefit from the activation of that particular group. Only where the network is determined to benefit on the basis of this fine-grained determination will the selected communication devices be activated as hybrid UE/small cells (or UE/MiFi devices).
  • certain embodiments of the present disclosure relate to the dynamic deactivation of an aggregation layer provided by certain communication devices.
  • T5 needs to be a very short time as it is crucial to determine as soon as possible whether the communication device is still "static" since the performances of the network may be affected. Note that this may be the same iterative monitoring of mobility status as at operation S740 of Figure 7 or a distinct iteration at a different time interval specific to monitoring the operation of active aggregator devices.
  • the location fixes obtained at operations S810 and S812 are compared, operation S820, and if location changes (to a predetermined degree of accuracy, etc.), the communication device will immediately bar the cell (so that the UEs in idles will not connect), operation S830 and send handover commands to all the communication devices connected to the aggregator cell and to the macrocell, operation S832.
  • the handover procedure from aggregator cell to macrocell may then be handled according to any conventional standardised handover procedures.
  • the communication device sends the handover command because it effectively operates as a base station for the aggregator cell when it is activated.
  • the cell barring is important in order to prevent nearby communication devices in idle mode from attempting to connect to the cell radiated by the communication device, while that cell is still being radiated, to support the handover operation, for instance.
  • the deactivating aggregator device sends the controller a message including an indication that aggregator-state has been released giving the cause as "mobility", operation S834. Additionally, the deactivating aggregator device may then update its mobility state to "non-static", operation S836.
  • the communication device may additionally monitor its battery life every T6 seconds. As noted previously, low battery level may preclude the communication device from being considered a candidate for activation. If expected remaining battery duration is lower than T7 seconds/minutes, the active communication device may conveniently gradually deactivate the aggregator mode by performing operations similar to operations S832 and S834. In this case however, handover commands will be executed, and confirmed completed, one at a time, before sending out further handover commands.
  • controller and communication device are governed by a shared communication protocol.
  • the controller can send information requests to one or more communication devices (aggregators), specifying any additional information it wants to receive.
  • the communication device likewise uses the shared protocol to respond to such information requests, providing the requested information, which may for instance consist of the following:
  • Communication device specifics e.g. device model, software release, hardware identifiers, etc.
  • Radio information Serving Cell Id, Radio coverage quality (e.g.
  • Wi-Fi access point identifiers i.e. SSIDs
  • the communication device may maintain a protocol connection open by sending dummy bits for the next Z seconds, otherwise it stops sending dummy bits.
  • the controller can also send commands instructing the Communication device to enter into aggregator state (i.e. as a either a small cell and/or Wi-Fi Access point).
  • the communication protocol for such a command includes a setup command (sent to the communication device) providing the following information: LTE carrier to be used for transmission, and main parameters; transmission, TX, power to be used: (default is "MAX TX Power); optionally, a parameter for setting-up a second carrier; optionally, a parameter to set-up a Wi-Fi Access Point; time of the day in which the cell shall start radiating; Parameters needed to manage the status of local algorithms within the Communication device whilst in the aggregator state.
  • the communication device uses the shared communication protocol to obtain, from a controller database and/or a database within the Operational Support System (OSS) server, the parameters needed to set-up the aggregator cell: for example, IP addresses (if not derived with a fixed rule from current R-UE IP address).
  • the communication device may use parameters used last time it acted as an aggregator, provided that some criteria are still met: for example that the location is still the same as last time; that, while the location has changed, the RAU is still the same; that, while the location has changed, the R-U camped in the same cell as last time.
  • the method by which the parameters needed to set up the aggregator are obtained will be described in greater detail below.
  • the communication device Once the communication device has the information needed to set-up the aggregator cell, it prepares its transceiver module (565, Figure 5) to be ready to radiate. The communication device then starts radiating at the requested Time of the Day. The Communication device then confirms to the controller that it is radiating (i.e. that the aggregator mode is active).
  • the communication protocol may also be used by the controller to request provision of additional information, such as: Battery status; Number of connected communication devices; Average Resource Blocks occupation; Average CQIs of the connected UEs; and Average CQI of the connected Modem.
  • a radio access network RAN
  • CN core network
  • PDN packet data network
  • communication devices such as mobile terminals, user equipment (UEs) and wireless access stations, establish wireless connections to the network by means of the RAN.
  • the core network is referred to as the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) and the data transferred over this wireless connection are carried by a virtual connection between the UE and the PDN, known as an "EPS bearer" (where EPS stands for Evolved Packet System).
