WO2016050723A1

WO2016050723A1 - Device having a resonant circuit, use of such a device in a radiation field and method for operating such a device in a radiation field

Info

Publication number: WO2016050723A1
Application number: PCT/EP2015/072332
Authority: WO
Inventors: Gustav Hans Weber; Hubertus-Christopher VOIGT
Original assignee: E-Gen Gmbh
Priority date: 2014-09-30
Filing date: 2015-09-29
Publication date: 2016-04-07

Abstract

A device (100) having a resonant circuit that can be excited by means of an alternating signal source (G). The resonant circuit comprises a non-linear switching element (10), and the device (100) is designed such that the non-linear switching element (10) can be operated in a non-linear working range and at a frequency above a threshold frequency.

Description

Device with a resonant circuit, use of such a device in a radiation field and method for operating such a device in a radiation field

The present invention relates to a device with resonant circuit and the use of such a device in an artificially generated or naturally occurring radiation field. The present invention also relates to a method of operating such a device in an artificially generated or naturally occurring radiation field.

There is a need for components or circuits suitable for (signal) amplification. Typical examples are amplifier circuits designed to convert a weak electrical signal into a stronger one

to convert electrical signal. However, there are also numerous examples of amplification circuits, e.g. convert an input in a first regime (eg, a sound wave) to an output in another regime (e.g., an analog electrical signal). Such circuits usually include one type of transducer (eg, a solar element) configured to receive or receive the input of the first regime, and then convert it to the output in the other regime.

There are many different solar elements that are designed, for example, to convert solar energy into electrical power.

Solar elements are operated so that they deliver a direct current. The corresponding direct current always flows in solar elements in the same direction. If it is a grid-connected solar element, then with the help of an inverter of the resulting in the solar element DC in

Alternating current converted and fed into the power grid. In isolated systems, however, direct current is usually used directly. A solar element has a non-linear voltage-current characteristic. The optimal operating point of a solar element determines the maximum power of the element and it is determined by the specification of a voltage and a current. In normal operation stops a special control the solar element with changing solar radiation in the range of each optimal operating point, thus the maximum

To be able to extract power. A solar element behaves linearly when operating at the operating point, current and voltage are constant.

Despite the great development effort of recent years, the efficiency of these solar elements has been improved only slightly.

With regard to solar cells, the following general statements can be formulated:

• the quantum yield is less than one;

• the recombination rate is greater than zero;

• the internal resistance is greater than zero.

The quantum efficiency, the so-called recombination mechanisms in the space charge zone (where charge carriers generated by the irradiation are "lost" due to recombination) and boundary layers, as well as the existing ohmic internal resistance limit the efficiency of a solar cell is related to the number of electrons carried in the space charge zone of one solar cell per number of incident photons in the conduction band In the case of an ideal solar cell, each quantum of light has an energy greater than the characteristic energy gap (bandgap) of the semiconductor is for

Photostrom of the solar cell at. Practically, this value (called quantum yield) is always less than one.

There is a great need to improve the efficiency of solar elements. In the foreground is the search for new possibilities that allow to optimize the conversion of incident light into electrical power. That The aim is to improve the quantum efficiency and to reduce the recombination rate and the internal resistance.

This object is achieved with the device according to the invention according to claim 1 or 15, the inventive use of

Device according to the invention according to claim 16 or 17 and the

A method according to claim 20. Advantageous developments are given in the dependent subclaims and the description below.

According to the invention, a device in the form of a vibration system is preferably provided in all embodiments, which is temporarily or permanently excitable by means of an AC signal source (eg., By means of a control signal) or which is designed as a natural oscillator.

According to the invention, a device with a resonant circuit is preferably provided in all embodiments by means of a

Alternating signal source is temporarily or permanently excitable (eg., By means of a control signal) or which is designed as a natural oscillator.

According to the invention, a device is provided with a resonant circuit, which is preferably designed in all embodiments as a natural oscillator.

The vibration system or the resonant circuit comprise

Preferably, in all embodiments in the corresponding equivalent electrical circuit diagram, at least one complex-valued impedance, e.g. a

Capacitance and an inductance represents. The vibration system or the oscillatory circuit are characterized in that they comprise at least one non-linear circuit element whose influence on the resonant circuit by the application or coupling of an external radiation field or through the

Converting or making usable an external radiation field is effected.

Preferably, in all embodiments, a solar element is used as a non-linear circuit element, said solar element is preferably part of the vibration system in all embodiments. The already mentioned resonant circuit represents a particular embodiment of a vibration system.

A vibration system may comprise one or more electrical resonant circuits in all embodiments. These resonant circuits are preferably resonant electric circuits in all embodiments. The term "solar element" is used here as a generic term for a wide variety of photosensitive devices, and the term "solar element" therefore includes inter alia:

individual light-active components (such as a light-sensitive diode or a solar cell)

several light-active components (such as, for example, an interconnection of light-sensitive diodes and / or solar cells).

Among other things, solar modules, panels or systems are also grouped under the term "solar element." The word "solar element" is not to be understood as limiting the frequency of the light. Thus, the "solar element" may not only be an element designed for irradiation by natural sunlight, but the "solar element" may also be designed for specific regions of the natural or artificial light spectrum.

The term "solar element" also includes a wide variety

photosensitive devices which may be unitary (e.g., on a carrier plate), integral (e.g., on a wafer), multi-part (e.g., on separate carrier plates), or multi-piece (e.g., on multiple wafers).

The term "solar element" also includes mono- and polycrystalline Si solar cells, solar cells with amorphous structure, thin-film solutions and large-area diode structures with a light-exposed barrier layer.

The term "solar element" also includes inorganic semiconductor solar elements, graphite-based solar elements, organic solar elements, and also hybrid solar elements (a solar cell comprising organic and inorganic components).

The invention is suitable both for use in isolated systems, as well as for use in network systems.

The invention is based on fundamental quantum physical calculations and accurate calorimetric measurements on various solar elements that were deliberately operated in the non-linear range.

In particular, it was about analytical calculations and experimental, highly accurate calorimetric measurements of Vibration systems with heat generation. In particular, that became

The vibration behavior of solar elements was subjected to fundamental investigations and the results of the investigation were compared with the results of the quantum physics calculations.

It is known that it is too direct in solar elements

Recombination effects come. Both the recombination effects, as well as material vibrations, which go into heat, contribute to the reduction of the efficiency.

The invention intervenes in the immediate electronic circuit, respectively in the operation of the solar elements.

In order to use a solar element of the invention in the non-linear region, it is preferably not operated in all embodiments in a fixed predetermined operating point. In order to make use of the non-linear properties, the solar element are preferably in all embodiments by a corresponding electrical circuit

Freedom granted.

Preferably, therefore, the solar element at all

Embodiments used as part of a vibration system or connected to a vibration system, thereby being exposed to AC sizes.

Preferably, the device according to the invention in all embodiments provides AC sizes and / or DC magnitudes that can be tapped or processed or consumed, for example.

Preferably, the solar element is included in all embodiments so in an electrical vibration system, that instead of in a

Operating point of the voltage-current characteristic in a non-linear

Work area of a map works. The non-linear working area of the map is determined by different environmental variables and influencing variables. Preferably, the environmental variables and influencing variables are set or predetermined in various embodiments in such a way that the solar element oscillates and works non-linearly.

Preferably, the solar element in all embodiments in an electrical vibration system (preferably designed as a resonant circuit) is included, the at least one complex-valued impedance with z. B. a resistor and / or a capacitance and / or an inductance. As a result of this interconnection or connection of the non-linear solar element with at least one complex impedance, an oscillatable circuit (referred to here as oscillation system) results. In the operation of this vibration system then arise ever-changing degrees of freedom to the

desired non-linear behavior of the solar element. Internal vibrations of the solar element create a non-linear, complex

Relationship between the input values (irradiation of the solar element) and the output variables of the solar element during its operation.

