WO2016024077A1 - Antenna structure comprising non-reciprocal active radome - Google Patents

Antenna structure comprising non-reciprocal active radome Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016024077A1
WO2016024077A1 PCT/GB2015/000235 GB2015000235W WO2016024077A1 WO 2016024077 A1 WO2016024077 A1 WO 2016024077A1 GB 2015000235 W GB2015000235 W GB 2015000235W WO 2016024077 A1 WO2016024077 A1 WO 2016024077A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
antenna
metamaterial
antenna elements
structure according
electromagnetic radiation
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB2015/000235
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Ashley Lloyd WADE
Original Assignee
Bae Systems Plc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Bae Systems Plc filed Critical Bae Systems Plc
Publication of WO2016024077A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016024077A1/en

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/0006—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices
    • H01Q15/0086—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices said selective devices having materials with a synthesized negative refractive index, e.g. metamaterials or left-handed materials
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/0006—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/40—Radiating elements coated with or embedded in protective material
    • H01Q1/405—Radome integrated radiating elements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/42—Housings not intimately mechanically associated with radiating elements, e.g. radome
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/23—Combinations of reflecting surfaces with refracting or diffracting devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
    • H01Q3/2605—Array of radiating elements provided with a feedback control over the element weights, e.g. adaptive arrays
    • H01Q3/2647—Retrodirective arrays
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
    • H01Q3/28—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the amplitude

