WO2016039944A1 - Utilisation d'e-1,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-3-trifluorométhyl-1-butène dans des refroidisseurs - Google Patents

Utilisation d'e-1,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-3-trifluorométhyl-1-butène dans des refroidisseurs Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016039944A1
WO2016039944A1 PCT/US2015/045612 US2015045612W WO2016039944A1 WO 2016039944 A1 WO2016039944 A1 WO 2016039944A1 US 2015045612 W US2015045612 W US 2015045612W WO 2016039944 A1 WO2016039944 A1 WO 2016039944A1
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Prior art keywords
chiller
composition
weight percent
1438ezy
refrigerant
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PCT/US2015/045612
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English (en)
Inventor
Konstantinos Kontomaris
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The Chemours Company Fc, Llc
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Publication of WO2016039944A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016039944A1/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
    • C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
    • C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
    • C09K5/041—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems
    • C09K5/044—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds
    • C09K5/045—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds containing only fluorine as halogen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
    • C09K2205/10—Components
    • C09K2205/12—Hydrocarbons
    • C09K2205/126—Unsaturated fluorinated hydrocarbons

Definitions

  • composition of the present invention is part of a continued search for the next generation of low global warming potential materials. Such materials must have low environmental impact, as measured by low global warming potential and zero ozone depletion potential. New chiller working fluids are needed.
  • Embodiments of the present invention involve a composition comprising E-1 ,3,4,4,4- pentafluoro-3-trifluoromethyl-1 -butene, (hereinafter referred to as "HFG-1438ezy-E").
  • Embodiments of the present invention involve the compound HFO- 1438ezy-E either alone or in combination with one or more other compounds as described in detail herein below.
  • a composition comprising: (1 ) a refrigerant composition consisting essentially of HFO-1438ezy-E; (2) a lubricant suitable for use in a chiller; wherein the HFO-1438ezy-E in the refrigerant composition is at least about 1 -100 weight percent.
  • a chiller apparatus containing a refrigerant composition comprising HFO-1438ezy-E.
  • the chiller apparatus may comprise (a) an evaporator through which a refrigerant flows and is evaporated; (b) a compressor in fluid
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a centrifugal chiller having a flooded evaporator, which utilizes a composition
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a centrifugal chiller having a direct expansion evaporator, which utilizes a composition comprising HFO ⁇ 1438ezy-E.
  • Global warming potential is an index for estimating relative global warming contribution due to atmospheric emission of a kilogram of a particular greenhouse gas compared to emission of a kilogram of carbon dioxide. GWP can be calculated for different time horizons showing the effect of atmospheric lifetime for a given gas. The GWP for the 100 year time horizon is commonly the value referenced. Ozone depletion potential (ODP) is defined in "The Scientific
  • ODP represents the extent of ozone depletion in the
  • CFC-1 1 fluorotrichloromethane
  • Refrigeration capacity (sometimes referred to as cooling capacity) is a term to define the change in enthalpy of a refrigerant composition in an evaporator per unit mass of refrigerant composition circulated.
  • Volumetric cooling capacity refers to the amount of heat removed by the refrigerant composition in the evaporator per unit volume of refrigerant composition vapor exiting the evaporator.
  • the refrigeration capacity is a measure of the ability of a refrigerant composition or heat transfer composition to produce cooling. Cooling rate refers to the heat removed by the refrigerant composition in the evaporator per unit time.
  • Coefficient of performance is the amount of heat removed in an evaporator divided by the energy required to operate a compressor. The higher the COP, the higher the energy efficiency. COP is directly related to the energy efficiency ratio (EER), that is, the efficiency rating for refrigeration or air conditioning equipment at a specific set of internal and external temperatures.
  • EER energy efficiency ratio
  • a heat transfer medium comprises a composition used to carry heat from a body to be cooled to the chiller evaporator or from the chiller condenser to a cooling tower or other configuration where heat can be rejected to the ambient.
  • a refrigerant composition is a composition which may be a single compound or comprise a mixture of compounds that functions to transfer heat in a cycle wherein the composition undergoes a phase change from a liquid to a gas and back to a liquid in a repeating cycle.