The already mentioned complex-valued impedance, respectively

at least one inductance or capacitance of the impedance may in all embodiments be part of the non-linear circuit element / solar element and / or they may in all embodiments be realized by other elements, assemblies or regions of the device.

The term "non-linearity" as used herein is to be understood as a mathematical-physical phenomenon in which, generally speaking, the relationship between an input signal or an input value and an output signal or output value is non-linear.

Unlike previous circuits, the solar element is preferably operated consciously and controlled in the non-linear range in all embodiments. The solar element is preferably at all

Embodiments used as a non-linear circuit element.

The resonant circuit (if present) is preferably at all

Embodiments designed such that the non-linear circuit element / Solar element is operated in a non-linear range. That is, the oscillation circuit, or the entire device, is designed so that the non-linear circuit element / solar element is operable in its non-linear region.

The non-linear circuit element / solar element can be designed in all embodiments so that it can be influenced by a contactless applied or coupled external radiation field.

The non-linear circuit element / solar element is in all

Embodiments are designed such that, in the operating state (i.e., when the vibration system or the oscillating circuit is operating), the inner field in the material of the non-linear circuit element / solar element is modulated. The inner field in the material of the non-linear circuit element / solar element can be influenced by the external radiation field.

Preferably, there is or in all embodiments in the material of the non-linear circuit element / solar element, a field that is modulated by electrical stimulation - preferably by signal excitation - the non-linear circuit element / solar element.

Preferably, in all embodiments, in the material of the non-linear circuit element / solar element, there is or is an electric field as a vector field of electric field strength. By operating the nonlinear circuit element / solar element in a vibration system (eg in a resonant circuit), a spatially and / or temporally changing electric field results in the material of the non-linear circuit element /

Solar element.

Preferably, in all embodiments in the material of the non-linear circuit element / solar element special processes are excited, which may contribute depending on the strength of the field to the modulation of a low-charge (intermediate) zone in the material of the non-linear circuit element / solar element. This (intermediate) zone is called the space charge zone here.

In all embodiments, there is or preferably results in the material of the non-linear circuit element / solar element is a low-charge (Intermediate) zone that separates a zone with excess of electrons from a zone with excess hole. This statement applies primarily in the static state or as long as the vibration system (eg the resonant circuit) is not in operation. The electrons (negatively charged particles) and holes (positively charged "particles") are generally referred to herein as charge carriers.

It is known that it is in the material of non-linear

Circuit element / solar element free charge carriers are or that they arise during operation. Preferably, free in all embodiments

Charge carriers present that are movable when the non-linear

Circuit element / solar element is modulated (for example by the application of an AC voltage when operating the vibration system).

In all embodiments, the non-linear

Circuit element / solar element have an internal structure, the two different material areas or layers of material and a

Material transition between these two different material areas or layers comprises. The material transition is used in this case as low-charge (intermediate) zone and the two different material areas can, for. For example, electrons in one area and holes in the other area.

[00042] In all embodiments, the two different material regions or layers may each comprise differently doped semiconductor materials.

The vibration system (for example in the form of a resonant circuit) preferably comprises in all embodiments at least one solar element as non-linear circuit element and the vibration system comprises in the corresponding equivalent electrical circuit diagram at least one capacitance and an inductance.

Preferably, the vibration system in all embodiments by the application or coupling of the external radiation field in the form of light or by converting or making use of this external

Radiation field influenced. The electrical vibration system is preferably at all

Embodiments designed and constructed such that the solar element together with other elements of the vibration system

Self-oscillating behavior shows. This natural oscillation behavior is characterized by a characteristic natural oscillation frequency, which is essentially determined by the elements / components of the oscillation system. In addition, the natural vibration is supplied by energy that passes through the solar element

Conversion of light provides. Furthermore, the natural vibration behavior due to losses shows a damping of the natural vibration. Such electrical vibration systems are referred to here as natural oscillators, since they swing free at least temporarily.

The solar element is preferably exposed to an alternating signal in all embodiments due to the natural vibration of the vibration system, d. H. it flows through the solar element modulated currents.

In addition, the solar element itself provides the maintenance of the

Vibration necessary energy.

The invention preferably comprises in all embodiments, a vibration system (preferably an electrical resonant circuit or a plurality of electrical resonant circuits, which serve as a vibration system). Unlike a conventional vibration system, this is preferably controlled in all embodiments by the periodic or quasi-periodic opening and closing of a switching element. The corresponding control signal in all embodiments has a switching frequency which is equal to or less than the characteristic natural oscillation frequency of

Vibration system. The switching frequency is preferably at all

Embodiments in the range of zero to 10 MHz, but may also be higher in diode-based embodiments.

It is preferably in all embodiments to a clocked electrical resonant circuit, which serves as a vibration system and oscillates freely at least temporarily.

Preferably, the electrical vibration system of the invention is switched or excited in all embodiments by a control signal, which is synchronized with the natural vibration behavior, so that the switching operations do not disturb or suppress the natural vibration behavior, but structurally stimulate and / or maintained.

In addition, the inventive vibration system shows due to the presence of a solar element behavior other than one

conventional vibration system. Furthermore, the solar element preferably in all embodiments in the inventive

electrical wiring a non-linear behavior, which in turn has an influence on the vibration behavior of the vibration system.

According to the invention is preferably in all embodiments as part or in the region of a so-called power circuit of

Vibration system, a device used to operate the vibration system by the aforementioned control signal can. in the

According to switching operation shows the vibration system with solar element a natural vibration behavior, due to losses of the

Power circuit dies down (called damping).

It is here, as already mentioned, preferably designed as a resonant circuit vibration systems that are designed or operated as natural oscillator. These natural oscillators become the energy that leads to

Swinging is required, essentially from the non-linear

Circuit element (here preferably a solar element illuminated with light) related.

The natural oscillators of the invention preferably need in all embodiments from time to time a control signal for actuating a switch to remove / relate electrical power from the resonant circuit.

The natural oscillators of the invention preferably require a continuous or periodic energy input in all embodiments for damping compensation. This energy input can be at all

Embodiments by a control signal with the natural oscillation of

Oscillating circuit can be synchronized. Preferably, in a self-sufficient embodiment of the invention, the control signal can be obtained from the power circuit. In a non-self-sufficient device, however, the control signal is preferably sourced externally (also externally modulated resonant circuit with

Called natural vibration behavior).

In a self-oscillator is preferably no or only a negligible amount of energy by the control signal in the

Fed in resonant circuit.

[00057] Preferably, in all embodiments, the control signal is provided and applied to a switching element of the power circuit such that the control signal couples little or no energy into the power circuit.

In embodiments with externally connected vibration systems, the switching of the vibration system is preferably carried out from outside the power circuit. For this purpose, in all embodiments the device may comprise a control circuit associated with the

Power circuit circuitry (preferably galvanically or optically decoupled) is connectable.

The vibration system preferably comprises at all

Embodiments of the invention at least one solar element and at least one inductance. The vibration behavior of such a vibration system with solar element can be divided into the following steps or sequences. This subdivision is merely a better explanation of the relationships:

A. The inductor is charged by current, which is illuminated by the

Solar element is provided.

B. During the charging process results in a damped natural vibration of the vibration system.

C. If the inductance is sufficiently charged, then a temporary interruption of this charging by a switching element takes place.

D. This leads to a discharge of the inductance. These steps or this sequence can / can in all embodiments by applying or by removing a

Control signal triggered / influenced or triggered.

