WO2016030689A1 - Améliorations apportées ou relatives à des centreurs - Google Patents

Améliorations apportées ou relatives à des centreurs Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016030689A1
WO2016030689A1 PCT/GB2015/052492 GB2015052492W WO2016030689A1 WO 2016030689 A1 WO2016030689 A1 WO 2016030689A1 GB 2015052492 W GB2015052492 W GB 2015052492W WO 2016030689 A1 WO2016030689 A1 WO 2016030689A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
centraliser
springs
bow
collars
spring
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB2015/052492
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
James Edward Martin
Mark Mattison
Evangelos SAMIOTIS
Alexander WILKINSON
Original Assignee
Reece Innovation Centre Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from GBGB1415115.3A external-priority patent/GB201415115D0/en
Priority claimed from GB201500789A external-priority patent/GB201500789D0/en
Application filed by Reece Innovation Centre Limited filed Critical Reece Innovation Centre Limited
Priority to US15/506,874 priority Critical patent/US20170260816A1/en
Priority to GB1702982.8A priority patent/GB2544680A/en
Publication of WO2016030689A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016030689A1/fr

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B17/00—Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
    • E21B17/10—Wear protectors; Centralising devices, e.g. stabilisers
    • E21B17/1014—Flexible or expansible centering means, e.g. with pistons pressing against the wall of the well
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B17/00—Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
    • E21B17/10—Wear protectors; Centralising devices, e.g. stabilisers
    • E21B17/1014—Flexible or expansible centering means, e.g. with pistons pressing against the wall of the well
    • E21B17/1021—Flexible or expansible centering means, e.g. with pistons pressing against the wall of the well with articulated arms or arcuate springs
    • E21B17/1028—Flexible or expansible centering means, e.g. with pistons pressing against the wall of the well with articulated arms or arcuate springs with arcuate springs only, e.g. baskets with outwardly bowed strips for cementing operations
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B17/00—Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
    • E21B17/10—Wear protectors; Centralising devices, e.g. stabilisers
    • E21B17/1078—Stabilisers or centralisers for casing, tubing or drill pipes

Definitions

  • Centralisers are used in the oil, gas and water well drilling industries to centre a tubular member within a borehole (wellbore) or inside a previously installed larger tubular member (casing).
  • centraliser The purpose of a centraliser is to facilitate running casing to the desired depth and to assist in centring the casing in the wellbore.
  • One of the main objectives of centralising a casing string is to facilitate good cement sealing within the annulus of the well bore between the outer surface of the casing and the formation wall, thereby isolating fluids from different zones.
  • a centraliser is a mechanical device that keeps casing from contacting the wellbore wall; maintaining a continuous 360-degree annular space around casing allows cement to completely seal the casing to the borehole wall.
  • the older and more common is a simple, low-cost bow-spring design. Since the bow springs are slightly larger than the wellbore, they can provide complete centralisation in vertical or slightly deviated wells. However, they often struggle to support the weight of the casing adequately in deviated or horizontal wellbores.
  • the second type is a rigid blade design.
  • This type is rugged and works well even in deviated or horizontal wellbores, but since the centralisers are smaller than the wellbore, they will not provide as good centralisation as bow-spring type centralizers in vertical wells.
  • Rigid-blade casing centralisers are slightly more expensive and can cause trouble downhole if the wellbore is not in excellent condition. They are unable to compress and thereby unable to pass through narrow openings that may be caused when the wellbore collapses. This may result in expensive and time consuming operations to open up the hole in order to enable passage of the rigid blade centralizer.
  • Effective centralisation assists in the removal of drilling mud from the well bore annulus and helps ensure an even cement coat around the casing. Poor centralising of the casing within the wellbore will lead to inadequate cementing and will result in costly repair or potentially even 'killing' and losing the well.
  • Eccentric casing can lead to unequal or unbalanced annuli on the high and low side of the borehole resulting in mud pockets on the low side because the cement will tend to follow the path of least resistance.
  • centralisers assist in the efficient installation of casing and enable cementing of the casing within the borehole.
  • bow-spring patents include US 6997254, US 8196670, US 3312285, US 2228648 and US 4909322.
  • the present invention seeks to provide improvements in or relating to centralisers.
  • a good centraliser for use in deviated or extended reach horizontal wells should be optimised to have a low moving force (minimum effort needed to push the casing through the well), a high restoring force (maximum support given to weight of the casing), the ability to pass through tight spots in collapsed or constricted boreholes (minimum outer diameter upon full compression), ability to increase diameter whilst passing through 'under-reamed' or 'washout' sections of the borehole (sections with a larger opening than intended), the ability to enable even and full flow of cement through and around the centralizer so as not to create voids or mud pockets that would require expensive remedial action.
  • the present invention provides a centraliser comprising a plurality of springs, each spring comprising a larger, taller outward bow and a smaller, shorter outward bow, and an intermediate inward bow between the outward bows.
  • the present invention also provides a centraliser for keeping wellbore casing from contacting a formation wall, the centraliser comprising a plurality of springs, each spring comprising a larger, taller outward bow and a smaller, shorter outward bow, and an intermediate inward bow between the outward bows, the springs having a three phase action: i) whilst subject to low forces each spring acts as a larger, single bow spring against the formation wall; ii) with increased forces the inward bow contacts the casing to transform the spring into a shorter, stiffer bow spring; and iii) greater still forces cause the height of the two outward bows to equalise, transforming the spring into two smaller and stiffer bow springs.
  • a centraliser for keeping wellbore casing from contacting a formation wall comprising two longitudinally spaced collars connected by a plurality of springs, the springs comprising means for reducing pressure on the formation within the well by spreading the load over a greater contact area between the centraliser and the formation wall.