  • EPC Evolved Packet Core
  • the network interface unit 560 sets up a connection to the EPC using an EPS bearer as transport layer.
  • Network interface units 560 of these communication devices thus connect to the macrolayer in a conventional manner, appearing to the macrolayer as if they belong to a conventional UE.
  • LTE small cell are added to the same Routing Area (RA) as the macro cell providing coverage to the small cell.
  • RA Routing Area
  • such devices may be assigned a different security profile so that the "conventional" connection to the EPC may be adapted to handle an alternative connectivity to a Security Gateway (SecGW) within the EPC.
  • Small Cell might then be allowed to connect to the EPC without establishing their own IPSec (since Small Cell traffic goes through an LTE modem (i.e. a macrolayer interface of the network interface unit 560) that connects to a macro cell, and since that macro cell is in turn connected to the SecGW).
  • SecGW Security Gateway
  • this "conventional" connection also allows voice and SMS services to be delivered using a legacy circuit-switched network such as GSM.
  • So-called Circuit Switched FallBack (CSFB) within LTE may be necessary to support circuit-switched calls in some networks.
  • CSFB Circuit Switched FallBack
  • the network interface unit 560 includes two separate network interfaces: a coverage extension interface arranged to provide the services of a normal Small (or Pico) Cell and a "backhaul" interface, which serves to provide "conventional" connectivity to the EPC.
  • the network interfaces are paired when the communication device is in aggregator mode.
  • the "backhaul” interface is referred to as "R-UE” in recognition of its UE-like appearance to the macrolayer.
  • Figure 9 illustrates diagrammatically how an eNodeB in the macrolayer, provides LTE coverage (typically FDD) to a set of UEs 910, amongst them an aggregator device 904 having an interface R-UE 912. Certain UEs 910' are shown camping on the coverage area provided by the aggregator device 904 through its small cell facility 914.
  • LTE coverage typically FDD
  • a relay bearer 960 is established by the R-UE 912 through the macro layer (i.e. eNodeB 920) and into the EPC 970.
  • the relay bearer 960 transfers data from the aggregator device 904 across a security gateway (SecGW) 930 to a further gateway 950 (which may be a serving gateway S-GW, in which case the relay bearer is strictly termed an E-UTRAN Radio Access Bearer, E-RAB, or a PDN gateway P-GW that provides an interface to the PDN, in which case the relay bearer is strictly termed an EPS bearer).
  • S-GW security gateway
  • E-RAB E-UTRAN Radio Access Bearer
  • P-GW PDN gateway P-GW
  • the control node in the EPC is the Mobility Management Entity (MME) 940: this node serves to control the behaviour of the entities in the EPC and terminates certain communications from the small cell after they have been output from the relay bearer 960.
  • MME Mobility Management Entity
  • the term "relay bearer” is used to refer both to EPS bearers and to E- RABs between aggregator devices and further gateways (e.g. the S/P - GW 950) in the following discussion.
  • the term "EPS bearer” is used throughout to refer to both "EPS bearer” and “E-RAB” interchangeably.
  • the "normal" output of the S/P - GW 950 is carried over a Gi interface 952.
  • relay bearer output (R-Gi) includes S1 -U interface data (i.e. user plane data) for the small cell, 954, this is terminated in the S/P - GW 950.
  • the relay bearer output (R-Gi) includes S1 -C interface data (i.e. control plane data) for the small cell, 956, this is terminated in the MME 940.
  • S1 -C is used as a synonym of what is termed in 3GPP standards S1 -MME.
  • S1 -C interface data (i.e. control plane data) for the macro cell, 922 is also terminated in the MME 940; while S1 -U interface data (i.e. user plane data) for the macro cell, 924, is also terminated in the S/P - GW 950.
  • Figure 10 illustrates an eNodeB 1020 representing macrolayer
  • LTE coverage provided to a set of UEs 1010, amongst them an aggregator device 1004 having an interface R-UE 1012. Certain UEs 1010' are shown camping on the coverage area provided by the aggregator device 1004 through its small cell facility
  • a relay bearer 1060 is established by the R-UE 1012 through the macro layer (i.e. eNodeB 1020) and into the EPC 1070.
  • the relay bearer 1060 transfers data from the aggregator device 1004 across a security gateway (SecGW) 1030 to a first logical gateway 1050 (which, as for Figure 9, may be a serving gateway S-GW or a PDN gateway P-GW that provides an interface to the PDN).
