WO2015157141A1 - Résistivité de réservoirs stimulés chimiquement - Google Patents

Résistivité de réservoirs stimulés chimiquement Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2015157141A1
WO2015157141A1 PCT/US2015/024431 US2015024431W WO2015157141A1 WO 2015157141 A1 WO2015157141 A1 WO 2015157141A1 US 2015024431 W US2015024431 W US 2015024431W WO 2015157141 A1 WO2015157141 A1 WO 2015157141A1
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resistivity
formation
wormhole
chemical stimulation
wellbore
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PCT/US2015/024431
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English (en)
Inventor
Xiangdong Qiu
Stephen Dyer
Reza Taherian
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Schlumberger Canada Limited
Services Petroliers Schlumberger
Schlumberger Holdings Limited
Schlumberger Technology B.V.
Prad Research And Development Limited
Schlumberger Technology Corporation
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Publication of WO2015157141A1 publication Critical patent/WO2015157141A1/fr

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V3/00—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation
    • G01V3/18—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for well-logging
    • G01V3/26—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for well-logging operating with magnetic or electric fields produced or modified either by the surrounding earth formation or by the detecting device
    • G01V3/28—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for well-logging operating with magnetic or electric fields produced or modified either by the surrounding earth formation or by the detecting device using induction coils
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/24—Earth materials

Definitions

  • hydrofluoric acid may be used in sandstone rocks to dissolve the rock or other solids, thereby providing a flow path for the formation fluid to flow through and be produced.
  • hydrochloric acid HC1
  • organic acids e.g., organic acids
  • EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
  • Calcite reacts readily with HC1 and dissolves, leaving behind a channel that acts as a conduit for the formation fluid to flow through and be produced.
  • the high reactivity of CaC0 3 to acids has made acidizing a common practice in carbonate reservoirs.
  • the electrical resistivity of a formation is an important parameter in determining hydrocarbon and water saturation. Electricity can pass through a formation due to the conductivity of formation water. Dry rock is generally a very poor electrical conductor. Therefore, subsurface formations have measurable resistivities because of water (or injected fluids) in the porous media.
  • the resistivity of a formation depends, at least in part, on: (1) the resistivity of the formation fluid; (2) the amount (or saturation) of water present; and (3) the pore structure geometry (e.g., pore shape and connectivity, wormhole, fracture). Formation resistivity is measured by sending a current into the formation and measuring the resulting voltage drop. The ratio of voltage to current equals the formation resistivity. In the field of well logging, the current may be directly injected into the formation or eddy currents may be induced in the formation by a varying magnetic field.
  • a chemical stimulation system and a resistivity tool are disposed in a wellbore.
  • Chemical stimulation operations are performed in the wellbore using the chemical stimulation system.
  • Resistivity measurements are made with the resistivity tool before, during, and/or after the chemical stimulation operations.
  • the resistivity measurements may be used to determine the porosity of a formation penetrated by the wellbore.
  • a wormhole distribution and/or penetration in the formation is determined based on the resistivity measurements. Decisions regarding stimulation operations are made based on the determined wormhole distribution and/or penetration.
  • the resistivity tool may be modular and have various arrays allowing various depths of investigation. The depths of penetration of the wormholes into the formation may be determined using the measurements from the multiple depths of investigation. The volume of the formation that is dissolved by the chemical stimulation operations may also be estimated.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic drawing showing an embodiment of a conveyance mechanism and a resistivity tool in a wellbore, in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • Figure 2 is a schematic drawing showing a modular resistivity tool, in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • Figure 3 is a graph showing the electrical conductivities measured during 4.42M of HC1 reacted with calcite after injection into the formation at 150°F, 200°F, and 1000 psi, in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • Figure 4 is a graph showing a solution conductivity versus the spent factor, in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • Figure 5 is a graph showing the electrical conductivities measured during 4.42M of acetic acid reacted with calcite after injection into the formation at 150°F, 200°F, and 1000 psi, in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • Figure 6 is a graph showing the electrical conductivities measured during 4.42M of disodium dihydrogen ETDA reacted with calcite after injection into the formation at 150°F, 200°F, and 1000 psi, in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • Figure 7 is a graph showing the electrical conductivities measured during 4.42M of HC1 reacted with dolomite after injection into the formation at 150°F, 200°F, and 1000 psi, in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • Figure 8 is a graph showing the electrical conductivities measured during 4.42M of HC1 reacted with gypsum after injection into the formation at 150°F, 200°F, and 1000 psi, in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • Figure 9A is a schematic drawing showing two dissolution channels (wormholes) penetrating a rock matrix, in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • Figure 9B is a schematic block drawing reflecting the volumes of the wormholes, the solid rock matrix, and the pores within the rock matrix for the sensitivity region identified in Figure 9 A, in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • Figure 1 OA is a schematic drawing showing three, overlapping sensitive regions of a three-array resistivity tool, in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • Figure 10B is a schematic drawing showing the three sensitive regions of Figure 10A normalized, along with two wormholes having different depths of penetration, in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • Figure 1 1 is a schematic drawing showing the signal from a resistivity tool having n different arrays, and in which the signal experiences a stepwise increase as the wormhole grows, in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • Figure 12 is a schematic drawing showing an alternative, cone-shaped volume that may be used to approximate the shape of the aggregated wormholes, in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • Figure 13 is a flowchart for at least one workflow embodiment, in accordance with the present disclosure. Detailed Description
  • first and second features are formed in direct contact
  • additional features may be formed interposing the first and second features, such that the first and second features may not be in direct contact.