  • the present invention also provides a centraliser for keeping wellbore casing from contacting a formation wall, the centraliser comprising two longitudinally spaced collars connected by a plurality of bow springs, the springs comprising means for reducing pressure on the formation within the well by spreading the load over a greater contact area between the centraliser and the formation wall, in which the cross-section of at least part of each box is curved.
  • Each bow may include a region of increased width.
  • the cross section of the region of increased width may be curved.
  • the region of increased width may be provided in the region of an apex of the bow.
  • the present invention also provides a centraliser comprising longitudinally spaced collars connected by a plurality of springs, each of the springs comprising two or more outward bow sections.
  • the bows may be generally the same or different; for example the same or a different length and/or the same or a different resting height (for example radial extent) in use.
  • the present invention also provides a centraliser comprising two longitudinally spaced collars connected by a plurality of springs, each of the springs comprising two or more curved sections, in which the, or at least two, of the sections have a different height in a resting position.
  • the present invention also provides a centraliser comprising two longitudinally spaced collars connected by a plurality of springs, each of the springs having an undulating section.
  • the present invention also provides a centraliser comprising two longitudinally spaced collars connected by a plurality of springs, each of the springs comprises an irregular curve.
  • the present invention also provides a centraliser comprising two longitudinally spaced collars connected by a plurality of springs, each of the springs comprises one or more apices which contact a formation in use, the or each apex region being wider than the remainder of the spring.
  • the present invention also provides a centraliser comprising two longitudinally spaced collars connected by a plurality of springs, the springs contacting the collars at junctions, in which the junctions are rounded whereby to reduce stress.
  • the present invention also provides a centraliser comprising two longitudinally spaced collars connected by a plurality of springs, each of the springs having a peak, in which the longitudinal position of peaks on at least two springs is different.
  • alternate springs have different peak positions. For example there may be two spring peak positions which are longitudinally offset from each other.
  • the peaks are spaced circumferentially and/or rotationally and/or longitudinally.
  • six springs are provided, giving a first set of three points of contact which are 120° apart and a second set of three points of contact which are also 120° apart, but are also rotated 60° from the first set and are longitudinally offset from the first set.
  • the present invention also provides a centraliser comprising two longitudinally spaced collars connected by a plurality of springs, each of the springs being generally helical.
  • the or each spring may be a coiled spring.
  • a single helix that performs one complete revolution at the peak diameter may be provided. This may have significant advantages during manufacturing and in operation - one part, no interconnections, less to go wrong or break.
  • the diameter of the helices may change along the length thereof.
  • the diameter of the helices may decrease from a mid-point towards the collars.
  • the present invention also provides a centraliser comprising two longitudinally spaced collars connected by a plurality of springs, each of the springs being generally spiral.
  • the or each spring may be a coiled spring.
  • the spring/s may have a generally circular cross-section.
  • the cross section of spring/s may be polygonal, square, rectangular, hexagonal, diamond, elliptical, oval, egg-shape or trapezoidal.
  • the section may twist with the helix.
  • a circular cross-section may be preferred (for example because of ease of manufacture as well as inherent coil spring forces), but it may be beneficial to use another shape cross-section e.g. for friction reduction, for area spread, or maybe for manufacture (end collar twists may be better with flat edges).
  • all of the springs may have the same cross section; in some embodiments one or more different cross sections are present in a spring array.
  • the present invention also provides a centraliser comprising two longitudinally spaced collars connected by a plurality of springs, in which there is provided means for reduction of the co-efficient of friction of centraliser surfaces in contact with a formation and/or in contact with an casing outer wall.
  • At least part of the centraliser has a low-friction coating, for example
  • the centraliser may be provided with one or more low-friction pads.
  • the centraliser may be provided with one or more wear pads.
  • the wear pad may be a sacrificial pad to protect the spring s from damage, enabling it to reach its final resting place fully intact.
  • One or more low friction and/or wear pads may be fitted to a bow apex where they come into contact with the casing/formation. Alternatively or additionally they may be fitted to the ends (for example the front edges) of the end collars to protect against abrupt impacts of constrictions in a wellbore.
  • the centraliser may include surfaces with surface formations for reducing frictions. For example 3- dimensional patterns, a patterned surface, protruding dimples or bosses.
  • the surface formations may be formed on the surface by, for example, impressing, cutting, coating or moulding.
  • the surface formations may be provided externally on wall formation surface-contacting regions of the centraliser. Additionally or alternatively formations may be provided internally on casing/pipe contacting regions. In some embodiments surface formations are provided over substantially the entirety of the or each spring. In other embodiments formations are provided only in certain regions. For example, the surface formations may be provided only on the springs; or just spring peaks where present.
  • the present invention also provides a centraliser comprising one or more bows, the or each bow having a curved cross-section, and the or each bow having scalloped or wavy or ribbed edges for reducing the stress incurred as the bow flexes in use, whilst at the same time maintaining the overall contact area for skiing across a formation.
  • the present invention also provides a centraliser comprising a plurality of bow springs, each bow curving back in on itself at the two opposing ends to form collars that are directly underneath the bow.
  • the present invention also provides a centraliser comprising a plurality of bows, in which each bow loops around at both ends of arch/profile thereby creating a tube / hollow that in turn provides a pivot point enabling an axle to pass through and hence permitting free rotation of the bow ends.
  • the axle might be round bar in a ring to form the end collar of the centraliser assembly. This might in turn will be affixed to a traditional flat collar in order to maintain rigidity and prevent twisting and potential locking onto the pipe as the bows compress and stretch independently.
  • the present invention also provides a centraliser comprising one or more coiled springs with a diameter of the helix greater in the middle than at the two ends, and with a one or more revolutions of helix of equal diameter at the ends, and with one or more revolution at the centre at the largest diameter.
  • the present invention also provides a centraliser comprising two or more coiled springs with diameter of the helix greater in the middle than at the two ends, and with a partial revolution or one or more (full or partial) revolutions of helix of equal diameter at the ends.
