WO2015189048A1 - Mikrospiegelanordnung und projektionseinrichtung - Google Patents
Mikrospiegelanordnung und projektionseinrichtung Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2015189048A1 WO2015189048A1 PCT/EP2015/061955 EP2015061955W WO2015189048A1 WO 2015189048 A1 WO2015189048 A1 WO 2015189048A1 EP 2015061955 W EP2015061955 W EP 2015061955W WO 2015189048 A1 WO2015189048 A1 WO 2015189048A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- mirror
- micromirror arrangement
- stops
- micromirror
- arrangement according
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B26/00—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements
- G02B26/08—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the direction of light
- G02B26/0816—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the direction of light by means of one or more reflecting elements
- G02B26/0833—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the direction of light by means of one or more reflecting elements the reflecting element being a micromechanical device, e.g. a MEMS mirror, DMD
- G02B26/085—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the direction of light by means of one or more reflecting elements the reflecting element being a micromechanical device, e.g. a MEMS mirror, DMD the reflecting means being moved or deformed by electromagnetic means
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B81—MICROSTRUCTURAL TECHNOLOGY
- B81B—MICROSTRUCTURAL DEVICES OR SYSTEMS, e.g. MICROMECHANICAL DEVICES
- B81B3/00—Devices comprising flexible or deformable elements, e.g. comprising elastic tongues or membranes
- B81B3/0035—Constitution or structural means for controlling the movement of the flexible or deformable elements
- B81B3/004—Angular deflection
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B81—MICROSTRUCTURAL TECHNOLOGY
- B81B—MICROSTRUCTURAL DEVICES OR SYSTEMS, e.g. MICROMECHANICAL DEVICES
- B81B3/00—Devices comprising flexible or deformable elements, e.g. comprising elastic tongues or membranes
- B81B3/0035—Constitution or structural means for controlling the movement of the flexible or deformable elements
- B81B3/0051—For defining the movement, i.e. structures that guide or limit the movement of an element
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B26/00—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements
- G02B26/08—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the direction of light
- G02B26/10—Scanning systems
- G02B26/105—Scanning systems with one or more pivoting mirrors or galvano-mirrors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N9/00—Details of colour television systems
- H04N9/12—Picture reproducers
- H04N9/31—Projection devices for colour picture display, e.g. using electronic spatial light modulators [ESLM]
- H04N9/3102—Projection devices for colour picture display, e.g. using electronic spatial light modulators [ESLM] using two-dimensional electronic spatial light modulators
- H04N9/312—Driving therefor
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B81—MICROSTRUCTURAL TECHNOLOGY
- B81B—MICROSTRUCTURAL DEVICES OR SYSTEMS, e.g. MICROMECHANICAL DEVICES
- B81B2201/00—Specific applications of microelectromechanical systems
- B81B2201/04—Optical MEMS
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B81—MICROSTRUCTURAL TECHNOLOGY
- B81B—MICROSTRUCTURAL DEVICES OR SYSTEMS, e.g. MICROMECHANICAL DEVICES
- B81B2201/00—Specific applications of microelectromechanical systems
- B81B2201/04—Optical MEMS
- B81B2201/042—Micromirrors, not used as optical switches
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a micromirror arrangement and a projection device having a micromirror arrangement according to the invention.
- Micromirrors are used today in an ever increasing number of applications. These applications include e.g. Projectors, scanners or the like.
- the advantage of the micromirrors is that they have a small footprint and therefore can be used very flexibly.
- Micromirrors are typically microelectromechanical elements, e.g. be structured and produced by means of the methods known from semiconductor processing.
- micromirrors To realize the deflection of the mirrors in such a micromirror, different methods can be used. For example, electrostatic driving methods, magnetic driving methods, piezoelectric methods or the like can be used. Some drive methods only offer the possibility of tilting the micromirror in one direction. Other drive methods also provide the ability to tilt the micromirrors in two directions.
- the mirror is usually formed as a silver layer, which on a
- Silicon layer is applied, it may come due to the different expansion coefficients even at a thermal load of the mirror to a deformation.
- the silicon layer can be made significantly thicker than the silver layer.
- the micromirror it may therefore be that in case of impact of the mirror due to the high inertia of the mirror these or other elements that carry the mirror or be damaged. By a break, for example, a spring of the micromirror or a suspension of the mirror in the micromirror this is destroyed and can not be used. This should be avoided.
- a known micromirror is e.g. shown in DE 10 2010 064 218 A1.
- the present invention discloses a micromirror device having the features of claim 1 and a projection device having the features of patent claim 12.
