WO2015169159A1 - 一种超级电容充电主监控系统 - Google Patents

一种超级电容充电主监控系统 Download PDF

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WO2015169159A1
WO2015169159A1 PCT/CN2015/077610 CN2015077610W WO2015169159A1 WO 2015169159 A1 WO2015169159 A1 WO 2015169159A1 CN 2015077610 W CN2015077610 W CN 2015077610W WO 2015169159 A1 WO2015169159 A1 WO 2015169159A1
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main
monitoring system
supercapacitor
power line
charging
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
周公博
朱真才
王后连
李洋
李伟
曹国华
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Priority to US14/917,500 priority Critical patent/US9774202B2/en
Priority to RU2015151057A priority patent/RU2616186C1/ru
Priority to JP2016535342A priority patent/JP6181311B2/ja
Publication of WO2015169159A1 publication Critical patent/WO2015169159A1/zh
Priority to ZA2015/08766A priority patent/ZA201508766B/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/80—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries including monitoring or indicating arrangements
    • H02J7/82—Control of state of charge [SOC]
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/367—Software therefor, e.g. for battery testing using modelling or look-up tables
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/371—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC] with remote indication, e.g. on external chargers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/382—Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC
    • G01R31/3842—Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC combining voltage and current measurements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/34—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other DC sources, e.g. providing buffering
    • H02J7/345—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other DC sources, e.g. providing buffering using capacitors as storage or buffering devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote monitoring or remote control of equipment in a power distribution network
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/40—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries characterised by the exchange of charge or discharge related data
    • H02J7/42—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries characterised by the exchange of charge or discharge related data with electronic devices having internal batteries, e.g. mobile phones
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B40/00—Technologies aiming at improving the efficiency of home appliances, e.g. induction cooking or efficient technologies for refrigerators, freezers or dish washers

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a charging monitoring system, in particular to a super capacitor charging main monitoring system.
  • Super capacitor has super storage capacity, can provide powerful pulse power physical secondary power supply, has high reliability, good ultra-low temperature characteristics, environmental protection and no pollution, is a new energy storage system, is to solve the existing battery charging power
  • the effective way of insufficient problems has also been widely used in various industries such as new energy vehicles, electric power, elevators, coal mines and construction machinery.
  • Power line carrier communication is a power system communication in which a transmission line is a transmission medium of a carrier signal.
  • the transmission line has a very strong support structure, and it is economical and reliable to transmit the carrier signal while the power line is transporting the power frequency current.
  • the current battery management system mainly adopts a master-slave design.
  • a master control system is responsible for collecting status information of a plurality of single cells transmitted from the module, and then performing analysis.
  • the charging process of the series supercapacitor conforms to the "cask principle", and the burst point of the fault is usually a single capacitor.
  • the centralized monitoring reduces the efficiency and increases the system load.
  • the present invention proposes a monitoring strategy for distributed decision making, and uses the power line carrier for data communication, which not only improves the working efficiency of the monitoring system, but also ensures the charging reliability and reduces the load of the communication network.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a super-capacitor charging main monitoring system which integrates power line carrier communication, micro-control technology and voltage temperature detecting technology into a new energy automobile and engineering machinery, and solves energy waste caused by ordinary charging.
  • the monitoring system includes three parts: power line, single supercapacitor monitoring subsystem and main monitoring system;
  • the main monitoring system receives data sent by the monitoring subsystem, including a power unit, a main single chip microcomputer, a carrier communication module PL2102, a human machine interface module, a storage unit, an RS-232 module, and a charging circuit; the power unit supplies power to the main MCU,
  • the single chip computer is connected with the carrier communication module PL2102, and uses the power line carrier to realize the communication between the single super capacitor monitoring subsystem and the main monitoring system by using the power line carrier;
  • the main single chip computer connects the human machine interface module to realize the alarm and display;
  • the main single chip and the storage unit Connected, connected to the computer through the RS-232 module serial port;
  • the main MCU is connected to the charging circuit, and controls the current of the charging circuit according to the charging state;
  • the main MCU in the main monitoring system receives the single supercapacitor monitoring subsystem in the transmitting state.
