WO2016028174A1 - A method of nanocrystalline structure formation in commercial bearing steel - Google Patents

A method of nanocrystalline structure formation in commercial bearing steel Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016028174A1
WO2016028174A1 PCT/PL2015/000131 PL2015000131W WO2016028174A1 WO 2016028174 A1 WO2016028174 A1 WO 2016028174A1 PL 2015000131 W PL2015000131 W PL 2015000131W WO 2016028174 A1 WO2016028174 A1 WO 2016028174A1
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Prior art keywords
temperature
steel
austenitising
range
bearing steel
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PCT/PL2015/000131
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French (fr)
Inventor
Elżbieta JEZIERSKA
Julia DWORECKA
Krzysztof ROŻNIATOWSKI
Wiesław ŚWIĄTNICKI
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Politechnika Warszawska
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Publication of WO2016028174A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016028174A1/en

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
    • C21D1/19—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering by interrupted quenching
    • C21D1/20—Isothermal quenching, e.g. bainitic hardening
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D2201/00—Treatment for obtaining particular effects
    • C21D2201/03—Amorphous or microcrystalline structure
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/40—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for rings; for bearing races

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method of nanocrystalline structure formation in commercial bearing steel by phase transformations during heat treatment (austempering).
  • Polish application description P.396431 discloses a method of heat treatment for bainitic-austenitic steel. It is a method of the heat treatment of products, applied to medium-alloy steel with a bainitic-austenitic structure. The method characterised in that it consists of five consecutive operations carried out directly one after another: 1) heating of the product to austenitising temperature in the range of 945 ⁇ 955°C, 2) austenitising at a temperature in the range of 945 ⁇ 955°C for 10 ⁇ 60 minutes, 3) controlled cooling from the austenitising temperature to the isothermai transformation temperature, 4) holding at the isothermai transformation temperature for 50 ⁇ 70 hours, and 5) cooling in air after the isothermal holding is complete.
  • WO2012031771A1 discloses a super bainite steel consisting of the following elements in weight %: C: 0.4-1.1 ; n: 0.4-2.1 ; Si: 0.15-1.2; Al: 0.0-2.0; Cr: 0.0- 1.4; Ni: 0.0-2.5; Mo: 0.0-0.6; V: 0.0-0.3; Co: 0.0-3.0; P: ⁇ 0.025; S: ⁇ 0.025; the balance being iron and unavoidable impurities.
  • the invention also relates to a method for production of a super bainite steel.
  • composition of Super Bainite Steel is as foi!ows, in weight percent: carbon 0.6 to 1.1%, silicon 1.5 to 2.0%, manganese 0.5 to 1.8%, nickel up to 3%, chromium 1.0 to 1.5%, molybdenum 0.2 to 0.5%, vanadium 0.1 to 0.2%, balance iron save for incidental impurities.
  • Various manufacturing methods of this steel were discussed. The process comprising a stage of a sufficiently rapid cooling of the steel, so as to avoid the pearlite reaction and obtain a bainitic structure, in the temperature range of 190 ⁇ 2500°C, is particularly noteworthy.
  • the invention describes the influence of temperature on hardness - the steel discussed in the patent, subjected to the discussed processes, provides a hardness of >630 HV.
  • European patent description EP 0 896 068 discloses a method of complete bainite hardening of an austenitized steel for use in bearings and other load carrying components, characterized in that 25 - 99 % of the austenite is transformed into bainite at a temperature just above the martensite formation temperatures of between about 180°C and about 280°C depending on the composition of the steei, and subsequently the temperature is increased in order to speed up the transformation of the remaining austenite into bainite.
  • US patent description US 6,884,306 B1 discloses a method of heat treating a steel to produce a mainly bainitic structure in the steel with the following composition in weight percent: carbon 0.6-1.1 ; silicon 1.5 to 2.0; manganese 1.8 to 4.0; chromium 1.2 to 1.4; nickel 0-3; molybdenum 0.2 to 0.5; vanadium 0.1 to 0.2, balance iron save for incidental impurities.
  • the method consisting of the following stages:
  • the above description discloses also a method of heat treating a steel to produce a mainly bainitic structure, wherein the steel has the following composition in weight percent: carbon 0.7 to 0.9; silicon 1.5 to 1.7; manganese 1.9 to 2.2; chromium 1.25 to 1.4; nickel 0 to 0.05; molybdenum 0.25 to 0.35; vanadium 0.1 to 0.15, balance iron save for incidental impurities.
  • the method consisting of the following stages:
  • the method according to the invention constitutes a process consisting of two operations (five heat treatments), where the individual operations succeed one another directly.