  • the pitch of the helix may be such that the plurality of helices are able to intertwine.
  • the coils at the ends may be welded together so as to create one centraliser assembly and maintain interaction between all helices. This may be similar to other helix designs herein with multiple helices, but with coiled ends, intertwined and simply welded together.
  • End collar coils may be slotted into tubular sections which in turn are welded onto an inner collar.
  • End collar coils may be bent twice to create an axial parallel section before returning to the original helical angle, thereby producing a circumferential mechanical stop for the next helix in the sequence.
  • the return may be such that the remainder of the bar is at 90deg to the axial direction, i.e. in the radial plane (this is what is drawn on the sketches. Whilst a return to the helical path may work, and may be employed, it may be preferable for prevention of dislodging if the return is in the radial plane, or maybe even better if it doubles back toward the centraliser slightly so that the end of the bar lodges into the kink of the next helix.
  • Two or more helices may be provided.
  • three helices may be provided and interlocked by ensuring that the stop is set approximately 120 degrees from the end of the next helix and having the three helices interlock both circumferentially as well as axially. If, for example, four helices are provided then the "stop" will be set to the appropriate angle, in this case 90deg.
  • the present invention also provides a centraliser comprising longitudinally spaced collars connected by a plurality of springs, each of the springs comprising two or more bow sections, the transition between the bow and the end collar consisting of two bends of opposing direction to create an S-bend.
  • the present invention also provides a centraliser comprising one or more coiled springs with a plurality of sections differing in pitch and diameter such that a transition is made from an end collar section to a centralising bow section to a mid-collar to another bow section and then to an opposite end collar.
  • Each bow section may be offset in angle such that the resulting peaks are evenly spaced around the circle when viewed from the end axial orientation.
  • Each bow section may have a partial revolution so that the accumulative total revolution of all the bow sections is at least one full revolution of the circle.
  • the present invention also provides a bow spring centraliser comprising a plurality of bow springs and two internally facing end collars.
  • a small radius curve/bend may be provided between each bow and the internally facing end collars which provides sufficient flexibility and movement around the transition area such that when the bow is compressed and loaded the stresses are distributed through the curve/bend and dissipated away from the transition radius, effectively allowing the bow to flex (almost pivot) somewhat rather than to crease at the transition area.
  • the present invention also provides a bow spring centraliser comprising a plurality of bow springs and two externally facing end collars.
  • a small radius curve/bend may be provided between each bow and the externally facing end collars which provides sufficient flexibility and movement around the transition area such that when the bow is compressed and loaded the stresses are distributed through the curve/bend and dissipated away from the transition radius, effectively allowing the bow to flex (almost pivot) somewhat rather than to crease at the transition area.
  • the present invention also provides a centraliser having an end collar with inward facing castellations.
  • the present invention also provides a centraliser with a wavy or scalloped end collar.
  • the present invention also provides a centraliser with a twin phase bow design, the centraliser having a plurality of major bow springs extending between end collars, each major spring having a respective minor spring, the minor springs being positioned under the major springs, in a first loading phase just the major bow springs are compressed and in a second, greater loading phase the major bow springs are pressed onto their respective minor springs.
  • the end collars may be inward facing collars.
  • the present invention also provides a well bore having one or more centralisers as described herein.
  • aspects and embodiments of the present invention aim to improve centraliser design and performance to achieve greater reliability, for example in extended reach wells.
  • Figure I is an isometric view of a centraliser formed in accordance with the present invention
  • Figure 1.2 is a side elevation of the centraliser of Figure I . I
  • Figure 1.3 is an end view of the centraliser of Figure I . I ;
  • Figure 2 is an isometric view of a centraliser formed according to an alternative aspect
  • Figure 2.1 shows three phases of operation of a spring forming part of the centraliser of Figure 2
  • Figure 2.2 illustrates bow-spring stiffness during the three phases shown in Figure 2.1
  • Figure 3 is an isometric view of a centraliser formed according to a further aspect
  • Figure 4.1 is an isometric view of a single helix spring coil centraliser formed according to the present invention.
  • Figure 4.2 is a side view of the centraliser of Figure 4.1 ;
  • Figure 4.3 is an end view of the centraliser of Figure 4.1 ;
  • Figure 4.4 is a further side view of the centraliser of Figure 4.2, shown rotated 90 degrees;
  • Figure 5.1 is an isometric view of a single helix spring coil centraliser formed according to a further aspect
  • Figure 5.2 is a magnified view of one end of the centraliser of Figure 5.1 ;
  • Figure 6.1 is an isometric view of a single helix spring coil centraliser formed according to a further aspect;
  • Figure 6.2 is a magnified view of one end of the centraliser of Figure 6.1 ;
  • Figure 7.1 is an isometric view of a single helix spring coil centraliser formed according to a further aspect
  • Figure 7.2 is a magnified view of one end of the centraliser of Figure 7.1 ;
