WO2016012971A1 - Procede de detection d'anomalies dans un reseau de distribution, en particulier distribution d'eau - Google Patents
Procede de detection d'anomalies dans un reseau de distribution, en particulier distribution d'eau Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016012971A1 WO2016012971A1 PCT/IB2015/055581 IB2015055581W WO2016012971A1 WO 2016012971 A1 WO2016012971 A1 WO 2016012971A1 IB 2015055581 W IB2015055581 W IB 2015055581W WO 2016012971 A1 WO2016012971 A1 WO 2016012971A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
- G05B23/00—Testing or monitoring of control systems or parts thereof
- G05B23/02—Electric testing or monitoring
- G05B23/0205—Electric testing or monitoring by means of a monitoring system capable of detecting and responding to faults
- G05B23/0218—Electric testing or monitoring by means of a monitoring system capable of detecting and responding to faults characterised by the fault detection method dealing with either existing or incipient faults
- G05B23/0243—Electric testing or monitoring by means of a monitoring system capable of detecting and responding to faults characterised by the fault detection method dealing with either existing or incipient faults model based detection method, e.g. first-principles knowledge model
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- the present invention relates to a method for detecting anomalies in a fluid supply system, in particular a Newtonian fluid distribution network, even more particularly for the distribution of water, but also for example in district heating networks. and / or air conditioning.
- Operational performance is at the heart of managing such networks.
- the level of performance can be significantly improved by means of tools for detecting and locating hydraulic anomalies, for example on drinking water transport and distribution networks.
- different types of incidents can occur and have serious consequences for the operator. It can be leaks, interruption of supply to consumers, malfunctions of a component, error handling during an intervention or following an intervention, malice, abnormal behavior or dysfunction in a consumer.
- Detection methods based on statistical techniques are known. They do not allow to characterize or localize the anomaly.
- the aim of the present invention is to propose an efficient method for detecting and / or locating and / or characterizing and / or quantifying an anomaly in a distribution network which may be large, as is a distribution network of potable water.
- the method for detecting anomalies in a distribution network comprises:
- the distribution network is a fluid distribution network.
- the establishment of the inverse model may include minimizing a gap function between measurement and point-of-measurement simulation versus a configurable set of parameters.
- the secondary input parameter can take the value of the measurement as the value.
- the execution of the inverse model is preferably carried out by the hydraulic simulation engine.
- the resolution of the inverse problem can implement a numerical algorithm for minimizing the differences between theoretical and measured outputs also using the calculation in the direct model of the sensitivities of the outputs with respect to the inputs.
- Structural data is typically related to the network topography, the nature and characteristics of its components, etc.
- a "operating parameter” is called “primary input parameter".
- the operating parameters are typically variable in time. For example, in a water distribution network a flow, a pressure, etc., whose value is used as the input data for the direct model. This value can be provided by a measuring instrument to be known in another way, such as for example a consumption statistic according to the date and time. .
- the primary input parameters include descriptive parameters of the boundary conditions of the network. For example, in a hydraulic network, the network feed rate and the flow rates provided to consumers.
- a “scenario” is a case of network operation.
- the scenario starts with a certain level of filling in a supply tank, and during the course of the scenario the tank is replenished with a certain flow, while it supplies water to the tank.
- network according to the flows taken at the points of consumption.
- the different flows evolve according to respective chronograms that are part of the scenario.
- the laws are in particular the laws of physics applicable. For example, in a hydraulic network, the pressure drop (pressure drop) between two points of the network as a function of the flow velocity and the structural data of the network between the two points.
- the "primary output parameters” are parameters that can be computed by executing the direct model to obtain their theoretical value, and which are at the same time measurable thanks to the network instrumentation that provides a measure of each of the primary or known output parameters. for example, according to previous statistics.
- the theoretical value and the actual value of the primary output parameters are compared and it is considered that there is an anomaly in the network in the event of discrepancy between the theoretical and measured values.
- a primary output parameter is "abnormal" in the sense that there is a deviation between its theoretical and measurement values exceeding an acceptable margin of error
- at least one additional variable constituted by a new secondary output parameter is introduced into the inverse model.