  • Subcooling is the reduction of the temperature of a liquid below that liquid's saturation point for a given pressure.
  • the saturation point is the temperature at which a vapor composition is completely condensed to a liquid (also referred to as the bubble point). But subcooling continues to cool the liquid to a lower temperature liquid at the given pressure. By cooling a liquid below the saturation temperature, the net refrigeration capacity can be increased. Subcooling thereby improves refrigeration capacity and energy efficiency of a system.
  • Subcool amount is the amount of cooling below the saturation temperature (in degrees) or how far below its saturation temperature a liquid composition is cooled.
  • Superheat is a term that defines how far above the saturation vapor temperature of a vapor composition a vapor composition is heated.
  • Saturation vapor temperature is the temperature at which, if a vapor composition is cooled, the first drop of liquid is formed, also referred to as the "dew point".
  • compositions comprising, “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion.
  • a composition, process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such composition, process, method, article, or apparatus.
  • transitional phrase "consisting essentially of is used to define a composition, method or apparatus that includes materials, steps, features, components, or elements, in addition to those literally disclosed provided that these additional included materials, steps, features, components, or elements do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s) of the claimed invention.
  • the term ' consisting essentially of occupies a middle ground between "comprising" and ' consisting of .
  • perfluoroisopropyl iodide is reacted with a sub-stoichiometric amount of vinyl fluoride either thermally or in the presence of a nickel catalyst to make (CF3)2CFCHCHFI.
  • the method comprises
  • the method comprises (a) passing a heat transfer medium through an evaporator; (b) evaporating a liquid refrigerant composition comprising HFO-1438ezy-E in the evaporator thereby producing a vapor refrigerant composition; and (b) compressing the vapor refrigerant composition in a compressor.
  • the compressor may be a positive displacement compressor or a centrifugal compressor. Positive displacement compressors include reciprocating, screw, or scroll compressors. Of note are methods for producing cooling that use centrifugal compressors. The method for producing cooling typically provides cooling to a body to be cooled at an external location to which the cooled heat transfer medium passes from the evaporator.
  • HFO-1438ezy-E has been found to provide good cooling performance in chillers. Additionally, HFO-1438ezy-E has been found to match the performance for 2,2-dichloro-1 ,1 ,1 -trifluoroethane (hereinafter HCFC-123) in chillers. And HFO-1438ezy-E has been found to be an improvement over use of HCFC-123 in chillers.
  • compositions of this invention consist essentially of from about 1 weight percent to about 100 weight percent HFO-1438ezy-E. In one embodiment, non-flammable compositions are desirable for use in chillers.
  • chiller evaporator is suitable for use with HCFC-123 and wherein the refrigerant composition consists essentially of from about 1 weight percent to about 100 weight percent of HFO-1438ezy-E.
  • chiller is suitable for use with HCFC-123 and wherein the refrigerant composition consists essentially of from about 1 weight percent to about 100 weight percent HFO ⁇ 1438ezy ⁇ E.
  • low GWP compositions are desirable.
  • compositions comprising at least 1 weight percent HFO- 1438ezy ⁇ E, preferably at least 25 weight percent HFO-1438ezy-E and more preferably at least 50 weight percent HFO-1438ezy-E which have GWP less than 1500, preferably less than 1000, more preferably less than 750, more preferably less than 500 and even more preferably less than 150.
  • compositions comprising from about 1 to about 99 weight percent HFO-1438ezy-E, preferably from about 25 to about 99 weight percent HFO-1438ezy-E and more preferably from about 50 to about 99 weight percent HFO-1438ezy-E which have GWP less than 1500, preferably less than 1000, more preferably less than 750, more preferably less than 500 and even more preferably less than 150.
  • the method for producing cooling comprises producing cooling in a flooded evaporator chiller as described above with respect to FIG. 1 , as described in more detail herein below.
  • the refrigerant composition comprising HFO ⁇ 1438ezy ⁇ E is evaporated to form refrigerant composition vapor in the vicinity of a first heat transfer medium.
  • the heat transfer medium is a warm liquid, such as water, which is transported into the evaporator via a pipe from a cooling system.
  • the warm liquid is cooled and is passed to a body to be cooled, such as a building.