  • the term “if may be construed to mean “when” or “upon” or “in response to determining” or “in response to detecting,” depending on the context.
  • the phrase “if it is determined” or “if [a stated condition or event] is detected” may be construed to mean “upon determining” or “in response to determining” or “upon detecting [the stated condition or event]” or “in response to detecting [the stated condition or event],” depending on the context.
  • a system and method to monitor the resistivity of a chemically stimulated well is disclosed.
  • the resistivity information can be used to infer zonal coverage, for example, and contributes to maximizing the value of a chemical treatment.
  • treatment e.g., acidization
  • dissolution channels i.e., wormholes
  • Resistivity measurements and quantitative analysis of the propagation of the dissolution front and wormhole development can assist an operator in performing the stimulation treatment.
  • the resistivity profiles may be functionally related to various quantities such as, but not limited to, wormhole propagation profiles, acid flow profiles, and reaction product flow profiles.
  • a resistivity measuring device may be used in conjunction with the well (chemical) stimulation system (conveyed using a coiled tubing, for example), and may be used to monitor the formation resistivity. Resistivity data may be acquired at three stages of a well stimulation treatment: pre-job, during the job, and post-job. Changes in the measured resistivity are interpreted to estimate the increased porosity that accompanies the matrix acidization.
  • Resistivity measurements with progressively deeper depths of investigation may be used to map the extent of wormholes formed as a result of the acid treatment.
  • the volume of the formation that is dissolved and the radial extent of the wormhole may be estimated.
  • the resistivity tool may have an azimuthal resistivity array that will allow wormhole propagation direction as well as depth of penetration to be determined, further improving the treatment understanding.
  • Equation 1 shows that as the acid reacts, its active component (H+) is consumed and the acid becomes spent.
  • the ratio of spent acid to active acid is a dynamic quantity which tends toward more spent acid as the treatment progresses.
  • the concentrations of different ionic species, which control the resistivity vary as a function of radial distance, and merit being considered in detail.
  • the resistivity is measured as a function of time. As the reaction between the acid and calcite progresses, the resistivity of the formation changes, thereby reflecting the amount of acid that is spent.
  • the formation resistivity is measured before pumping acid into the formation. Measurements are also performed during and after the acidizing operation. Those measurements can be used to obtain useful information on the radial extent and the volume of wormholes.
  • Figure 1 shows a horizontal well 112 undergoing chemical stimulation.
  • the length of the well between points 101 and 102 i.e., the treatment zone
  • the length is on the order of 100s to 1000s of feet long.
  • a coil tubing 114 that extends from the treatment zone to the surface and is used to convey acid being pumped into well 112.
  • a resistivity tool 100 is disposed in the treatment zone and is used to measure the formation resistivity as a function of time and depth into the formation.
  • the tool 100 has multiple depths of investigation (though it need not).
  • Figure 1 shows rectangular shapes within which the formation is being sampled for each DOL
  • the rectangle between 104 and 106 is the shallowest DOL
  • the rectangle between 104 and 108 is of intermediate depth, and that between 104 and 110 is the deepest DOL
  • tool 100 may have more or fewer DOIs.
  • the sensitive region of tool 100 for each DOI is generally not of rectangular shape, but here it is approximated as such. More accurate shapes for the sensitive region may be used in the data analysis, if desired.