  • the spread spectrum signal on the DC power line passes through the coupling transformer, passes through the receiving frequency selective network, and is sent to the carrier communication module PL2102 for demodulation and input to the digital signal processor of the single chip microcomputer;
  • Super capacitor charging status Abnormal the main control system of a given instruction, generating an alarm signal, interrupting the charging process, and shows the sequence number of a monomer corresponding to the super capacitor in the man-machine interface;
  • the single supercapacitor monitoring subsystem collects data information, performs data operation processing, calculates a state of charge of the supercapacitor, determines a state of the single supercapacitor, and selectively transmits the data to the main monitoring system;
  • the power supply unit is responsible for power supply; the voltage, current, and temperature detection units are connected from the single-chip microcomputer, and the single-chip microcomputer continuously detects the voltage, current, and temperature information transmitted by each port, and calculates the state of charge of the super capacitor; the microcontroller and the storage unit are connected to store data, And transmitting the data to the main microcontroller of the main monitoring system; wherein, the single supercapacitor monitoring subsystem and the main monitoring system complete the data transmission through the carrier communication module PL2102 and the power line;
  • the main monitoring system charges the ultracapacitor group through the power line and the charging circuit, and the power line is also the communication medium; the communication between the main monitoring system and the single supercapacitor monitoring subsystem is completed by the carrier communication module and the power line; the main monitoring system
  • the single supercapacitor monitoring subsystem is one or more; each single supercapacitor monitoring subsystem has a different address, and its serial number is determined by the single chip microcomputer.
  • each single supercapacitor monitoring subsystem of the supercapacitor charging monitoring system calculates the state of charge of the supercapacitor (SOC) by using the collected real-time voltage, current, and temperature values through a Kalman filter algorithm. Value and its rate of change; when the state of charge (SOC) of the single supercapacitor is within a preset threshold range, the single supercapacitor monitoring subsystem does not send specific data to the primary monitoring system; When the electrical state (SOC) is not within the preset threshold range, the slave classifies the data to the master MCU in the main monitoring system; at this time, the subsystem uses the priority-based CSMA/CA strategy to contend for the channel, and obtains the right to use. After that, the carrier communication module PL2102 sends the digital signal sent by the single chip MSP430 to the driving circuit through the internal differential phase shift keying carrier, and is coupled to the DC power line via the transformer.
  • SOC state of charge of the supercapacitor
  • the main MCU in the main monitoring system receives the data sent by the single supercapacitor monitoring subsystem in the transmitting state; when the main monitoring system is in the receiving state, the spread spectrum signal on the DC power line passes through the coupling transformer, and is sent to the carrier through the receiving frequency selective network.
  • the communication module PL2102 performs demodulation input to the single-chip DSP; at this time, the charging state of the single super capacitor is abnormal, the main monitoring system will issue an error instruction, generate an alarm signal, interrupt the charging process, and display the corresponding on the human-machine interface.
  • the serial number of the single supercapacitor is the data sent by the single supercapacitor monitoring subsystem in the transmitting state; when the main monitoring system is in the receiving state, the spread spectrum signal on the DC power line passes through the coupling transformer, and is sent to the carrier through the receiving frequency selective network.
  • the communication module PL2102 performs demodulation input to the single-chip DSP; at this time, the charging state of the single super capacitor is abnormal,
  • the super capacitor itself has good performances such as energy saving, environmental protection, reliability and durability, and is a good way to solve the existing battery problem.
  • the monitoring system grasps the charge of each individual supercapacitor in the ultracapacitor group in real time. Electrical state to avoid overcharging.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a supercapacitor charging main monitoring system.
  • the supercapacitor charging monitoring system specifically includes three parts: a power line, a single super capacitor monitoring subsystem, and a main monitoring system.
  • the main monitoring system comprises a charging circuit 2, a carrier communication module 3, a main single chip microcomputer 4, a human machine interface module 5, The storage unit 6, the power supply unit 7, and the RS-232 module 8.
  • the power supply unit supplies power to the main MCU, and the main MCU is connected with the carrier communication module PL2102.