  • Figure 8.1 is an isometric view of a centraliser formed according to an alternative aspect;
  • Figure 8.2 is a side view of the centraliser of Figure 8.1 ;
  • Figure 8.3 is an end view of the centraliser of Figure 8.1 with curvature shown exaggerated to illustrate the curvature;
  • Figure 8.4 is a magnified view of one bow of the centraliser of Figure 8.3 with curvature shown exaggerated to illustrate the curvature;
  • Figure 8.5 is a further side view of the centraliser of Figure 8.2, shown rotated 90 degrees;
  • Figure 8.6 is a magnified view of one end of the centraliser of Figure 8.1 illustrating rounded corners;
  • Figure 9.1 is an isometric view of a centraliser formed according to a further aspect
  • Figure 9.2 is a side view of the centraliser of Figure 9.1 ;
  • Figure 9.3 is an end view of the centraliser of Figure 9.1 ;
  • Figure 9.4 is a further side view of the centraliser of Figure 9.2, shown rotated 90 degrees;
  • Figure 10.1 is an isometric view of a centraliser formed according to a further aspect
  • Figure 10.2 is a side view of the centraliser of Figure 10.1 ;
  • Figure 10.3 is an end view of the centraliser of Figure 10.1 ;
  • Figure 10.4 is a magnified view of one bow of the centraliser of Figure 10.3;
  • Figure 10.5 is a further side view of the centraliser of Figure 10.2, shown rotated 90 degrees;
  • FIG. 1 is an isometric view of a centraliser formed according to a further aspect
  • Figure I 1.2 is an end view of the centraliser of Figure I I . I ;
  • Figure I 1.3 is a magnified view of one bow of the centrliaser of Figure I 1.2;
  • Figure I 1.4 is a perspective view of the view of Figure I 1.3;
  • Figure 12.1 is an isometric view of a single helix spring coil centraliser formed according to the present invention
  • Figure 12.2 is a side view of the centraliser of Figure 12.1 ;
  • Figure 12.3 is an end view of the centraliser of Figure 12.1 ;
  • Figure 12.4 is a further side view of the centraliser of Figure 12.2, shown rotated 90 degrees;
  • Figure 1 3.1 is an isometric view of a multiple helix spring coil centraliser formed according to a further aspect
  • Figure I 3.2 is a side view of the centraliser of Figure I 3.1 ;
  • Figure I 3.3 is an end view of the centraliser of Figure I 3.1 ;
  • Figure I 3.4 is a further side view of the centraliser of Figure I 3.2, shown rotated 90 degrees;
  • Figure I 3.5 is a magnified view of one end of the centraliser of Figure I 3.1 ;
  • Figure 14.1 is an isometric view of an interlocked multiple helix spring coil centraliser formed according to a further aspect
  • Figure 14.2 is a magnified view of one end of the centraliser of Figure 14.1 ;
  • Figure 14.3 is a perspective view of the magnified view of Figure 14.2;
  • Figure 14.4 is a side view of the centraliser of Figure 14.1 ;
  • Figure 14.5 is an end view of the centraliser of Figure 14.1 ;
  • Figure 14.6 is a further side view of the centraliser of Figure 14.4, shown rotated 90 degrees;
  • Figure l4.7 shows one helix forming part of the centraliser of Figure 14.1 ;
  • Figure 14.8 is a side view of the helix of Figure 14.7;
  • Figure 14.9 is a side view of the helix of Figure 14.8 shown rotated 45 degrees;
  • Figure 14. 1 0 is a side view of the helix of Figure 14.8, shown rotated 90 degrees;
  • Figure 1 is an isometric view of a multiple helix spring coil centraliser formed according to a further aspect
  • Figure 1 5.2 is a magnified view of one bow spring of the centraliser of Figure 1 5.
  • Figure 1 5.3 is a side view of the centraliser of Figure 1 5.
  • Figure 1 5.4 is an end view of the centraliser of Figure 1 5. 1 ;
  • Figure 1 5.5 is a magnified view of one of the springs of the centraliser of Figure 1 5.4;
  • Figure 1 5.6 is a further side view of the centraliser of Figure 1 5.3, shown rotated 90 degrees;
  • Figure 1 is an isometric view of a multiple helix spring coil centraliser formed according to a further aspect
  • Figure 1 6.2 is a side view of the centraliser of Figure 1 6. 1 ;
  • Figure 1 6.3 is an end view of the centraliser of Figure 1 6. 1 ;
  • Figure 1 6.4 is a magnified view of one of the springs of the centraliser of Figure 1 6.3;
  • Figure 1 6.5 is a further side view of the centraliser of Figure 1 6.2, shown rotated 90 degrees;
  • Figure 1 is an isometric view of a centraliser formed according to a further aspect
  • Figure 1 7.2 is a magnified view of one end of the centraliser of Figure 1 7. 1 ;
  • Figure 1 7.3 is a side view of the centraliser of Figure 1 7. 1 ;
  • Figure 1 7.4 is an end view of the centraliser of Figure 1 7. 1 ;
  • Figure 1 7.5 is a further side view of the centraliser of Figure 1 7.3, shown rotated 90 degrees;
  • Figure 1 is an isometric view of a centraliser formed according to a further aspect
  • Figure 1 8.2 is a magnified view of one end of the centraliser of Figure 1 8. 1 ;
  • Figure 18.3 is a side view of the centraliser of Figure 18. 1 ;
  • Figure 18.4 is an end view of the centraliser of Figure 18.1 ;
  • Figure 18.5 is a further side view of the centraliser of Figure 18.3, shown rotated 90 degrees;
  • Figure 1 9.1 is an isometric view of a centraliser formed according to a further aspect;
  • Figure 1 9.2 is a magnified view of one end of the centraliser of Figure 1 9.1 ;
  • Figure 1 9.3 is a side view of the centraliser of Figure 1 9. 1 ;
  • Figure 1 9.4 is an end view of the centraliser of Figure 1 9.1 ;
  • Figure 1 9.5 is a further side view of the centraliser of Figure 1 9.3, shown rotated 90 degrees;
  • Figure 1 9.6 is an exploded view of the centraliser of Figure 1 9.1 ;
  • Figure 20.1 is an isometric view of a centraliser formed according to a further aspect
  • Figure 20.2 is a magnified view of one end of the centraliser of Figure 20.1 ;
  • Figure 20.3 is a perspective view of the end of Figure 20.2;
  • Figure 20.4 is a side view of the centraliser of Figure 20. 1 ;
  • Figure 20.5 is an end view of the centraliser of Figure 20.1 ;
  • Figure 20.6 is a further side view of the centraliser of Figure 20.4, shown rotated 90 degrees.