- a micromirror arrangement with a spring-mounted mirror and with at least one stop device, which is designed to restrict movement of the mirror when the mirror moves in a predetermined direction from its rest position.
- the finding underlying the present invention is that too great freedom of movement of the mirror of a micromirror arrangement leads to an increased risk of fracture of components of the micromirror arrangement when the micromirror arrangement is greatly accelerated, for example in the case of a case.
- the idea on which the present invention is based is now to take account of this knowledge and to provide a possibility of restricting the movement of the micromirror, in particular in a predetermined direction.
- the predetermined direction can be, for example, a direction in which the mirror without the stop device according to the invention has a greater freedom of movement than in other directions, ie the direction in which the mirror mass can absorb the greatest kinetic energy.
- the stability of the micromirror arrangement can be increased and their insensitivity to eg a case or a shock can be increased.
- the stop device has at least one stop coupled to the mirror and at least one counter bearing, in particular coupled to a housing of the micromirror arrangement. If the at least one stop is connected to the mirror, this has the advantage that the large mass with the greatest kinetic energy is directly braked without weak intermediate pieces having to absorb the energy, which would lead to high loads on these intermediate pieces. If the anvil forms the housing of the micromirror arrangement itself, the entire stop structure can be made very stable.
- the predetermined direction is the direction of the
- the mirror has the greatest freedom of movement in the direction of the normal vector of the plane, in which the mirror lies on.
- An embodiment of the abutment structure intercepts the mirror on the axis of rotation, since movement does not take place out of the plane at this point. If the abutment is designed to limit the movement of the mirror in precisely this direction, damage to the micromirror arrangement can be effectively prevented become.
- the micromirror arrangement has at least one torsion spring which is designed to elastically suspend the mirror, wherein the at least one torsion spring is arranged in particular in the axis of rotation of the mirror or in a direction parallel to the axis of rotation of the mirror under the mirror.
- the spring is arranged on that side of the mirror, which does not have the reflective surface of the mirror.
- a respective stop is arranged starting from the edge of the mirror along a parallel to the axis of rotation of the mirror through the mirror, wherein the stops are arranged by the at least one torsion spring with a predetermined distance.
- springs and stops are congruent with each other when the mirror is viewed from the front, so in view of the mirror surface. This makes it possible to provide stops which do not disturb or adversely affect the movement of the springs.
- the micromirror arrangement has a drive frame, which has at least two rails, which are arranged on both sides next to the at least one torsion spring under the mirror. Furthermore, in each case at least two stops are arranged starting from the edge of the mirror along a plane passing through the mirror to the axis of rotation of the mirror and an axis of symmetry of the respective at least two stops lies on the plane passing through the mirror parallel to the axis of rotation of the mirror and one each the stops are mechanically coupled to one of the rails.
- This allows easy production of the stops, since they can be formed integrally with the rails and no manufacturing step is necessary, in which e.g. should be made by undercutting the attacks a separation between rails and stops, as it is necessary if only one stop is disposed above a respective spring.
- the stops and the mirror are formed integrally from a substrate, in particular a silicon substrate. This allows easy production of the mirror and the stops.
- the anvil is formed as an optical socket of the micromirror arrangement. Since the optical socket is an advantageous component of a micromirror arrangement, it is thus possible to provide an abutment for which no further elements or production steps are necessary. Due to the optical base, the mirror is protected against scratches, particles, corrosion. It can be included in a vacuum, or foreign gas can be used at will.
- the abutment is arranged on the micromirror arrangement such that the distance between the abutments and the abutment in the predetermined direction is less than ⁇ ⁇ , in particular less than 50 ⁇ . If the movement in the specified direction is restricted to less than ⁇ ⁇ , the acceleration path is also limited to this value and less kinetic energy must be dissipated if the abutment stops impact.
- the abutment is arranged on the micromirror arrangement in such a way that the abutment and the mirror lie flush in one plane, wherein in the region of the abutments the abutment has a recess in the predetermined direction of a thickness of less than .mu.m, in particular less than ⁇ , has. If mirrors and abutments lie in one plane, the flow of light to the mirror is optimized. By a recess in the abutment, the freedom of movement of the mirror can also be adjusted exactly laterally in the mirror plane.
- the at least one stop coupled to the mirror is coupled to the mirror in the predetermined direction relative to the mirror in such a manner that the distance between the stops and the anvil in the predetermined direction is less than ⁇ ⁇ , in particular less than 50 ⁇ .