Definitions

  • This invention relates to antenna structures, and to associated methods of using the antenna structures.
  • an antenna structure comprising: one or more antenna elements; and an outer structure spaced apart from the antenna elements; in which the outer structure comprises a non-reciprocal metamaterial having an outer periphery and an inner periphery, and the metamaterial acts non-reciprocally to permit transmission of electromagnetic (EM) radiation incident on the outer periphery and to inhibit transmission of electromagnetic radiation incident on the inner periphery.
  • EM electromagnetic
  • the metamaterial may comprise an array of unit cells.
  • the metamaterial may be an active metamaterial.
  • the active metamaterial may comprise one or more active elements, such as an amplifier.
  • An active element may be an electrical or a magnetic element.
  • the unit cells of an active metamaterial may each comprise a loop antenna, an amplifier and a monopole element.
  • Metamaterials have been described as artificial materials engineered to have properties that may not be found in nature. Examples of non-reciprocal metamaterials can be found in B-l Popa and SA Cummer, Physical Review B 85, 205101 (2012), the entire contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.
  • the active metamaterial may comprise printed circuit elements.
  • the metamaterial may be a passive metamaterial.
  • the metamaterial may comprise an encapsulating material such as a foam.
  • the metamaterial may act non-reciprocally to permit transmission of electromagnetic radiation incident on the outer periphery with substantially no reflection of the electromagnetic radiation. It may be desirable for the proportion of EM radiation reflected to be as low as possible, and for the proportion of EM radiation transmitted to be as high as possible.
  • the metamaterial may inhibit the transmission of electromagnetic radiation incident on the inner periphery by reflecting said electromagnetic radiation from the outer structure. Generally, it is desirable for the metamaterial to reflect said electromagnetic radiation as efficiently as possible. In this way, the outer structure is as close as possible to being opaque to EM radiation emanating from the antenna elements.
  • the outer structure may be spaced apart from the antenna elements by 20mm or less.
  • the outer structure may be spaced apart from the antenna elements by 10mm or less.
  • the outer structure may be spaced apart from the antenna elements by less than one quarter of a wavelength of EM radiation that the antenna elements are configured to receive.
  • the outer structure may be spaced apart from the antenna elements by an air gap.
  • the outer structure may be spaced apart from the antenna elements by an intermediate structural layer.
  • the intermediate structural layer may comprise a foam or a polymeric material such as a rubber.
  • An intermediate structural layer may be lightweight and/or provide rigidity.
  • the metamaterial comprises an encapsulating material such as a foam
  • the intermediate structure may comprise the same material as the encapsulating material.
  • the intermediate structure may comprise a different material.
  • the antenna elements may be GPS antenna elements.
  • the antenna elements may be patch antenna elements.
  • An array of patch antenna elements may be used to provide a GPS antenna structure.
  • the antenna elements may be one or more of Vivaldi antenna elements, spiral patch antenna elements, and helical axial antenna elements.
  • the antenna elements may be configured to receive EM radiation in the frequency range 30 MHz to 12GHz.
  • the antenna elements may be disposed on an electrically conductive element.
  • the electrically conductive element may be formed from a suitable metal such as aluminium or copper.
  • the metamaterial non-reciprocally transmits electromagnetic radiation over a characteristic range of frequencies which comprise frequencies which the antenna elements are configured to receive.
  • a method of using an antenna structure comprising the steps of: providing an antenna structure according to the first aspect of the invention comprising one or more antenna elements, and an outer structure spaced apart from the inner structure, in which the outer structure comprises a non-reciprocal metamaterial having an outer periphery; and using the antenna structure to permit transmission of electromagnetic radiation incident on the outer periphery of the outer structure and to inhibit transmission of electromagnetic radiation incident on the inner periphery.
  • a self- propelled object such as a vehicle, or a building or other structural installation comprising an antenna structure according to the first aspect of the invention.
  • vehicles comprise aircraft, ships, boats, spacecraft, and motorised land vehicles such as automobiles.
  • Figure 1 is a cross sectional side view of an antenna structure; and Figure 2 shows (a) a portion of an active metamaterial comprising a number of unit cells and (b) a plan view of a unit cell.
  • FIG. 1 shows an antenna structure, depicted generally at 10, comprising an outer structure 12 which is spaced apart from a plurality of antenna elements 14.
  • the structure 10 further comprises an electrically conducting layer 16 which represents an acceptable approximation to a Perfect Electrical Conductor (PEC), such as a layer of aluminium or copper.
  • PEC Perfect Electrical Conductor
  • the spacing of the outer structure 12 and the antenna elements 14 defines a gap 18.
  • the outer structure 12 is a metamaterial which is configured to act non-reciprocally.
  • the metamaterial has an outer periphery 13 (which could alternatively be referred to as an outer surface) facing towards the environment external to the antenna structure.
  • the metamaterial has an inner periphery 15 (which could alternatively be referred to as an inner surface) facing towards the antenna elements 14.
  • the metamaterial permits the transmission of electromagnetic radiation 20 incident on its exterior with a high efficiency.
  • the metamaterial inhibits the transmission of electromagnetic radiation incident on its interior (e.g. electromagnetic radiation emanating from the antenna 14 or reflecting thereof tends to be prevented from exiting the antenna structure).
  • the metamaterial of the outer structure 12 can be considered as an EM isolator which is substantially transparent to EM radiation incident on the structure 10 from the outside and substantially opaque to EM radiation propagating in the opposite direction, ie, EM radiation emanating from the antenna elements 14.
  • EM radiation emanating from the antenna elements 14 can be reflected by the metamaterial back into the gap 18. This reflected EM radiation is effectively a trapped wave which may undergo multiple reflections within the gap 18. Eventually, the trapped wave is dissipated by processes such as absorption. In this way, the antenna elements 14 are prevented from transmitting, but are able to receive signals.
  • Figure 2(a) shows a portion of a metamaterial, depicted generally at 100.
  • the metamaterial 100 comprises an array of unit cells 102. Also shown in Figure 2(a) is an arrow 104 depicting the direction of propagation of an EM wave which is transmitted by the metamaterial.
  • Figure 2(b) shows a unit cell 102 in more detail.
  • the unit cell 102 comprises a loop antenna 106 and a monopole 108, which can be a T-shaped element.
  • the loop antenna 106 and monopole 108 are connected by an amplifier 110 through suitable matching networks (not shown).
  • the unit cells 102 can be manufactured as a printed circuit.
  • the array of unit cells can be of any convenient form, such as a linear array or a 2 dimensional array.
  • the unit cells may be encapsulated in a suitable matrix material, such as a foam or a polymeric matrix.
  • the gap 18 can be an air gap, or in principle could contain another gas or gas mixture.
  • the gap 18 could comprise a structural layer such as a foam layer or a layer of an elastomeric material.
  • the material of a practical structural layer is generally lightweight and is capable of providing some structural rigidity. It is possible for the gap 18 to comprise a structural layer and for the metamaterial to comprise unit cells embedded in a matrix material. In these embodiments, the material of the structural layer and the matrix material may be identical or dissimilar.
  • the effect of the antenna structure 10 is to maximise the transmission of EM radiation through the outer structure 12 of the metamaterial. This allows the antenna elements 14 to receive signal.
  • the non- reciprocal nature of the metamaterial is also exploited to prevent or at least inhibit the antenna elements 14 from transmitting.
  • a further property is that the metamaterial can prevent or at least reduce any reflection of EM radiation from the antenna structure.
  • the antenna structure can be configured to operate in this way at a characteristic frequency or over a range of characteristic frequencies. It is an advantage of metamaterials, particularly active metamaterials, that non- reciprocal behaviour can be achieved over a significant bandwidth.
  • the antenna elements can in principle be of any desired kind. The invention works well with GPS antenna, where transmission is not required.
  • the antenna elements can be an array of suitable patch antenna elements. The skilled reader will readily appreciate that the precise design of the patch antenna elements can be selected depending on design criteria such as the polarisation of the radiation to be received by the GPS antenna. Other kinds of antenna elements might be used, such as Vivaldi, spiral patch and helical axial antenna elements.