  • the power line is used as the medium to realize the communication between the single supercapacitor monitoring subsystem and the main monitoring system by using the power line carrier; the main MCU is connected with the human machine interface module to realize the alarm.
  • the main MCU is connected to the storage unit and connected to the computer through the RS-232 serial port; the main MCU is connected to the charging circuit, and the current of the charging circuit is controlled according to the charging state; the main MCU in the main monitoring system receives the transmitting state.
  • the storage unit 6 is a memory module.
  • the digital signal processor of the single chip microcomputer is abbreviated as DSP.
  • the single supercapacitor monitoring subsystem includes a single supercapacitor 1, a power supply unit 7, a slave single chip microcomputer 11, a carrier communication module 3, a voltage and current detecting unit 9, a temperature detecting unit 10, and a storage unit 6.
  • the power line is connected to the single supercapacitor monitoring subsystem and the main monitoring system.
  • the power supply unit is responsible for power supply; the voltage, current, and temperature detection units are connected from the single-chip microcomputer MSP430, and the single-chip microcomputer MSP430 continuously detects the voltage, current, and temperature information transmitted by each port, and calculates the state of charge SOC of the super capacitor; and connects the memory unit from the single-chip MSP430.
  • the data is stored and sent to the main microcontroller of the main monitoring system; wherein, the single supercapacitor monitoring subsystem and the main monitoring system complete the data transmission through the carrier communication module PL2102 and the power line.
  • the English abbreviation for calculating the state of charge of the supercapacitor is SOC.
  • the main monitoring system charges the ultracapacitor group through the power line and the charging circuit 2, and the power line is also the communication medium; the communication between the main monitoring system and the single supercapacitor monitoring subsystem is completed by the carrier communication module and the power line; the main monitoring The system is one, and the single supercapacitor monitoring subsystem is one or more; the address of each single supercapacitor monitoring subsystem is different, and the serial number thereof is determined by the single chip microcomputer.
  • the master-slave monitoring system uses the power supply unit 7 to input DC power, and provides the voltage of the main and slave single-chip 3.3V, and supplies the voltage of the carrier communication module 5V, and supplies the voltage of the carrier power amplifier circuit 12V.
  • the slave MSP430 presets a multi-level alarm threshold according to the model specification of the supercapacitor, wherein the maximum allowable value of the state of charge SOC of the supercapacitor is calculated as a threshold value 1, and the maximum allowable value of the SOC change rate. Is the threshold 2.
  • the calculation state of the state of charge of the supercapacitor SOC is defined as the ratio of the difference between the state of charge SOC of the adjacent calculated supercapacitor and the sampling interval.
  • the temperature detecting unit 10 uses a high-precision temperature sensor, which can accurately measure the actual temperature.
  • the voltage and current detecting unit 9 is connected to both ends of the supercapacitor to accurately measure the voltage and current values, from the single chip MSP430.
  • the voltage, current and temperature values transmitted by each port are continuously detected, and the state of charge SOC of the supercapacitor and its rate of change are calculated by using the Kalman filter algorithm.
  • the single supercapacitance monitoring subsystem When the SOC value and the rate of change of the single supercapacitor are within a preset threshold range, the single supercapacitance monitoring subsystem only sends 1-byte handshake information to the primary monitoring system, and its priority is defined as 1; when calculating the supercapacitor The charge state SOC value is within the threshold value 1 and the supercapacitor charge state SOC change rate exceeds the threshold value 2, the single supercapacitor monitor The measurement subsystem sends a 1-byte handshake information to the primary monitoring system and a 2-byte calculated supercapacitor state of charge SOC change rate, the priority is defined as 2; when the SOC change rate of the single supercapacitor is within the threshold 2 range When calculating the state of charge of the supercapacitor state exceeds the threshold 1, the single supercapacitance monitoring subsystem sends a 1-byte handshake message and a 2-byte SOC value to the main monitoring system, and the priority is defined as 3; When the SOC value of the supercapacitor
  • the carrier communication module PL2102 When the slave MSP430 is in the transmitting state, the carrier communication module PL2102 sends the digital signal sent by the single chip MSP430 to the driving circuit through the internal DPSK carrier, and is coupled to the DC power line via the transformer.