- mirrors and stops can be integrally formed in a plane, e.g. be prepared in an etching process. The resetting of the stops may then be e.g. by a second etching, e.g. a trench etching, done. This also makes it possible to precisely adjust the freedom of movement of the mirror in the predetermined direction.
- the micromirror arrangement is designed as a quasi-static micromirror arrangement.
- the micromirror arrangement is designed as a resonant micromirror arrangement. This makes it possible to use the present invention with a variety of different micromirror arrangements.
- the above embodiments and developments can, if appropriate, combine with each other as desired. Further possible refinements, developments and implementations of the invention also include combinations of features of the invention which have not been explicitly mentioned above or described below with regard to the exemplary embodiments. In particular, the person skilled in the art will also add individual aspects as improvements or additions to the respective basic form of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of an embodiment of a micromirror arrangement according to the invention
- FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of an embodiment of a projection device according to the invention
- FIG. 3 shows a schematic illustration of an embodiment of a micromirror arrangement according to the invention
- FIG. 4 shows a schematic illustration of a further embodiment of a micromirror arrangement according to the invention.
- FIG. 5 shows a schematic illustration of a further embodiment of a micromirror arrangement according to the invention.
- Fig. 6 is a schematic representation of an embodiment of an optical socket
- FIG. 7 shows a schematic illustration of a further embodiment of a micromirror arrangement according to the invention.
- Fig. 8 is a schematic representation of another embodiment of a micromirror arrangement according to the invention.
- FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of an embodiment of a micromirror arrangement 1 according to the invention.
- the micromirror arrangement of FIG. 1 has a spring-suspended mirror 2 and a stop device 3.
- the stop device 3 is designed such that it restricts the movement of the mirror 2 in a predetermined direction 4 out of its rest position. This can be done, for example, that the stop means 3 is arranged at a suitable distance from the mirror 2 and the mirror 2 bounces on a movement in the predetermined direction 4 on the stopper 3 when he has overcome the distance.
- the predetermined direction can in one embodiment, the direction of
- the stop device 3 is shown as an element separate from the mirror 2. In further embodiments, the stop device 3 may also have at least two elements, wherein one or more of the elements may be coupled to the mirror 2. For example, the stop device 3 may have at least one stop 5-1 - 5-6 coupled to the mirror 2 and at least one counter bearing 7 coupled to a housing 6 of the micromirror arrangement 1. This will be explained in detail in the following figures.
- a spring 18 is shown schematically above the mirror 2 and the stop means 3 is arranged under the mirror 2. The spring 18 is merely the representation of the resilient suspension. In further embodiments, the spring 18 may also comprise two or more springs. This will also be explained in detail in the following figures.
- Fig. 2 shows a block diagram of an embodiment of a projection device 14 according to the invention.
- a video projector for projecting movies or pictures onto a screen.
- the projection device 14 can also be a projection device, e.g. used in a HUD display in a vehicle.
- Other versions are also possible.
- the projection device 14 comprises a light source 15, e.g. a conventional lamp, an LED lamp, a laser light source or the like may be.
- the light source 15 is arranged such that it illuminates an array of a multiplicity of micromirror arrangements 1 -1 - 1 -n according to the invention (represented by dashed lines in FIG. 2).
- the individual micromirror devices 1 -1 - 1 -n of the array reflect the light in the direction of e.g. a canvas or the like (not shown separately in FIG. 2).
- the projection device 14 further has a control device 16, which controls the micromirror devices 1 -1 - 1 -n.
- the control device 16 may, depending on the embodiment, e.g. provide one or more control voltages that control the alignment of the individual micromirror devices 1 -1 - 1 -n.
- the control device 16 may also be designed in one embodiment to control the light source.
- the control device 16 can also have an interface via which the control device 16 can be used, for example. Can receive image data.
- This interface may e.g. an HDMI interface, a DVI interface or the like. This interface can also be a network interface or the like.
- FIG. 3 shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of a micromirror arrangement 1 according to the invention in a plan view of the plane in which the mirror 2 is in its rest position.
- the micromirror arrangement 1 of FIG. 3 has in the center a mirror 2 which has stops 5-1 and 5-2 laterally arranged on the mirror 2 in the horizontal direction. Through the center of the mirror 2, the axis of rotation 10 of the mirror 2 also runs in a horizontal direction.
- a drive frame 1 1 can be seen, which has a gap in the middle of the mirror 2, where the stops 5-1 and 5-2 are arranged.