  • a steel element made of a commercial bearing steel with the following chemical composition (in wt. %): carbon: 0.93 ⁇ 1.10, silicon: 0.4 ⁇ 0.75, manganese: 0.95-M .25, chromium: 1.301.65, phosphorus up to 0.027, sulphur up to 0.02, nickel up to 0.3, copper up to 0.25 and unavoidable impurities, is heated to an austenitising temperature in the range of 900 ⁇ 940°C and held in this temperature for 10 ⁇ 45 minutes. Then, the steel is cooled to the isothermal holding temperature in the range of 300 ⁇ 350°C (higher than the martensite start temperature but lower than the bainite start temperature).
  • the cooling rate from the temperature of austenitising should be high enough to avoid the pearlite reaction, i.e. a rate higher than the critical rate preventing the occurrence of diffusive transformations.
  • the cooling rate should be 8°C/s or higher, depending on the size of the element and the chemical composition of the steel.
  • the technology being the subject of the invention is a short-term process in comparison to other processes of the steel nanostructurisation described in the literature. Numerous reports on attempts to generate nanocrystailine structures in various steels may be found in the literature. However, the proposed processes of austempering last tens of hours, sometimes several days, and even weeks.
  • the technology according to the invention is a several-hour process (below 9 h). This time provides obtaining a stable nanobainitic structure.
  • a nanobainitic structure (ferritic-austen- itic structure) is obtained in the bearing stee!, the structure being characterised by alternately arranged austenite films (layers) with a width below 100 nm separated with ferrite plates of a nanometric thickness, and by a lack of carbide precipitates, typical for conventional bainitic structures.
  • the estimated share of the obtained nanobainitic structure amounts to more than 60%.
  • the bearing steel with a nanobainitic structure is characterised by favourable mechanical properties in comparison to the steel with other bainitic structures. The comparison is illustrated by the Table below. Table. Mechanical properties of bearing steels with various types of bainitic structure.
  • HV Vickers Hardness
  • UTS is Ultimate Tensile Strength
  • the bearing steel with the nanobainitic structure obtained in the process of the invention is characterised by a hardness on the level of 540 HV, with an ultimate tensile strength on the level of 1780 MPa, and an elongation of the order of 7%.
  • the developed technology of nanostructurisation of the steel is an alternative for the heat treatment currently used (quenching and tempering). Apart from the favourable mechanical properties, the nanostructurisation technology ensures also a minimisation of quenching distortions of the processed items in comparison to the conventional quenching and tempering.
  • Fig. 1 is a diagram of the course of the process in time
  • Fig. 2 shows the nanobainitic microstructure obtained by the method according to the invention, in described bearing steel.
  • Example 1 For comparison, other parameters of the austempering than those according to the invention were used, leading to formation of various types of bainitic structures, such as: lower bainite, ferritic-austenitic bainite [a) the lower bainite structure was obtained after a process, in which an isothermal holding temperature of 260°C is lower than that recommended in the description of the invention was used; b) the ferritic-austenitic bainite structure was obtained after a process, during which a shorter time of the isothermal holding than that indicated in the description of the invention was used]. Only when the process was carried out according to the proposed technology, formation of the nanobainitic structure was ensured.
  • lower bainite ferritic-austenitic bainite
  • Example 2 A commercial steel with the following composition was used (in wt. %): carbon: 0.96, silicon: 0.55, manganese: 1.10, chromium: 1.50, phosphorus: 0.01, sulphur: 0.01 , nickel: 0.11 , copper: 0.17, and unavoidable impurities. A process was carried out using the austenitising temperature on the level of 930°C and the austenitising time of 30 minutes. Then, cooling to the isothermal holding temperature of 320°C was carried out with a cooling rate of 9°C/s and maintaining for 6h at this temperature. The last stage consisted in cooling in air to room temperature. In the result, a steel with the nanobainitic structure was obtained (Fig. 2), characterised by favourable mechanical properties in comparison to other types of bainitic structure. It is proven by the specification of mechanical properties shown in the Table.
  • Example 3 A series of processes was carried out using various parameters (temperatures and times) included in the ranges proposed in the description. Every time, at least 60% of the nanobainitic structure was obtained. For instance, in the process described in Example 2, a nanobainitic structure content of the order of 80% was obtained.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
  • Sliding-Contact Bearings (AREA)