  • a first logical control node 1040 serves to control the behaviour of the entities in the EPC 1070 and terminates certain communications from the macrolayer.
  • a second logical control node 1042 terminates certain communications from the small cell after they have been output from the relay bearer 1060.
  • the "normal" output of the S/P - GW 1050 is carried over a Gi interface to the PDN.
  • the relay bearer output (R-Gi) includes S1 -U interface data (i.e. user plane data) for the small cell, 1054, this is terminated in a second logical gateway, S/P - GW 1050'.
  • the relay bearer output (R-Gi) includes S1 -C interface data (i.e. control plane data) for the small cell, 1056, this is terminated in the second logical MME 1042.
  • S1 -C interface data (i.e. control plane data) for the macro cell, 1022 is terminated in the first logical MME 1040; while S1 -U interface data (i.e. user plane data) for the macro cell, 1024, is terminated in the first logical gateway S/P - GW 1050.
  • Figure 1 1 illustrates the same architecture as Figures 9 and 10.
  • An eNodeB 1 120 provides macrolayer LTE coverage to a set of UEs 1 1 10, amongst them an aggregator device (i.e. Relay UE) 1 104. Certain UEs 1 1 10' are shown camping on the coverage area provided by the aggregator device 1 104 through its small cell facility.
  • an aggregator device i.e. Relay UE
  • EPS bearer 1 1 15 For each of the UEs 1 1 10' camping on the coverage area provided by the aggregator device 1 104 through its small cell facility, at least one EPS bearer 1 1 15 is established.
  • This EPS bearer 1 1 15 has a corresponding Quality of Service (QoS) Class Indicator (QCI) that represents a predetermined (and standardised) level of treatment for the data packets of any given communication (the service data flow, SDF).
  • QoS Quality of Service
  • QCI Quality of Service
  • SDF service data flow
  • the QCI corresponds to the priority assigned to the packets of any given service having an EPS bearer: the voice data would correspond to a higher priority than the application data because voice data is less tolerant of even relatively short packet delay.
  • QCI is one of a small group of QoS parameters that describe the packet forwarding treatment that data in the EPS bearer 1 1 15 will receive between the UE 1 1 10' and an S/P-GW 1 150 (or 1 152).
  • a table of the standardised QCI values may be found in 3GPP TS 23.303 (Table 6.1 .7 of version 13.4.0). While the present discussion refers specifically to QCI, the reader will readily appreciate that other quality indication parameters are available in the LTE standards, such as the allocation and retention priority (ARP), guaranteed bit rate (GBR) and (where bitrate is guaranteed) Maximum bit rate (MBR) may be used as alternative quality indication quality indication parameters or in combination with QCI.
  • ARP allocation and retention priority
  • GRR guaranteed bit rate
  • MRR Maximum bit rate
  • Backhauling data from more than one UE 1 1 10' each having at least one EPS bearer 1 1 15 with a respective, potentially different, QCI value presents a challenge when considering which QCI value to assign to a relay bearer 1 160 between the Relay- UE 1 104 and the S/P - GW 1 150 (1 152).
  • the macro layer i.e. eNodeB 1 120 responsible for the macrolayer cell providing the backhaul
  • high load also referred to a "congestion”
  • any EPS bearer 1 160 providing backhaul for aggregate can always be given high QCI may be detrimental to the overall operation of the macrolayer network.
  • relay equipment such as the Relay-UE 1 104, and indeed the communication device 104 with active aggregator modes in any of Figure 1 to 9, i.e. aggregators
  • the QCI of the relay bearer 1 160 should not be assumed to be constant.
  • Selection of an appropriate QCI may be made in a number of ways including: a) highest QCI for all current connected devices 1 1 10'; b) conditional highest QCI, based on number and/or QCI level of current connected devices 1 1 10'; and c) conditional highest QCI, based on macrolayer load at high QCI level, as well as number and/or QCI level of current connected devices 1 1 10'.
  • the QCI (a specific example of priority information) of the "relay" bearer 1 160 i.e. the EPS bearer from the relay equipment to the S/P-GW in the Core Network, EPC
  • the relay equipment or a controller entity on behalf of the relay equipment
  • step S1210 the priority information is obtained for each connected communication device (e.g. the QCI level for each EPS bearer 1 1 15 is determined) by the relay equipment.