  • the refrigerant composition vapor is then condensed in the vicinity of a second heat transfer medium, which is a chilled liquid which is brought in from, for instance, a cooling tower.
  • the second heat transfer medium cools the refrigerant composition vapor such that it is condensed to form a liquid refrigerant composition.
  • a flooded evaporator chiller may also be used to cool hotels, office buildings, hospitals and universities.
  • the method for producing cooling comprises producing cooling in a direct expansion chiller as described above with respect to FIG. 2, as described in more detail below.
  • the refrigerant composition comprising HFO-1438ezy-E is passed through an evaporator and evaporates to produce a refrigerant composition vapor.
  • a first liquid heat transfer medium is cooled by the evaporating refrigerant composition.
  • the first liquid heat transfer medium is passed out of the evaporator to a body to be cooled.
  • the direct expansion chiller may also be used to cool hotels, office buildings, hospitals, universities, as well as naval submarines or naval surface vessels.
  • the chiller may include a centrifugal compressor.
  • Refrigerant compositions and heat transfer fluids that are in need of replacement according to the Montreal Protocol, based upon their ODP values, include but are not limited to HCFC-123. Therefore, in accordance with the present invention, there is provided a method for replacing HCFC- 123 in a chiller.
  • the method for replacing a refrigerant composition in a chiller designed for using HCFC-123 as refrigerant composition comprises charging said chiller with a composition comprising a refrigerant composition comprising HFO-1438ezy-E.
  • the refrigerant composition consisting essentially of HFO-1438ezy-E and is useful in centrifugal chillers that may have been originally designed and manufactured to operate with HCFC-123.
  • HFO-1438ezy-E has attractive environmental properties (a relatively low GWP and zero ODP). It also exhibits attractive chiller performance comparable to that of HCFC-123.
  • the condenser pressure with HFO- 1438ezy-E is lower than that of HCFC-123. Therefore, HFO-1438ezy-E could replace HCFC-123 in existing or new chillers designed for HCFC- 123 without exceeding the chiller maximum permissible working pressures.
  • the optimum impeller tip speed with HFO-1438ezy-E to meet a required temperature lift will be similar to that of HCFC-123 (about 14% lower than with HCFC-123).
  • HFO-1438ezy-E would be a suitable replacement of HCFC-123 in centrifugal chillers with substantially better environmental performance.
  • a chiller apparatus containing a composition comprising a refrigerant composition comprising HFO- 1438ezy-E.
  • a chiller apparatus can be of various types including centrifugal apparatus and positive displacement apparatus.
  • Chiller apparatus typically includes an evaporator, compressor, condenser and a pressure reduction device, such as a valve.
  • a chiller apparatus comprising a refrigerant composition consisting essentially of HFO ⁇ 1438ezy-E.
  • the chiller apparatus comprises an evaporator, a compressor, a condenser and a pressure reduction device, all of which are in fluid communication in the order listed and through which a refrigerant flows from one component to the next in a repeating cycle.
  • the chiller apparatus comprises (a) an evaporator through which a refrigerant flows and is evaporated; (b) a compressor in fluid communication with the evaporator that compresses the evaporated refrigerant to a higher pressure; (c) a condenser in fluid communication with the compressor through which the high pressure refrigerant vapor flows and is condensed; and (d) a pressure reduction device in fluid communication with the condenser wherein the pressure of the condensed refrigerant is reduced and said pressure reduction device further being in fluid communication with the evaporator such that the refrigerant then repeats flow through components (a), (b), (c) and (d) in a repeating cycle.
  • a chiller is a type of air conditioning/refrigeration apparatus.
  • the present disclosure is directed to a mechanical vapor compression chiller.
  • Mechanical vapor compression chillers include components, such as a compressor, a condenser, an expansion device and an evaporator.
  • Such vapor compression chillers may be either flooded evaporator chillers, one embodiment of which is shown in FIG. 1 , or direct expansion chillers, one embodiment of which is shown in FIG. 2. Both a flooded evaporator chiller and a direct expansion chiller may be air-cooled or water-cooled. In the embodiment where chillers are water cooled, such chillers are generally associated with cooling towers for heat rejection from the system.