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  • Waveguide Aerials (AREA)
  • Aerials With Secondary Devices (AREA)

Abstract

There is provided an antenna structure comprising: one or more antenna elements; and an outer structure spaced apart from the antenna elements; in which the outer structure comprises a non-reciprocal metamaterial having an outer periphery and an inner periphery, and the metamaterial acts non-reciprocally to permit transmission of electromagnetic radiation incident on the outer periphery and to inhibit the transmission of electromagnetic radiation incident on the inner periphery.

Description

ANTENNA STRUCTURE COMPRISING NON-RECIPROCAL ACTIVE RADOME
This invention relates to antenna structures, and to associated methods of using the antenna structures.
There are numerous applications where it is desirable to provide a receive-only antenna. The present invention, in at least some of its embodiments, addresses this need.
According to a first aspect of the invention there is provided an antenna structure comprising: one or more antenna elements; and an outer structure spaced apart from the antenna elements; in which the outer structure comprises a non-reciprocal metamaterial having an outer periphery and an inner periphery, and the metamaterial acts non-reciprocally to permit transmission of electromagnetic (EM) radiation incident on the outer periphery and to inhibit transmission of electromagnetic radiation incident on the inner periphery.
The metamaterial may comprise an array of unit cells.
The metamaterial may be an active metamaterial. The active metamaterial may comprise one or more active elements, such as an amplifier. An active element may be an electrical or a magnetic element. The unit cells of an active metamaterial may each comprise a loop antenna, an amplifier and a monopole element. Metamaterials have been described as artificial materials engineered to have properties that may not be found in nature. Examples of non-reciprocal metamaterials can be found in B-l Popa and SA Cummer, Physical Review B 85, 205101 (2012), the entire contents of which are herein incorporated by reference. The active metamaterial may comprise printed circuit elements.
Alternatively, the metamaterial may be a passive metamaterial.
The metamaterial may comprise an encapsulating material such as a foam. The metamaterial may act non-reciprocally to permit transmission of electromagnetic radiation incident on the outer periphery with substantially no reflection of the electromagnetic radiation. It may be desirable for the proportion of EM radiation reflected to be as low as possible, and for the proportion of EM radiation transmitted to be as high as possible.
The metamaterial may inhibit the transmission of electromagnetic radiation incident on the inner periphery by reflecting said electromagnetic radiation from the outer structure. Generally, it is desirable for the metamaterial to reflect said electromagnetic radiation as efficiently as possible. In this way, the outer structure is as close as possible to being opaque to EM radiation emanating from the antenna elements.
The outer structure may be spaced apart from the antenna elements by 20mm or less. The outer structure may be spaced apart from the antenna elements by 10mm or less. The outer structure may be spaced apart from the antenna elements by less than one quarter of a wavelength of EM radiation that the antenna elements are configured to receive.
The outer structure may be spaced apart from the antenna elements by an air gap. Alternatively, the outer structure may be spaced apart from the antenna elements by an intermediate structural layer. The intermediate structural layer may comprise a foam or a polymeric material such as a rubber. An intermediate structural layer may be lightweight and/or provide rigidity. In embodiments in which the metamaterial comprises an encapsulating material such as a foam, the intermediate structure may comprise the same material as the encapsulating material. Alternatively, the intermediate structure may comprise a different material.
The antenna elements may be GPS antenna elements.
The antenna elements may be patch antenna elements. An array of patch antenna elements may be used to provide a GPS antenna structure. The antenna elements may be one or more of Vivaldi antenna elements, spiral patch antenna elements, and helical axial antenna elements. The antenna elements may be configured to receive EM radiation in the frequency range 30 MHz to 12GHz.
The antenna elements may be disposed on an electrically conductive element. The electrically conductive element may be formed from a suitable metal such as aluminium or copper.
Generally, the metamaterial non-reciprocally transmits electromagnetic radiation over a characteristic range of frequencies which comprise frequencies which the antenna elements are configured to receive.
According to a second aspect of the invention there is provided a method of using an antenna structure comprising the steps of: providing an antenna structure according to the first aspect of the invention comprising one or more antenna elements, and an outer structure spaced apart from the inner structure, in which the outer structure comprises a non-reciprocal metamaterial having an outer periphery; and using the antenna structure to permit transmission of electromagnetic radiation incident on the outer periphery of the outer structure and to inhibit transmission of electromagnetic radiation incident on the inner periphery.