Preferably, the vibration system is at all

Embodiments operated or used so that they at least temporarily show the mentioned natural vibration behavior.

According to the invention, the power circuit (if any) in all embodiments of the invention is preferably adapted to provide electrical power at a tap (e.g., at two nodes, poles, contacts) to allow the solar element in the wet state electrical energy can be taken. The removal of the electrical power is preferably not directly from the solar element, but the power is partly stored in the vibration system (intermediate) and then removed.

At the tap, in all embodiments, e.g. a consumer can be connected, which can be supplied with solar power, or an energy storage device (accumulator or supercap) can be connected to save the electric power (between).

At the tap, in all embodiments, e.g. a controller or inverter or other load are connected.

Preferably, in all embodiments, the

Power circuit on a tap (eg, at two nodes, poles, contacts) an oscillating output signal (called AC signal), unlike that common in solar elements, which nowadays provide only a DC signal. Additionally or alternatively, a vibration system of the invention may provide a DC signal in all embodiments.

At an optional tap, in all embodiments e.g. a rectifier can be connected to make a conversion of the oscillating output signal (AC signal) into DC magnitudes.

At an optional tap, however, in all embodiments, for example, but also a modified inverter can be connected to from a oscillating output signal to produce a desired AC signal (eg 220V at 50Hz).

Preferably, the power circuit relates to all

Embodiments electrical energy preferably from the lighted solar element.

Coil-core inductors are preferably used in all embodiments.

Preferably, in all embodiments, the power circuit or the vibration system is galvanic or optical (eg by means of a

Optocoupler) from a control circuit (also called control circuit) separately.

The control circuit, if any, can be used at all

Embodiments a control signal generator (also called a generator)

include, which switches the power circuit or the vibration system by means of periodic or quasi-periodic control signals, respectively

Self-oscillation of the power circuit or the vibration system triggers.

[00072] The switching frequency of the periodic or quasi-periodic

Switching signal is in all embodiments preferably less than or equal to the natural vibration frequency with which the vibration system including

Solar element oscillates. Preferably, the switching frequency is at all

Embodiments an integer part of the natural frequency.

The non-linearly operated solar elements have a

component-specific lower limit frequency. Below this cutoff frequency, the solar element shows a typical diode behavior. When an excitation above the component-specific lower limit frequency begins the

Solar element to pass AC signals. Preferably, therefore, a vibration system is operated in all embodiments at an operating frequency which is above the lower limit frequency.

In order to achieve the range of non-linear behavior, or in order to operate the solar element in the non-linear, is preferably in all embodiments in addition to the operating frequency above the lower Cut-off frequency also a component-specific minimum amplitude of the oscillation necessary. The modulation of the signal oscillating at operating frequency should therefore preferably be selected in all embodiments such that the oscillation of the voltage prevailing at the non-linearly operated solar element has a maximum oscillation amplitude that is at least equal to or greater than the difference between open circuit voltage and average Working voltage of the solar element. Or the modulation of the signal oscillating at operating frequency should be chosen such that the maximum amplitude of the current signal corresponds to at least twice the average current flowing through the non-linear circuit element.

Above the lower limit frequency, various

Operating points exist that are all in one or more work areas of the map of the solar element. The working range can be determined empirically in all embodiments, for example. The

Switching frequency of the control signal should preferably be at all

Vibrate embodiments in phase with the current operating frequency of the non-linear solar element.

Preferably, the lower cutoff frequency is all

Embodiments in the range between 5 and 20 kHz, and more preferably in the range between 6 and 18 kHz. Very particularly preferred is a range between 7 and 15 kHz. However, the lower limit frequency depends on the specific embodiment of the embodiment and can therefore be in other areas.

[00077] the corresponding embodiments should preferably oscillate at an operating frequency which is above this lower limit frequency.

The upper limit preferably results for all embodiments from the natural frequency of the concrete used

Vibration system. For resonant circuits with solar elements, this natural frequency is in the low megahertz range. Preferably, the operating frequency with which the embodiments of the invention oscillate is in the range below 10 MHz, and preferably in the range below 8 MHz. Most preferably, the operating frequency is all

Embodiments with solar element in the range below 2 MHz.

Preferably, in all embodiments, the upper limit of the switching frequency is defined by the natural vibration frequency of the vibration system. The natural oscillation frequency depends on the choice of the components (eg of the inductance).

Preferably, the upper limit of the switching frequency is at all

Embodiments less than or equal to the natural frequency of the

Vibration system.

[00081] Preferably, in all embodiments, the power circuit or the vibration system is oscillated by energy from the vibrating,

lighted solar element fed. Therefore, in most cases it does not need an external power supply for the power circuit or for the

Vibration system.

Preferably, the power circuit or the vibration system is designed in all embodiments as a vibratory circuit that it exhibits a natural vibration behavior and that it draws its energy substantially only from the lighted solar element.

Preferably, in all embodiments in the material of the solar element there are free charge carriers which are movable. When the solar element is operated as part of a resonant circuit (eg, by the application of a control signal), fast carrier motion processes are initiated.

In all embodiments, the solar element may have an internal structure, the two different material areas or

Material layers and a material transition between these two

comprises different material regions or layers. Of the

Material transition in this case serves as a charge-poor (intermediate) zone and the two different material regions may, for example, comprise electrons in one region and (electron) holes in the other region. In all embodiments, the two different material regions or layers may each comprise differently doped semiconductor materials. Due to the Charge separation results in an intrinsic field in the solar element. The

Invention uses this intrinsic field, inter alia, by modulation in the resonant circuit.

[00085] Preferably, all embodiments are concerned with the

Use of a solar element in a special, new operating mode, which is characterized in that power in the form of power can be obtained from the device of the invention while the solar element with a

Operating frequency oscillates or a natural oscillatory behavior with a

Natural vibration frequency, preferably in a resonance range, shows.

However, the solar element does not have to be operated / used in all embodiments in the resonance range. It can also be excited to vibrate with the mentioned operating frequency.

In order to operate a solar element oscillating, this is a component of a vibratory, electric vibration system in all embodiments.

The electrical vibration behavior of a solar element as part of a vibration system preferably adapts in all embodiments of the dynamics of the charge carrier pairs in the interior of the solar element. The dynamics of the charge carrier pairs is primarily determined by their

Generation rate, mobility and recombination rate, and by the

Total impedance of the vibration system.

Preferably, the solar element is operated / used in all embodiments as part of a resonant circuit so that the oscillation of the solar element and optionally of the entire resonant circuit is fed by the photovoltaic effect. In this case, the energy of the illuminated solar element is preferably used for charging the inductance (s) of the resonant circuit.

Preferably, the solar element is operated / used in all embodiments as part of a vibration system so that the

Inductor (s) serve as an energy buffer for energy, which is provided by the illuminated solar element. A method for operating a solar cell electrical oscillation system preferably comprises the following steps in all embodiments:

Exposing or introducing the non-linear circuit element (here in the form of a solar element) into a radiation field (here in the form of light), exciting a vibration behavior of the vibration system, wherein the solar element and the vibration system at an operating frequency

(preferably electrically free and in resonance),

Making available a DC signal and / or a

AC signal to the vibration system or the solar element.

The term "make available" is used herein in the context of an AC signal and / or a DC signal to describe the removal, removal, tapping, providing, forwarding or delivering of electrical energy.

[00093] Preferably, in all embodiments, either only the DC power (in whole or in part) or only the AC power (wholly or partly) is subtracted from the vibration system, or both the DC power (in whole or in part) and the AC power (in whole or in part) extracted from the vibration system.