Abstract

A method of nanocrystalline structure formation in bearing steel, characterised in that in the first stage, an element made of a commercial bearing steel with the following chemical composition (by wt. %): carbon: 0.93+1.10, silicon: 0.4÷0.75, manganese: 0.95÷1.25, chromium: 1.30+1.65, phosphorus up to 0.027, sulphur up to 0.02, nickel up to 0.3, copper up to 0.25 and unavoidable impurities, is heated to an austenitising temperature in the range of 900÷940°C and held in this temperature for 10÷45 minutes. Then, the steel is cooled to the isothermal holding temperature in the range of 300÷350°C, higher than the martensite start temperature but lower than the bainite start temperature. The cooling rate from the temperature of austenitising should be high enough to avoid the pearlite reaction, i.e. a rate higher than the critical rate preventing the occurrence of diffusive transformations. In the case of this steel, the cooling rate should be 8°C/s or higher, depending on the size of the element and the chemical composition of the steel. The subsequent annealing at the isothermal holding temperature for a period of 5-8 hours is used in order to complete the bainitic reaction, and then the material is cooled down until the room temperature is reached.

Description

A method of nanocrystalline structure formation in commercial bearing steel
The invention relates to a method of nanocrystalline structure formation in commercial bearing steel by phase transformations during heat treatment (austempering).
Polish application description P.396431 discloses a method of heat treatment for bainitic-austenitic steel. It is a method of the heat treatment of products, applied to medium-alloy steel with a bainitic-austenitic structure. The method characterised in that it consists of five consecutive operations carried out directly one after another: 1) heating of the product to austenitising temperature in the range of 945÷955°C, 2) austenitising at a temperature in the range of 945÷955°C for 10÷60 minutes, 3) controlled cooling from the austenitising temperature to the isothermai transformation temperature, 4) holding at the isothermai transformation temperature for 50÷70 hours, and 5) cooling in air after the isothermal holding is complete.
Publication WO2012031771A1 discloses a super bainite steel consisting of the following elements in weight %: C: 0.4-1.1 ; n: 0.4-2.1 ; Si: 0.15-1.2; Al: 0.0-2.0; Cr: 0.0- 1.4; Ni: 0.0-2.5; Mo: 0.0-0.6; V: 0.0-0.3; Co: 0.0-3.0; P: < 0.025; S: < 0.025; the balance being iron and unavoidable impurities. The invention also relates to a method for production of a super bainite steel.
US patent description US 20 /0126946 A1 discloses a Super Bainite Steel. Super Bainite Steel containing from 90% to 50% of bainite, the rest being austenite, in which excess carbon remains within the bainitic ferrite at a concentration beyond that consistent with equilibrium; there is also partial partitioning of carbon into the residual austenite. Such bainite steel has very fine bainite platelets (thickness 100 nm or less) he role of manganese is discussed - a proper manganese content allows for acceleration the transformation, thus leading to a reduction of production costs, eliminating the necessity to use expensive alloying additions. The chemica! composition of Super Bainite Steel is as foi!ows, in weight percent: carbon 0.6 to 1.1%, silicon 1.5 to 2.0%, manganese 0.5 to 1.8%, nickel up to 3%, chromium 1.0 to 1.5%, molybdenum 0.2 to 0.5%, vanadium 0.1 to 0.2%, balance iron save for incidental impurities. Various manufacturing methods of this steel were discussed. The process comprising a stage of a sufficiently rapid cooling of the steel, so as to avoid the pearlite reaction and obtain a bainitic structure, in the temperature range of 190÷2500°C, is particularly noteworthy. The invention describes the influence of temperature on hardness - the steel discussed in the patent, subjected to the discussed processes, provides a hardness of >630 HV.
European patent description EP 0 896 068 discloses a method of complete bainite hardening of an austenitized steel for use in bearings and other load carrying components, characterized in that 25 - 99 % of the austenite is transformed into bainite at a temperature just above the martensite formation temperatures of between about 180°C and about 280°C depending on the composition of the steei, and subsequently the temperature is increased in order to speed up the transformation of the remaining austenite into bainite.
US patent description US 6,884,306 B1 discloses a method of heat treating a steel to produce a mainly bainitic structure in the steel with the following composition in weight percent: carbon 0.6-1.1 ; silicon 1.5 to 2.0; manganese 1.8 to 4.0; chromium 1.2 to 1.4; nickel 0-3; molybdenum 0.2 to 0.5; vanadium 0.1 to 0.2, balance iron save for incidental impurities. The method consisting of the following stages:
• Homogenizing of the steel at a temperature of at least 1150°C for at least 24h;
• Cooling of the steel in air;
• Subjecting the steel to a temperature in the range from 900 to 1000°C;
• Isothermal holding of the steel at a temperature in the range from 90 to 260°C for 1 -3 weeks.
The above description discloses also a method of heat treating a steel to produce a mainly bainitic structure, wherein the steel has the following composition in weight percent: carbon 0.7 to 0.9; silicon 1.5 to 1.7; manganese 1.9 to 2.2; chromium 1.25 to 1.4; nickel 0 to 0.05; molybdenum 0.25 to 0.35; vanadium 0.1 to 0.15, balance iron save for incidental impurities. The method consisting of the following stages:
• Homogenizing of the steel at a temperature of at least 1150°C for at least 24h;
• Cooling of the steel in air;