  • the region of sensitivity of a resistivity tool is generally between a transmitter antenna and a receiver antenna, or between the transmitter antenna and each of multiple receiver antennas for a multi-array tool.
  • a single transmitter and three receivers are assumed so that the rectangles coincide on one edge above the transmitter antenna at 104.
  • the sensitive region is drawn on one side of the well, but in most cases it extends circumferentially around the borehole, though side- looking resistivity tools are available.
  • Various resistivity tools having multiple depths of investigations are commercially available and suitable for use. Those tools have multiple arrays, each array providing a different DOI.
  • the depth of investigation of an array in a resistivity tool is generally proportional to the distance between the transmitter antenna, T, and the receiver antenna, R, in that array. It is common in the art to use one transmitter antenna and multiple receivers that are spaced from the transmitter at progressively longer distances. With this design a tool is made with as many arrays as the number of receiver antennas.
  • the maximum DOI of those tools is generally on the order of six feet, in part depending on the conductivity of the formation. This maximum DOI (distance between T and R) is also limited in part because of transportation issues; a very long tool cannot be easily transported.
  • the length available in a logging truck limits the maximum length of the logging tools. Resistivity measurements from such tools are more than adequate if wormholes do not extend radially beyond the maximum DOI limit. However, if the wormholes extend beyond the maximum DOI of those tools, one will not be able to properly monitor the deeper front using these tools. For deeper DOIs, a modular tool may be used instead.
  • FIG. 2 An example modular resistivity tool is shown in Figure 2.
  • the tool is made up of multiple units of antennas (10, 12, 14, and 16) and spacers (22, 24, 26, and 28) and is attached to the end of a coil tubing conveyance mechanism 20. Each of these units can be an independent module. In some embodiments, more than one of these antennas or spacers can be combined into one module. With this design, longer T-R spacings and thereby longer DOIs are achieved.
  • the modular approach is the freedom of being able to use a desired number of antennas to create a desired number of arrays.
  • the length of the spacers can be changed to make arrays with virtually any desired DOI. This is contrary to normal tools wherein both the number of antennas and the spacing between the antennas is fixed.
  • Yet another measure of flexibility of the modular design is being able to use spacers that may serve an alternative specific purpose and are more than just passive spacers.
  • one of the spacers may be used as an outlet for the acid, while another may carry instruments to make measurements such as the local temperature.
  • the modules may have inner passageways to allow fluid, such as chemical stimulation fluid, to pass through their interiors.
  • the measured resistivity data can be qualitatively interpreted as showing the density of the wormholes, their maximum depths, and the time it takes to completely consume the injected acid.
  • more quantitative interpretation is also possible. This can be done, for example, by collecting the governing equations and solving those equations simultaneously.
  • an analytical approach to interpret the data This approach provides a physical understanding of how the system works. Certain approximations made along the way can be avoided if a software package is developed and used for data analysis. Thus, numerical techniques may be used for more accurate and quantitative information on the wormholes.
  • Ro is the formation resistivity
  • Rw is the resistivity of water in the pores
  • ⁇ is the porosity
  • Sw is the water saturation
  • m and n are the Archie exponents.
  • Archie's relation is applicable for chemical treatment operations, but the interpretation is more complicated compared to resistivity logging. Before any chemical treatment, a resistivity log is preferably recorded and used to determine Rw (it is considered known in most cases), porosity, saturation, m, and n.
  • the acid reaction affects the formation conductivity in the following ways.
  • acid When acid is injected into the rock, it changes Rw (see Eq. 1), so it is preferable to determine Rw prior to or at the onset of the analysis.
  • Sw When hydrocarbons are present in the pore space, Sw is less than unity and its true value is preferably included in the analysis.
  • the acid solution When the acid solution is injected into the formation, it sweeps (replaces) some of the connate water and the hydrocarbon fluids. Because the acid is soluble in water but not in hydrocarbons, to a good approximation one may assume some of the connate water remains in place and mixes with the acid while the hydrocarbons are completely swept out of the pore space.
  • Rwi The parameters on the right-hand side are known, so Rwi can be computed.
  • the calculated Rwi is also related to the resistivity of its two constituents:
  • R wl (l - b)R c + b(R a ) (3)
  • R w does not remain constant.
  • the acid reacts with the carbonate matrix causing the conductivity of the fluid to change according to the chemical reaction shown in Equation 1.
  • calcium carbonate, water, and C0 2 are not conductive and do not, at least not directly, contribute to Rw.