Preferably, in all embodiments, an exciting of the natural vibration behavior of the electrical vibration system is such that a modulation of the solar element and the electric field in the interior of the solar element are effected.

[00095] If the solar element is used / operated according to the invention, then in all embodiments one or more of the following advantageous effects or effects preferably occur: a. There is an increase in the free charge carriers in the solar element; b. The quantum efficiency of the solar element is increased,

c. The internal resistance of the solar element is reduced (i.e., the internal resistance)

ohmic losses are reduced). Preferably, the solar element is operated / used in all embodiments as part of a resonant circuit so that the

Natural frequency of the resonant circuit is an integer multiple of the switching frequency of the control signal. An energy withdrawal can be in phase with the

Self-oscillation of the resonant circuit done.

Further details and advantages of the invention will be described below with reference to exemplary embodiments and with reference to the drawing

described.

Fig. 1A shows a simplified equivalent circuit diagram of a solar element of

Invention;

Fig. 1B shows a more detailed equivalent circuit of a solar element of

Invention;

Fig. IC shows a summarized equivalent circuit diagram of a solar element of

Invention;

Fig. 1D shows the circuit symbol of a single solar cell, e.g.

Part of a solar element of the invention may be;

Fig. 2 shows an equivalent circuit diagram of a first device of the invention;

Fig. 3 is an equivalent circuit diagram of a second apparatus of the invention; Fig. 4 is an equivalent circuit diagram of a third device of the invention;

Fig. 5 is an equivalent circuit diagram of a fourth device of the invention;

Fig. 6 shows an equivalent circuit diagram of a fifth device of the invention;

Fig. 7 shows an equivalent circuit diagram of a sixth device of the invention; Fig. 8 shows a voltage-time diagram of an exemplary switching signal of the invention;

Fig. 9 shows the circuit diagram of an embodiment based on the principle of the second device of the invention (see Fig. 7);

Fig. 10 shows the circuit diagram of another embodiment, which on the

Principle of FIG. 9 based.

As a component is referred to a device which may be part of an electrically operating circuit. It does not necessarily have to be a discrete component. As a discrete component is generally located in a separate housing befindliches electrical circuit element with its own external terminals (eg in the form of metal contacts). The term However, the term "discrete component" is to be understood more broadly here: The discrete component is a functional unit. A discrete component is in the sense of the invention a functional unit which is provided with external connections or on which external connections (eg. It does not necessarily need a housing.

The discrete component of the invention may for example be composed of several functional units of the same or different types.

If in the following, for example, from a resonant circuit with a capacity and an inductance is mentioned, then all can

Embodiments of the invention combine both the capacitance and the inductance of a plurality of sub-sizes and / or elements and / or areas (e.g., the cables, leads, tracks) of the device.

In general, therefore, a complex-valued impedance Z is mentioned. The impedance Z may in all embodiments at least one ohmic resistance (eg R, Ri or R ₂ ) and / or at least one capacitance (eg C, Ci or C ₂ ) and / or at least one inductance (eg L, Li or L ₂ ). The behavior of the impedance Z in the resonant circuit can be described by a complex-valued function. The impedance Z is to be regarded as a passive dipole. The complex-valued impedance Z, or at least one

Inductance or capacitance of the complex valued impedance may be part of the nonlinear circuit element 10 (e.g., the solar element 10.1).

In the following, in general, an external radiation field EF (in most cases sunlight and / or artificial light) is mentioned. This term subsumes radiation fields that are electromagnetic in nature.

The non-linear behavior of components has hitherto usually been regarded as undesirable. The non-linearity, however, is deliberately used according to the invention in all embodiments. Generalized

Postulate the following. At least one of the following magnitudes of the nonlinear circuit element 10 is variable: resistance R _n i, inductance L _n i, capacitance C _n i. Represented in equation form the following applies (the indices "nl" are intended to indicate that this equation deals with the (inherent) properties of the non-linear circuit element 10):

Rni = f (I) and / or L _n i = f (I) and / or C _n i = f (q), where I is the current and q is the carrier density.

The non-linear circuit element 10 typically behaves linearly in a range of defined magnitude (or magnitude) and shapes the shape of the input signal up to one, e.g. B. definable by measurement, point.

After that, the behavior becomes non-linear. The non-linear circuit element 10 is intentionally operated in the non-linear range in all embodiments.

Preferably, the non-linear circuit element 10 is operated in all embodiments of the invention above a lower cut-off frequency, so as to put the non-linear circuit element 10 in a suitable vibration behavior.

Preferably, in all embodiments of the invention, a non-linear circuit element 10 in the form of a discrete component is used. Such non-linear circuit elements 10 may generally be described by one or more characteristics or by one or more (multi-dimensional) maps. As can be determined from the characteristics or maps, there is no linear relationship, e.g. between one at the non-linear

Circuit element 10 on the input side applied voltage and a non-linear circuit element on the output side abzunehmendem stream.

The vibration system (e.g., in the form of an electric

Oscillatory circuit) may include at least one solar element 10.1 as non-linear circuit element 10 in all embodiments. By applying light as an external field EF, this solar element 10.1 is able to couple energy from the outside into the electrical vibration system or

feed. With continuous light irradiation can the electric

Vibration system periodically or continuously supplied with energy.

Preferably, all embodiments comprise a solar element 10.1 as a non-linear circuit element 10, the incident light provides electrical energy. A solar element 10.1 can be represented in the equivalent circuit diagram as a current source, which converts the incident light into a photocurrent.

Reference is made in part to equivalent circuit diagrams to the actual circuit of the invention by idealized electronic components

to be able to describe. The physical operation of the equivalent circuit diagrams corresponds to that of the actual circuits / devices 100 of the invention.

The function of such a solar element 10.1 can be based for example on the photovoltaic principle. A solar element 10.1 of the invention may, for. B. include one or more solar modules, it may be at the solar element 10.1 but also a single solar cell 3 (see, for example, Fig. 1D) or multiple solar cells 3.

[000110] The invention can be used in all solar elements 10.1, which are used as a power source in a so-called oscillatory

Power circuit operated.

As an oscillatory power circuit here that part of a (total) device 100 is designated, which is designed to provide electrical power. In the power circuit can sometimes flow high currents and high voltages occur. The pathways of the

Power circuit should therefore be dimensioned accordingly.

1A shows a simplified equivalent circuit diagram of an illuminated solar element 10.1 in the forward direction (here, for the sake of simplicity, the single-diode model is used). The equivalent circuit comprises the parallel connection of a current source (if light falls as an external field EF on the solar element 10.1, this current source supplies a photocurrent I _P h) and a diode Di. This diode Di represents the pn junction of the solar element 10.1.

[000113] The voltage U can be tapped at the parallel circuit. Without load on the parallel circuit corresponds to the voltage U of

Open circuit voltage of the solar element 10.1. If z. B. a load resistor is connected in parallel with the diode Di, then flows a current I through this load. A solar cell 3, which may for example be part of the solar element 10.1 of various embodiments of the invention has in practice in addition to a diode Di, which in the equivalent circuit in the single-diode model of FIG. 1A, also other concentrated elements that must be considered for more accurate calculation. This is the equivalent circuit diagram

typically a second diode D _a inserted parallel to the first diode Di (these two diodes have different reverse currents and temperature voltages). In addition, resistors RSH, RSE and an additional capacitance C _a (eg for contacts and the space charge zone of the solar cell 3) must be taken into account. A corresponding equivalent circuit diagram is shown in FIG. 1 B shown.

[000115] All mentioned equivalent circuits and models with concentrated elements have the goal of simulating the physical processes in a solar cell with real technical components. The computational approximation is the better the more accurately one defines the equivalent circuit and its lumped elements.