• Subjecting the steel to a temperature in the range from 900 to 1000°C;
• Isothermal holding of the steel at a temperature in the range from 190 to 260°C for 1-3 weeks.
The method according to the invention constitutes a process consisting of two operations (five heat treatments), where the individual operations succeed one another directly.
In the first stage, a steel element made of a commercial bearing steel with the following chemical composition (in wt. %): carbon: 0.93÷1.10, silicon: 0.4÷0.75, manganese: 0.95-M .25, chromium: 1.301.65, phosphorus up to 0.027, sulphur up to 0.02, nickel up to 0.3, copper up to 0.25 and unavoidable impurities, is heated to an austenitising temperature in the range of 900÷940°C and held in this temperature for 10÷45 minutes. Then, the steel is cooled to the isothermal holding temperature in the range of 300÷350°C (higher than the martensite start temperature but lower than the bainite start temperature). The cooling rate from the temperature of austenitising should be high enough to avoid the pearlite reaction, i.e. a rate higher than the critical rate preventing the occurrence of diffusive transformations. In the case of this steel, the cooling rate should be 8°C/s or higher, depending on the size of the element and the chemical composition of the steel. The subsequent annealing at the isothermal holding temperature for a period of 5-8 hours is used in order to complete the bainitic reaction, and then the material is cooled down until the room temperature is reached.
The technology being the subject of the invention is a short-term process in comparison to other processes of the steel nanostructurisation described in the literature. Numerous reports on attempts to generate nanocrystailine structures in various steels may be found in the literature. However, the proposed processes of austempering last tens of hours, sometimes several days, and even weeks. The technology according to the invention is a several-hour process (below 9 h). This time provides obtaining a stable nanobainitic structure.
After the process according to the invention, a nanobainitic structure (ferritic-austen- itic structure) is obtained in the bearing stee!, the structure being characterised by alternately arranged austenite films (layers) with a width below 100 nm separated with ferrite plates of a nanometric thickness, and by a lack of carbide precipitates, typical for conventional bainitic structures. The estimated share of the obtained nanobainitic structure amounts to more than 60%.
The bearing steel with a nanobainitic structure is characterised by favourable mechanical properties in comparison to the steel with other bainitic structures. The comparison is illustrated by the Table below. Table. Mechanical properties of bearing steels with various types of bainitic structure.
Figure imgf000005_0001
In the table:
Charpy is Charpy impact strength
HV is Vickers Hardness
UTS is Ultimate Tensile Strength
YS is Yield Strength
FS is Fracture Strength
E is Elongation
The bearing steel with the nanobainitic structure obtained in the process of the invention is characterised by a hardness on the level of 540 HV, with an ultimate tensile strength on the level of 1780 MPa, and an elongation of the order of 7%.
The developed technology of nanostructurisation of the steel is an alternative for the heat treatment currently used (quenching and tempering). Apart from the favourable mechanical properties, the nanostructurisation technology ensures also a minimisation of quenching distortions of the processed items in comparison to the conventional quenching and tempering.
The subject of the invention is illustrated in the drawing, where Fig. 1 is a diagram of the course of the process in time, and Fig. 2 shows the nanobainitic microstructure obtained by the method according to the invention, in described bearing steel.
Example 1. For comparison, other parameters of the austempering than those according to the invention were used, leading to formation of various types of bainitic structures, such as: lower bainite, ferritic-austenitic bainite [a) the lower bainite structure was obtained after a process, in which an isothermal holding temperature of 260°C is lower than that recommended in the description of the invention was used; b) the ferritic-austenitic bainite structure was obtained after a process, during which a shorter time of the isothermal holding than that indicated in the description of the invention was used]. Only when the process was carried out according to the proposed technology, formation of the nanobainitic structure was ensured.
Example 2. A commercial steel with the following composition was used (in wt. %): carbon: 0.96, silicon: 0.55, manganese: 1.10, chromium: 1.50, phosphorus: 0.01, sulphur: 0.01 , nickel: 0.11 , copper: 0.17, and unavoidable impurities. A process was carried out using the austenitising temperature on the level of 930°C and the austenitising time of 30 minutes. Then, cooling to the isothermal holding temperature of 320°C was carried out with a cooling rate of 9°C/s and maintaining for 6h at this temperature. The last stage consisted in cooling in air to room temperature. In the result, a steel with the nanobainitic structure was obtained (Fig. 2), characterised by favourable mechanical properties in comparison to other types of bainitic structure. It is proven by the specification of mechanical properties shown in the Table.
Example 3. A series of processes was carried out using various parameters (temperatures and times) included in the ranges proposed in the description. Every time, at least 60% of the nanobainitic structure was obtained. For instance, in the process described in Example 2, a nanobainitic structure content of the order of 80% was obtained.