  • Figures 21 .1 to 21 .4 show perspective, side and end views of a centraliser formed in accordance with an aspect of the present invention
  • Figures 22.1 to 22.5 show perspective, side and end views and a magnified end view of a centraliser formed in accordance with the present invention
  • Figure 23 shows a centraliser with a single internal stop collar, formed in accordance with the present invention and fitted onto a pipe;
  • Figures 24.1 to 24.4 show perspective, side, end and magnified end views of a centraliser formed in accordance with the present invention
  • Figures 25.1 to 25.3 show perspective, side and end views of a centraliser formed in accordance with the present invention, the centraliser being formed with a single internal stop collar and being shown fitted onto a pipe;
  • Figure 26.1 and 26.2 show perspective and side views of a centraliser with two external stop collars, the centraliser being formed in accordance with the present invention and shown fitted onto a pipe;
  • Figure 27.1 is a perspective view of a centraliser with a single internal stop collar, the centraliser being formed in accordance with the present invention and shown fitted onto a pipe;
  • Figure 27.2 shows the centraliser of Figure 27.1 removed from the pipe
  • Figure 27.3 is a side view of the centraliser of Figure 27.2.
  • the device 10 of Figures I . I to 1.3 aims to reduce pressure on the formation within the well by spreading the load over a greater contact area between the centraliser and the formation wall, therefore reducing the risk of the bows digging into the formation and thereby maintaining a more centralised location of casing, whilst reducing the effective friction of the contact.
  • the larger contact area and reduced pressure resulting from the design may be particularly useful for centraliser contact with softer formations, e.g. shale, chalk, clay, etc.
  • the device comprises two longitudinally spaced collars 15, 20 with six bow springs 25 connected therebetween.
  • devices may have less or more springs (for example two, three, four, five, seven, eight, nine or ten).
  • two collars are provided; in other embodiments (not shown) more spaced collars are provided with springs therebetween.
  • Each of the springs 25 has an apex or peak 30 along its length.
  • the springs are wider at the peaks (to increase surface area contact on wall formation material in use).
  • the bow is also curved in cross-section to prevent side edges of the bow from digging/gouging into the formation circumferentially as well as longitudinally.
  • the lower sections of the bow are narrower to permit flexibility as the bow is acted upon, whilst the curvature enables the structure to maintain its shape and strength.
  • the narrow sections towards the base of the bows also permit a good flow-by area for cementing due to the maintaining a larger void area between bows close to the inner casing/pipe (as viewed longitudinally).
  • the device of Fig. I also aims to distribute stress better at the junctions 35 where each bow spring is connected to the centralised rings.
  • the junctions 35 are rounded, which reduces the risk of centraliser mechanical failure.
  • the device I 10 of Fig. 2 aims to exert more centralising force on the casing as the compression increases.
  • Each spring 125 of the device has a double outward bow arrangement, with a larger, taller bow 127 and a smaller, shorter bow 129, and a single inward bow 128 between the outward bows.
  • Each spring acts as a larger single and weaker bow-spring whilst subject to minimal forces [Phase I ] (as experienced on vertical or near vertical borehole sections), but as forces are increased (due to the weight of casing bearing onto the centraliser in more horizontal sections) the central inward facing bow will connect with the casing outer wall and the higher bow effectively transforms into a shorter, stiffer bow spring [Phase 2], and further still as the height of the two bows 127, 129 become equal the system effectively transforms into two smaller and stiffer bow-springs [Phase 3].
  • Fig 2.1 and Fig 2.2 As shown in Fig 2.1 and Fig 2.2:
  • the spring therefore has multiple bows; in this embodiment being a longer, prouder bow and a shorter, less proud bow. In other embodiments (not shown) more bows may be provided, for example three or more.
  • centraliser 210 An alternative fundamental design of centraliser 210 is shown in Fig. 3, which aims to provide greater contact area with the formation in order to minimize gouging into the formation.
  • Torsional forces aid passage through constricted sections by effectively twisting and wrapping tightly around the casing.
  • the spiral nature of the design aids the natural flow of the cement through and around the centralizer with minimal restriction to flow-by cross-sectional area - both important characteristics to minimize the chance of unwanted voids or cavities or mud pockets.
  • a gentle increase in slope along the path of the spiral and the easy rotation of the helix design both aid to reduce starting and push forces through tight spots.
  • helix / spiral provides a natural guide away, and around, obstacles or protruding rocks, and prevents snagging or sticking or lodging since the centraliser is free to rotate around the pipe.
  • a centraliser 310 formed according to an alternative embodiment is shown.
  • a single helical coiled spring 325 with a circular cross section is provided.
  • the ends 315, 320 of the spring 325 are coiled to form integral end collars.
  • the end view ( Figure 4.3) illustrates a substantially 360 degree contact whilst not being in the same plane i.e. a single coil contacts the full circle, but the contact is spread longitudinally.
  • This arrangement induces axial tension through helical coiled springs 325, thereby inducing restoring force on the formation.
  • Torsional forces aid passage through constricted sections by effectively twisting and wrapping tightly around the casing.
  • the spiral nature of the design aids the natural flow of the cement through and around the centralizer with minimal restriction to flow-by cross-sectional area - both important characteristics to minimize the chance of unwanted voids or cavities or mud pockets.
  • a gentle increase in slope along the path of the spiral and the easy rotation of the helix design both aid to reduce starting and push forces through tight spots.
  • FIGS 5.1 and 5.2 show a centraliser 410 formed according to an alternative embodiment.
  • the centraliser 410 is similar to the centraliser 310 of Figure 4, except that the spring 425 has a generally square cross section.
  • FIGS 6.1 and 6.2 show a centraliser 510 formed according to an alternative embodiment.
  • the centraliser 510 is similar to the centralisers 310, 410 of Figures 4 and 5, except that the spring 525 has a generally hexagonal cross section.
  • FIGS 7.1 and 7.2 show a centraliser 610 formed according to an alternative embodiment.