- a torsion spring 9-1, 9-2 is arranged on each side, which is in each case coupled to a housing 6 or a part of the housing 6 of the micromirror arrangement 1.
- the torsion springs 9-1, 9-2 are behind the stops 5-1 and 5-2 with the
- the micromirror arrangement 1 of FIG. 3 is a quasi-static micromirror arrangement 1, for the drive of which e.g. a Lorentz force can be exerted on the drive frame 1 1 via a magnet when conducting tracks are energized on the drive frame, as a result of which the drive frame 1 1 and thus also the mirror 2 coupled thereto are rotated about the rotation axis 10.
- the torsion springs 9-1, 9-2 serve as counterforce to the force exerted on the drive frame 11.
- FIG. 4 shows a schematic representation of the embodiment of the micromirror arrangement according to the invention of FIG. 3 in a side view.
- the torsion springs 9-1, 9-2 with the drive frame 1 1 lie in a plane behind the mirror 2 and the stops 5-1, 5-2 lie with the mirror in a common plane.
- the torsion springs 9-1, 9-2 extend from the housing 6 respectively to the edge of the mirror 2 in the recess (shown in FIG. 3) between the two halves of the drive frame 11.
- the coupling of the torsion springs 9-1, 9-2 with the drive frame 11 or the mirror 2 can take place in different ways.
- all elements of micromirror assembly 1 may be integrally molded from a single silicon substrate. This can e.g. done by suitable etching processes.
- an optical socket 13 is further shown, between two
- Base housing halves which serve as an abutment 7, a glass plate 21, wel is permeable to eg light or laser beams 20 and at the same time protects the mirror 2 from the penetration of dust.
- the optical socket 13 is arranged under the mirror 2 such that the mirror 2, or the stops 5-1, 5-2, when the mirror 2 moves downward, which can be triggered by an impact, for example, according to a predetermined path 22 on the anvil 7 hits or hit.
- the predetermined path 22 may be e.g. 100 ⁇ amount. In further embodiments, the predetermined path is e.g. 50 ⁇ or less than 50 ⁇ amount.
- the optical base 13 is arranged flush with the mirror 2 in a plane.
- the predetermined path 22 in such an embodiment may be e.g. by a withdrawal of the stops 5-1, 5-2 by the predetermined distance 22 or by excluding the thrust bearing 7 at the position of the stops 5-1, 5-2 are set by the predetermined distance 22.
- FIG. 5 shows a schematic representation of a further embodiment of a micromirror arrangement 1 according to the invention.
- the micromirror arrangement 1 of FIG. 5 has a rectangular housing 6 or a rectangular frame, which is a part of the housing 6.
- the torsion springs 9-1, 9-2 are respectively coupled to the housing 6 and extend to the center of the area within the frame up to the mirror 2, which is arranged there.
- the torsion springs 9-1, 9-2 each consist of several juxtaposed spring bars. Further embodiments of the torsion springs 9-1, 9-2 are also possible.
- the drive frame 1 1 has on each side of the torsion springs in each case a rectangular frame part, which is fitted into the surface defined by the housing 6.
- Fig. 5 is to see the drive frame in a slightly tilted position, whereby the mirror 2 is tilted out of its rest position.
- a stop 5-1, 5-2 is arranged on the mirror 2 above the torsion springs 9-1, 9-2. If the micromirror arrangement 1 consists of a single
- Silicon substrate made in one piece a manufacturing step is necessary, in which the connection between the torsion springs 9-1, 9-2 and each lying on the torsion springs 9-1, 9-2 stop 5-1, 5-2 is separated. This can e.g. done by a suitable etching.
- FIG. 6 shows a schematic illustration of an embodiment of an optical socket 13.
- the optical socket 13 of FIG. 6 has a rectangular base housing 25, in which welhern, obliquely opposite to the plane in which the mirror 2 is in the rest position, a glass sheet 21 is inserted.
- the oblique arrangement of the glass pane 21 serves to avoid a reflection point in the projected image by the reflection point of the light or the laser beam, which is to be directed through the mirror 2 is hidden from the image.
- FIG. 7 shows a schematic illustration of a further embodiment of a micromirror arrangement 1 according to the invention.
- the micromirror arrangement 1 of Figure 7 is based on the micromirror arrangement 1 of Figure 5.
- the micromirror arrangement 1 of Figure 7 has two stoppers 5-3, 5-4 on each side of the mirror and 5-5, 5-6, which respectively over the rails 12-1, 12-2 of the drive frame 1 1 lie.