  • chillers are air-cooled
  • the chillers are equipped with refrigerant-to-air finned-tube condenser coils and fans to reject heat from the system.
  • Air-cooled chiller systems are generally less costly than equivalent-capacity water-cooled chiller systems including cooling tower and water pump.
  • water-cooled systems can be more efficient under many operating conditions due to lower condensing temperatures.
  • Chillers including both flooded evaporator and direct expansion chillers, may be coupled with an air handling and distribution system to provide comfort air conditioning (cooling and dehumidifying the air) to large commercial buildings, including hotels, office buildings, hospitals, universities and the like.
  • chillers have found additional utility in naval submarines and surface vessels.
  • FIG. 1 A water-cooled, flooded evaporator chiller is illustrated in FIG. 1 .
  • a first heat transfer medium which is a warm liquid comprising water, and, in some embodiments, additives, such as a glycol (e.g., ethylene glycol or propylene glycol), enters the chiller from a cooling system, such as a building cooling system.
  • the first heat transfer medium is shown entering the chiller at arrow 3, through coil or tube bundle 9, in evaporator 6, which has an inlet and an outlet.
  • the warm first heat transfer medium is delivered to evaporator 6, where it is cooled by liquid refrigerant composition, which is shown in the lower portion of evaporator 6 as liquid working fluid-low pressure.
  • the liquid refrigerant composition evaporates at a temperature lower than the temperature of the warm first heat transfer medium which flows through coil 9.
  • the cooled first heat transfer medium re-circulates back to the building cooling system, as shown by arrow 4, via a return portion of coil 9.
  • the liquid refrigerant composition shown in the lower portion of evaporator 6 as liquid working fluid-low pressure, vaporizes to form vapor working fluid-low pressure in upper portion of evaporator 6, and is drawn into compressor 7, which increases the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant composition vapor (vapor working fluid).
  • Compressor 7 compresses this vapor so that it may be condensed in condenser 5 at a higher pressure and temperature than the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant composition vapor when from evaporator 6.
  • a second heat transfer medium which is a liquid in the case of a water-cooled chiller, enters condenser 5 via coil or tube bundle 10 in condenser 5 from a cooling tower at arrow 1 .
  • the second heat transfer medium is warmed in the process and returned via a return loop of coil 10 and arrow 2 to a cooling tower or to the environment.
  • This second heat transfer medium cools the vapor in condenser 5 and causes the vapor to condense to liquid refrigerant composition, so that there is liquid refrigerant composition (liquid working fluid-high pressure) in the lower portion of condenser 5.
  • liquid refrigerant composition liquid working fluid-high pressure
  • composition in condenser 5 flows back to evaporator 6 through expansion device 8, which may be an orifice, capillary tube or expansion valve.
  • Expansion device 8 reduces the pressure of the liquid refrigerant composition, and converts the liquid refrigerant composition partially to vapor, that is to say that the liquid refrigerant composition flashes as pressure drops between condenser 5 and evaporator 6. Flashing cools the refrigerant composition, i.e., both the liquid refrigerant composition and the refrigerant composition vapor to the saturation temperature at evaporator pressure, so that both liquid refrigerant composition and refrigerant composition vapor are present in evaporator 6.
  • the composition of the vapor refrigerant composition in the evaporator is the same as the composition of the liquid refrigerant composition in the evaporator. In this case, evaporation will occur at a constant temperature
  • Chillers with cooling capacities above 700 kW generally employ flooded evaporators, where the refrigerant composition in the evaporator and the condenser surrounds a coil or tube bundle or other conduit for the heat transfer medium (i.e., the refrigerant composition is on the shell side).
  • Flooded evaporators require larger charges of refrigerant composition, but permit closer approach temperatures and higher efficiencies.
  • Chillers with capacities below 700 kW commonly employ evaporators with refrigerant composition flowing inside the tubes and heat transfer medium in the evaporator and the condenser surrounding the tubes, i.e., the heat transfer medium is on the shell side.
  • Such chillers are called direct-expansion (DX) chillers.
  • first liquid heating medium which is a warm liquid, such as warm water
  • evaporator 6' enters evaporator 6' at inlet 14.