- these new secondary output parameters are judiciously chosen as a function of the anomaly of the result of the comparison with the measurements following the execution of the direct model.
- the execution of the inverse model provides results which are either directly informative, for example the new output parameters have a theoretical value which makes it possible to identify the anomaly with sufficient certainty or converge towards such an identification iteratively as it will be explained later.
- the invention exploits finely the overall consistency of the variables (operating parameters) linked by the "laws", typically the behavioral equations of the network, in particular hydraulic.
- the at least one secondary output parameter may be a parameter added to the hydraulic model, relative to the direct model.
- a leak rate can be added as a secondary output parameter that is to be determined using the inverse model.
- the at least one secondary output parameter may also correspond to at least one deleted data, relative to the direct model. For example if a primary input parameter indicates a valve in the open position, but the anomaly revealed by the difference between the theoretical value and the measured value for at least one primary input parameter suggests that this valve could be closed or partially closed, the primary input parameter in question is chosen as a secondary output parameter, and removed from the input parameters for the execution of the inverse model.
- the at least one secondary output parameter is selected by applying at least one criterion indicating a likelihood that the at least one new secondary output parameter is involved in the discrepancies observed between measurements and theoretical values.
- a measured flow rate value which is abnormal with respect to the theoretical value at a given point in the network makes, for example, probable the closure of a valve which was considered open, or the existence of a significant leak, an abnormal flow against the current downstream (non-exhaustive list).
- the operational data, theoretical values and measurements comprise time series, that is to say series of values each associated with a schedule.
- the direct model and the inverse model are operated not only statically, but also dynamically. This allows the model to do additional consistency checks.
- the model may include a law that relates the variation of the level of a reservoir to a sum of flow rates measured at different points of the network.
- a deviation function giving the deviation as a function of all or part of the primary parameters (execution of the direct model ) or secondary (execution of the secondary model), whether they are input or output.
- Measurements whether used to obtain certain functional data, or concerning the output parameters to obtain the measurement values to be compared with the theoretical values, are also obtained in the form of time series. Instead of using them in their raw state, they are preferably smoothed before comparison with the theoretical values. Thus the deviation functions are themselves automatically smoothed.
- some functional data may be difficult to access. This is typically the case of consumptions.
- consumptions For example, in the case of a water distribution network, it is difficult to know the consumption hour by hour supplied by the network or by each sub-network of this network.
- it is intended to replace such inaccessible data in real time with data known historically or by experience. For example, previous studies have estimated the estimated consumption of a given subnet every hour of the day and night, with information on the uncertainty of these values. It is possible, at least at the initialization stage, to use these time series as functional data.
- Some structural or functional data may be unknown or uncertain.
- the altitude of the pressure measurement points is important, since each additional meter of altitude corresponds to a pressure drop of approximately 10 kPa, which must be taken into account. account for the accuracy of the results obtained with the equations governing the dynamics of the flows. Pipe diameters, channel roughness, and other parameters affecting pressure losses in the flow, may be poorly known, especially in old installations.
- the execution of the direct model includes sensitivity calculations of at least some of the primary output parameters, variations of at least some of the other parameters, and for the inverse model, it is chosen that secondary output parameters, primary input parameters to which the primary output parameter presenting the abnormality is more particularly sensitive.
- the sensitivity can be obtained theoretically as the derivative of a parameter with respect to each of the others, knowing the laws that connect these parameters to each other, or experimentally by comparing the variations of the measurement of the output parameter with the variations of the other parameters. for all the values of the series.
- the sensitivity can be different in different ranges of the parameter whose sensitivity is evaluated, and in different ranges of values of the parameter against which the sensitivity is evaluated. Sensitivity can therefore be expressed as a function or as an array of values.
- the sensitivity can be positive or negative, depending on whether the output parameter is moving in the direction, or respectively in the opposite direction of the parameter with respect to which the sensitivity of the output parameter is calculated.