  • the abbreviation of the carrier communication module PL2102 differential phase shift keying is DPSK.
  • the system uses a priority-based CSMA/CA strategy to cope with multiple sub-monitoring systems requesting simultaneous data transmission.
  • the slave When the slave is ready to send data, it first detects whether there is a signal of the frequency band on the communication line, and if there is a certain time, waits for a certain time, and then detects the line again until it detects that the line is idle or the number of detections has reached the maximum value.
  • the slave sends data to the host; when the number of detections reaches the maximum value, in order to ensure the timeliness of the data, the slave discards the data, selects a new data transmission, and repeats the above process.
  • the waiting time is defined as the backoff time
  • the maximum number of detections allowed is defined as the maximum number of backoffs.
  • the backoff time and the maximum number of backoffs of the slave are determined according to the priority of the data to be transmitted. The higher the priority, the shorter the backoff time and the smaller the maximum number of backoffs. In practical applications, the specific backoff time and the maximum number of backoffs are determined according to system accuracy requirements and individual capacitance parameters.
  • the function of the main MCU in the main monitoring system is to receive the data sent by the single supercapacitor monitoring subsystem in the transmitting state.
  • the spread spectrum signal on the DC power line passes through the coupling transformer, passes through the receiving frequency selective network, and is sent to the carrier communication module PL2102 for demodulation input to the single chip microcomputer DSP.
  • the main monitoring system performs classified display according to the information of the received sub-monitoring system, and notifies the controller.
  • the main monitoring system directly interrupts the charging process, and displays the serial number of the corresponding single supercapacitor on the human-machine interface.