  • liquid refrigerant composition (with a small amount of refrigerant composition vapor) enters coil or tube bundle 9' in evaporator 6' at arrow 3' and evaporates.
  • first liquid heating medium is cooled in evaporator 6', and a cooled first liquid heating medium exits evaporator 6' at outlet 16, and is sent to a body to be cooled, such as a building.
  • the refrigerant composition vapor exits evaporator 6' at arrow 4' and is sent to
  • compressor 7' where it is compressed and exits as high temperature, high pressure refrigerant composition vapor.
  • This refrigerant composition vapor enters condenser 5' through condenser coil or tube bundle 10' at 1 '.
  • the refrigerant composition vapor is cooled by a second liquid heating medium, such as water, in condenser 5' and becomes a liquid.
  • the second liquid heating medium enters condenser 5' through condenser heat transfer medium inlet 20.
  • the second liquid heating medium extracts heat from the condensing refrigerant composition vapor, which becomes liquid refrigerant composition, and this warms the second liquid heating medium in condenser 5'.
  • the second liquid heating medium exits through condenser heat transfer medium outlet 18.
  • the condensed refrigerant composition liquid exits condenser 5' through lower coil 10' and flows through expansion device 12, which may be an orifice, capillary tube or expansion valve. Expansion device 12 reduces the pressure of the liquid refrigerant composition. A small amount of vapor, produced as a result of the expansion, enters evaporator 6' with liquid refrigerant composition through coil 9' and the cycle repeats.
  • Vapor-compression chillers may be identified by the type of
  • the present invention includes chillers utilizing dynamic (e.g. axial or centrifugal) compressors as well as positive displacement compressors.
  • the compositions as disclosed herein are useful in chillers that utilize a centrifugal compressor, herein referred to as a centrifugal chiller.
  • a centrifugal compressor uses rotating elements to accelerate the refrigerant composition radially, and typically includes an impeller and diffuser housed in a casing.
  • Centrifugal compressors usually take working fluid in at an impeller eye, or central inlet of a circulating impeller, and accelerate it radially outward through passages. Some static pressure rise occurs in the impeller, but most of the pressure rise occurs in the diffuser section of the casing, where velocity is converted to static pressure.
  • Each impeller-diffuser set is a stage of the compressor.
  • compressors are built with from 1 to 12 or more stages, depending on the final pressure desired and the volume of refrigerant composition to be handled.
  • the pressure ratio, or compression ratio, of a compressor is the ratio of absolute discharge pressure to the absolute inlet pressure.
  • Pressure delivered by a centrifugal compressor is practically constant over a relatively wide range of capacities.
  • the pressure a centrifugal compressor can develop depends on the tip speed of the impeller. Tip speed is the speed of the impeller measured at its outermost tip and is related to the diameter of the impeller and its revolutions per minute.
  • compositions as disclosed herein are useful in positive displacement chillers, which utilize positive displacement compressors, for example reciprocating, screw, or scroll compressors.
  • a chiller which utilizes a screw compressor will be hereinafter referred to as a screw chiller.
  • Positive displacement compressors draw vapor into a chamber, and the chamber decreases in volume to compress the vapor. After being compressed, the vapor is forced from the chamber by further decreasing the volume of the chamber to zero or nearly zero.
  • Reciprocating compressors use pistons driven by a crankshaft. They may be either stationary or portable, may be single or multi-staged, and may be driven by electric motors or internal combustion engines. Small reciprocating compressors from 5 to 30 hp are seen in automotive applications and are typically for intermittent duty. Larger reciprocating compressors up to 100 hp are found in large industrial applications.
  • Discharge pressures can range from low pressure to very high pressure (>5000 psi or 35 MPa).
  • Screw compressors use two meshed rotating positive-displacement helical screws to force the gas into a smaller space. Screw compressors are usually for continuous operation in commercial and industrial application and may be either stationary or portable. Their application can be from 5 hp (3.7 kW) to over 500 hp (375 kW) and from low pressure to very high pressure (>1200 psi or 8.3 MPa).
  • Scroll compressors are similar to screw compressors and include two interleaved spiral-shaped scrolls to compress the gas.
  • the output is more pulsed than that of a rotary screw compressor.