  • the contribution of the water generated in Equation 1 is to cause dilution.
  • the HC1 solution used for acidization is typically 26% HC1 and 74% water. Converting this to a ratio of moles:
  • Equation 1 The result of the reaction shown in Equation 1 is to replace two H+ ions with one Ca++ ion. Although the number of charges remains the same, the number of charge carriers (ions) decreases. In addition, the mobility of H+ is much greater than that of Ca++.
  • the conductivity of a 1 molar HC1 solution is 0.282 S/m while that of CaCb is 0.016 S/m, even though a mole of CaCb contributes two chloride ions.
  • the higher mobility of H+ is the dominant factor controlling the conductivity of the solution.
  • the net result of the Equation 1 reaction on the pore water is to reduce its conductivity. This effect is demonstrated in the simulation results shown in Figure 3.
  • Figure 3 can be re-drawn with the horizontal axis representing time.
  • Figure 3 can be redrawn with the horizontal axis showing the amount of spent acid. This is shown in Figure 4.
  • the variable on the horizontal axis is the "spent factor," which equals one when the acid is spent, and zero before the acid starts reacting with the calcite.
  • Figure 3 shows an almost linear variation between the two (fresh and spent) limits. We show the approximate linear dependence (line 48) in Figure 4, but the actual variation (dotted curve 47) can be fit to an appropriate function and that function may be used if more accuracy is desired.
  • Equation 4 The conductivity obtained from Equation 4 can be easily converted to the corresponding resistivity, Rw(t), by taking its reciprocal.
  • Figures 7 and 8 show the acidization of dolomite and gypsum formations. Those two figures show the same dependence as when the reacting acid is HC1 (strong acid). Any of the Figures 5-8 may be re-drawn with S (the spent factor) as the independent variable (like Figure 4) and the same analysis as above may be applied.
  • the porosity is not constant during an acidization operation.
  • a by-product of the acid reaction is the dissolution of the rock solid, causing the porosity to increase.
  • M HC1 the number of moles
  • Vt the volume of solid calcite dissolved by it, causing the additional porosity.
  • Vt is chosen to be the volume of formation sampled by a particular array of a resistivity tool.
  • the porosity is defined as: where, as before, V refers to the volume sampled by the resistivity tool and the subscripts s and t refer to the solid phase and total.
  • Vt Pcalcite Vt Pcalcite (6) where the molecular weight of CaCCb (100) is included explicitly and the total volume is incorporated into the definition of the number of moles of HC1. As a result the porosity will change from that of Equation 5 by what is predicted from Equation 6:
  • V sl- V calcite(t) ( ⁇ _ ⁇ _ 2M HC1 S(t 100 ⁇
  • Equation 9 has two variables, ⁇ 2 and S, that are interrelated through Equation 7.
  • the combination of Equations 7 and 9 can be solved to obtain both the new porosity ⁇ 2 and the spent index S.
  • Another approach is to solve Equation 7 for S and substituting in Equation 9, which leads to the following relation:
  • Equation 7 This equation has porosity on both sides and may be solved at least by varying porosity iteratively until the two sides of Equation 10 become equal.
  • This technique is well known in the field of numerical methods.
  • S(t) A similar relation for S(t) can be derived which can also be solved iteratively, but one may substitute the determined porosity from Equation 10 into either Equation 7 or Equation 9 and solve for S.
  • Equation 7 can be used without the need for iteration:
  • Equation 12 can be used to determine ⁇ 3, which we relate to the wormhole porosity.
  • the porosity ⁇ 3 is not the porosity of individual wormholes. Rather it is the new effective porosity of the rock mass in the volume of investigation of the resistivity tool. It includes porosities whether part of the wormhole or not.
  • the resistivity measurement provides the porosity increase from ⁇ 1 to ⁇ 3 in its sensitive region.
  • Figure 9A shows the sensitive region 91 of a downhole resistivity tool with two wormholes 92 having volume Vh (figure element 96 in Figure 9B).
  • Figure 9 A further shows a portion of the original rock matrix 93 that has not been affected by the acidization operation. It has volume Vt-Vh (since Vt represents the entire volume).
  • the unaffected part of the rock is porous with solid matrix of volume Vm2 (or Vm3) (figure element 97 in Figure 9B) and pores filled with fluid with volume Vw2 (or Vw3) (figure element 98 in Figure 9B).
