WO2016014364A1 - Dowels for jointed concrete and methods of forming and using the same - Google Patents
Dowels for jointed concrete and methods of forming and using the same Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2016014364A1 WO2016014364A1 PCT/US2015/040957 US2015040957W WO2016014364A1 WO 2016014364 A1 WO2016014364 A1 WO 2016014364A1 US 2015040957 W US2015040957 W US 2015040957W WO 2016014364 A1 WO2016014364 A1 WO 2016014364A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- dowel
- concrete
- hollow tube
- tube
- tubes
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 141
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 56
- 239000011440 grout Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910000975 Carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000010962 carbon steel Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010422 painting Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920006334 epoxy coating Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005246 galvanizing Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 15
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 15
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 2
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004210 cathodic protection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000008025 hordeolum Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000007373 indentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940021506 stye Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
- E01C11/00—Details of pavings
- E01C11/02—Arrangement or construction of joints; Methods of making joints; Packing for joints
- E01C11/04—Arrangement or construction of joints; Methods of making joints; Packing for joints for cement concrete paving
- E01C11/14—Dowel assembly ; Design or construction of reinforcements in the area of joints
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/38—Connections for building structures in general
- E04B1/48—Dowels, i.e. members adapted to penetrate the surfaces of two parts and to take the shear stresses
- E04B1/483—Shear dowels to be embedded in concrete
Definitions
- Patent Application Serial No. 14/336,310 filed on July 21 , 2014, and also claims priority to currently pending provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/132,786, filed on March 13, 2015.
- the present invention pertains to jointed concrete. More particularly, the present invention pertains to the use of hollow carbon steel dowels in jointed concrete pavement and methods of forming and using such dowels.
- Most concrete pavement dowels are solid carbon steel cylindrical rods.
- Such dowels are fairly inexpensive and are cut from longer lengths of rod.
- long rods of carbon steel are shipped to a processing center or to a job site, where they are then batch cut to length for use as dowels.
- the batch cutting typically involves placing a plurality of rods (20 or more) in a basket or cradle stye holder and thereafter cross-cutting the plurality of rods to length via a band saw.
- carbon steel dowels may be galvanized, epoxy coated, or otherwise coated to reduce corrosion.
- stainless steel dowels are used.
- such stainless dowels are typically welded tube rather than solid rod.
- the added cost of forming the welded stainless tube is justified by the lower total material cost of the dowels.
- stainless steel tube dowels are typically batch cut from long cylindrical tubes of stainless steel that are shipped to a processing center or to a job site.
- coating such stainless steel tube dowels with epoxy or otherwise coating such dowels is not necessary. It should be appreciated however that stainless steel tube dowels are significantly more expensive compared to carbon steel rod dowels.
- Concrete pavement dowels can be placed in concrete in several ways. Prior to pouring the concrete, the dowels may be placed on baskets or cradles. The concrete can then be poured over the dowels, with the baskets or cradles holding the dowels near the center of the pavement thickness. Alternatively, it has been increasingly common to place the dowels into poured uncured concrete, thereby eliminating the need for baskets or cradles. The dowels can be placed in the uncured concrete by hand or in an automated manner via a concrete paving machine.
- Concrete pavement dowels are also used to repair concrete pavement and to merge new concrete pavement to existing cured concrete pavement. In such situations, a vertical cut face of the cured concrete is either exposed or formed.
- a plurality of horizontal holes are drilled into the vertical face of the cured concrete and dowels are inserted into the holes.
- the dowels are longer than the depth of the holes and therefore protrude outward from the vertical face.
- New concrete is then poured over and around the exposed portions of the dowels in a manner forming a new section of concrete pavement. Once cured, the interface between the old and new concrete can be partially cut to form a fracture line. When fractured, the dowels will carry any shear loads between the old and new sections of concrete.
- One aspect of the invention pertains to a method of forming jointed concrete dowels.
- the method comprises unspooling a coil of carbon steel strip and directing the uncoiled strip along a path.
- the uncoiled strip has opposite side edges that extend along the path.