According to a third aspect of the invention there is provided a self- propelled object such as a vehicle, or a building or other structural installation comprising an antenna structure according to the first aspect of the invention. Examples of vehicles comprise aircraft, ships, boats, spacecraft, and motorised land vehicles such as automobiles.
Whilst the invention has been described above, it extends to any inventive combination or sub-combination of the features set out above or in the following description, drawings or claims.
Embodiments of antenna structures and methods in accordance with the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:-
Figure 1 is a cross sectional side view of an antenna structure; and Figure 2 shows (a) a portion of an active metamaterial comprising a number of unit cells and (b) a plan view of a unit cell.
Figure 1 shows an antenna structure, depicted generally at 10, comprising an outer structure 12 which is spaced apart from a plurality of antenna elements 14. The structure 10 further comprises an electrically conducting layer 16 which represents an acceptable approximation to a Perfect Electrical Conductor (PEC), such as a layer of aluminium or copper.
The spacing of the outer structure 12 and the antenna elements 14 defines a gap 18. The outer structure 12 is a metamaterial which is configured to act non-reciprocally. The metamaterial has an outer periphery 13 (which could alternatively be referred to as an outer surface) facing towards the environment external to the antenna structure. Further, the metamaterial has an inner periphery 15 (which could alternatively be referred to as an inner surface) facing towards the antenna elements 14. Specifically, the metamaterial permits the transmission of electromagnetic radiation 20 incident on its exterior with a high efficiency. Moreover, the metamaterial inhibits the transmission of electromagnetic radiation incident on its interior (e.g. electromagnetic radiation emanating from the antenna 14 or reflecting thereof tends to be prevented from exiting the antenna structure). The metamaterial of the outer structure 12 can be considered as an EM isolator which is substantially transparent to EM radiation incident on the structure 10 from the outside and substantially opaque to EM radiation propagating in the opposite direction, ie, EM radiation emanating from the antenna elements 14. EM radiation emanating from the antenna elements 14 can be reflected by the metamaterial back into the gap 18. This reflected EM radiation is effectively a trapped wave which may undergo multiple reflections within the gap 18. Eventually, the trapped wave is dissipated by processes such as absorption. In this way, the antenna elements 14 are prevented from transmitting, but are able to receive signals. Figure 2(a) shows a portion of a metamaterial, depicted generally at 100.
The metamaterial 100 comprises an array of unit cells 102. Also shown in Figure 2(a) is an arrow 104 depicting the direction of propagation of an EM wave which is transmitted by the metamaterial. Figure 2(b) shows a unit cell 102 in more detail. The unit cell 102 comprises a loop antenna 106 and a monopole 108, which can be a T-shaped element. The loop antenna 106 and monopole 108 are connected by an amplifier 110 through suitable matching networks (not shown). Conveniently, the unit cells 102 can be manufactured as a printed circuit. The array of unit cells can be of any convenient form, such as a linear array or a 2 dimensional array. The unit cells may be encapsulated in a suitable matrix material, such as a foam or a polymeric matrix. Information on active metamaterials can be found in B-l Popa and SA Cummer, Physical Review B 85, 205101 (2012). Further information on active and passive metamaterials can be found in the documents referred to in the Popa and Cummer paper, the entire contents of all of which are herein incorporated by reference.
The gap 18 can be an air gap, or in principle could contain another gas or gas mixture. Alternatively, the gap 18 could comprise a structural layer such as a foam layer or a layer of an elastomeric material. The material of a practical structural layer is generally lightweight and is capable of providing some structural rigidity. It is possible for the gap 18 to comprise a structural layer and for the metamaterial to comprise unit cells embedded in a matrix material. In these embodiments, the material of the structural layer and the matrix material may be identical or dissimilar.
It will be appreciated that the effect of the antenna structure 10 is to maximise the transmission of EM radiation through the outer structure 12 of the metamaterial. This allows the antenna elements 14 to receive signal. The non- reciprocal nature of the metamaterial is also exploited to prevent or at least inhibit the antenna elements 14 from transmitting. A further property is that the metamaterial can prevent or at least reduce any reflection of EM radiation from the antenna structure.
The antenna structure can be configured to operate in this way at a characteristic frequency or over a range of characteristic frequencies. It is an advantage of metamaterials, particularly active metamaterials, that non- reciprocal behaviour can be achieved over a significant bandwidth. The antenna elements can in principle be of any desired kind. The invention works well with GPS antenna, where transmission is not required. The antenna elements can be an array of suitable patch antenna elements. The skilled reader will readily appreciate that the precise design of the patch antenna elements can be selected depending on design criteria such as the polarisation of the radiation to be received by the GPS antenna. Other kinds of antenna elements might be used, such as Vivaldi, spiral patch and helical axial antenna elements.