  • the index 2 refers to the time-dependent case in which the acid is still reacting with the calcite
  • Figure 9A can be made into a block diagram, Figure 9B, reflecting the volume of the components described above.
  • Figure 9B helps to define the porosities as follows:
  • Equations 13, 14, and 15 add up to one, as they should. Also note that although these relations were derived for the end of acidization, and thus denoted by subscript 3, they are also valid as functions of time. These relations can be used to calculate a porosity in which the pores are filled with conductive fluid and are detectable by resistivity tool measurements (excluding the solid matrix). That is:
  • Vh3 +Vw3 0 h3 + 0 1 (l - 0 h3 ) (15.5) V t
  • Equation 12 The term ⁇ 1 is known from measurements before acidization, and ⁇ 3 is determined from Equation 12. Note the same formulation applies while the acidization is in progress, in which case Equation 10 will be used to provide ⁇ 2, which in turn leads to Oh2.
  • the wormhole porosity from Equation 16 is an average. It is the total porosity attributable to the wormholes in the sensitive volume Vt of the resistivity tool. If there is one wormhole and it remains entirely within Vt of this particular resistivity array, then this is the volume of that one wormhole. If more than one wormhole exists, the value from Equation 16 is the sum total volume of the individual wormholes within the volume Vt. In some embodiments the resolution of the resistivity tool may be made finer, which increases the probability of being able to map individual wormholes.
  • FIG. 10A shows the three sensitive regions of a three- array resistivity tool in which the sensitive regions happen to overlap.
  • the array with the shallowest DOI has a sensitive region defined by 104, 105, and 106, the volume of which is Vts.
  • the array with medium DOI has a sensitive region defined by 104, 107, and 108, the volume of which is Vtm.
  • the deepest DOI sensitive region is defined by 104, 109, and 1 10, with volume Vtd.
  • Vts is entirely within Vtm and Vtd while Vtm has common volume with Vts but also includes a region that is not shared with Vts (105 to 107, 106 to 108).
  • Vtd samples the lateral extent from 106 to 110 that is not sampled by Vts in addition to the shared sample region from 104 to 106.
  • Vti s, m, d
  • FIG. 10B shows two wormholes 1 11 and 1 13 with different depths of penetration.
  • the signals from the medium array and the deep array will have the same contributions from both wormholes 111 and 113 and will be equal in magnitude. That implies the wormholes do not penetrate beyond the DOI of the middle array, and therefore have a depth of penetration less than 107.
  • the difference in signals from different arrays can be computed as:
  • the signal from Equation 17 is equal to zero if the wormhole is entirely in the DOI of (shallower) array i, but will increase when the wormhole penetrates into the DOI of array j.
  • the signal from the shallowest array is seen to be smaller than that of the medium array, which in turn is smaller than that of the deepest array. That indicates at least some of the wormholes have penetrated beyond the depth 107.
  • Figure 11 shows a case where the signal from a resistivity tool (0 h3 or 0 h2 ) having n different arrays is plotted. It shows a stepwise increase in signal as the wormhole grows. This is because a shallow wormhole is visible by the DOIs, but when the radial extent of the wormhole extends beyond the first DOI, any porosity beyond that first DOI does not contribute to the reading made by the first DOI array. In the case of Figure 1 1 , the signal becomes constant between the (n-1) and n arrays, suggesting no wormhole exceed the DOI of the n-1 array.
  • Each of the array signals can be mapped into an effective wormhole volume for that DOI, and the three or more numbers from the three or more DOIs can be used to define a single wormhole having an average shape and volume equivalent to the wormholes, as shown in Figure 12.
  • the porosities (computed using Equation 16 or 10) have been drawn as equivalent cylindrical volumes with their heights equal to their corresponding DOIs.
  • the cross sectional area of each cylinder may be calculated using:
  • r is the radius of an equivalent circle to the cross-sectional width of the (cylindrically represented) wormhole within the DOI of the resistivity array.
  • the extra porosities from Equation 17 are used (e.g., the portion of the porosity from array 2 that exceeds the porosity from the shallower array 1).
  • the width of each one of the cylinders 122, 124, and 126 is a measure of an effective width of the wormhole.
  • Figure 12 also shows an alternative, cone-shaped volume 128 that may be used to approximate the shape of the aggregated wormholes.
  • the conical shape allows for continuous variation of the wormhole diameter.
  • the height of the cone is h, and there are three arrays with DOIs of h/3, 2h/3, and h, then the volumes of each array follow the simple ratio of 0.55:0.89:1 for the absolute porosities (rather than the extra porosities).