[000116] If such a solar cell 3 is not illuminated (called a dark case), the current source I _P h is omitted in the equivalent circuit diagram. The unlit solar cell 3 is a semiconductor diode which allows current to flow from the p-side to the n-side when the voltage U across the diode is directed from p to n.

[000117] IC is the equivalent circuit diagram of the solar element 10.1 as

Circuit block simplified. This summary is partially used in the following figures, with the simplified

Circuit block of the solar element 10.1 and from the summarized

Representation no conclusions on the real structure of the solar element 10.1 or on its components / components are to draw.

[000118] Figure 1D shows the real circuit symbol of a single solar cell 3, which may be part of a solar element 10.1 of the invention. Typically, for practical applications of the invention, multiple solar cells 3 are interconnected to a solar element 10.1 to obtain the desired electrical power. The solar element 10.1 of the invention can be used at all

Embodiments, for example

a series connection of two or more than two solar cells 3, a parallel connection of two or more than two solar cells 3,

or comprise a combination of parallel and series-connected solar cells 3.

To provide practically usable voltages at a tap 4 of the device 100 may be in all embodiments, for. B. several

Solar cells 3 are connected in series.

The apparatus 100 of the invention may be implemented by means of a

Alternating signal source G are excited. Therefore, all embodiments of the device 100 preferably include connections 1.1, 1.2 or

Ankoppelbereiche for applying or coupling an alternating signal, which is referred to here as a control signal SE (t).

To symbolize the fact that a non-linear

Circuit element 10 is used, the circuit symbol of this circuit element 10 is provided in the figures with an obliquely crossing line. Since the non-linear circuit element 10 by the external

Radiation field EF can be influenced, the circuit symbol with EF designated arrows.

In order to use the non-linear circuit element 10 in accordance with a resonant circuit of the invention, a suitable work area is determined based on characteristics or maps, so that the

Circuit element 10 can be operated in the non-linear region. An operating point or range can also be determined empirically. The

Circuit environment of the device 100 must therefore be designed accordingly (dimensioned).

Due to the fact that a non-linear circuit element 10 is part of the vibration system (e.g., in the form of a resonant circuit) of the invention, this vibration system is a non-linear vibration system. The nonlinear oscillation system of the invention can therefore only be described by non-linear network equations.

The non-linear circuit element 10 of the invention preferably comprises a material in which space charge zones form. The Space charge zones may be inherently present (eg, by appropriate doping of the material of the circuit element 10 with impurities) and influenced by the application of a bias voltage.

In the static state (i.e., when the vibration system of the

Device 100 is not in operation) face different doped zones, separated by the space charge zone, and there is a

electric field (similar to a plate capacitor). This electric field is by the application of Wechseigrössen on non-linear

Circuit elements 10 (eg in the form of an AC voltage) can be modulated.

The space charge zone can also be referred to as a blocking zone, wherein the effect of the blocking zone is temporarily canceled by the modulation of the field in the interior of the material or changes dynamically. The

Modulating the field can cause a so-called rediffusion of the charge carriers.

Semiconductor materials are particularly suitable as materials of the non-linear circuit element 10. Not suitable are insulating materials.

It is important that it is in the material of non-linear

Circuit element 10 are charge carriers that are movable. When

Charge carriers are understood here to be electrons, holes and ions and other charged particles.

Solar cells and other photosensitive semiconductor components (diodes, transistors, LEDs, OLEDs, ELDs, optocouplers, etc.) and also combinations of the aforementioned photosensitive semiconductor components are particularly suitable as non-linear circuit elements 10 of the invention. These components are summarized here under the term "solar element".

[000130] If a photosensitive member is nonlinear

Circuit element 10 of a device 100 is used, it is in a

Operated between an input (e.g.

Input voltage) and an output variable (eg, a current) gives a non-linear relationship. If the photosensitive member is exposed to an external radiation field EF, so there is an electrical signal amplification

compared to the conventional DC case and / or a change in the field in the material of the non-linear circuit element 10 operated

photosensitive component.

The non-linear behavior of photosensitive components (as mentioned above) has hitherto largely been disregarded and unused. Above all, such components are not or hardly used in circuits that are acted upon by an alternating signal.

A photosensitive member has a photoactive zone (eg, in the form of a photoactive layer) inside the (semiconductor) material of the device. There are so-called recombination effects, which are influenced by the application or coupling of the external radiation field EF (eg light).

The external radiation field EF can, for example, in all

Embodiments of the invention have an influence on the modulatable

Carrier transport in the material of the non-linear circuit element 10 have.

In the apparatus 100 of the invention is an analog operating device, which is preferably in all embodiments, for. B. by an alternating signal source G preferably continuously with currents or

Voltages can be stimulated. However, it is also possible to control the device 100 of the invention with control pulses.

[000136] The characteristic frequencies at which the non-linearity is noticeable are preferably in embodiments which have a

Solar cells with doped silicon material comprise, in the range of 5 kHz to 10 MHz and preferably in the range of 6 kHz to 5 MHz. Particularly preferably, the frequencies in all embodiments are in the range of 7 kHz to 2 MHz.

In light-sensitive diodes as non-linear circuit element 10, the required frequencies are significantly higher. Preferably, in all embodiments, the diodes are nonlinear circuit elements 10 use the frequencies in the range of more than 600 kHz, and more preferably in the range of more than 1000 kHz.

It can therefore be used in these embodiments, a generator G, which operates in the respective frequency range.

In Fig. 2, the electrical equivalent circuit of a first device 100 of the invention is shown. It is the equivalent electrical circuit diagram of a series resonant circuit, which here comprises an inductance Li, a capacitance Ci and an ohmic resistance Ri. Furthermore, the symbol of the nonlinear circuit element 10 is shown. This circuit element 10 is in the embodiment shown in Fig. 2 in series with the other mentioned

Arranged elements.

In order to obtain a resonant circuit suitable for self-oscillation and energy extraction, the device 100 can be used in all

Embodiments include a capacity Cb, the z. B. is arranged parallel to the non-linear circuit element 10.

The resonant circuit of the device 100 is z. B. by means of a

Alternating signal source G excitable, as shown in FIG. 2 indicated. The influence of the non-linear circuit element 10 on the resonant circuit can be influenced according to the invention by the external radiation field EF. In Fig. 2, the external radiation field EF is symbolized by a block arrow, as already mentioned.

The electromagnetic waves of the external radiation field EF may be artificially generated waves (e.g., a lamp) or natural

occurring waves (e.g., daylight).

The inductance Li, capacitance Ci and the ohmic resistance Ri of the device 100 behave linearly in the classical sense. Also the

Differential equations describing such a series resonant circuit with the elements Li, Ci and Ri are linear. The non-linearity that is at all

Embodiments of the invention is achieved by incorporating the non-linear circuit element 10 in the vibration system and its targeted operation in the non-linear region. In Fig. 3, the electrical equivalent circuit diagram of a second device 100 of the invention is shown. It is the equivalent electrical circuit diagram of a parallel resonant circuit, which here comprises an inductance L ₂ , a capacitance C ₂ and a resistor R ₂ . Furthermore, the symbol of the nonlinear circuit element 10 is shown. This circuit element 10 is arranged in the embodiment shown in Fig. 3 in series with the elements connected in parallel.