Claims

1. An antenna structure comprising: one or more antenna elements ; and an outer structure spaced apart from the antenna elements; in which the outer structure comprises a non-reciprocal metamaterial having an outer periphery and an inner periphery, and the metamaterial acts non-reciprocally to permit transmission of electromagnetic radiation incident on the outer periphery and to inhibit the transmission of electromagnetic radiation incident on the inner periphery.
2. An antenna structure according to claim 1 in which the metamaterial comprises an array of unit cells.
3. An antenna structure according to claim 1 or claim 2 in which the metamaterial is an active metamaterial.
4. An antenna structure according to claim 3 in which the unit cells each comprise a loop antenna, an amplifier and a monopole element.
5. An antenna structure according to any preceding claim in which the metamaterial acts non-reciprocally to permit transmission of electromagnetic radiation incident on the outer periphery with substantially no reflection of the electromagnetic radiation.
6. An antenna structure according to any preceding claim in which the metamaterial inhibits the transmission of electromagnetic radiation incident on the inner periphery by reflecting said electromagnetic radiation from the outer structure.
7. An antenna structure according to any preceding claim in which the outer structure is spaced apart from the antenna elements by 20mm or less.
8. An antenna structure according to claim 7 in which the outer structure is spaced apart from the antenna elements by 10mm or less.
9. An antenna structure according to any preceding claim in which the outer structure is spaced apart from the antenna elements by an air gap or by an intermediate structural layer.
10. An antenna structure according to claim 9 in which the outer structure is spaced apart from the antenna elements by the intermediate structural layer which comprises a foam or a polymeric material such as a rubber.
11. An antenna structure according to any preceding claim in which the antenna elements are GPS antenna elements.
12. An antenna structure according to any preceding claim in which the antenna elements are patch antenna elements.
13. An antenna structure according to any preceding claim in which the antenna elements are disposed on an electrically conductive element.
14. An antenna structure according to any preceding claim in which the metamaterial non-reciprocally transmits electromagnetic radiation over a characteristic range of frequencies which comprise frequencies which the antenna elements are configured to receive.
15. A method of using an antenna structure comprising the steps of: providing an antenna structure according to claim 1 comprising one or more antenna elements, and an outer structure spaced apart from the inner structure, in which the outer structure comprises a non-reciprocal metamaterial having an outer periphery and an inner periphery; and using the antenna structure to permit transmission of electromagnetic radiation incident on the outer periphery of the outer structure and to inhibit transmission of electromagnetic radiation incident on the inner periphery of the outer structure.
PCT/GB2015/000235 2014-08-13 2015-08-12 Antenna structure comprising non-reciprocal active radome WO2016024077A1 (en)

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GB1414392.9A GB2529211A (en) 2014-08-13 2014-08-13 Antenna structure
GB1414392.9 2014-08-13

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