  • This information is conveniently contained in messages (e.g. E- RAB SETUP REQUEST and/or E-RAB MODIFY REQUEST messages) sent to the Relay-eNB (i.e. the relay equipment) for each connected UE by the MME using S1AP signalling.
  • the relay equipment thus obtains priority information for each connected communication device from the MME.
  • the MME may in turn obtain this information in S1AP signalling from the UE: alternatively, the MME may set the QCI based on some policy.
  • the relay equipment incorporates a scheduler configured to determine which data packets have to be served first.
  • a scheduler configured to determine which data packets have to be served first.
  • This is conventional for a base station transceiver in many telecommunications standards (including the 3GPP UMTS and LTE standards).
  • the conventional scheduler makes use of priority information to determine priority of scheduling.
  • the priority information may include a quality indicator called QCI; the equivalent priority information in 3G/UMTS includes THP/ARP and traffic class.
  • step S1212 the priority information obtained for each connected communication device is processed to determine the priority information that corresponds to the highest priority, MAX.
  • the priority level for the relay bearer is then set, at step S1214, to the highest priority, MAX.
  • step S1216 the equipment then waits for a predetermined interval, T1 , S1220 and then returns to step S1210.
  • the QCI of the relay EPS bearer is set to the maximum amongst the QCI used by the component EPS bearers, provided none of the used QCI levels are in a subset of levels considered "very high” (for example QCI levels 1 or 2). This is illustrated in Figure 13.
  • Step S1310 the relay equipment further determines one or more of: the proportion of traffic destined for backhaul that is due to the or each communication device using one of the high priority subset of QCI levels; and the number of such devices currently using the relay equipment for backhaul.
  • step S1314 If the amount of throughput over the relay link associated with QCI levels in the subset of levels is higher than a predetermined threshold value P1 (as a percentage of the total amount of backhauled traffic of the relay unit, say), step S1314, and/or if the number of connections at QCI values in the subset of levels is higher than a predetermined threshold number of communication bearers, absnumhighQCIusers, step S1312, a QCI level is set that corresponds to a QCI level in the subset of levels for the backhauling, step S1320, otherwise a QCI level is used that is the highest available QCI level outside the high priority subset of levels instead (i.e.
  • the equipment then waits for a predetermined interval, T1 , S1340 and then returns to step S1310.
  • step S1314 The test of the amount of throughput over the relay link associated with QCI levels in the subset of levels is against the predetermined threshold value P1 , step S1314, is presented as optional in Figure 13 - it is however essential in the alternative scheme in Figure 14, as step S1252.
  • step S1312/S1454 is optional in Figure 14 but required in Figure 13.
  • Figure 14 illustrates that the tests against the predetermined load threshold value P1 and the number of high priority component bearers (step S1312/S1454) can be performed in a different order, if at all.
  • the QCI of other EPS bearers 1 1 17 associated with communication devices connected to the macrolayer and using the Macro Cell to provide backhaul i.e. the communication devices 1 1 10 in Figure 1 1 ) is also considered.
  • Figure 15 illustrates a further variation in which the network load due to other EPS bearers 1 1 17 is considered.
  • the priority information is obtained for each communication device 1 1 10 connected via the macrolayer eNB 1 120 (e.g. the QCI level for each EPS bearer 1 1 17 is determined), Step S1510.
  • the QCI level of the relay EPS bearer 1 160 is set at the highest available QCI level outside the (first) subset of levels (and not to one of the very high QCI levels).
  • the macrolayer eNB 1 120 is loaded with delay sensitive traffic on other EPS bearers 1 1 17, relay traffic is given adequate priority without being accorded very high priority: in these circumstances, the mere presence of a portion of the relay traffic on high priority component bearers does not mean that all relay traffic should enjoy high priority at the expense of equally high priority traffic on other EPS bearers 1 1 17.
  • a second threshold number, highQCImacrousers, of these other EPS bearers 1 1 17 are determined to be using one of a further subset of QCI levels (i.e. QCI 1 and/or 2) or the resulting load at the macrolayer from other EPS bearers with high QCI levels is determined to be below a predetermined network load threshold, P2 (in step S1515), the threshold number of communication bearers absnumhighQCIusers and/or the predetermined threshold value P1 (of the ratio of high priority QCI level throughput to total throughput at the relay unit) may be changed (e.g. increased), in step S1530.