  • the storage unit 6 is involved in both the main monitoring system and the single supercapacitor monitoring subsystem. It stores data and uploads data through the RS-232 module serial port, which is convenient for further analysis of supercapacitor performance in the future.
  • the man-machine interface 5 displays the charging status of the single super capacitor in real time. When an important warning message appears in a super capacitor, the red alarm light of the human-machine interface flashes and the voice prompts.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
  • Remote Monitoring And Control Of Power-Distribution Networks (AREA)
  • Selective Calling Equipment (AREA)

Abstract

一种超级电容充电监测系统，包括电力线、单体超级电容监测子系统、主监测系统三个部分。其中主监测系统包括充电电路（2）、电源单元（7）、主单片机（4）、载波通讯模块（3）、人机界面模块（5）、存储单元（6）和RS-232模块（8）。单体超级电容监测子系统包括单体超级电容（1）、电源单元（7）、从单片机（11）、载波通讯模块（3）、电压、电流、温度检测单元（9）和存储单元（6）。主监测系统通过电力线、充电电路对超级电容器组进行充电。该监测系统能够实时掌握各个单体超级电容的荷电状态，避免过充现象的发生。

Description

一种超级电容充电主监控系统 技术领域
本发明涉及一种充电监控系统，特别是一种超级电容充电主监控系统。
背景技术
超级电容具有超级储电能力，可提供强大的脉冲功率的物理二次电源，具有可靠性高、超低温特性好、环保无污染的特点，是一种新型储能系统，是解决现有电池充电功率不足问题的有效途径，同时也在新能源汽车、电力、电梯、煤矿和工程机械等各行业得到了广泛应用。
电力线载波通信以输电线路为载波信号的传输媒介的电力系统通信。输电线路具备十分牢固的支撑结构，在输电线输送工频电流的同时，用之传送载波信号，既经济又十分可靠。
为监控电池电源系统的各个单体电池的电容状态信息，目前电池管理系统主要采用主从设计。一个主控系统负责收集多个从模块传来的单体电池的状态信息，再进行分析。然而，串联超级电容器的充电过程，符合“木桶原理”，故障的爆发点通常是某一个单体电容，采用集中监控既降低了效率，又增加了系统负载。
因此，本发明提出一种分布式决策的监控策略，并利用电力线载波进行数据通信，既提高了监控系统的工作效率，保证了充电可靠性，又减轻了通信网络的负载。
发明内容
本发明的目的是要提供一种集电力线载波通讯、微控技术、电压温度检测技术为一体，在新能源汽车、工程机械实现应用的超级电容充电主监控系统，解决普通充电带来的能源浪费、环境污染的问题。
本发明的目的是这样实现的，其具体技术方案：
监控系统包括电力线、单体超级电容监测子系统、主监控系统共3个部分；
所述的主监控系统接收监测子系统发送的数据，包括电源单元、主单片机、载波通讯模块PL2102、人机界面模块、存储单元、RS-232模块和充电电路；电源单元给主单片机供电，主单片机与载波通讯模块PL2102连接，以电力线为媒介，利用电力线载波实现单体超级电容监测子系统和主监控系统的通讯；主单片机连接人机界面模块，以实现报警、显示；主单片机与存储单元相连，通过RS-232模块串口连接计算机；主单片机连接充电电路，并根据充电状态控制充电电路输出大小不同的电流；主监控系统中主单片机接收处于发送状态的单体超级电容监测子系统发送的数据；主监控系统处于接收状态时，直流电力线上的扩频信号通过耦合变压器，经过接收选频网络，送到载波通讯模块PL2102进行解调输入到单片机的数字信号处理器；此时，单体超级电容的充电状态出现异常，主监控系统了出报错指令，产生报警信号，中断充电过程，并在人机界面上显示出对应的单体超级电容的序列号；
所述的单体超级电容监测子系统是采集数据信息，并进行数据运算处理，计算超级电容的荷电状态，判断单体超级电容的状态，并选择性的将数据传送给主监控系统；其包括单体超级电容、电源单元、从单片机、载波通讯模块、电压、电流、温度检测单元和存储单元； 电源单元负责供电；电压、电流、温度检测单元连接从单片机，从单片机不断检测各端口传送来的电压、电流、温度信息，计算超级电容的荷电状态；从单片机与存储单元连接，存储数据，并将数据发送给主监控系统的主单片机；其中，单体超级电容监测子系统和主监控系统之间通过载波通讯模块PL2102和电力线来完成数据传送；