  • These numbers can be directly compared with the results from Equations 16 and 10. If in fact the ratios agree at least approximately, then the comparison indicates the wormhole has an approximately conical shape.
  • Other shapes may be investigated and applied to the porosities derived from resistivity arrays with different DOIs to gain insight on the approximate shape of the aggregated wormholes.
  • Time dependence of the signals from different DOIs is another approach to gain more insight into the wormhole extent (penetration).
  • a single wormhole is generated and is extending as a function of time.
  • n arrays show a time-dependent porosity. While the wormhole is within the DOI of the first array, n arrays show the same porosities. However, once the wormhole extends beyond the DOI of the first array, the portion that is beyond the DOI of first array does not contribute to the porosity from array 1 , but continues to contribute to that of the deeper arrays. This is true even if the portion of the wormhole that is in array 1 continues to widen.
  • the increased signal from a higher DOI array compared to the first is an indication that the wormhole has grown deep enough that part of it extends beyond the DOI of the first array. Similar reasoning can be used with respect to other arrays. Using this approach the average rate of growth of the wormhole can be measured.
  • the resistivity tool can be moved along the length of the borehole, sampling the wormhole as a function of time. This is especially true if the rate of growth of the wormhole is slow enough that not having the tool at the same location does not corrupt the measurements. Moving the tool multiplies the number of measurements that can be made and allows more detailed information to be extracted. For example, if a section of the well is reacting at a different rate, it can be detected while the acidizing is in progress.
  • FIG. 13 shows a flowchart illustrating an embodiment in accordance with this disclosure.
  • the workflow comprises disposing a chemical stimulation system and a resistivity tool in a wellbore (1302); performing chemical stimulation operations in the wellbore using the chemical stimulation system (1304); making resistivity measurements with the resistivity tool before, during, and/or after the chemical stimulation operations (1306); optionally, using the resistivity measurements to determine the porosity of a formation penetrated by the wellbore (1308); determining a wormhole distribution and/or penetration in the formation based on the resistivity measurements (1310); and making decisions regarding chemical stimulation operations based on the determined wormhole distribution and/or penetration (1312).
  • a nail and a screw may not be structural equivalents in that a nail employs a cylindrical surface to secure wooden parts together, whereas a screw employs a helical surface, in the environment of fastening wooden parts, a nail and a screw may be equivalent structures. It is the express intention of the applicant not to invoke 35 U.S.C. ⁇ 112, paragraph 6 for any limitations of any of the claims herein, except for those in which the claim expressly uses the words 'means together with an associated function.

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Abstract

Selon la présente invention, un système de stimulation chimique et un outil de résistivité sont disposés dans un puits de forage. Des opérations de stimulation chimique sont effectuées dans le puits de forage à l'aide du système de stimulation chimique. Des mesures de résistivité sont effectuées avec l'outil de résistivité avant, pendant, et/ou après les opérations de stimulation chimique. Les mesures de résistivité peuvent être utilisées pour déterminer la porosité d'une formation à travers laquelle pénètre le puits de forage. Une distribution et/ou une pénétration de trous de ver dans la formation est/sont déterminée(s) en se basant sur les mesures de résistivité. Des décisions concernant des opérations de stimulation sont faites en se basant sur la distribution et/ou la pénétration des trous de ver. L'outil de résistivité peut être modulaire et comporter divers réseaux permettant diverses profondeurs d'investigation. Les profondeurs de pénétration des trous de ver dans la formation peuvent être déterminées à l'aide des mesures à partir des profondeurs d'investigation multiples. Le volume de la formation qui est dissous par les opérations de stimulation chimique peut également être estimé.
PCT/US2015/024431 2014-04-11 2015-04-06 Résistivité de réservoirs stimulés chimiquement WO2015157141A1 (fr)

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US14/251,419 US9529112B2 (en) 2014-04-11 2014-04-11 Resistivity of chemically stimulated reservoirs

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US20160024914A1 (en) * 2014-07-23 2016-01-28 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Monitoring matrix acidizing operations
US11520070B2 (en) * 2018-02-01 2022-12-06 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Effective medium theory of acidized carbonate matrix resistivity employed to calculate the apparent geometric parameters of the wormholes
US11237144B2 (en) * 2018-04-05 2022-02-01 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Using resistivity measurements to monitor the reaction kinetics between acids and carbonate rocks
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