In Fig. 4, the electrical equivalent circuit diagram of a third device 100 of the invention is shown. It is the electrical equivalent circuit of another parallel resonant circuit, which is similar to the structure

Device 100 of FIG. 3. Here are a capacity C ₂ and a resistive

Resistor R ₂ provided. The electrical equivalent circuit diagram of FIG. 4 further comprises a transformer TR which is fed by a generator G with a current I (t). The transformer TR provides a galvanic separation between the control by the generator G and the resonant circuit. The secondary-side coil of the transformer TR has an inductance, which is designated here by I_3. Otherwise, the circuit of FIG. 4 comparable to the circuit of FIG. 3. Furthermore, in Fig. 4, the symbol of the non-linear circuit element 10 is shown. This circuit element 10 is in the in Fig. 4 embodiment arranged in series with the elements connected in parallel.

The electrical equivalent circuit diagram of Fig. 4 shows a so-called self-rotor structure (also called natural oscillator), in which the control by a pulse sequence (control pulse sequence) takes place. By the energy input provided by an external radiation field EF, the vibration can be maintained or even amplified.

The equivalent electrical circuit diagram of Figure 4 includes an optional feedback 2 which provides a connection between the output side of the non-linear circuit element 10 and the input side of the transformer TR.

[000148] Preferably, all circuits according to FIG. 4 are used

Alternating current I (t) is used. In Fig. 5, the equivalent circuit of another device 100 of the invention is shown. This equivalent circuit differs from the other equivalent circuits in that the non-linear circuit element 10 is connected in parallel with an impedance Z3.

[000150] In a solar element 10.1, so-called space charge areas are preferably formed, depending on the structure and constellation. These space charge areas function as a (space charge) capacity due to their spatial separation, as already mentioned.

The power circuit LK of the invention can be applied to all

Embodiments considered in the equivalent circuit diagram comprise an interconnection of an inductance and a capacitance. In this inductance, all inductive elements / areas (as well as the inductance (s) of the solar element 10.1) of the real components of the power circuit are summarized. In capacitance, all capacitive elements / regions (as well as the capacitance (s) of the solar element 10.1) are the real components of the power circuit

summarized. In addition, the equivalent circuit includes at least one

Resistive element, e.g. the resistances of the supply lines and the

Rail resistors of p- and n-doped regions of the solar element 10.1 summarized.

The power circuit of the invention can be applied to all

Embodiments due to the inductance and the capacity a

form oscillatory circle, which serves as a vibration system.

[000153] Preferably, in all embodiments of the invention, a switching frequency above the lower limit frequency is used. Preferably, in all embodiments of the invention, a switching frequency is used, which lies in the aforementioned range between 5 kHz and 10 MHz.

Frequencies in the range between 6 kHz and 5 MHz or between 7 kHz and 2 MHz are particularly preferred. In all embodiments, this switching frequency is always less than or equal to the natural oscillation frequency of the natural oscillation of the resonant circuit together with the solar element 10.1. Preferably, the switching frequency is an integer part of the frequency of

Natural vibration frequency. The vibration system can be used in all embodiments as

Parallel resonant circuit (the capacitance and the inductance are the same voltage but the currents are different) or the series resonant circuit (the same current flows through the capacitance and the inductor, but the voltages can be different).

[000155] The various circuits can be converted into one another by means of conversions or can be compared with one another.

[000156] The difference between series and parallel resonant circuits is well known. The present description therefore does not explicitly address these differences. The description of FIG. 2 can be seen on Figs. 3, 4 and 5 and also to the figures 6 and 7, 9 and 10 transmitted.

[000157] The invention can be used both with series resonant circuits

Apply solar element (s) 10.1 as well as to parallel resonant circuits with solar element (s) 10.1.

The non-linear behavior of the non-linear circuit element 10 and the non-linear influencing of the resonant circuit can not be described by closed analytical expressions. Rather, the already mentioned characteristics or fields are used to show the non-linear behavior of the circuit element 10 in the resonant circuit.

The signal quantities occurring in the oscillation system are represented as functions of time due to the time-dependent behavior (e.g., Si (t)).

The device 100 of the invention preferably comprises in all embodiments the mentioned power circuit LK with at least one solar element 10.1 (which may comprise eg one or more solar cells 3). This power circuit LK is designed to be able to provide electrical power at a tap 4 when an external field EF (eg in the form of light) is applied to the solar element 10.1. The power circuit may be defined in all embodiments by an equivalent circuit diagram (see FIGS. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10) comprising the elements of an electrical vibration system. In addition, the power circuit LK in all embodiments, a switchable element 1 (here briefly referred to as a switch) include, z. B. in all embodiments by means of a control signal SE (t) of a

Lock state is switchable in a pass state. In addition, the device 100 comprises means (e.g., a generator G) for providing the

Control signal SE (t), which switches the switchable element 1 alternately from the lock state to the pass state.

In all embodiments, the switchable element 1 may comprise an inner diode (this diode may for example be part of a transistor), or a diode Dl may be arranged parallel to the switchable element 1, as in FIGS 7 indicated.

In Fig. 6, the electrical equivalent circuit diagram of a fifth device 100 of the invention is shown. It is the equivalent electrical circuit diagram of a series resonant circuit, which here comprises an inductance L ₅ , a capacitance Cs and an ohmic resistance Rs. Furthermore, the symbol of

Solar element 10.1 shown. This solar element 10.1 is arranged in the embodiment shown in Fig. 6 in series with the other elements mentioned, wherein the inductance L _{5 is} parallel to the capacitance Cs. In Fig. 6, only the so-called power circuit LK of the invention is shown. The power circuit LK is that part of the device 100 which is provided and designed to provide electrical power. For example, an output signal Ss (t) can be picked up at a tap 4.

[00016] Preferably, the power circuit LK of all embodiments can receive electrical energy directly or indirectly from e.g. refer to lighted solar element 10.1.

Preferably, the power circuit LK forms at all

Embodiments of a resonant circuit which can be excited by means of a control signal SE (t), as already mentioned. The control signal Ss (t) acts, for example, on a switch 1 (see FIGS. 6 and 7) or on a transistor T1 (see FIGS. 9 and 10), which can be alternately opened and closed by the control signal SE (t). In FIG. 7, the electrical equivalent circuit diagram of a sixth device 100 of the invention is shown. It is the equivalent electrical circuit diagram of a parallel resonant circuit, which here comprises an inductance L ₆ , a capacitance Ce and an ohmic resistance Re. Furthermore, the symbol of

Solar element 10.1 shown. This solar element 10.1 is in the in Fig. 7 embodiment arranged in series with the parallel-connected elements L ₆ , Ce and Re. The description of FIG. 6 can also be transferred to this embodiment. You can z. B. at a tap 4 a

Pick up output signal s ₆ (t).

In FIG. 8 is the voltage-time diagram of an exemplary one

Switching signal SE (t) of the invention shown. It is a signal, which here comprises a sequence of several square-wave pulses that repeat themselves periodically. The duty cycle Δ (called Duty Cycle in English) is specified here as a dimensionless number in percent and can be between 0% and 100% (in practice, 0 <Δ <100). The duty ratio Δ is the time ratio of pulse duration to pulse period. In the example in FIG. 8, the duty cycle Δ = 25%. In addition to the duty cycle Δ, the switching signal SE (t) is defined by the amplitude, here denoted by UE, and by the frequency f, as is known with periodic or quasi-periodic signals.

The control of the resonant circuit can be carried out in all embodiments by a periodic or quasi-periodic switching signal Ss (t), as shown by way of example in FIG. 8.

As a periodic signal, a signal is referred to here, which has over a longer period of time regularly repeating switching pulses. A quasi-periodic signal is referred to here as a signal which has regularly repeating switching pulses with respect to a shorter period of time, but which, over a longer period of time, may be subject to slight changes (eg in amplitude and / or the frequency of the switching pulses) , Such a change in the control signal may arise, for example, in situations in which the device 100 comprises a control circuit EK (see eg Fig. 10) which responds to changing environmental conditions (eg decreasing solar radiation). In order to supply a control circuit EK or a generator G with energy, in all embodiments a switchable or

switched electrical energy source (referred to here as electrical power supply 8) are used. This is shown in FIG. 10 exemplified.