  • the centrliaser 610 is similar to the centralisers 310, 410, 510 of Figures 4 to 6, except that the spring 625 has a generally elliptical cross section.
  • FIGS 8.1 to 8.6 show a centraliser 710 formed according to an alternative embodiment.
  • the device 710 shares some similarities with the device 10 of Figure I .
  • the highest point 730 of each bow is curved longitudinally and transversely. In this embodiment the curvature of the wider contact area is greater.
  • a wide flat bow deforms in a much different way and a curved cross-section is advantageous in terms of retaining the bow structure as it is acted upon.
  • the curvature has two benefits:
  • the radius of the curvature after insertion into the hole would be equal or less than the radius of that hole.
  • the apices 730 of all of the bows 725 are generally in the same place longitudinally. In other embodiments (not shown) a longitudinally offset array may be provided.
  • FIG. 9.1 to 9.4 there is shown a centraliser 810 formed according to an alternative embodiment.
  • the device shares some similarities with the device 10 of Figure I .
  • Three of the springs 825a have their peak closer to the collar 815; three of the springs 825b have their peak closer to the collar 820.
  • This means that alternate bow spring apexes 830a, 830b are longitudinally offset, forming two rings of contact where each ring is formed from three springs making three points of contact.
  • Figures 10.1 to 10.5 show a centraliser 910 formed according to an alternative embodiment.
  • each of the widened apices 930 has a plurality (in this case three, although one or more may be provided in other embodiments) of longitudinal ridges 931.
  • the ridges reduce frictional contact on a casing in use.
  • FIGS I I . I to I 1.4 show a centraliser 1010 formed according to an alternative embodiment.
  • the centraliser 1010 comprises a plurality of generally straight bow springs 1025 connected at either end to a respective end collar 1015, 1020.
  • Each of the springs 1025 comprises a plurality of mutually spaced dimples 1026 pressed out from the inside face so that they extend radially outwards.
  • the dimples 1026 are restricted generally to the highest region of each bow.
  • the dimples 1026 help to reduce frictional contact of the bows on a casing in use whilst maintaining an overall spread of load across the full width of the bow.
  • FIG. 12.1 to 12.4 there is shown a centraliser I I 10 formed according to an alternative embodiment.
  • the centraliser I I 10 is similar to the centraliser I 10 of Figure 2 and accordingly has a plurality of springs I 125, with each spring 125 of the device have a double outward bow arrangement, with a larger, taller bow I 127 and a smaller, shorter bow I 129, and a single inward bow I 128 between the outward bows I 127, I 129 to give a generally sinuous configuration.
  • FIGs 1 3.1 to I 3.5 there is shown a centraliser 1210 formed according to an alternative embodiment.
  • the centraliser 1210 comprises multiple (in this embodiment three) coiled springs 1225a, 1225b, 1225c. At the end of each spring the coil tightens to give one complete revolution. Collectively the three end coil termini 1227a, 1227b, 1227c, 1228a, 1228b, 1228c form an integral collar 1215, 1220.
  • Each spring has its greatest diameter generally centrally along the length thereof (although circumferentially offset from each other). As shown best on Figure 13.3, none of the coils has a full revolution at the centre of the centraliser; all three coils are required to give substantially 360 degree cover i.e. enough to contact in all directions.
  • the benefit of a multi-helix is that each helix does not have to elongate as far to wrap around a pipe.
  • welds extend along the last 120 degrees of each helix end i.e. there are three weld beads (in other embodiments, not shown, more or less weld beads with a great or lesser circumferential extent may be used).
  • Figures 14.1 to 14.10 illustrate a centraliser 1 310 formed according to an alternative embodiment.
  • the centraliser 1 310 is similar to the centraliser 1 310 of Figure 1 3, with multiple helical coiled springs 1 325a, 1 325b, 1 325c.
  • the ends of the springs also together form integral end collars 1 315, 1 320.
  • each coil terminus I 327a, I 327b, I 327c, I 328a, I 328b, I 328c includes a kink I 322 - a 90 degree return - and then continue for a further 120 degrees with a terminal tail I 323.
  • Figures 14.7 to 14.10 show one spring I 325a separately for clarity.
  • FIG. 1410 formed according to a further embodiment.
  • the centraliser 1410 is similar to the centraliser 710 of Figure 8 and includes a plurality of springs 1425 each having a widened apex region 1430.
  • the apex regions 1430 include a plurality of shallow scallops 1433 along both edges thereof giving a wave-like appearance.
  • the scallops 1433 help to reduce stresses that might otherwise build up under load and without reducing the overall width of the increased width apex.
  • the scalloped edges extend only in the region of the apex; in other embodiments the scallops may extend along different areas of the bows.
  • the stress reduction scallops are extremely useful in this embodiment because the apices have a curved cross section; therefore when the apices flatten and compress in use there is a need to alleviate the stresses at the outer edges of the bow.
  • FIG. 161 to 16.5 there is shown a centraliser 1510 formed according to a further embodiment.
  • the centraliser 1510 is similar to the centraliser 1410 of Figure 15 and includes a plurality of springs 1525 each having a widened, curved (longitudinally and transversely) apex region 1530.
  • each apex region has a single, central scallop 1534 along each edge. Again the scallop is provided to alleviate stresses under loading of the springs in use without reducing the overall width of the apex.
  • FIGS 17.1 to 17.5 show a centraliser 1610 formed according to an alternative embodiment.
  • the centraliser 1610 comprises a plurality (in this embodiment six) generally straight bow springs 1625 which merge at each end into an end collar 1615, 1620.
  • This embodiment in part addresses the need to reduce the stress and the inevitable counter-acting forces resulting from an integral collar where the bow arch transitions to that collar i.e. as the bow flattens and elongates the end collar, being attached via a radius in the opposing direction avoids the tendency to lift up and pivots effectively at the transitional radius.