主监控系统通过电力线、充电电路对超级电容器组进行充电，同时电力线也是通讯媒介；主监控系统和单体超级电容监测子系统之间的通讯就是依靠载波通讯模块和电力线来完成的；主监控系统为一个，单体超级电容监测子系统为一个或多个；每一个单体超级电容监测子系统的地址不同，其序列号由从单片机决定。
有益效果，由于采用了上述方案，超级电容充电监控系统的各个单体超级电容监测子系统利用采集到的实时电压、电流、温度值，通过卡尔曼滤波算法，计算超级电容的荷电状态(SOC)值及其变化率；当单体超级电容的荷电状态(SOC)在预设阈值范围内时，单体超级电容监控子系统不向主监控系统发送具体数据；当单体超级电容的荷电状态(SOC)不在预设阈值范围内时，从机分类分级的向主监控系统中的主单片机发送数据；此时，子系统利用基于优先级的CSMA/CA策略竞争信道，在获得使用权后，载波通讯模块PL2102将单片机MSP430发来的数字信号，通过内部差分移相键控载波后输出发送到驱动电路，经变压器耦合到直流电力线上。
主监控系统中主单片机接收处于发送状态的单体超级电容监测子系统发送的数据；主监控系统处于接收状态时，直流电力线上的扩频信号通过耦合变压器，经过接收选频网络，送到载波通讯模块PL2102进行解调输入到单片机DSP；此时，单体超级电容的充电状态出现异常，主监控系统就会发出报错指令，产生报警信号，中断充电过程，并在人机界面上显示出对应的单体超级电容的序列号。
优点：超级电容本身具有节能环保、可靠耐用等良好的性能，是解决现有电池问题的一个良好途径。在串联超级电容组充电过程中，由于超级电容单体之间的微小差异，很容易发生过充现象，进而影响超级电容的寿命，该监测系统实时掌握超级电容器组中各个单体超级电容的荷电状态，避免过充现象的发生。
附图说明
图1为超级电容充电主监控系统的结构示意图。
图中，1、单体超级电容；2、充电电路；3、载波通讯模块；4、主单片机；5、人机界面模块；6、存储单元；7、电源单元；8、RS-232模块；9、电压、电流检测单元；10、温度检测单元；11、从单片机。
具体实施方式
实施例1：
超级电容充电监测系统，其具体包括电力线、单体超级电容监测子系统、主监控系统共3个部分。其中主监控系统包括充电电路2、载波通讯模块3、主单片机4、人机界面模块5、 存储单元6、电源单元7和RS-232模块8。电源单元给主单片机供电，主单片机与载波通讯模块PL2102连接，以电力线为媒介，利用电力线载波实现单体超级电容监测子系统和主监控系统的通讯；主单片机连接人机界面模块，以实现报警、显示；主单片机与存储单元相连，通过RS-232串口连接计算机；主单片机连接充电电路，并根据充电状态控制充电电路输出大小不同的电流；主监控系统中主单片机接收处于发送状态的单体超级电容监测子系统发送的数据；主监控系统处于接收状态时，直流电力线上的扩频信号通过耦合变压器，经过接收选频网络，送到载波通讯模块PL2102进行解调输入到单片机的数字信号处理器；此时，单体超级电容的充电状态出现异常，主监控系统了出报错指令，产生报警信号，中断充电过程，并在人机界面上显示出对应的单体超级电容的序列号。所述的存储单元6为存储器模块。所述的单片机的数字信号处理器，英文缩写为DSP。
单体超级电容监测子系统包括单体超级电容1、电源单元7、从单片机11、载波通讯模块3、电压、电流检测单元9、温度检测单元10、存储单元6。电力线连接单体超级电容监测子系统和主监控系统。电源单元负责供电；电压、电流、温度检测单元连接从单片机MSP430，从单片机MSP430不断检测各端口传送来的电压、电流、温度信息，计算超级电容的荷电状态SOC；从单片机MSP430与存储单元连接，存储数据，并将数据发送给主监控系统的主单片机；其中，单体超级电容监测子系统和主监控系统之间通过载波通讯模块PL2102和电力线来完成数据传送。所述的计算超级电容的荷电状态的英文缩写为SOC。
主监控系统通过电力线、充电电路2对超级电容器组进行充电，同时电力线也是通讯媒介；主监控系统和单体超级电容监测子系统之间的通讯就是依靠载波通讯模块和电力线来完成的；主监控系统为一个，单体超级电容监测子系统为一个或多个；每一个单体超级电容监测子系统的地址不同，其序列号由从单片机决定。
主从监控系统均采用电源单元7输入直流电，提供主、从单片机3.3V的电压，供给载波通讯模块5V的电压，供给载波功放电路12V的电压。
在单体超级电容监测子系统中，从机MSP430根据超级电容的型号规格预设多级报警阈值，其中计算超级电容的荷电状态SOC的最大容许值为阈值1，SOC变化率的最大容许值为阈值2。其中，计算超级电容的荷电状态SOC变化率定义为相邻计算超级电容的荷电状态SOC值的差异与采样间隔的比值。