As a switchable electric power supply 8, e.g. a power supply (which can be supplied with mains voltage, for example), an accumulator or a supercap. The switchable electrical power supply 8 may in all embodiments also comprise one or more of these elements or a combination of two or more different elements.

In Fig. 9, the circuit diagram of another embodiment of a device 100 is shown, which is based on the principle of the equivalent circuit of FIG. 7 builds. It is about the series circuit of a solar element 10.1, which here comprises a series circuit with four solar cells 3, with an inductance L. ₇ A tap 4 is laid here by way of example via the inductance L ₇ . As switch 1, a MOSFET Tl is used, as shown. MOSFET stands for "metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor." In order to facilitate a simpler assignment, the gate with Ga, the source with S and the drain with D are denoted at this MOSFET T1. Type of enhancement mode MOSFET

Control signal SE (t) to the gate Ga, the channel of the MOSFET Tl is activated by inducing charge carriers between source S and drain D in the region below the gate Ga. As a result, when a positive voltage is applied to the gate Ga, the channel of the MOSFET T1 is turned on (conductive). So if you z. B. the excitation signal SE (t) of Fig. 8 is used, then the MOSFET Tl provides a conductive connection between the source S and drain D when a positive voltage is applied. If, on the other hand, there is no voltage between two pulses (pulse pause), then the connection between source S and drain D is interrupted (ie the switch 1 is open).

FIG. 10 shows the block diagram of a further embodiment which is based on the principle of FIG. 9. The description of FIG. 9 is therefore transferable. Here only the differences are discussed. In Fig. 10, the essential elements (apart from the solar element 10.1) are so

summarized that they may be included in a kind of ballast 20. This ballast 10 may, for example, have two terminals 6, 7 (eg, in the form of terminals) that allow the ballast 20 to be electrically connected in parallel with the solar element 10.1. In the embodiment shown here, the tap 4 is arranged, for example, parallel to the solar element 10.1. However, it can also be provided at another location, which allows electrical power to be taken from the device 100 if the solar element 10.1 is illuminated with light.

The switch (realized here again as MOSTFET T1) is switchable by a control signal SE (t), as already mentioned. The control signal SE (t) can be supplied externally in the embodiment of Figs. 9, 10 and in all other embodiments, or it may, for. B. within the ballast 20, and / or by means of a control circuit EK, and / or provided by the solar element 10.1.

The control signal SE (t) can be used in all embodiments e.g. be provided via a communication line or via a communication network. Thus, the control signal Ss (t) z. From a central office (e.g., by a network operator or network agency) to the switch 1.

For example, to make the device 100 self-sufficient, the control signal SE (t) may be provided in all embodiments within the ballast 20, and / or the control circuit EK, and / or by the solar element 10.1.

If you now the real solar element 10.1 of the various

Considering embodiments in the overall context of the power circuit LK, then it will be seen that the power circuit LK forms an electrical vibration system (preferably an electrical resonant circuit) having the capacitances (eg C _a ) of the solar cells 3 (see FIG. 1B) and the inductance (e.g. B. L ₇ ).

In order to operate oscillating the device 100 of the invention, for example, the switch 1 can alternately (periodically or

quasiperiodisch) opened and closed again, which z. B. in the corresponding embodiments by the application of a suitable Control signal SE (t) can be done with a suitable switching frequency. Now, as is usual in a resonant circuit, the charging and discharging of the

Capacities). This means that temporary charge carriers are stored here. And it comes in the magnetic field of the inductance of the resonant circuit (eg L ₇ ) for energy storage. This results in the natural vibration behavior of the resonant circuit. As an output signal (eg s ₇ (t)) can be used at all

Embodiments, for example, here a signal are tapped, which includes a DC component and / or an AC component.

Preferably, in all embodiments, the oscillator circuit is de-energized (eg, at tap 4) when switch 1 is open (i.e., during the pauses in the control signal SE (t) of FIG.

Since the power circuit LK in all embodiments a

Vibration behavior shows, not only the photoelectrons to

Electricity generation used (as is common in solar elements 10.1), but it also electrical and mechanical vibrations are harnessed. These vibrations are in conventional DC operation of solar elements 10.1 in pure heat loss.

In Fig. 10, in addition to the power circuit LK, details of an exemplary optional control circuit EK are shown. This control circuit EK can, as shown in FIG. 10 indicated by a circuit block, e.g. for the

Provision of the required control signal SE (t) to be designed. For this purpose, the control circuit EK can be used in all embodiments, e.g. a frequency generator (G) so as to generate the control signal SE (t) of FIG. 8.

Such a control circuit EK can also be used in connection with all other embodiments of the invention.

In order to trigger a self-oscillating behavior of the device 100 and maintain, in all embodiments, a device for internal generation of the control signal SE (t) z. B. the course of

Monitor the output voltage (eg s ₂ (t)) and / or the current I at the To achieve certain specifications to generate or trigger a switching pulse of the switching signal SE (t).

In an exemplary embodiment, to provide the control signal SE (t), the time variation of the output voltage (e.g.

5s ₂ (t) / 5t) and / or the current (eg 5I (t) / 5t). This can be achieved, for example, by a separate or integrated circuit.

The non-linear response Si (t), s ₂ (t) or S3 (t) (also called output signal) of the resonant circuit of the device 100, for example, at the resistor Ri, as indicated schematically in Fig. 1, or on the resistor R ₂ , as shown in FIG. 2 and 3 indicated schematically, or at the impedance Z3, as shown in FIG. 4 schematically indicated, are tapped.

The tap of an output signal or an output variable can in all embodiments of the invention in another place of the

Device 100 done.

Preferably, an output signal or an output variable at the device 100 is tapped so that the vibration behavior of the

Oscillating circuit is not or only slightly disturbed. For the purpose of tapping, a tap 4 is preferably used in all embodiments

provided, which is aligned to the overall circuit (adapted).

It should be noted here that the tap 4 (or the tapping points) in all embodiments can also be done at a different location of the device 100. It depends on whether you want to decouple current or voltage in DC or AC form and to what extent the decoupling of electrical power, the vibration behavior of the vibration system

impaired.

The alternating signal generator G, if present, generates in all embodiments of the invention, an external excitation of the vibration system of the device 100th

The AC signal generator G, if present, is preferably designed as a current source in all embodiments of the invention in order to provide the Vibration system of the device 100 not to burden. In FIGS. 2 and 3, therefore, a series resistor Rv is shown to be a generator G of the

Decouple oscillating circuit. The use of such a series resistor Rv is optional. Therefore, the series resistor Rv is shown in dashed lines in the figures.

[000190] Depending on the embodiment of the invention, the non-linear

Circuit element 10 e.g. have a non-linear capacitance and / or a nonlinear inductance. As a result, a non-linear term is introduced into the resonant circuit of the device 100.

If the non-linear circuit element 10 is e.g. has a capacity, so it does not necessarily need for the functioning of the device 100, a further capacity in the vibration system. If that's not linear

Circuit element 10 e.g. has an inductance, it does not necessarily need for the functioning of the device 100, a further inductance in the vibration system.

[000192] The equivalent circuit diagrams of FIG. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 10 are to be understood as meaning that all capacities have been combined into one capacity (eg, Ci and C _2, respectively). This also includes a possible capacity of the non-linear circuit element 10 and the conductor tracks or the cable of the

Resonant circuit. Correspondingly, all the inductances in the one inductance (eg Li or L ₂ ) and all the resistances in a resistor (eg Ri or R ₂ ) have been combined.