- the method further comprises bending the strip into a hollow tube in a manner such that the side edges are adjacent to each other, and thereafter electric resistance welding the side edges of the strip to each other such that the hollow tube has a closed transverse cross-section.
- the method comprises transversely cutting the welded hollow tube into a plurality of jointed concrete dowels. The steps of unspooling the coil, bending the strip, and electric resistance welding the side edges of the strip occurs continuously as the strip is uncoiled and travels along the path, and the step of transversely cutting the hollow tube occurs as the hollow tube travels along the path.
- jointed concrete pavement comprises concrete cured around a dowel.
- the dowel comprises a welded seam carbon steel hollow tube and a pair of end caps.
- the end caps are attached to opposite axial ends of the hollow tube.
- the pavement comprises a fracture groove over the dowel.
- Yet another aspect of the invention pertains to a method of forming jointed concrete pavement and comprises drilling a plurality of generally horizontal holes in a generally vertical face of cured concrete. Each hole has a generally cylindrical surface.
- the method further comprises inserting a dowel tube into each of the plurality of holes in a manner such that a portion of each of the dowel tubes extends outward from the vertical face of the cured concrete.
- Each dowel tube has an axial passageway extending therethrough, opposite axial ends, and a cylindrical outer surface.
- the method also comprises pumping grout through the axial passageway of each dowel tube in a manner causing the pumped grout to at least partially fill space between the generally cylindrical surface of the holes and the cylindrical outer surfaces of the dowel tubes.
- the method comprises pouring concrete over the portion of the dowel tubes that extend outward from the vertical face of the cured concrete after performing the above steps.
- Figure 1 depicts a perspective view of a carbon steel dowel tube in accordance with the invention.
- Figure 2 depicts a schematic of the process for forming carbon steel tube dowels in accordance with the invention.
- Figure 3 depicts a perspective view of construction of concrete pavement using carbon steel tube dowels in accordance with the invention.
- Figure 5 depicts the same sections of concrete pavement after horizontal holes have been drilled into the vertical face of at least one of the cured sections of concrete.
- Figure 7 depicts an exploded view of insert cap and an end of a dowel tube.
- Figure 8 depicts the insert cap attached to the end of the dowel tube.
- Figure 9 depicts a tube extending through the dowel tube and the insert cap.
- Figure 10 depicts a grout ring configured to tightly encircle a dowel tube and be positioned between two adjacent sections of concrete pavement.
- a carbon steel tube dowel assembly 10 in accordance with the invention is depicted in Figure 1.
- the dowel assembly 10 comprises a seam welded carbon steel hollow tube 12 and a pair of end caps 14.
- the tube 12 is preferably generally cylindrical and is formed from carbon steel strip stock (e.g., four inches (one hundred millimeters) by one-eighth inch (3.2 millimeters) grade 60 carbon steel strip).
- the strip stock 16 is provided on a spool 18 and is unwound and fed therefrom along a path that includes several processing stations 20. As the strip stock 16 is being processed, it continues to move along the path.
- the strip stock 16 travels along the path through a roll forming station 22 that bends the strip stock out of plane and into a tubular shape having an axis that is aligned with the direction of the path.
- the transverse cross-section of the tubular stock is an open ring (i.e. there is a discontinuity in the ring-shaped cross-section).
- the tubular stock 24 which continues to move along the path, is fed into a welding station 26.
- the discontinuity in the transverse cross-section of the tubular stock is welded closed, thereby forming a seam welded tube 28 having an axial seam weld 30 (see Figure 1).
- the seam weld 30 is electric resistance welded.
- the exterior of the welded tube 28 may be cleaned and dried at a cleaning station 32 in preparation for painting and thereafter spray painted or dipped at a coating station 34 while still continuously moving along the path.
- the welded tube 28 may be epoxy coated at the coating station 34.
- the welded tube 28 is transversely cut into length of individual dowel tubes 12 at a cutting station 36.