  • brazed-plate heat exchangers are commonly used for evaporators instead of the shell-and-tube heat exchangers employed in larger chillers. Brazed-plate heat exchangers reduce system volume and refrigerant composition charge.
  • compositions comprising HFO-1438ezy-E may be used in a chiller apparatus in combination with molecular sieves to aid in removal of moisture.
  • Desiccants may comprise activated alumina, silica gel, or zeolite-based molecular sieves.
  • the preferred molecular sieves have a pore size of approximately 3 Angstroms, 4 Angstroms, or 5 Angstroms.
  • Representative molecular sieves include MOLSIV XH-7, XH-6, XH-9 and XH-1 1 (UOP LLC, Des Plaines, III.).
  • the refrigerant composition is a composition comprising HFO ⁇ 1438ezy-E.
  • the compositions comprising HFO-1438ezy-E may also comprise and/or be used in combination with at least one lubricant selected from the group consisting of polyalkylene glycols, polyol esters, polyvinylethers, mineral oils, alkylbenzenes, synthetic paraffins, synthetic naphthenes, and poly(alpha)olefins.
  • Useful lubricants include those suitable for use with chiller apparatus. Among these lubricants are those conventionally used in vapor
  • lubricants comprise those commonly known as "mineral oils” in the field of compression refrigeration lubrication.
  • Mineral oils comprise paraffins (i.e., straight-chain and branched-carbon- chain, saturated hydrocarbons), naphthenes (i.e. cyclic paraffins) and aromatics (i.e. unsaturated, cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more rings characterized by alternating double bonds).
  • lubricants comprise those commonly known as "synthetic oils” in the field of compression refrigeration lubrication. Synthetic oils comprise alkylaryls (i.e.
  • linear and branched alkyl alkylbenzenes are the commercially available BVM 100 N (paraffinic mineral oil sold by BVA Oils), naphthenic mineral oil commercially available from Crompton Co. under the trademarks Suniso.RTM. 3GS and Suniso.RTM. 5GS, naphthenic mineral oil commercially available from Pennzoil under the trademark Sontex.RTM. 372LT, naphthenic mineral oil commercially available from Calumet Lubricants under the trademark Calumet. RTM. RO-30, linear alkylbenzenes commercially available from Shrieve
  • Useful lubricants may also include those which have been designed for use with hydrofluorocarbon refrigerant compositions and are miscible with refrigerant compositions of the present invention under compression refrigeration and air-conditioning apparatus' operating conditions.
  • Such lubricants include, but are not limited to, polyol esters (POEs) such as Castrol.RTM. 100 (Castrol, United Kingdom), polyalkylene glycols (PAGs) such as RL-488A from Dow (Dow Chemical, Midland, Mich.), polyvinyl ethers (PVEs), and polycarbonates (PCs).
  • Preferred lubricants are polyol esters.
  • Lubricants used with the refrigerant compositions disclosed herein are selected by considering a given compressor's requirements and the environment to which the lubricant will be exposed.
  • compositions as disclosed herein may further comprise an additive selected from the group consisting of compatibilizers, UV dyes, solubilizing agents, tracers, stabilizers, perfluoropolyethers (PFPE), and functionalized perfluoropolyethers.
  • an additive selected from the group consisting of compatibilizers, UV dyes, solubilizing agents, tracers, stabilizers, perfluoropolyethers (PFPE), and functionalized perfluoropolyethers.
  • compositions may be used with about 0.01 weight percent to about 5 weight percent of a stabilizer, free radical scavenger or antioxidant.
  • a stabilizer free radical scavenger or antioxidant.
  • additives include but are not limited to, nitromethane, hindered phenols, hydroxylamines, thiols, phosphites, or lactones. Single additives or combinations may be used.
  • certain refrigeration or air- conditioning system additives may be added, as desired, to the in order to enhance performance and system stability.
  • additives are known in the field of refrigeration and air-conditioning, and include, but are not limited to, anti-wear agents, extreme pressure lubricants, corrosion and oxidation inhibitors, metal surface deactivators, free radical scavengers, and foam control agents.
  • these additives may be present in the inventive compositions in small amounts relative to the overall composition. Typically concentrations of from less than about 0.1 weight percent to as much as about 3 weight percent of each additive are used. These additives are selected on the basis of the individual system requirements.