  • transitions 1637 between the bow springs 1625 and each collar 1615, 1620 are looped almost 180 degrees back underneath the arch of the bow, thereby creating a pivot point where stress are minimal and follow the same direction.
  • the bow arch ends abruptly and pivots about the end point freely, although this may not always be possible whilst maintaining an integral all-in- one centraliser with end collars that hold it together circumferentially. This arrangement means that the collars are created on the inside of the centraliser.
  • Figures 18.1 to 18.5 show a centraliser 1710 formed according to an alternative aspect.
  • the centraliser 1710 comprises a plurality of generally straight bow springs 1725 with an end collar 1715, 1720 at either end.
  • the flat bows 1725 are curved around ("bent back") at both ends to form hook-like termini 1716.
  • the end collars 1725 are also provided with hook-like termini 1717 which are interspersed between the bow termini 1716.
  • a bar/ring 1718 is passed through all of the termini 1716, 1717 to join the bows 1725 to the collars 1715, 1720.
  • the bows can rotate freely with respect to the ring 1718.
  • the collars 1715, 1720 are again on the inside (longitudinally) of the centraliser. In other embodiments (not shown) the collars could be positioned on the outside (longitudinally) of the centraliser.
  • An inside collar may, for example, be preferred if it can be used to create a stop for a stop collar (not shown) to hit against.
  • FIGS 19.1 to 19.6 show a centraliser 1810 formed according to a further embodiment.
  • the centraliser 1810 is similar to the centraliser 1710 of Figure 18.
  • the collar is provided with six circumferential slots 1819 and the spring termini 1816 are curled around so that they thread through respective slots to firmly engage the separate collars.
  • FIG. 20.1 to 20.6 there is shown a centraliser 1910 formed according to an alternative embodiment.
  • the centraliser comprises a plurality of bow springs 1925 with collar 1915, 1920 at either end.
  • the transition between the springs and the collars is designed to reduce stresses in use.
  • a generally S-shape kink 1922 is provided at the transitions to allow flexing.
  • the first bend is a relatively sharp bend radially towards the centre of the inner pipe. This is followed by a 90 degree (other angles are possible) bend into the collar.
  • the resulting formation has two main benefits: firstly to provide an opposing face for a single stop collar mounted centrally within the centraliser (as opposed to two at either end - this itself has two main benefits: to reduce manufacture cost; and most importantly to pull the centraliser through the hole rather than push and ease passage through constrictions); and the S-shape transition 1922 aims to reduce stress by allowing an element of pivot at the first transition.
  • Figures 21.1 to 21.4 shows a multiple offset helical spring centraliser design formed in accordance with the present invention.
  • a centraliser 2010 comprising of one or more coiled springs with a plurality of sections differing in pitch and diameter such that a transition is made from an end collar section 2001 to a centralising bow section 2002a to a mid-collar 2003 to another bow section 2002b and then to an opposite end collar 2004.
  • Each bow section may have partial revolution (I 20deg shown) so that the accumulative total revolution of all the bow sections is at least one full revolution of the circle, i.e. 360deg shown.
  • the favoured number of bow sections is three, each offset by I 20deg, and the favoured number of mid-collar sections is two - this is considered the minimum to ensure even force distribution on the outer casing.
  • the favoured pitch of the end collars and mid-collars is such that the resulting coil is closely wound, but it may be also a larger pitch to become an open coil.
  • the diameter of the end and mid-collar sections is to suit the pipe/casing diameter so that it is free to move axially.
  • transition from collar sections to bow sections is preferred to be soft and more gradual rather than a sharp and sudden transition for ease of manufacture [although the drawings show quite a sudden transition - partly due to the limitations of the CAD modelling tools used to produce the sketch].
  • Figures 22.1 to 22.5 show a centraliser 21 10 which addresses stress relieving - of internally facing end collar designs.
  • a small radius curve / bend 2105b between the main bow 2105c and the internally facing end collar 2 l 05d provides sufficient flexibility and movement around the transition area 2105a such that when the bow is compressed and loaded the stresses are distributed through the curve / bend 2105b and dissipated away from the transition radius 2105a, effectively allowing the bow to flex somewhat rather than to crease at 2105a.
  • Figure 23 relates to a general discussion of a centraliser 2210 provided with inward facing end collars 2215a, 2215b formed in accordance with the present invention (for example the centraliser 21 10 of Figure 22).
  • a centraliser with an inward facing end collar Only one stop collar 2206 needs to be fitted to the inner casing / pipe 2207 rather than two. This also halves the total quantity to be manufactured and bought, making it cheaper, quicker and less to transport. Halving the effort and time required to install stop collars by the rig site operators is a major advantage.
  • Another major functional advantage is that the stop collar effectively 'pulls' the centraliser down the hole rather than 'pushing'. This is mechanically beneficial and preferred as it helps minimise the chance of sticking / jamming, as the bows are allowed to flex / bend away from the point of force applied axially and so does not need to fight against it.
  • the centraliser does not need to elongate in the opposing direction to the applied force, rather with it.
  • An analogy might be made with pulling a string through a tube rather than fighting to push it through, or dragging a branch across the ground by the base rather than by the tips.
  • Figures 24.1 to 24.4 show a centraliser 2310 which address stress relieving - of externally facing end collar designs.
  • a small radius curve / bend 2305b between the main bow 2305c and the externally facing end collar 2305d provides sufficient flexibility and movement around the transition area 2305a such that when the bow is compressed and loaded the stresses are distributed through the curve / bend 2305b and dissipated away from the transition radius 2305a, effectively allowing the bow to flex somewhat rather than to crease at 2305a.
  • the fillet 2305e adjoining the bow to the end collar is strictly kept well past (on the collar side) the curve 2305b so as to ensure the forces acting through the curve are kept in the same plane, which further reduces the material stresses in general as they are not combatting the cross sectional curvature of the collar.