- the cutting station 36 comprises a cutting tool, such as a laser, water jet, or traditional toothed saw, that linearly reciprocates along the production path such that the cutting tool moves downstream at the same rate as the welded tube while it cuts the tube and thereafter quickly moves upstream to begin a new cut.
- the cutting tool of the cutting station 36 can continuously transversely cut dowel tubes 12 from the recently formed welded tube 28 without pausing the unspooling of the strip stock 16 from the strip stock spool 18 or the forming and welding processes.
- the dowel tubes can undergo several other optional processes via either automated or manual operations. For example, to the extent that the welded tube 28 was not earlier coated, the dowel tubes 12 may be cleaned and dried and thereafter coated as desired. If the strip stock 16 was originally galvanized, the dowe! tubes 12 may be re-galvanized to galvanize the seam welds of the dowel tubes.
- the diameter of the dowel tubes 12 may be required to be a particular nominal diameter that is anywhere from one-half of an inch ( 2.7 mm) to two inches (50.8 mm).
- the wall thickness of the dowel tubes 12 may be required to be a particular nominal thickness that is anywhere from 0.065" to 0.1875" (1.7 to 4.8 mm).
- the length may be dictated by state regulations and may be anywhere from one to two feet (305 to 610 mm).
- state regulations require dimensions outside of such ranges, the dowel tubes 12 can be manufactured to such dimensions as needed. Thus, these dimensions are merely suggestive of the dimensions of the actual dowel tubes 12.
- the end caps 14 can be inserted into or onto the axial ends of the dowel tubes 12.
- the end caps 14 are preferably made of relatively resilient polymeric material and are preferably simply press-fit into or onto the dowel tubes 12. If desired however, the end caps 14 may be epoxied or otherwise adhered to the dowel tubes 12.
- the completed dowel assemblies 10 are thereafter grouped and packaged for shipping.
- a chemically active material may be used with the dowel tubes 12 to provide cathodic protection for the dowel.
- a washer 39 made from zinc may be inserted between the axial end of the dowel tubes 12 and the end caps 14 to act as a sacrificial anode.
- Other chemically active materials may also be used.
- the washer 39 may provide additional cathodic corrosion resistance to the ends of the dowel tubes 12.
- the washers 39 may be stamped from flat rolled material or formed from wire.
- the washers 39 may be the same diameter and thickness as the tubes 12.
- the washers 39 may encircle the end caps 14 or be inserted into the end caps (assuming the end caps are configured to encircle the ends of the dowel tubes rather than configured to be inserted into the ends of the dowel tubes).
- the use of the washers and the material of the washers may be dictated by state regulations.
- the washer may retard corrosion on the edge/end of the dowel tubes.
- the dowel assemblies 10 are used when forming concrete pavement 38 in a manner similar to conventional concrete pavement dowel rods. If desired or required by state regulations, the dowel assemblies 10 may be coated onsite with a release agent to prevent the dowel assemblies from adhering to the concrete. The dowel assemblies 10 can also be placed in baskets or cradles 40 prior to pouring the concrete pavement thereover. Alternatively, the tubular dowel assemblies 10 may also be inserted into poured, but uncured, concrete. For instance, the tubular dowel assemblies may be vibrated into the un-cured concrete as the concrete is being formed to a specific depth and specific spacing as required by state regulations. It should be appreciated that the end caps 14 of the dowel assemblies 10 prevent uncured concrete from filling the dowel tubes 12.
- While concrete in the dowel tubes 12 is not necessarily problematic, preventing concrete from slowly filling the dowel tubes after pouring and leveling the concrete eliminates air bubbles in the concrete above the dowel tubes and possible divots in the top surface of the concrete pavement 38.
- the end caps 14 enclose the hollow interior cavities of dowel tubes 12.
- a magnetic device (not shown) may be inserted in interior cavity of each dowel tube assembly 10 to allow for electro-magnetic alignment and positioning of the dowel as required by state regulations.