- one of these parameters is selected from a subset formed by those for which the sensitivity is of the same sign;
- the process is repeated iteratively by restricting the secondary output parameters to those forming part of the subset;
- the sensitivity sign corresponding to the most likely parameters in question is preferably chosen as the realistic value that would result from a variation in the direction returning the abnormal theoretical value to the value. corresponding measurement.
- the assumption of a measurement error is preferred, especially if the parameter presenting the anomaly is not related to the limits. topographic network only through other measurement points.
- the direct model and the comparison of the theoretical and measured values are cyclically executed, and the execution of the inverse model is automatically activated when at least two primary output parameters have an anomaly of the measured value. compared to the theoretical value.
- the model elements further include indications of uncertainties about the data and parameters, and during the comparison these uncertainties are taken into account in considering an output parameter measurement to be conformal or otherwise abnormal.
- Hydraulic model refers to the hydraulic model of a transport and / or drinking water distribution network: dataset describing the topology (network graph), the topography (altitude), the characteristics of the sections defining their hydraulic behavior (length, internal diameter, material and / or roughness, singular pressure drop coefficient, singularities, etc.), equipment characteristics defining their hydraulic behavior (diameter, pressure drop coefficient, setpoint, curve of pump, etc.) nominal consumptions associated with the nodes of the graph, as well as a scenario describing the conditions of operation.
- Scenario Set of cyclical or operational data describing the boundary conditions used with a hydraulic model to simulate the behavior of a hydraulic system in particular conditions, such as the initial levels of reservoirs, the time series of modulation of consumption by sector and / or by type of consumer, the states of the pumps, valves, active equipment orders and / or servo control rules.
- Measurement time series from a data acquisition system. A measurement is associated with a particular elemental component of the hydraulic model (arc or section for a flow measurement, node for a pressure measurement, tank for a level measurement).
- Direct model The simulation of the hydraulic model consists of solving numerically the stationary flow equations described and parameterized by the hydraulic model, and its dynamic evolution, using the boundary conditions described in the scenario. The results are flow rates, speeds, pressure drops, states, pressures at any point in the system and at any time, these results being usually presented in the form of a time series or in the form of a map.
- Inverse model (resolution of the inverse problem) consists of solving numerically the equations of the steady flow and their evolution in time. They are described and parameterized by the hydraulic model and a scenario, with respect to one or more parameters of the model or scenario, using the measurements of certain flow rates (or velocity), and / or pressures and / or reservoir levels.
- Remote reading data series of consumption indexes for a meter, measured at a frequency of 1 to 24 hours, and TV transmitted generally at least once a day.
- Characteristic scalar value or time series containing significant information for the studied process.
- the method of implementation of the method according to the invention jointly uses operational data from a remote monitoring system, allowing the construction of a scenario, a hydraulic model of the hydraulic network system, and a system for analyzing the results. the execution of the model.
- the hydraulic modeling program integrates an explicit calculation of the sensitivities of the results (measurements) with respect to the input data (consumption at the nodes and hydraulic resistances to the arcs), allowing the calculation of the gradient of the simulation error with respect to the parameters, then solving the opposite problem.
- the use of the inverse model also makes it possible to overcome the absence of certain measures necessary for the construction of a scenario.
- Using the direct model can detect anomalies in the behavior of the system.
- the use of the inverse model makes it possible to locate, in space and possibly in time, the possible origin of the anomaly.
- the elements that are input for model execution, the comparison with the primary output parameter measurements, and if applicable the inverse model execution include:
- This operation consists of transcribing the measurements into a form that can be used by the hydraulic modeling software. For example, the algebraic sum of time series of input / output flows of a hydraulic sector is converted into a series of modulation of the nominal consumption of the sector.
- This operation consists in launching the hydraulic simulation engine, with as input the hydraulic model of the system and the scenario created by the previous operation.
- the exploited outputs are the simulated time series (theoretical values of the primary output parameters) comparable to the measurements available for these parameters. Calculation of characteristics
- the characteristic is calculated on the basis of the series of residuals, defined as the difference between the simulated value (theoretical value) and the measured value (smoothed or not), calculated in steps of acquisition of the measure.
- the characteristic indicates whether or not there is an anomaly.