  • the bow and the stress relieving curve at its heel are all rectangular in cross section rather than a complex 3D curved shape. This means that there is no requirement for the material to flex circumferentially at the same time that it might be required to flex axially or radially, i.e. stress points and fatigue points are much reduced.
  • Figures 25.1 to 25.3 show a centraliser 2410 with a double-acting / twin phase bow design (with inward facing collars).
  • This embodiment originated as an exaggerated stress relieving curve, this embodiment has a curve / bump 2408 directly under the main bow 2409 effectively acting as a secondary bow spring - actually there are two, one at either each end of the main bow. They lead into an inward facing end collar, but in addition there is a radially support collar 2408a immediately after the heel of the main bow and before the secondary curve 2408. This is important in maintaining the overall shape of the centraliser and preventing distortion, breaking, entanglement, gouging, twisting, etc. of the ends of the main bow as it passes through the hole.
  • 2408b is effectively the end collar that contacts with the stop collar 2406.
  • 2408a is a secondary collar that ensures no distortion / lift / rise occurs during passage through the wellbore (hitting rocks etc.). Both sections 2408a and 2408b are rings that hold the bows together around the pipe, but it is only 2408b that meets with the stop collar.
  • this twin phase is beneficial in providing a minimal centralising force in vertical sections of the well before adapting to a greater restoring force functionality as the main bow compresses into contact with the secondary, smaller bows underneath, which are stiffer due to their size as well as the fact that there are two of them working in tandem.
  • This additional restoring force is required in more horizontal sections of the well when the weight of the pipe and cement becomes a factor.
  • Figures 26.1 and 26.2 illustrate a centraliser 2510 with a wavy or scalloped end collar.
  • the end collar design is applicable to other aspects and embodiments of the present invention.
  • the end collars 251 I a and 251 I b are profiled to form a wave or scalloped edge so that the peak of each wave is the point of contact between the end collar 251 l b and the stop collar 2512b and so the area of contact is minimal. This reduces friction between the two opposing faces allowing the centraliser 2510 to spin around the inner casing/pipe 251 3 more freely. This is advantageous to the well drilling when rotating the casing so as to avoid accumulative forces from many centralisers.
  • Figures 27.1 to 27.3 show a centraliser 2610 having an end collar with inward facing castellations.
  • End collars 2614a, 2614b are profiled so that the portion between each bow 2625 around the circumference 2615 is elongated inwards to meet with a single stop collar 2616 situated internally within in the centraliser between the two opposing end collars 2614a, 2614b.
  • the profile of the contact face between the castellation 2615 and the stop collar 2616 is drawn here as a flat or square face, but this could equally be rounded or scalloped or wavy so as to provide minimal contact with the stop collar (as described in relation to Figure 26), with the bonus of less friction when casing is rotated.
  • any of the aspects and embodiments of the present invention there may be consideration given to reduction of co-efficient of friction on centraliser surfaces in contact with the formation as well as between bow-spring ring / collar and the casing outer wall (bow-spring needs to revolve around the casing to allow casing rotation) through use of either low friction coatings, low friction pads or roller devices.
  • suitable low friction coatings are: Molybdenum Disulphide, Diamond Like Carbon (DLC), which would be applied as thin coatings that would flex with the bow spring during its operation.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)
  • Toys (AREA)
  • Springs (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un centreur (110) comportant des colliers espacés longitudinalement (115, 120), reliés par une pluralité de ressorts (125), chacun des ressorts (125) comprenant au moins deux sections arquées (127, 128, 129). Figure 2
PCT/GB2015/052492 2014-08-27 2015-08-27 Améliorations apportées ou relatives à des centreurs WO2016030689A1 (fr)

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WO2018224825A1 (fr) * 2017-06-07 2018-12-13 Vulcan Completion Products Uk Limited Appareil de fond de trou et procédés associés
CN110792418A (zh) * 2018-08-03 2020-02-14 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 井筒工作液配方优化方法及装置
GB2578855A (en) * 2017-06-07 2020-05-27 Vulcan Completion Products Uk Ltd Downhole apparatus and associated methods
US20230091111A1 (en) * 2020-02-18 2023-03-23 Kwik-Zip Pty Ltd Spacer Segment and A Spacer

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US10400540B2 (en) * 2016-02-24 2019-09-03 Klx Energy Services Llc Wellbore flow diversion tool utilizing tortuous paths in bow spring centralizer structure
USD930046S1 (en) * 2018-02-22 2021-09-07 Vulcan Completion Products Uk Limited Centralizer for centralizing tubing in a wellbore
GB2578774B (en) * 2018-11-08 2023-05-10 Vulcan Completion Products Uk Ltd Centraliser
GB2604930B (en) * 2021-03-19 2023-09-13 Vulcan Completion Products Uk Ltd Centraliser
CN115427658A (zh) * 2021-03-24 2022-12-02 道恩浩尔产品有限公司 刚度变化的扶正器

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US1677050A (en) * 1927-06-13 1928-07-10 Martin L Reed Paraffin cutter
US2727576A (en) * 1952-04-09 1955-12-20 Jesse E Hall Centralizers
US3556042A (en) * 1966-08-16 1971-01-19 Mark Tool Co Inc Centering device
US3614139A (en) * 1970-06-11 1971-10-19 Trojan Inc Well casing stop collar
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WO2018224825A1 (fr) * 2017-06-07 2018-12-13 Vulcan Completion Products Uk Limited Appareil de fond de trou et procédés associés
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GB2578855A (en) * 2017-06-07 2020-05-27 Vulcan Completion Products Uk Ltd Downhole apparatus and associated methods
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US20230091111A1 (en) * 2020-02-18 2023-03-23 Kwik-Zip Pty Ltd Spacer Segment and A Spacer

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