- Other measuring equipment configured to determine wheel transfer counters, weight per wheel, scales, clock timers, etc., may also be inserted in the interior cavities of the dowel tubes 12 prior to embedding the dowel assemblies in concrete. Data from such measuring equipment may assist state agencies in evaluating road usage patterns and future construction and design activities.
- the concrete pavement 38 After the concrete pavement 38 has cured sufficiently over the dowel assemblies 10, the concrete pavement is transversely grooved by a saw to form a line of weakness 42 that ultimately results in a fracture through the depth of the concrete pavement. Alternatively, a groove may be pressed into the concrete when the concrete is only partially cured. Following the fracturing of the concrete (which occurs naturally and can take months or even years), transverse shear loads in the concrete pavement 38 will be carried across the fracture via the dowel assemblies [0037]
- the term "concrete” is used herein generically and should be construed as encompassing concrete, cement, grout, or any other form of cement.
- the holes are preferably grouted before inserting the dowel rods/bars therein in an effort to achieve a tight fit.
- the fresh concrete is then poured to the level of the cured concrete and eventually cures, trapping the opposite ends of the dowel rods/bars in the new concrete.
- a problem with the above-mentioned method of joining fresh concrete to cured concrete is that often air gaps remain between the rods/bars and the drilled holes. This is problematic in that eventually such dowels can become loose in the holes. Once loose, the dowels tend to bang around inside the drilled holes of the older concrete. That can cause the older concrete to fail around the drilled holes and/or can cause failure of either older and/or newer concrete sections as a result of the loss of a strong direct shear connection between the two. [0040] These problems can be eliminated by using tubular dowel assemblies 10 and performing the steps described below. Preferably, a method in accordance with the invention comprises initial steps similar to those described above.
- each dowel tube assembly 10 used for joining new concrete to cured concrete comprises an end cap 14' that comprises an axial opening 56 that extends through the end cap (as shown in Figures 7-9). That end cap 14' is attached to the end of the dowel assembly 10 that gets inserted into one of the horizontal drill holes 54 of the cured concrete 50.
- a concrete pump hose or tube 58 is inserted through the dowel tube 12 of the dowel tube assembly and through the opening 56 of the end cap 14' from the end of the dowel tube assembly that protrudes or will protrude from the cured concrete 50 (see Figure 9).
- the opening 56 of the end cap 14' preferably is just one or more slots that allow the end cap to resiliency deform around the pump hose/tube 58.
- the pump tube/hose 58 is removed from the dowel assembly 10 and an end cap 14 or 14' is then attached to the exposed end of the dowel assembly.
- the new section of concrete (not shown) can be poured adjacent to the cured concrete 50 and over the dowel tube assemblies 0.
- a release agent can be applied to the exposed surfaces of the dowel tube assemblies 10 before pouring the new concrete thereover.
- the pump hose may be attached to the exposed end of the dowel tube 12 using band-clamps or any other method.
- the hollow cavity of the dowel tube 12 may be pumped full of grout.
- An optional grout ring 60 of the type shown in Figure 10 can be utilized during the process of attaching new concrete to existing cured concrete.
- the grout ring 60 is preferably plastic and has a center hole 62 that is configured to tightly fit around a dowel tube 12.
- the outer perimeter 64 of the grout ring 60 is much larger such that the grout ring cannot pass into the holes drilled in the cured concrete 50.
- the center hole 62 of the grout ring 60 comprises a small notch 66 through which grout can pass.
- An indicator indentation or protrusion 66 is aligned with the notch 66 (the opposite side of the grout ring is flat and can be devoid of any indicator).
- the grout ring is slipped over a dowel tube 12 prior to grouting the dowel tube in the hole 54 of the cured concrete 50.
- the grout ring 62 is oriented with its indicator 68 in the uppermost position. As such, the notch 66 of the grout ring 62 is positioned above the dowel tube 12. With the grout ring flat against the vertical face 52 of the cured concrete, grout can be pumped through the dowel tube 12 using any of the techniques described above. When the grout around the dowel tube assembly 10 reaches the vertical face 52 of the cured concrete 50, the grout ring 60 will prevent grout from spilling out of the hole 54 of the cured concrete before the grout completely displaces all of the air between the dowel tube assembly and the hole.