- the rails 12-1, 12-2 are each arranged next to the torsion springs 9-1, 9-2 (not shown). If the stops 5-3, 5-4 and 5-5, 5-6 arranged in the manner shown in Fig.
- the Mikroapt- device 1 can be made very simple, since no separation between the Torsionsfe- 9-1 , 9-2 and over it, 5-3, 5-4 and 5-5, 5-6. Compared to the arrangement of Fig. 4, a slightly higher distance to the anvil 7 must be provided.
- FIG. 8 shows a schematic representation of a further embodiment of a micromirror arrangement 1 according to the invention.
- the micromirror arrangement 1 of FIG. 8 represents a resonant micromirror arrangement 1 in which only a part of the entire arrangement is shown.
- the stops 5-1 and 5-2 can each be arranged on the sides of the mirror 2 and thus prevented from destruction, e.g. protect in a crash.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Multimedia (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Mechanical Light Control Or Optical Switches (AREA)
- Mechanical Optical Scanning Systems (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
KR1020177001184A KR102370884B1 (ko) | 2014-06-13 | 2015-05-29 | 마이크로 미러 어셈블리 및 투사 장치 |
US15/318,523 US10222609B2 (en) | 2014-06-13 | 2015-05-29 | Micromirror arrangement and projection device |
CN201580031689.7A CN106461936B (zh) | 2014-06-13 | 2015-05-29 | 微镜组件和投影装置 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102014211338.5A DE102014211338A1 (de) | 2014-06-13 | 2014-06-13 | Mikrospiegelanordnung und projektionseinrichtung |
DE102014211338.5 | 2014-06-13 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2015189048A1 true WO2015189048A1 (de) | 2015-12-17 |
Family
ID=53276127
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2015/061955 WO2015189048A1 (de) | 2014-06-13 | 2015-05-29 | Mikrospiegelanordnung und projektionseinrichtung |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US10222609B2 (de) |
KR (1) | KR102370884B1 (de) |
CN (1) | CN106461936B (de) |
DE (1) | DE102014211338A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2015189048A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US10678046B2 (en) | 2018-03-21 | 2020-06-09 | Infineon Technologies Ag | Packages for microelectromechanical system (MEMS) mirror and methods of manufacturing the same |
JPWO2020045152A1 (ja) * | 2018-08-31 | 2021-08-26 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 光学反射素子 |
US11085995B2 (en) * | 2018-12-07 | 2021-08-10 | Beijing Voyager Technology Co., Ltd. | Non-linear springs to unify the dynamic motion of individual elements in a micro-mirror array |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20020017563A1 (en) * | 2000-07-27 | 2002-02-14 | Kazunari Tokuda | Optical scanner |
US20110188104A1 (en) * | 2008-06-25 | 2011-08-04 | Panasonic Electric Works Co., Ltd. | Moving structure and light scanning mirror using the same |
DE102010064218A1 (de) * | 2010-12-27 | 2012-06-28 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Magnetisch antreibbarer Mikrospiegel |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2008058752A (ja) * | 2006-09-01 | 2008-03-13 | Canon Inc | 光偏向装置、及びこれを用いた画像形成装置 |
DE102008012810B4 (de) | 2007-04-02 | 2013-12-12 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Optisches Bauelement mit einem Aufbau zur Vermeidung von Reflexionen |
-
2014
- 2014-06-13 DE DE102014211338.5A patent/DE102014211338A1/de active Pending
-
2015
- 2015-05-29 KR KR1020177001184A patent/KR102370884B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2015-05-29 WO PCT/EP2015/061955 patent/WO2015189048A1/de active Application Filing
- 2015-05-29 CN CN201580031689.7A patent/CN106461936B/zh active Active
- 2015-05-29 US US15/318,523 patent/US10222609B2/en active Active
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20020017563A1 (en) * | 2000-07-27 | 2002-02-14 | Kazunari Tokuda | Optical scanner |
US20110188104A1 (en) * | 2008-06-25 | 2011-08-04 | Panasonic Electric Works Co., Ltd. | Moving structure and light scanning mirror using the same |
DE102010064218A1 (de) * | 2010-12-27 | 2012-06-28 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Magnetisch antreibbarer Mikrospiegel |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US10222609B2 (en) | 2019-03-05 |
KR20170018438A (ko) | 2017-02-17 |
US20170146792A1 (en) | 2017-05-25 |
CN106461936A (zh) | 2017-02-22 |
KR102370884B1 (ko) | 2022-03-07 |
CN106461936B (zh) | 2019-06-14 |
DE102014211338A1 (de) | 2015-12-17 |
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