在单体超级电容监测子系统中，温度检测单元10采用高精度温度传感器，可以准确的测出实际温度，电压、电流检测单元9连接超级电容两端，准确测量电压、电流值，从单片机MSP430不断检测各端口传送来的电压、电流、温度值，利用卡尔曼滤波算法，计算超级电容的荷电状态SOC及其变化率。
当单体超级电容的SOC值和变化率均在预设阈值范围内时，单体超级电容监测子系统仅向主监控系统发送1字节握手信息，其优先级定义为1；当计算超级电容的荷电状态SOC值在阈值1范围内、计算超级电容的荷电状态SOC变化率超出阈值2时，单体超级电容监 测子系统向主监控系统发送1字节的握手信息和2字节的计算超级电容的荷电状态SOC变化率，优先级定义为2；当单体超级电容的SOC变化率在阈值2范围内、计算超级电容的荷电状态SOC值超出阈值1时，单体超级电容监测子系统向主监控系统发送1字节的握手信息和2字节的SOC值，优先级定义为3；当单体超级电容的SOC值及其变化率均超出预设阈值时，单体超级电容监测子系统向主监控系统发送1字节的握手信息、2字节的SOC值和2字节的SOC变化率，优先级定义为4。
当从机MSP430处于发送状态时，载波通讯模块PL2102将单片机MSP430发来的数字信号，通过内部DPSK载波后输出发送到驱动电路，经变压器耦合到直流电力线上。所述的载波通讯模块PL2102差分移相键控的英文缩写为DPSK。
系统采用基于优先级的CSMA/CA策略，来应对有多个子监控系统同时请求发送数据的情况。当从机准备发送数据时，先检测通信线路上是否有该频段的信号，若有则等待一定时间后，再次检测线路，直到检测到线路空闲或检测次数已达最大值为止。当检测到线路空闲时，从机向主机发送数据；当检测次数达最大值时，为了保证数据的时效性，从机丢弃数据，选择新数据发送，并重复上述过程。其中等待时间定义为退避时间，容许的最大检测次数定义为最大退避次数。在本系统中，从机的退避时间和最大退避次数根据所需发送数据的优先级确定，优先级越高，退避时间越短，最大退避次数小。在实际应用中，具体退避时间和最大退避次数根据系统精度要求、单体电容参数确定。
主监控系统中主单片机的作用是接收处于发送状态的单体超级电容监测子系统发送的数据。主监控系统处于接收状态时，直流电力线上的扩频信号通过耦合变压器，经过接收选频网络，送到载波通讯模块PL2102进行解调输入到单片机DSP。
主监控系统根据接收到的子监控系统的信息，进行分类显示，并通知操控人员。当信息的优先级大于2时，主监控系统直接中断充电过程，并在人机界面上显示出对应的单体超级电容的序列号。
存储单元6在主监控系统和单体超级电容监测子系统中都有涉及，其是存储数据、通过RS-232模块串口上传数据，方便日后进一步分析超级电容性能。
人机界面5实时显示更新单体超级电容的充电状态，当某一超级电容出现重要预警信息时，人机界面红色报警灯闪烁，同时语音提醒。

Claims (1)

  1. 一种超级电容充电主监控系统，其特征是：监控系统包括电力线、单体超级电容监测子系统、主监控系统共3个部分；
    所述的主监控系统接收监测子系统发送的数据，包括电源单元、主单片机、载波通讯模块PL2102、人机界面模块、存储单元、RS-232模块和充电电路；电源单元给主单片机供电，主单片机与载波通讯模块PL2102连接，以电力线为媒介，利用电力线载波实现单体超级电容监测子系统和主监控系统的通讯；主单片机连接人机界面模块，以实现报警、显示；主单片机与存储单元相连，通过RS-232模块串口连接计算机；主单片机连接充电电路，并根据充电状态控制充电电路输出大小不同的电流；主监控系统中主单片机接收处于发送状态的单体超级电容监测子系统发送的数据；主监控系统处于接收状态时，直流电力线上的扩频信号通过耦合变压器，经过接收选频网络，送到载波通讯模块PL2102进行解调输入到单片机的数字信号处理器；此时，单体超级电容的充电状态出现异常，主监控系统了出报错指令，产生报警信号，中断充电过程，并在人机界面上显示出对应的单体超级电容的序列号；
    所述的单体超级电容监测子系统是采集数据信息，并进行数据运算处理，计算超级电容的荷电状态，判断单体超级电容的状态，并选择性的将数据传送给主监控系统；其包括单体超级电容、电源单元、从单片机、载波通讯模块、电压、电流、温度检测单元和存储单元；电源单元负责供电；电压、电流、温度检测单元连接从单片机，从单片机不断检测各端口传送来的电压、电流、温度信息，计算超级电容的荷电状态；从单片机与存储单元连接，存储数据，并将数据发送给主监控系统的主单片机；其中，单体超级电容监测子系统和主监控系统之间通过载波通讯模块PL2102和电力线来完成数据传送；
    主监控系统通过电力线、充电电路对超级电容器组进行充电，同时电力线也是通讯媒介；主监控系统和单体超级电容监测子系统之间的通讯就是依靠载波通讯模块和电力线来完成的；主监控系统为一个，单体超级电容监测子系统为一个或多个；每一个单体超级电容监测子系统的地址不同，其序列号由从单片机决定。
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