- the air between the dowel tube assembly 10 and the hole 54 has been completely displaced.
- the grout ring 60 can be removed from the dowel tube assembly 10 after the grouting procedure or it can be left on the dowel tube assembly to be embedded in new concrete.
- the grouting step(s) of the present invention does not add appreciable time to preparing dowels for pouring since the prior art method of filling drilled holes with concrete is also time consuming.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
MX2017000984A MX2017000984A (en) | 2014-07-21 | 2015-07-17 | Dowels for jointed concrete and methods of forming and using the same. |
CA2955931A CA2955931C (en) | 2014-07-21 | 2015-07-17 | Dowels for jointed concrete and methods of forming and using the same |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US14/336,310 US20160017549A1 (en) | 2014-07-21 | 2014-07-21 | Dowels for Jointed Concrete and Methods of Forming and Using the Same |
US14/336,310 | 2014-07-21 | ||
US201562132786P | 2015-03-13 | 2015-03-13 | |
US62/132,786 | 2015-03-13 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2016014364A1 true WO2016014364A1 (en) | 2016-01-28 |
Family
ID=55163582
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2015/040957 WO2016014364A1 (en) | 2014-07-21 | 2015-07-17 | Dowels for jointed concrete and methods of forming and using the same |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
CA (1) | CA2955931C (en) |
MX (1) | MX2017000984A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2016014364A1 (en) |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3927816A (en) * | 1974-02-15 | 1975-12-23 | Daiwa Steel Tube Ind | Hot dipped steel tube and a method for producing the same |
US4120128A (en) * | 1976-04-08 | 1978-10-17 | Artur Fischer Forschung | Arrangement for securing objects to support structures with multi-component hardenable binder material |
JP2003326312A (en) * | 2002-05-09 | 2003-11-18 | Kusakabe Denki Kk | Line for manufacturing electric resistance welded tube and method for controlling cutting length of tube in the same line |
US20050265802A1 (en) * | 2004-05-27 | 2005-12-01 | Alltrista Zinc Products, L.P. | Environmentally protected reinforcement dowel pins and method of making |
US20060177268A1 (en) * | 2005-02-10 | 2006-08-10 | Kramer Donald R | Concrete slab dowel system and method for making and using same |
US20130115000A1 (en) * | 2011-11-08 | 2013-05-09 | The Fort Miller Co., Inc. | Removable dowel connector and system and method of installing and removing the same |
-
2015
- 2015-07-17 WO PCT/US2015/040957 patent/WO2016014364A1/en active Application Filing
- 2015-07-17 CA CA2955931A patent/CA2955931C/en active Active
- 2015-07-17 MX MX2017000984A patent/MX2017000984A/en unknown
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3927816A (en) * | 1974-02-15 | 1975-12-23 | Daiwa Steel Tube Ind | Hot dipped steel tube and a method for producing the same |
US4120128A (en) * | 1976-04-08 | 1978-10-17 | Artur Fischer Forschung | Arrangement for securing objects to support structures with multi-component hardenable binder material |
JP2003326312A (en) * | 2002-05-09 | 2003-11-18 | Kusakabe Denki Kk | Line for manufacturing electric resistance welded tube and method for controlling cutting length of tube in the same line |
US20050265802A1 (en) * | 2004-05-27 | 2005-12-01 | Alltrista Zinc Products, L.P. | Environmentally protected reinforcement dowel pins and method of making |
US20060177268A1 (en) * | 2005-02-10 | 2006-08-10 | Kramer Donald R | Concrete slab dowel system and method for making and using same |
US20130115000A1 (en) * | 2011-11-08 | 2013-05-09 | The Fort Miller Co., Inc. | Removable dowel connector and system and method of installing and removing the same |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2955931C (en) | 2021-06-15 |
MX2017000984A (en) | 2017-07-24 |
CA2955931A1 (en) | 2016-01-28 |
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