  • additives include members of the triaryl phosphate family of EP (extreme pressure) lubricity additives, such as butylated triphenyl phosphates (BTPP), or other alkylated triaryl phosphate esters, e.g. Syn-O-Ad 8478 from Akzo Chemicals, tricresyl phosphates and related compounds. Additionally, the metal dialkyi dithiophosphates (e.g., zinc dialkyi dithiophosphate (or ZDDP)), Lubrizol 1375 and other members of this family of chemicals may be used in compositions of the present invention.
  • Other antiwear additives include natural product oils and asymmetrical polyhydroxyl lubrication additives, such as Synergol TMS (International Lubricants).
  • antioxidants such as antioxidants, free radical scavengers, and water scavengers
  • stabilizers such as antioxidants, free radical scavengers, and water scavengers
  • Compounds in this category can include, but are not limited to, butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT), epoxides, and mixtures thereof.
  • Corrosion inhibitors include dodecyl succinic acid (DDSA), amine phosphate (AP), oleoyl sarcosine, imidazone derivatives and substituted sulfphonates.
  • HFO-1438ezy-E As a refrigerant composition for chillers.
  • Table 2 compares the performance of a chiller operating with HFO-1438ezy-E as the working fluid to that with HCFC-123.
  • Table 2 demonstrates use of HFO-1438ezy-E as a
  • COP in Table 2, is the coefficient of performance (a measure of energy efficiency).
  • HFO-1438ezy-E has attractive environmental properties (a relatively low GWP and zero ODP). It also exhibits attractive chiller performance comparable to that of HCFC-123.
  • the condenser pressure with HFO- 1438ezy-E is lower than that of HCFC-123. Therefore, HFO-1438ezy-E could replace HCFC-123 in existing or new chillers designed for HCFC- 123 without exceeding the chiller maximum permissible working pressures.
  • the optimum impeller tip speed with HFQ-1438ezy-E to meet a required temperature lift will be similar to that of HCFC-123 (about 14% lower than with HCFC-123).
  • HFO-1438ezy-E would be a suitable replacement of HCFC-123 in centrifugal chillers with substantially better environmental performance.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé pour produire un refroidissement dans un refroidisseur comprenant un évaporateur dans lequel une composition réfrigérante est évaporée pour refroidir un caloporteur. Le procédé comprend l'évaporation d'une composition réfrigérante comprenant du E-1,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-3-trifluorométhyl-1-butène (HFO-1438ezy) dans l'évaporateur. L'invention concerne un appareil refroidisseur comprenant un évaporateur, un compresseur, un condenseur et un dispositif de réduction de la pression, qui sont tous en communication fluidique et à travers lesquels un réfrigérant circule d'un composant au suivant selon un cycle répétitif.
PCT/US2015/045612 2014-09-12 2015-08-18 Utilisation d'e-1,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-3-trifluorométhyl-1-butène dans des refroidisseurs WO2016039944A1 (fr)

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US201462049492P 2014-09-12 2014-09-12
US62/049,492 2014-09-12

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Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2295518A2 (fr) * 2005-11-01 2011-03-16 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company Compositions comprenant des oléfines fluorées et leurs utilisation
WO2014022638A1 (fr) * 2012-08-01 2014-02-06 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Compositions azéotropes et de type azéotrope de e-1,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-3-trifluorométhyl-1-butène et z-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butène et leurs utilisations
WO2014197290A1 (fr) * 2013-06-04 2014-12-11 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Utilisation d'éthers alkyliques de perfluoroalcène et de leurs mélanges dans des pompes à chaleur à haute température

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2295518A2 (fr) * 2005-11-01 2011-03-16 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company Compositions comprenant des oléfines fluorées et leurs utilisation
WO2014022638A1 (fr) * 2012-08-01 2014-02-06 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Compositions azéotropes et de type azéotrope de e-1,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-3-trifluorométhyl-1-butène et z-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butène et leurs utilisations
WO2014197290A1 (fr) * 2013-06-04 2014-12-11 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Utilisation d'éthers alkyliques de perfluoroalcène et de leurs mélanges dans des pompes à chaleur à haute température

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