- the resolution of the inverse problem is an iterative operation which consists in minimizing, using an optimization algorithm, a function of difference between measurement and simulation (theoretical value) at the measurement point (algorithm operating by the method of the sum of squares or the absolute value method of the residue series), compared to a set of configurable parameters.
- a function of difference between measurement and simulation (theoretical value) at the measurement point (algorithm operating by the method of the sum of squares or the absolute value method of the residue series), compared to a set of configurable parameters.
- each point in each series is weighted by a coefficient, calculated from the prior uncertainty and the local empirical variance of the measurements. The calculation is done using time-stamped measurements in a predetermined time window (for example, from 4 to 24 hours).
- Each iteration of the minimization problem requires the calculation of the deviation function based on the computation of the direct problem.
- the optimization method used uses the calculation of the gradient of the deviation function with respect to the parameters. The value of this gradient is calculated explicitly from the (derived) sensitivities of the measurements relative to the parameters of the hydraulic model, which is executed explicitly nested with the resolution of the direct problem.
- sensitivities to locate the anomaly, when the identified parameter is associated with several components of the model.
- the sensitivities take positive values for some components, negative for others, because the overall gradient takes a value zero at the optimum. It is then sufficient to repeat the method by solving with respect to one of the two subsets of components whose gradient is of the same sign to determine the location of the anomaly.
- the sequence thus formed of nested subsets of components locates the anomaly more and more precisely. The accuracy of the location is all the more important as the density of measurements is large, and their judicious place for the determination of the type of parameter selected.
- the resolution of the inverse model makes it possible to reconstitute this missing measurement, since certain conditions of observability are met, in that other measures exist whose values are related to the missing measurement (eg tank level and / or pressure measurements).
- An initial scenario is then formed using a predetermined series, and the inverse problem solved with respect to the parameter constituted by the missing series. - Execution of the inverse model applied to anomaly detection
- the resolution of the inverse problem makes it possible to calibrate the hydraulic model, to identify anomalies of hydraulic resistance such as errors of seizure of diameter or length of pipes, to locate closed valves forgotten after an intervention.
- the resolution of the inverse problem makes it possible to diagnose representational losses of the hydraulic model after an intervention which has caused the modification of one of the parameters. network.
- the resolution of the opposite problem makes it possible to locate consumption anomalies.
- the deviation of each parameter between its theoretical and measurement values constitutes a quantitative indicator or a usable characteristic for anomaly detection.
- a qualitative indicator (good / good / poor / bad) is calculated from the position of its compliance indicators in relation to the thresholds set operationally. Values classified as “poor” or "bad” are identified as anomalies.
- An isolated anomaly on a sector is classified as "measurement anomaly”; the observation of several anomalies on a sector triggers a "network anomaly”.
- the assembly constituted by the components exposed above can be connected to the technical information system of the operator of a drinking water supply system.
- the set is constructed in such a way that it can be activated regularly, at a frequency between the acquisition frequency of the measured data, and once a day. Under these conditions the detection and characterization of the anomaly are much faster than with the methods usually used and the operational efficiency is considerably improved.
- the invention makes it possible to greatly reduce the calibration time of the model.
- the invention is configured to model a hydraulic sector powered by gravity by two head tanks A and B.
- the hydraulic model consists of a file in PICCOLO / GANESSA_SI M format.
- the scenario generator used is GANESSA_GS.
- the hydraulic simulation engine incorporating the direct or inverse problem solving (model execution) is GANESSA_SI M.
- the elements feeding the model are the inlet flow of each tank, the level of each tank, the output flow of each tank and the pressure at a distant point, at the frequency of once a day.
- the outlet flow meter of tank A has an anomaly of under-counting of about 10%.
- 24-hour direct hydraulic modeling produces, among other things, the sum of the algebraic sum of the inflow and outflow rates of the tanks.
- the characteristic "calculated level minus measured level” informs on the accuracy of the flow measurements, a positive deviation at the end of the period indicating an under-counting of the output flows, or a counting of the input flow rates.