  • This change of thresholds is based on an assumption that the macrolayer can tolerate a certain amount of non- priority connections being marked as high priority connections (i.e. connections which are marked as a higher priority than in actuality is strictly necessary) coming from the relay layer provided the number of higher priority connections handled by the macrolayer does not exceed a level that causes undue contention other high priority EPS bearers in the macrolayer. If the threshold value P1 or threshold number absnumhighQCIusers were not increased, extreme overload scenarios might arise where non-priority EPS bearers compete with priority EPS bearers just because the former have been routed via a relay unit.
  • the comparison of macrolayer high priority load to a reference macrolayer load is performed by the relay equipment, the priority information being obtained directly from the macrolayer eNB 1 120 or from a controller entity (such as AC 102 in Figures 1A-1 C).
  • this comparison is performed by a controller entity and the outcome of the comparison is communicated to the relay equipment.
  • the relay equipment conveniently transmits (real-time) priority information concerning the data traffic handled by the relay equipment (i.e. the respective QCI values for each component EPS bearer 1 1 15) to the controller entity.
  • the controller entity is conveniently provided with direct access to information from the macrolayer eNB.
  • the real time priority information may alternatively be transmitted via the EPC.
  • the transmission of (real-time) priority information for each component EPS bearer 1 1 15) by the relay equipment to the controller entity necessitates a protocol for reporting priority information (e.g. QCI-usage) from the relay equipment to the controller entity.
  • This reporting is preferably performed on the basis of one or more of the following bases (alone or in combination):
  • the relay EPS bearer 1 160 is set to the maximum amongst the QCI levels used by the component EPS bearers 1 1 15 that connect individual communication devices to the EPC via the relay equipment 1 104 in cases where: (1 ) either a second threshold number, highQCImacrousers, of the other EPS bearers (i.e. bearers using the macrolayer) are determined to be using one of a further subset of QCI levels (i.e. QCI 1 and/or 2) or the resulting load at the macrolayer from other EPS bearers 1 1 17 with high QCI levels is determined to be below a predetermined network load threshold, P2, and (2) provided none of the used QCI levels are in the subset of very high QCI levels.
  • the relay equipment may establish one or more further relay EPS bearers 1 160' in addition to the relay EPS bearer 1 160 mentioned above (the so called "default" relay EPS bearer).
  • the further relay EPS bearers 1 160' may be established with specific QCI levels that differ from the QCI level in the default relay EPS bearer and from one another (e.g. the default may have QCI 1 , a first further relay bearer - QCI 5, and another - QCI 9).
  • the relay equipment 1 104 is then configured to select component EPS bearers 1 1 15-1 , 1 1 15-2, ...
  • the system may be further provided with an aggregator gateway 1 190 (as illustrated in Figure 15).
  • the aggregator gateway 1 190 serves to receive traffic (i.e. S1 -U interface data) originating at the relay equipment 1 104 and modifies the received EPS bearers 1 1 15 to mask the bearer change when sending traffic back to the S-GW 1 150.
  • the QCI level for the (or each) relay EPS bearer is set in signalling from the relay equipment to an EPC entity (such as a S-GW, P-GW, Policy and Charging Rules Function - PCRF and/or MME). Changes in the QCI level may be requested in signalling during an ongoing connection.
  • the Relay-UE can send a BEARER RESOURCE MODIFICATION REQUEST message to the MME using Non-Access-Stratum (NAS) signalling to request a change in the QCI associated with an active relay EPS bearer.
  • NAS Non-Access-Stratum
  • the default EPS bearer may be disconnected and then immediately reopened, the reconnection signalling may then include a request for the QCI level of the new connection to be the newly determined QCI level.
  • the default EPS bearer may be disconnected, after waiting for the conventional RRC connection reestablishment procedure, requesting a change to the newly determined QCI level in the RRC signalling.
  • an application layer function operates within the relay equipment.
  • the application layer function sends a change request to an aggregator controller entity to change the QCI level of the default EPS bearer for the relay equipment.
  • the aggregator controller entity then transfers the change request to the core network entity via at least one of an Operations Support System, OSS, entity and/or a base station entity.
  • the change request is sent by the OSS entity to a base station entity (e.g. the macrolayer eNodeB serving the relay equipment) and the base station entity in turn requests a QCI level change to the EPC entity.
  • the aggregator controller entity then transfers the change request to a core network entity that is specifically responsible for Quality of Service (i.e. a PCRF and/or MME).
  • a core network entity that is specifically responsible for Quality of Service (i.e. a PCRF and/or MME).