Claims

Claim
A method of nanocrystalline structure formation in bearing steel, characterised in that in the first stage, an element made of a commercial bearing steel with the following chemical composition (by wt. %): carbon: 0.93-M .10, silicon: 0.4÷0.75, manganese: 0.95-M .25, chromium: 1.3CH-1.65, phosphorus up to 0.027, sulphur up to 0.02, nickel up to 0.3, copper up to 0.25 and unavoidable impurities, is heated to an austenitising temperature in the range of 900÷940°C and held in this temperature for 10÷45 minutes. Then, the steel is cooled to the isothermal holding temperature in the range of 300÷350°C, higher than the martensite start temperature but lower than the bainite start temperature. The cooling rate from the temperature of austenitising should be high enough to avoid the pearlite reaction, i.e. a rate higher than the critical rate preventing the occurrence of diffusive transformations. In the case of this steel, the cooling rate should be 8°C/s or higher, depending on the size of the element and the chemical composition of the steel. The subsequent annealing at the isothermal holding temperature for a period of 5-8 hours is used in order to complete the bainitic reaction, and then the material is cooled down until the room temperature is reached.
PCT/PL2015/000131 2014-08-18 2015-08-14 A method of nanocrystalline structure formation in commercial bearing steel WO2016028174A1 (en)

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN113337694A (en) * 2021-06-30 2021-09-03 临清市同兴轴承锻造有限公司 Spheroidizing annealing heat treatment method for ultrahigh-carbon bearing steel

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EP0849368A1 (en) * 1996-12-19 1998-06-24 Voest-Alpine Schienen GmbH Shaped rolled product and method of making the same
EP0896068A1 (en) 1997-08-01 1999-02-10 Ovako Steel AB Bainite hardening
US6884306B1 (en) 1999-08-04 2005-04-26 Qinetiq Limited Baintic steel
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WO2012031771A1 (en) 2010-09-09 2012-03-15 Tata Steel Uk Limited Super bainite steel and method for manufacturing it
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WO2013149657A1 (en) * 2012-04-04 2013-10-10 Aktiebolaget Skf Steel alloy
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EP0849368A1 (en) * 1996-12-19 1998-06-24 Voest-Alpine Schienen GmbH Shaped rolled product and method of making the same
EP0896068A1 (en) 1997-08-01 1999-02-10 Ovako Steel AB Bainite hardening
US6884306B1 (en) 1999-08-04 2005-04-26 Qinetiq Limited Baintic steel
US20110126946A1 (en) 2008-07-31 2011-06-02 Harshad Kumar Dharamshi Hansraj Bhadeshia Bainite steel and methods of manufacture thereof
WO2012031771A1 (en) 2010-09-09 2012-03-15 Tata Steel Uk Limited Super bainite steel and method for manufacturing it
PL396431A1 (en) 2011-09-26 2013-04-02 Instytut Metalurgii Zelaza Im. Stanislawa Staszica Method for heat treatment of bainitic-austenitic steel
WO2013149657A1 (en) * 2012-04-04 2013-10-10 Aktiebolaget Skf Steel alloy
CN103540726A (en) * 2013-09-25 2014-01-29 西安交通大学 Method for heat treatment of ultrahigh-carbon bearing steel

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Title
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SIDHU G ET AL: "Characterization of Isothermally Heat-Treated High Carbon Nanobainitic Steels", JOURNAL OF MATERIALS ENGINEERING AND PERFORMANCE, ASM INTERNATIONAL, MATERIALS PARK, OH, US, vol. 22, no. 10, 21 May 2013 (2013-05-21), pages 3070 - 3076, XP035372098, ISSN: 1059-9495, [retrieved on 20130521], DOI: 10.1007/S11665-013-0581-4 *

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN113337694A (en) * 2021-06-30 2021-09-03 临清市同兴轴承锻造有限公司 Spheroidizing annealing heat treatment method for ultrahigh-carbon bearing steel

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