- the indicator calculated from this characteristic highlights an anomaly; the sign of the characteristic for each of the output flow measurements indicates the direction of the anomaly.
- the inverse model configured with secondary output parameters, an additional fixed consumption at the outlet point of each tank and a time series of coefficients, calculates the adjustment of the two intensity series for each reservoir outlet point.
- the series associated with the outlet point of the tank A has a profile proportional to the output flow rate of A, corresponding to a consumption of the order of 10%, whereas the series associated with B has negligible intensities.
- the invention is configured to model a hydraulic sector powered by a main line at two points A and B.
- the hydraulic model consists of an EPANET format file.
- the scenario generator used is GANESSA_GS.
- the hydraulic simulation engine incorporating the resolution of the inverse problem is GANESSA_SI M.
- Measurements are flow rates and inlet pressures (points A and B), and pressure measurements obtained at six additional points distributed over the distribution network.
- the invention was used offline to adjust the hydraulic setting of the model: the inverse model made it possible to identify the precise altitude of the pressure measurement points, the hydraulic resistance of the two inlet valves, and the average roughness of the 4 main classes of materials of which the mains of the sector are constituted.
- the invention is implemented at a daily frequency.
- a low additional consumption for example 1 l / s
- a low additional consumption is distributed over all the nodes of the model, for example in proportion to the lengths of pipes connected to them, and attributed to a particular consumer code (for example 'LEAK') , and a time series is associated with this code 'LEAK', initialized with null or unit values.
- the inverse problem is then solved with respect to the coefficients of the time series of the LEAK coefficients.
- the corresponding characteristic is then analyzed: if the corresponding consumption is below a predetermined threshold, then the situation is considered normal. Otherwise, a consumption anomaly is presumed.
- the invention is then implemented again after having reallocated the additional consumption to only those nodes for which the sensitivity calculated in the previous step is negative, and this several times, until the number of nodes remaining is less than at a predetermined threshold.
- the last sets of corresponding nodes are then reported as the location of the anomaly, and the average value of the additional consumption (associated with 'LEAK') as its intensity.
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Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US15/328,515 US10156465B2 (en) | 2014-07-25 | 2015-07-23 | Method for detecting anomalies in a distribution network, in particular a water distribution network |
BR112017000075A BR112017000075B8 (pt) | 2014-07-25 | 2015-07-23 | Método para detectar anomalias em uma rede de distribuição de fluido |
CN201580040183.2A CN106575312B (zh) | 2014-07-25 | 2015-07-23 | 用于检测配送网络特别是水配送网络中的异常的方法 |
ES15762728T ES2721272T3 (es) | 2014-07-25 | 2015-07-23 | Procedimiento de detección de anomalías en una red de distribución, en particular de distribución de agua |
EP15762728.2A EP3172632B1 (fr) | 2014-07-25 | 2015-07-23 | Procédé de détection d'anomalies dans un réseau de distribution, en particulier distribution d'eau |
AU2015293547A AU2015293547B2 (en) | 2014-07-25 | 2015-07-23 | Method for detecting anomalies in a distribution network, in particular a water distribution network |
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FR2014057222 | 2014-07-25 |
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Citations (3)
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US20030208287A1 (en) * | 2000-11-30 | 2003-11-06 | Matthias Kurz | Method and device for calculating process variables of an industrial process |
FR2957097A1 (fr) * | 2010-03-04 | 2011-09-09 | Takadu Ltd | Systeme et procede de surveillance de ressources dans un reseau de distribution d'eau |
US20140107964A1 (en) * | 2012-10-16 | 2014-04-17 | Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company | Sensor network design and inverse modeling for reactor condition monitoring |
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Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US20030208287A1 (en) * | 2000-11-30 | 2003-11-06 | Matthias Kurz | Method and device for calculating process variables of an industrial process |
FR2957097A1 (fr) * | 2010-03-04 | 2011-09-09 | Takadu Ltd | Systeme et procede de surveillance de ressources dans un reseau de distribution d'eau |
US20140107964A1 (en) * | 2012-10-16 | 2014-04-17 | Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company | Sensor network design and inverse modeling for reactor condition monitoring |
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