  • the aggregator architecture described may equally be deployed in telecommunications networks based on other cellular telecommunication architectures, for example 2G, 3G, LTE-Advanced (3GPP Release 10 onwards), future architectures (e.g., 5G), as well as WD-CDMA and WiMAX.
  • the aggregator architecture is agnostic to the specific type of RAN used.
  • the aggregator controller/controller entity is adapted to work with any RAN and/or combinations of RANs. This is, for example, one of the reasons why in certain embodiments the aggregator controller/controller entity is independent of the RAN. Similar observations apply for the communication device for providing an aggregator facility.
  • radio access technology may extend to include related technologies such as conventional WiFi technologies (i.e. compliant with the IEEE 802.1 1 family of standards) and/or VLC technologies, where the context requires or allows this.
  • the aggregation layer provides a bridge to the cellular network for communication devices that are at the edges of cells
  • dynamic coverage "blackspots" may arise elsewhere within radio coverage regions (for example, due to equipment malfunction, unusual usage patterns, and/or features of the natural or built environment).

Abstract

Dans un réseau de télécommunications cellulaire qui fait appel à un équipement de relais pour fournir un service d'agrégation de petite cellule temporaire en plus de communications étendues sans fil fournies par une infrastructure de télécommunications cellulaire macro-couche, le niveau de priorité attribué à des données provenant de plusieurs dispositifs de communications différents qui ont une liaison terrestre par le biais de l'équipement de relais est équilibré par la priorité de données dans la liaison terrestre macro-couche correspondante.
PCT/EP2015/073698 2014-10-13 2015-10-13 Sélection du qci de connexion de dispositif agrégateur WO2016059063A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP15780837.9A EP3207758B1 (fr) 2014-10-13 2015-10-13 Sélection du qci de connexion de dispositif agrégateur
ES15780837T ES2807180T3 (es) 2014-10-13 2015-10-13 Selección del QCI de una conexión de un dispositivo agregador

Applications Claiming Priority (28)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP14382390.4A EP3010271A1 (fr) 2014-10-13 2014-10-13 Système de télécommunication
EP14382390.4 2014-10-13
EP14382497.7 2014-12-05
EP14382499.3 2014-12-05
EP14382499.3A EP3010273A1 (fr) 2014-10-13 2014-12-05 Gestion de ressources radio dans un système de télécommunication
EP14382497.7A EP3010272A1 (fr) 2014-10-13 2014-12-05 Gestion de ressources radio dans un système de télécommunication
EP14382571.9A EP3010293A3 (fr) 2014-10-13 2014-12-26 Gestion de la mobilité de dispositif de communication
EP14382572.7 2014-12-26
EP14382572.7A EP3010274A1 (fr) 2014-10-13 2014-12-26 Carte de couverture à l'intérieur d'un réseau de télécommunication
EP14382571.9 2014-12-26
EP15382031.1A EP3010275A1 (fr) 2014-10-13 2015-02-02 Configuration de dispositifs de communication
EP15382033.7A EP3010276A1 (fr) 2014-10-13 2015-02-02 Configuration de dispositifs de communication
EP15382033.7 2015-02-02
EP15382031.1 2015-02-02
EP15382323.2A EP3010277A1 (fr) 2014-10-13 2015-06-19 Dispositif et procede pour controler un score de performance d'un dispositif de communication
EP15382323.2 2015-06-19
EP15382402.4A EP3010284A1 (fr) 2014-10-13 2015-07-30 Activation de répéteur cellulaire
EP15382399.2A EP3010295A1 (fr) 2014-10-13 2015-07-30 Calcul d'emplacement
EP15382402.4 2015-07-30
EP15382400.8A EP3010304A1 (fr) 2014-10-13 2015-07-30 Dispositif de communication d'agrégation et procédé de routage de trafic de données
EP15382400.8 2015-07-30
EP15382399.2 2015-07-30
EP15382454 2015-09-18
EP15382455 2015-09-18
EP15382455.2 2015-09-18
EP15382454.5 2015-09-18
EP15382494.1 2015-10-13
EP15382494 2015-10-13

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US10085161B1 (en) 2016-02-17 2018-09-25 Sprint Spectrum L.P. Dynamic variation of radio link failure timer duration for relay backhaul link, with timer duration being set based on number of served UEs
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US11641600B2 (en) * 2021-03-26 2023-05-02 Nokia Solutions And Networks Oy Bandwidth throttling in a radio access network

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