The non-linear capacitance of the non-linear circuit element 10 may result, for example, from charge fronts formed in the material of the circuit element 10 (eg, during production) or forming (eg, during initialization or operation of the circuit) resonant circuit). Thus, such as in a semiconductor diode, positive and negative charges face.

In order to operate a device 100 of the invention permanently, an adjustment of the control signal (which is applied here, for example, at points 1.1, 1.2) with the characteristic of the resonant circuit comprising the non-linear element 10 is preferably made. This can for example Characteristics or maps determined and derived from these suitable operating points or work areas. Subsequently, the device 100 can then be operated by predetermining corresponding input-side control signals or variables in the operating point or work area.

[000195] For this purpose, the voltage, the frequency and / or the signal form of the generator G, if present, are preferably specified accordingly.

The non-linear behavior of the non-linear circuit element 10 preferably results in all embodiments due to an overlay or interaction of an inherent non-linear material property of the non-linear circuit element 10 as such with the external one

Radiation field EF (eg in the form of light).

Unless otherwise indicated, all features of the present invention may be freely combined. The features described in the figure description, as far as nothing else is stated, as features of the invention are freely combined with the other, also specified in the features. In this case, representational features of the device can also be rewritten in the context of the method to process features use and

Process features reformulated in the context of the device too

Device features.

Reference symbol switchable element 1

Connections / Points 1.1, 1.2

Feedback 2

Solar cell 3

Tap 4

Exciter line 5

Connections 6, 7

Power supply 8 non-linear circuit element 10

Solar element as non-linear 10.1 circuit element

ballast

arrangement

contraption

Capacity C

Capacity Ca

Capacity C _b

Capacity Cnl

Capacity Ci

Capacity C ₂

Capacity C ₅

Capacity C ₆

Diode Da

Diode Di

Diode Dl

Duty cycle Δ temporal change of 5s ₂ (t) / 5t

output voltage

temporal change of the current 5I (t) / 5t external radiation field EF

Frequency f

Alternating signal source / generator G

Electricity I

Current i (t)

Saturation current Is

Photocurrent Iph

Inductance L

Inductance L _D

Inductance Lnl

Inductance Li

Inductance L ₂

Inductance L ₃

Inductance Ls

Inductance L ₆ Inductance L ₇

Last LA

Power circuit LK

Side of the n-doped layer of the n

solar element

Side of the p-doped layer of P

solar element

Carrier density q

Resistance R

Resistance Rnl

Resistance Ri

Resistor R ₂

Resistor R ₅

Resistance Re

Parallel resistor RSH

Series resistance RSE

Resistor Rv

Switching signal s _E (t)

Output voltage sl (t) s7 (t)

Time t

Transistor / switching element Tl

Transformer TR

Voltage U

Amplitude U _E complex-valued impedance z

Impedance z ₃

Claims

claims

1. Device (100) with a resonant circuit by means of a

Alternating signal source (G) can be excited, characterized in that

the resonant circuit comprises a non-linear circuit element (10, 10.1),

- The device (100) is designed so that the non-linear

Circuit element (10; 10.1) is operable in a non-linear operating range and with a frequency above a cutoff frequency.

2. Device (100) according to claim 1, characterized in that the resonant circuit in the electrical equivalent circuit diagram at least one

complex-valued impedance (Z).

Device (100) according to claim 2, characterized in that the complex-valued impedance (Z) or at least one inductance or capacitance of the impedance (Z) is part of the non-linear circuit element, or in that the impedance (Z) is provided by other elements , Assemblies or areas of the device (100) is realized.

4. Device (100) according to claim 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that the resonant circuit on the input side so by the AC signal source (G) can be excited, that the non-linear circuit element (10; 10.1) in a previously determined non-linear working area is operable.

5. Device (100) according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that the complex-valued impedance (Z) comprises at least one capacitance (Ci, C ₂ , Cb) and / or an inductance (Li, L ₂ , L ₃ ).

6. Device (100) according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized

characterized in that the non-linear circuit element (10; 10.1) comprises a material comprising one or more space charge zones which are operable to be influenced by an alternating voltage or current.

7. Device (100) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the non-linear circuit element (10; 10.1) comprises one or more of the following materials: - semiconductor material,

- Photo-electro-chemically active material.

8. Device (100) according to one of the preceding claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the non-linear circuit element (10;

10.1) has an internal structure, the two different

Material areas or layers of material and a material transition between these two different material areas or layers comprises.

9. Device (100) according to claim 8, characterized in that the two different material regions each doped differently

Semiconductor materials include.

A device (100) according to claim 1, characterized in that the non-linear circuit element is a solar element (10; 10.1).

11. Device (100) according to claim 1 or 10, characterized in that the resonant circuit is designed as a natural oscillator.

12. Device (100) according to claim 1 or 10, characterized in that the device (100) represents a self-rotor structure which can be excited by means of periodic or quasi-periodic switching signals.

13. Device (100) according to claim 1 or 10, characterized in that the non-linear circuit element (10; 10.1) is designed so that it by a non-contact applied or coupled external

Radiation field (EF) can be influenced.

A device (100) according to claim 1 or 10, characterized in that a non-linear behavior of the non-linear circuit element (10; 10.1) due to an overlay or interaction of an inherent non-linear material property of the non-linear

As such, with a radiation field (EF), the external radiation field (EF) is applied to the nonlinear circuit element (10; 10.1)

Circuit element (10, 10.1) can be applied or coupled.

15. Device (100) with an electrical vibration system, characterized in that

- The vibration system comprises a solar element (10, 10.1) as a non-linear circuit element and at least one further component and

it is designed to cause the solar element (10; 10.1) to oscillate permanently or from time to time at a frequency above a lower limit frequency, while the solar element (10; 10.1) forms an external radiation field (EF) in the form of light is exposed.

16. Use of a device (100) according to any one of the preceding claims 1 to 14, characterized in that the non-linear

Is exposed to an external radiation field (EF), wherein the external radiation field (EF) is preferably an electric or magnetic or electromagnetic field.

17. Use of a device (100) according to claim 15, characterized in that the device (100) is adapted to make available or provide electrical energy.

18. Use of a device (100) according to claim 16, such that an electric field located in the material of the non-linear circuit element (10; 10.1) modulates the electric field strength as a vector field

By operating the non-linear circuit element (10, 10.1) in the resonant circuit, spatial and / or temporal results

Changes in the electric field in the material.

19. Use of a device (100) according to claim 17 or 18 such that in the material of the non-linear circuit element (10;

low-charge (intermediate) zone that separates or surrenders an excess-energy zone from an excess-hole zone.

20. A method for operating a device (100) in an artificially generated or naturally occurring radiation field (EF), the

Vibration system which is excitable by means of an alternating signal source (G) or a control signal (s (t)), wherein the vibration system a Solar element (10, 10.1) as a non-linear circuit element, comprising the steps:

- introducing the solar element (10, 10.1) into the radiation field (EF) or exposing the solar element (10, 10.1) to the radiation field (EF),

- Stimulating a vibration behavior of the vibration system together with the

Solar element (10; 10.1) by means of the alternating signal source (G) or the control signal (s (t)), wherein the solar element (10; 10.1) is operated in a non-linear operating range and at a frequency above a lower fundamental frequency,

- Making available an AC signal and / or a

DC signal on at least one tap (4) of the device (100).

21. Method according to claim 20, characterized in that the radiation field (EF) is light.

22. The method according to claim 20 or 21, characterized in that the frequency with which the vibration system is operated, in the range between 5 kHz and 10 MHz.